sustainable energy for albania - aea-al

E163014

Text Box

Sustainable Energy for Albania

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ABBREVI ATI ONS

BCHP – Biomass Combining Heating Power

CDM – Clean Develop Mechanisms

CER – Certificate of Emitting Reduction

CHP – Combining Heating Power

DH – District Heating

EEC – Energy Efficiency Center

ERE – Albanian Electricity Regulatory Authority

GEF – Global Environment Facility

GHG – Green House Gas

GPP – Geothermic Power Plant

HPP – Hydro Power Plant

IHM – Institute of Hydro Meteorology

IHW – Institute of Hydraulic Work

KESH – Albanian Electro Energy Corporation

MEFWA – Ministry of Environment, Forest and Water Administration

METE – Ministry of the Economy, Trade and Energy

NAE – National Agency of Energy

NSE – National Strategy of Energy

PVPP – Photovoltaic Power Plant

RES – Renewable Energy Sources

RET – Renewable Energy Technologies

SCHP – Small Combined Heating Power

SHPP – Small Hydro Power Plant

SWHS – Solar Water Heating System

Toe – Ton Oil Equivalent

TPP – Thermo Power Plant

UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

WEC – Wind Electro Central

WPP – Wind Power Plant

3

EXECUTI VE SUMMARY

The world is living the end of the fossil fuel regime and the transition towards a new

energy regime. The history of mankind knows a lot of civilizations, which failed due

to the destruction of their energy regime and the lack of abilities to generate them.

The civilization we are living is in a critical moment. The actual energy system,

based since 20-30 years on the fossil fuels, is expected to pass through a huge shock.

This is one of the main reasons why the developed countries have been directed

towards other ways of using the renewable energy sources.

The actual energy system in Albania is currently based completely at the hydro-

energy. There are enormous doubts on its sustainability, as there are limited

generation capacities towards the growing demand. On the other side it is limited

with a considerable number of technical and non technical problems related to the

net work loss and leading to a multi-year energy crisis. One of the main challenges

of the Albanian energy sector is the diversification of the energy sources and the

fulfilment of the needs by own country resources, decreasing the import dependence.

The energy local crisis that has stucked Albania in the recent years is deepening the

difference between the development of our country and more developed ones.

Obviously, taking action based of the National Strategy of Energy (NSE) will bring

about an improvement and fulfil the emergent energy demand. However, NSE does

not provide a coherent vision on the long-term energy situation in Albania, as it does

not take into account the international trends concerning fossil fuel prices and

development in prices for renewable energy technologies (RET). Consequently

Albania will soon be under the effect of another crisis, the global energy one. The

indicators of this crisis are becoming quite visible and they are related to global

energy system replacement from oil towards toward renewable energy sources.

The study on “Assessment of the Renewable Energy Potentials in Albania” is closely

focused in this area. It includes initially a space and quantity assessment of the

renewable energy sources, identifying their locations and potentials. Further steeps

of this study are: historical analyses of the energy sources used by different economy

sectors followed by projection of energy demand and supply for the next 25 years,

which are based on the NSE, taking into account future developments (growth of

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economy, reduction of fossil fuel resources, EU accession and European policy on

RES/energy/climate change).

Based on some scenarios, which have been considered as optimistic-realistic, a

provision has been performed leading to an assessment of the amount of energy

provided by RES for the next 25 years.

The objective has been the assessment of the quantity, financial ($/kWh per

produced energy) and quality (assessment of the emitting generated in case of other

energy sources use) approach. This enables a better view on the importance of the

renewable energy sources use towards the reduction of the energy import and the

contribution on the total energy demand.

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ABBREVI ATI ONS.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

EXECUTI VE SUMMARY ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

LI ST OF FI GURES AND TABLES .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

I . Climate characterist ics of Albania ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.1 Air Temperature... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2 Solar radiat ion ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3 Rain falls... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

I I . Renewable energy sources in Albania ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 Biomass.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1.2 Potent ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1.3 I nstalled capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.1.4 Character ist ic features for Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 Hydropower... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.2.2 Potent ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18



2.3 Geothermal resources .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3.2 Potent ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23



2.4 Wind energy .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.4.2 Potent ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.4.3 I nstalled Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32


2.5 Solar energy .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.5.2 Potent ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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I I I . Project ion of energy supply and dem and in Albania ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.1 Ext ract ing and use of the energy sources in Albania ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.2 The energy provided by the HPP and TPP.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.3 The provision of the energy dem and divided by sectors ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

I V. The forecast of the RES percentage in the overall fuel m ix ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4.1Cont r ibut ion of each RET on the energy dem and project ion .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

V. Evaluat ion of the energy/ therm al unit cost for each RET .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

VI . The reduct ion of the GHG em ission based on the ut ilisat ion of RES.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6.1 Fossil fuel impact to hum an health and environm ent ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6.2 Em ission reduct ion of RES use .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6.3 Kyoto Protocol and Clean Developm ent Mechanism s Projects ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

VI I . Conclusions.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

VI I . Recommendat ions .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

VI I I . Literature ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Annex A .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Annex B .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Annex C .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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LI ST OF FI GURES AND TABLES

Figures

Figure 1 The climate division in Albania ....................................................................................... 9

Figure 2 Mean average air temperature in the main cities of Albania for the period 1961 – 2000.

....................................................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 Daily mean average solar radiation for the 3 metrological stations in Albania ............. 11

Figure 4 Average quantity of the monthly falls in the main cities of Albania during period of

1961 – 2000................................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 5 The biomass CO2 cycle .................................................................................................. 13

Figure 6 Territorial distributions of forest according to main government regime .......................... 15

Figure 7 Run-off river and pumped storage hydropower ............................................................. 17

Figure 8 The map of the existing and the new SHPP in Albania ................................................. 19

Figure 9 Heat pump scheme........................................................................................................... 22

Figure 10 Territorial distributions of the heat flow ...................................................................... 25

Figure 11 Territorial distributions of temperature at depth of 100 m........................................... 26

Figure 12 Territorial distributions of annual average wind speed ................................................ 30

Figure 13 Territorial distributions of annual quantity of wind hours in Albania.......................... 31

Figure 14 Principle of a Solar Water Heating System (SWHS) ................................................... 33

Figure 15 Territorial distribution of average daily solar radiation in Albania.............................. 35

Figure 16 Territorial distribution of average quantity of sunshine hours in Albania ................... 36

Figure 17 Daily average solar irradiation in some European countries........................................ 38

Figure 18 The consume of energy sources divided by sector....................................................... 39

Figure 19 The production, consume & self sufficiency of oil supply.............................................. 40

Figure 20 The production and self sufficiency of primary energy sources for the period 1990 - 2004

....................................................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 21 The production of electricity from TPP and HPP for the period 1985 – 2004............. 42

Figure 22 The provision of energy demands divided by sectors ..................................................... 43

Figure 23 The supply of primary energy sources made-in country and imported............................ 44

Figure 24 Energy demand for household, service and agricultural sector in the total energy

demand foreseen ........................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 25 Energy produced by the penetration of the renewable energy schemes and contribution

on energy demand for household, service and agriculture sectors. .............................................. 48

Figure 26 The coverage of the imported energy demand through the renewable energy................. 48

Figure 27 Unit cost for each technology and each capacity [cent/kWh].......................................... 51

8

Figure 28 GHG emitting avoided from RES usage ...................................................................... 55

Figure 29 The cycle of CDM Projects .......................................................................................... 58

Figure 30 The distribution of the annual average air temperatures for the period 1961-2000 ..... 66

Figure 31 The distribution of the annual average air distribution for the period 1961 – 2000..... 67

Tables

Table 1 The distribution of the SHPP according to the zones ...................................................... 20

Table 2 The characteristic of new SHPP ...................................................................................... 21

Table 3 The distribution of the thermal springs with low enthalpy.............................................. 23

Table 4 The distribution of abandoned gas or oil wells................................................................ 24

Table 5 The energy density and average speed of wind in height of 10 m according to the cities

....................................................................................................................................................... 28

Table 6 The windy hours, average speed and the energy density for the costal area, based on the

land measurements........................................................................................................................ 29

Table 7 Preliminary Cost – Benefit analyses for each RET ......................................................... 50

Table 8 The emitting unit coefficients .......................................................................................... 53

Table 9 Emission reduction from the use of RES......................................................................... 54

Table 10 Monthly average air temperatures for the main cities of Albania for the period 1961 -

2000 (0C)....................................................................................................................................... 65

Table 11 The average monthly quantity of the falls for the main cities of Albania for the period

1961 - 2000 (mm) ......................................................................................................................... 65

Table 12 The solar radiation intensity for the 6 metrological stations [kWh/m2 day] .................. 68

Table 13 The main characteristics of 83 existing small water plant stations................................ 71

Table 14 The main characteristics of the identified small and medium HPP............................... 72

Table 15 The Characteristics of coals types in Albania................................................................ 73

Table16 The characteristics of major existing HPP in Albania.................................................... 73

Table 17 Characteristics of HPP planned to be constructed in Albania ....................................... 74

Table 18 Some technical characteristics of existing TPP in Albania ........................................... 74

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I . Clim ate characterist ics of Albania

Albania is one of the Mediterranean countries. The geographic position of Albania gives to this

country a Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by a wet and soft winter and a hot and

dry summer. The climate regime of Albania is influenced by the frequency of occasional

atmospheric systems, which are mainly the depressions coming from North Atlantic and

Mediterranean Sea including the anti-cyclones coming from Siberia and Azores, as well. One of

the main other factors that influence the climate conditions of a certain region is the closeness to

the sea (IHM 1978).

Figure 1 The climate division in Albania

[Source: IHM 1978]

As far as the Albanian territory is concerned, it has been noticed that there is a considerable

increase from the sea level and removal towards the inner part of the territory. The inner part of

the country is basically mountainous. The influences of the before-mentioned factors have

brought out a great number of indicators and climate parameters in different regions of Albania.

As mentioned, the territory of Albania is divided in four main climate areas. Whole its elements

are basically stable. These areas are name as following: The Field Mediterranean Area, The Hilly

Mediterranean Area, The Pre-mountainous Mediterranean Area and Mountainous Mediterranean

Area.

Field Mediterranean Area

Hilly Mediterranean Area

Pre-mountainous Mediterranean Area Mountainous Mediterranean Area

10

0

6

12

18

24

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

[°C]

1.1 Air Tem perature

The distribution of the temperatures in Albania presents a considerable variability. The annual

average temperature is 8-9 0C in the mountainous area up to 17 0C in the seaside south-west area.

During the year, the curb of the temperatures in the whole country is quite regular with a

maximum in the summer months and the minimum in the winter months, as presented in the

Figure 2. The period of the average of these calculations is during the years 1961-2000 (Mustaqi

and Sanxhaku, 2006).

Figure 2 Mean average air temperature in the main cities of Albania for the period 1961 – 2000.

[Source: IHM 2006]

The Annex A shows some tables with average middle monthly temperatures in the main cities

for a period of 40 years. Some graphics that indicate the annual progress of the air temperature

for the last 10 years are presented, as well. It is very interesting to analyze the data given in

Annex A. It results that the variability of the temperatures in July (the highest) and January (the

lowest) is lower than the one in the stations within the country. Concretely, in Vlora this

difference is approximately 15 0C, in Kukes approximately 21.5 0C. This fact confirms the

influence of the seaside in the territories around it. This influence does not allow a decrease of

the air temperature during winter and a high increase during summer.

1.2 Solar radiat ion

Figure 3 presents the daily mean average solar radiation according to the months for 3 main

meteorological stations in Albania. It shows, as well, the existence of huge differences between

the different seasons and stations in the country. According to these data, Peshkopia station,

11

0

2

4

6

8

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

kW

h/m

2

Peshkopi Tirana Fier

located in North-East shows a difference from a minimum of 1,5 kWh/m2 in December to a

maximum of 6.25 kWh/m2 in July. The same phenomenon happens in the other stations as well

(EEC 2005).

Figure 3 Daily mean average solar radiation for the 3 metrological stations in Albania

[Source: EEC, 2006]

The ratio between the month of the highest solar radiation and the one of the minimal solar

radiation varies from the smallest values of 4 for the stations of Erseka and Saranda to the values

of 5 kWh/m2 for Fier and Peshkopi. Annex A includes a detailed table with data for each station.

1.3 Rain falls

The rainfalls in Albania have a Mediterranean regime. They are mainly active during winter

months (65-75 % of the annual quantity) and less during the summer ones. Albania is

characterized from a huge variation as far as the territorial distribution is concerned. The annual

amount varies from 650 mm in the South-East to 2800 mm in the Alps of Albania. The average

amount of falls for the whole territory is approximately 1400 mm annually. This is an indicator

for a huge slack of falls, which can be used for energy. Below there is a graphic of the average

amount of falls for the period of 40 years: 1961 – 2000. Compared to the temperatures, the falls’

regime in the last 10 years can be easily distinguished from previous one. The detail amount on

the falls in the last 10 years is enclosed in Annex A.

12

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.May.Jun. Jul. Aug.Sep. Oct. Nov.Dec.

mm

Figure 4 Average quantity of the monthly falls in the main cities of Albania during period of

1961 – 2000.

[Source: IHM 2006]

I I . Renewable energy sources in Albania

In this chapter, the most relevant renewable energy sources are taken to the light. Each source is

briefly introduced and described.

2.1 Biom ass

The term biomass covers a wide variety of both fuel and conversion technologies. Usually, the

term biomass refers to woody or agricultural products being converted into useful energy

through different conversion technologies (Ecofys BV 2006). Biomass often refers to solid

materials such as wood, branches, industrial wood waste, urban solid waste and agricultural

residues (agriculture plants, animal feeding); whereas bio-fuel refers to the (final) products that

are liquids.

Important conversion technologies are:

Burning, incineration

Gasification

Digestion

13

Figure 5 The biomass CO2 cycle

[Source: Ecofys BV, 2006]

We stick here to woody biomass and agricultural residues.

2.1.1 Background

For ages, Albanians rely on fuel wood for cooking their food and heating their homes. Therefore,

there is nothing new about biomass resources. However, it is the conversion technology and the

size of these different new technologies that make things new. Biomass can be used as fuel for

power plants (electricity), heat boilers (heat) and cogeneration (both heat and electricity). New

plants can be constructed, but biomass can also replace coal (lignite, anthracite) in existing

power stations, up to a certain percentage. Especially older power stations, which can deal with a

variety of fuel qualities, might well be able to deal with biomass, next to fossil fuels such as

lignite and anthracite. The term is then ‘co-firing’.

2.1.2 Potent ial

Biomass resources, woods, are plentiful available in Albania, especially in the mountainous

regions. This does not mean automatically, though, that the potential for biomass is high. The

woods are protected and/or part of nature reserves, or there are claims from

logging/building/furniture industries. This means, woods have other economical and nature

reserves, more important than those as biomass. On the European market, we see therefore that

14

secondary woody materials are more and more being utilized as biomass, for example by

compacting (pelletising or briquetting) sawdust or wood chips into a uniform product that can be

traded in Europe and possibly worldwide (Ecofys BV 2006).

Obviously, concerns about selling out the woods should be dealt with; the sustainability of

woods and the contribution to biodiversity could be at stake. Woods and forests should be treated

as natural reserve. An example to combat the abuse of woods is the introduction of the FSC label

(‘Forestry Stewardship Council’), with which woods can be exploited for the different purposes,

and still have enough time to be regenerated once the trees are felled.

According to some approximate estimation, the energy potential from agricultural residues were

calculated at approximately around 800 toe/year in 1980; while in 2001 were around 130

toe/year. The potential of urban wastes from the main Albanian cities was calculated as

approximately 405615 ton oil equivalent (Toe), predicted for the year 2010 (EBRD 2004).

The wood sources in Albania are concentrated in the forestry zones that cover around 38.2% of

the total surface. The data on forest resources are based on inventories done every 10 years from

the Forestry Directorate subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture. Total forecasted resources

reach some 125 million m3 (14.3 toe). Forests are classified in these major categories: high

forests which represent 47-50% of the total wood resources; copses which are 29-30% of the

total resources; and bushes, which are 24-25% of the total wood resources. From the three

aforementioned categories, 10% of high forests, 50% of copses and 100% of bushes are used as

fuel wood. From this data, proven resources of fuel wood are respectively 5.87, 18.25 and 30

million m3. The total proven reserves of fuel wood are considered about 6 Mtoe (Hizmo 2006).

The energy potential from animal residue's as well as for agricultural residue potations is

calculated at approximately 70 [toe/year] 12 740 GJ in 1995 with a trend to be increased in the

future. These numbers should be considered estimates; a more comprehensive study should be

carried out for real validation.

15

Figure 6 Territorial distributions of forest according to main government regime

16

2.1.3 I nstalled capacity

It is expected that, apart from a wide variety of old wood stoves and furnaces working on wood,

several modern wood boilers are in operation, possibly at wood industry locations, to heat

production halls and facilities. The increase of the biomass contribution is primarily based on a

more efficient use of the fire wood. The actual average yield of fire woods is 35-40%. It is

foreseen that in 2025 Albania will have a penetration of family market heaters with an average

yield of 75-85%.

2.1.4 Character ist ic features for Albania

As a rugged country, with limited fossil fuel resources (lignite), and an economy that is still close

to its agricultural roots, there are good opportunities to develop the biomass potential much

further. Environmental concerns should be taken care of, in order not to have a continuous and

clean supply of indigenous energy and to prevent a sell out of the natural resources of the

country.

Actually, from the categories mentioned above, the wood waste from the wood industry and

solid urban waste biomass can be of a considerable contribution. Biomass from the agriculture is

connected with agricultural plants being used to feed the animals during winter time.

A biomass group, which can be very profitable, consist of the cores of olive, peaches, etc. These

cores that are waste of alimentary industry can be burnt supplying warm water or steam for

different technology processes in the alimentary industry. The biomass from the so-called

energetic plants is not applied yet in Albania. It still needs to be stressed the importance of the

incentive policies on the application of these kinds of plants.

Another important group that can be taken into consideration on the energy supply is the high

richness of bushes. They can be considered without any doubt, as a very good source of

renewable energy, as they will always be growing up. Whereas biomass produced from the

animal breeding can not be taken into consideration due to a low number of the house animals

and lack of division of farms (a farm consist of a very small number of cows and other animals)

and a small amount of waste, which actually are being used as organic fertilizer.

17

2.2 Hydropower

Hydropower is a form of renewable energy that captures the potential energy of flowing water to

convert it into electricity. A distinction is made between:

Run-off river systems, where (a part of) the river flow is captured and led along a turbine.

Pumped storage hydropower, where a lake is used as storage system in order to use the

differences in availability of power,

Figure 7 Run-off river and pumped storage hydropower

[Source: HERMES 1997]

The latter system operates to pump up water levels when the energy supply is cheap (for example

at night, or after the winter) and to allow the outflow of water from the storage lake when the

availability of peak capacity is low (and the electricity price is high). Large scale hydropower

plants are sometimes not (fully) acknowledged as sources of renewable energy, because of the

large environmental effects on habitats turning a valley into a basin for the hydropower plant,

removing large numbers of people, animals and agricultural land (Ecofys BV 2006).

2.2.1 Background

Hydropower has been available since late 19th century on the Balkan Peninsula generating

therefore one of the first ‘industrial’ forms of renewable energy. Several hydropower plants from

the early 20th century, have fallen in dismay and are not or not fully been operated at full

capacity. In Albania, the highest profit from the hydro-energy is due to the huge water power

stations. A high interest is the building of the small hydro power plant (SHPP). A number of 83

SHPP have been built until 1988. Initially, the construction of the SHPP, has intended the energy

18

supply of the remote mountainous area. Today, the energy production of SHPP is related to the

Albanian energy system.

Actually it results that only a part out of the 83 existing SHPP are functioning. The rest is out of

use due to different reasons. In general, all the existing SHPP have been constructed in attractive

areas, taking into consideration the potential and availability aspects of water and hydraulic

charge for the electric production energy. The major part of the SHPP are in very bad conditions

due to the neglecting and the arbitrary destruction during the riots and tumults of 1997 and

afterwards. The equipment is highly damaged and stolen. Since water is highly used in summer

for irrigation or potable water, there is no energy production during season. There is no

documentation for the water source hydrology, as it is known that water supply is the crucial

parameter for energy (Xhelepi 2006).

2.2.2 Potent ial

Although a substantial portion of the current electricity supply of Albania is covered with

hydropower, the potential is clearly larger, due to different sources and uneven relieve as far as

topography is concerned. The highest profit from the water energy is realized through the usage

of huge hydropower stations, but a considerable interest presents the use of the water energy

through the SHPP. Albania has high amount of hydro-energy potential that goes up to 16 billion

kWh, 30-35% out of which can be used. The map of the existing and new SHPP is shown below.

19

Figure 8 The map of the existing and the new SHPP in Albania

20


Until 1998, a number of 83 SHPP have been built in Albania with a installed power of 50 to

1200 kW and a capacity of 25 MW. These SHPP are of the derivation type and they use the

water sources and incomes nearby. The major parts of SHPP equipments are maid in: Austria,

Germany, China, Hungary, and Italy. Another part of them are produced in Albania. The turbines

are: FRANCIS, PELTON and BANKI, while the generators are Synchronous, mainly of a low

power. The average age of these SHPP is 25 years old. The following table can be provided by

classifying the 83 SHPP according to the regions (more detail characteristics are presented on

Annex B).

The distribution of SHPP according to the zones

The divisions of HPP according to the zones

Power installed

(kW)

The Annual Production Capacity

(000/kWh)

Zone 1 (Bulqize, Diber) 3374.5 15370

Zone 2 (Elbasan, Gramsh, Librazhd) 2040 11490

Zone 3 (Kolonje, Korce, Pogradec, Devoll) 2893 17140

Zone 4 (M. Madhe, Tropoje) 1120 8190

Zone 5 (Gjirokaster, Permet, Sarande, Tepelene) 1366 4760

Zone 6 (Mat, Mirdite, Lac, Shkoder) 1320 1030

Zone 7 (Skrapar) 420 1200

Zone 8 (Vlore) 144.7 420

Zone 9 (Has, Puke, Kukes) 599 2420

Total 13 277 62020

Table 1 The distribution of the SHPP according to the zones

The studies show that there is the possibility of building new SHPP with a capacity of 140 MW

and annual production of 680 GWh. All the SHPP are of the derivation type, without dam and

catchments. From the 41 studied SHPP it results: (detailed characteristics are presented on

Annex B).

As far as the territorial distribution is concerned, it results that 28 SHPP with a power of 100000

kW can be built in the North, generating 65% of the total power. Whereas 13 SHPP with a power

of 40000 kW can be built in the South generating 35% of the total power.

21

Nr. of SHPP The characteristics of new SHPP

4 8 8

15 3 3

Have a power up to 500 kW Have a power up to 501-1,000 kW Have a power up to 1,001-2,000 kW Have a power up to 2,001-5,000 kW Have a power up to 5,001-10,000 kW Have a power up to 10,000 kW

19 22

Are built on hydro-technical works. Are new axes

17

13 11

Power of N = 62.000 kW are with project-ideas and designed implementations. Power of N = 56.000 kW are with design-idea and study Power of N = 22.000 kW are identified.

Table 2 The characteristic of new SHPP


Albania is ranked as a country of considerable water richness with a hydrograph distribution in

all territory. Albania, with it surface of 28748 km2, has a hydrographical distribution of 44000

km2, or 57% more than state territory. The hydrographical territory of Albania has an average of

400 mm rain per year. There is snow in the height of 1000 m, which remains for several months

and ensures the water supply for the rivers and their bridges for the period of spring and summer.

Due to irregular distribution there are considerable changes in the rivers and their branches.

During the winter season the water flow income are quite high, while during summer they

decrease in a considerable amount. This is the reason that flooding is 70% in winter and 30% in

summer and autumn.

2.3 Geotherm al resources

Geothermal resource consists of underground layers or springs that contain water with a

temperature level which is enough to gain useful forms of energy. Usually, the water is heated

through the higher temperatures in the earth core. The water temperate level can be used in the

buildings for heating with low temperature directly or with the help of heat pumps. In case of

very high temperatures or when the water is in the form of steam, electricity is produced. Here,

focus is on the utilization of geothermal resources for heating purposes, where it is expected that

22

most resources are on a moderate temperature level, i.e. they need to be ‘thermally treated’ by

heat pumps.

Figure 9 Heat pump scheme

[Source: HERMES 1997]

2.3.1 Background

Albania is actually in the feasibility phase of assessing the geothermic energy use potentials. The

geothermic situation of Albanides presents two directions for the use of geothermic energy,

which has not been used so far. Firstly, the thermal sources with low enthalpy and maximum

temperature up to 80°C. These natural sources are in a wide territory of Albania, from the South

bordered to Greece and in the North-East part of it. Secondly, the usage of the deep vertical well

of the abandoned oil and gas sources can be used for heating system. The temperatures of 145

deep well in mines and different levels have been measured. The challenge with this type of

renewable energy is not the availability of these resources, but how to utilize these abundant

resources of heat in an economical way.

23

2.3.2 Potent ial

Geothermal resources are widely available in Albania. Like the neighbouring countries, the

potential of geothermal heat is large. There are many thermal springs of low enthalpy with a

maximal temperature up to 80 ºC as well as many wells (abandoned gas or oil) in Albania, which

represent a potential for geothermal energy.

The geothermal field is characterized by relatively low values of temperature. The temperature at

a depth of 100 meters varies from 8 to 20ºC. The highest temperatures (up to 68ºC) at 3000

meters depth have been measured in the plane regions of western Albania. The temperature is

105.8ºC at 6000 meters depths. The lowest temperature values have been recorded in the

mountainous regions. There are many thermal springs and wells of low enthalpy. Their water has

temperatures up to 65.5ºC (Frasheri at al 2004). Different characteristics of thermal spring and

wells with low enthalpy are given in the following tables.

Geographical co-ordinates No

Name of spring and region

Temp.

°C Width V Length L

Debit l/s

1 Mamuras 1 dhe 2 21-22 41°31'3" 19°38'6" 11.7

2 Shupal 29.5 41°26'9" 19°55'24” <10

3 Llixha Elbasan 60 41°02' 20°04'20" 15

4 Hydrat, Elbasan 55 41o1’20" 20o05’15" 18

5 Peshkopi 43.5 41°42'10" 20°27'15" 14

6 Ura e Katiut Langaricë, Permet

30 40°14'36" 20°26’ >160

7 Vromoneri, Sarandoporo, Leskovik

26.7 40°5'54" 20°40'18" >10

8 Finiq, Sarande 34 39°52'54" 20°03’ <10

9 Përroi i Holtes, Gramsh

24 40°55'30" 20°09'24" >10

10 Postenan, Leskovik Spring stream 40o10’24" 20o33’36"

Table 3 The distribution of the thermal springs with low enthalpy

[Source: Frasheri at al 2004]

24

Geographical co-ordinates No.

Name of well

Temp. °C Width V Length L

Debit l/s

1 Kozani 8 65.5 41°06' 20°01'6” 10.3

2 Ishmi 1/b 60 41°29.2' 19°40.4' 3.5

3 Letan 50 41007’9” 20o22’49” 5.5

4 Galigati 2 45-50 40°57'6” 20°09'24” 0.9

5 Bubullima 5 48-50 41°19'18” 19°40'36”

6 Ardenica 3 38 40°48'48” 19°35'36” 15-18

7 Semani 1 35 40°50' 19°26 5

8 Semani 3 67 40o 46’12” 19o22’24” 30

9 Ardenica 12 32 40°48'42” '19°35'42”

10 Verbasi 2 29.3 1-3

Table 4 The distribution of abandoned gas or oil wells

[Source: Frasheri at al 2004]

The thermal spring and wells are located in three areas: the geothermic area of Kruje, Ardenica

and Peshkopi.

Kruja geothermal Area contains the majority of geothermal resources in Albania. The most

important resources, explored so far, are located in the Northern part of Kruja Geothermal Area,

from Llixha-Elbasan in the South to Ishmi, in the North of Tirana. In Tirana-Elbasani area heat

in place is (Ho) (5.87 x 1018 – 50.8 x 1018) J, the identified resources are (0.59 x 1018 – 5.08 x

1018) J, while the specific reserves ranges are between values of 38.5 – 39.6 GJ/m2. In the

southern part of this area, where is located Galigati – Sarandaporo zone, has been identifying

lower concentration of resources 20.63 GJ/m2, while geothermal resources up to 0.65 x 1018J.

Ardenica Area. Ardenica reservoir has (0.82 x 1018) J. Resources density varies from (0.25-

0.39) GJ/m2. The boreholes have been abandoned and are actually awaiting for renewed

investments. In order use the geothermal energy, the reconstruction of the wells containing

fountains of hot water is needed, when technically possible.

Peshkopia Area. Water temperature and big yield, stability, and also aquifer temperature of

Peshkopia Geothermal Area are similar with those of Kruja Geothermal Area. Therefore the

geothermal resources of Peshkopia Area have been estimated to be similar to those of Tirana-

Elbasani area.

25

Figure 10 Territorial distributions of the heat flow

26

Figure 11 Territorial distributions of temperature at depth of 100 m

27


Apart from some Spa’s using geothermal resources for treating patients or clients, there are

basically no house warming systems used out of them.


It is explore that geothermal resources are available in the majority of the country. There might

be some limitation in the coastal areas due to infiltration in the salty sea water.

2.4 Wind energy

Since a few centuries, mankind is able to use the wind power through the wind mills. As from

the mid seventies, modern wind turbines have been developed with the aim to produce clean

electricity. Technology for wind energy has tremendously advanced the last years, leading to

(Ecofys BV 2006):

• Larger wind turbines

• Blades manufactured from composite materials

• Higher reliability

• Lower noise levels (at the source, the rotor)

• Modern pitching technologies for the blades

• Direct drive technologies to reduce maintenance,

• Systems to stop operating automatically to reduce flickering and bird fatalities

2.4.1 Background

Currently, most of new wind turbines sold in Europe are in the 2-4 Megawatt range. The trend of

offshore wind turbines is even higher. Offshore conditions are much harsher; therefore reliability

and a reduction of maintenance costs are key elements for economical operation. Other types of

wind turbines are available on the market during the last few years. They are called urban wind

turbines and are much smaller in production capacity (around 5 kilowatt). Nevertheless differing

from the other larger version they can be installed in an urban environment, such as roofs of the

buildings.

28

2.4.2 Potent ial

The presence of wind can vary significantly from on different locations and time periods. Wind

energy specialists sometimes work on the annual average wind speed. Although it might be a

good indicator for a certain location (e.g. more than 6 meters per second), it does not necessarily

mean that it functions economically well. The height of the turbines (‘hub height’) plays an

important role, as well. Due to characteristics of wind flow, the wind speed is usually higher at

higher altitudes. The developments of new types of wind turbines have therefore resulted in

larger and higher turbines (Ecofys BV 2006).

The Institute of Hydro-Meteorology (IHM) is the only institute that deals with the

daily measurements of wind (three times/per day) in the main meteorological stations located in

a standard height of 10 meters. The wind is highly influenced from orographia. One single

barrier (in direction or speed) generates high variances in the measurements of the station (in

speed or direction). This is the main reason that such stations are located in open areas (free of

any kind of barrier). It is important to point out that the stations are, as well, located in climate

representative areas, regardless the wind energy potential zones. The tables below show the

wind speed and the energy density for some windy areas/regions that allow assessment of the

wind potentials.

Month Durres Kryevidh Tepelene Sarande Vlore

January 4.20 5.00 5.80 4.90 5.10

February 4.50 5.10 5.70 4.90 5.20

March 4.20 4.60 5.90 4.80 4.50

April 4.10 4.50 4.30 4.60 4.40

May 3.60 3.70 4.60 4.30 4.10

June 3.40 4.10 4.40 4.50 4.10

July 3.30 4.30 3.50 4.60 3.90

August 3.20 4.00 3.50 4.40 3.80

September 3.30 4.30 4.10 4.10 4.00

October 3.60 4.70 5.30 4.50 4.50

November 4.20 4.90 4.70 4.70 4.60

December 4.40 5.10 5.60 5.00 5.00

Annual 3.833 4.525 4.783 4.608 4.433

Density (W/m2) 75 -150 100- 230 100-235 110-250 100- 230

Table 5 The energy density and average speed of wind in height of 10 m according to the cities

[Source: P. Mitrushi, 2006]

29

Table 6 The windy hours, average speed and the energy density for the costal area, based on the

land measurements

[Source: P. Mitrushi, 2006]

Although IHM has done relevant measurements, they are fragmented and can be useful for a

general idea. However, these data are based on measurements made by anemometers placed 10

m height above ground level. It therefore makes it difficult to judge the real wind energy

potential. It must be pointed out that the meteorological stations are located in climate

representative areas of the regions. Therefore, the natural potential of wind energy should be

greater.

Consequently, the map showing the territory wind average speed (Figure 12) is a schematic map

(there are no space gradients available). As a result, it shows only a number of regions

characterized by high wind speed. Nevertheless, the main regions with high wind energy

potentials are identified and they are: Shkoder (Velipoje, Cas), Lezhe (Ishull Shengjin, Tale,

Balldre), Durres (Ishem, P.Romano), Fier (Karavasta, Hoxhara 1, Hoxhara 2), Vlore (Akerni),

Tepelene, Kryevidh, Sarande.

However, it is quite difficult to plan an exact distribution of the territory wind speed. A detailed

study includes the modeling of the speed wind taking into the consideration topography, as well.

According to the studies performed so far on the special territory parts, it results that a wind

speed increase is closely related to the height increase over the sea level. Some deviations can

however be noticed in the narrow valleys of the rivers or mountainous saddles where, as a result

of air streams convergences, the wind speed increases.

10 m 50 m 75 m Hour/year

m/s W/m2 m/s W/m2 m/s W/m2

6230 > 3 30 3.9 60 4.5 100

5000 > 4 70 5.2 160 6.0 250

4300 > 5 150 6.5 300 7.5 500

3100 > 6 250 7.8 550 9.0 800

1400 > 7 400 9.1 830 10.5 1300

Vmed Dens. 4.5 m/s 100 6.0 m/s 250 7.0 m/s 400

30

Figure 12 Territorial distributions of annual average wind speed

31

Figure 13 Territorial distributions of annual quantity of wind hours in Albania

32

2.4.3 I nstalled Capacity

It needs to be pointed out that actually no kWh of energy is produced out of wind in Albania.

This does not happen not due to the lack of wind potential, but because of the lack of assessment

of wind energy potentials. The actual available limited meteorological information serves only

for a preliminary evaluation on the wind energy potential.

Base on the actual conditions of Albania, it is foreseen that 4% of the total amount of electric

energy produced in country (around 400 GWh/year) until 2025 to be produced from wind. It is

assumed that a priority will be given to the buildings of 20 Wind Electro Central (WEC) near 20

pumping stations located along the Adriatic Sea, avoiding flooding protection as well. A

considerable number of areas with high wind energy potentials are identified in the Seaside

Lowland, near these 20 pumping stations are located (that looking for 30 GWh/year or 0.7% of

the actual national electric energy production) (Mitrushi 2006).

The average annual wind speed in these areas is 4-6 m/s (height 10 m), and the annual energy

density is 100-250 W/m2. This potential is considered as low, but it can be improved, by using

the height of 50 m, where the speed is 6-8 m/s, and energy density is 250-600 W/m2.


The main part of the territory (approximately 2/3 of the whole surface) is hilly-mountainous

tending to be more mountainous towards East. The costal line is 345 km in the direction of North

– South. The major part of it lies along the field coast part, and the other part is near the south

mountainous coast. The main directions of the wind are Northwest – Southeast and Southwest –

Northeast, with a dominating direction from sea towards. Inside the territory, the direction and

the wind intensity vary considerably from one location to another.

Since Albania is close to the sea and it is a mountainous country, it is expected that at some

locations, wind turbines have a good pay back time. However, only very limited wind resource

information is available to justify investments in successful wind energy projects. The plains to

the sea in the North might offer some options (Ecofys BV 2006).

33

2.5 Solar energy

With solar energy, we distinguish usually two conversion types:

solar thermal,

solar PV (or photovoltaic solar energy)

In this study we are focusing more on solar thermal energy. Solar thermal energy is the process

where solar radiation is converted into thermal energy. The most common system is the solar

water heater system (SWHS). The water is heating by the sun through a collector, usually placed

on the roof of the building. The warm water is stored in a tank or directly used to heat the house

or preheat another boiler.

Figure 14 Principle of a Solar Water Heating System (SWHS)

[Source: www.soltherm.org]

Sometimes a distinction is made between active systems (such as a SWHS) and passive systems.

An example for a passive system is a greenhouse that captures solar radiation without any

additional process.

2.5.1 Background

The Preskot model is used for the assessment of the territorial distribution of solar radiation. The

model has been adapted to the climate conditions of Albania, taking into consideration the multi-

annual series of solar radiation (Mustaqi and Sanxhaku 2006). The following factors are

considered as crucial in the assessment of solar radiation:

The geographic location of the country, which defines the possible theoretic potentials of the

solar energy, taken from the horizontal surface of the earth.

34

Topography (closely connected to the scale of horizon hided from natural barriers), which

defines the practical possible potential of the solar energy taken from the earth horizontal

surface.

Baric systems (their occasionally and time duration), which define the characteristics of the

cloudiness regime

It is very clear that the last two factors have the major impact in the identification of the solar

energy characteristics. The influence of both factors is at the same direction, the decrease of solar

radiation towards the inner part of the territory. Concretely, the heliographic measure spots (at

the same time the inhabited areas) are located at the end of the valleys of the rivers. As a result

the horizon is relatively closed to the mountainous slopes. It is evident that the solar radiation

quantity measured in the station is smaller that the one taken on earth surface located in a plateau

or locations of a relative height. On the other side, analyzing the cloudiness regime in the

territory, it results that, an average of 5 degrees in the field areas and of 6-7 degrees in the

mountainous areas. Consequently, the reduction of the solar radiation can also be noticed.

The reducing effect of topography factor can be avoided by recommending areas as plateaus in

considerable heights, with an open horizon. Meanwhile, it is important to point out that the effect

of causality and the duration of baric systems can not be avoided because of the stochastic

character of the atmospheric phenomena. The result of these factors is the distribution in the

territory of the annual solar radiation, as presented in the following maps (figure 15 and 16).

2.5.2 Potent ial

As it can be seen from this map, Albania has a considerable energy coming through the solar

radiation. This quantity varies from 1200 kWh/m2 in the northeast part of the country (the area

than receives the lowest quantity of the solar radiation) up to 1600 kWh/m2 in Myzeqe area,

which is the area that has a considerable quantity of this energy kind (Hido 2006). The average

of daily solar radiation can change from a minimum of 3.2 kWh/m2 in the Northeast (day in

Kukes) up to a maximum of 4.6 kWh/m2 in the South-Western (day in Fier). Therefore, Albania

has an average of daily solar radiation of 4.1 kWh/m2, which can be considered as a good solar

energy regime.

35

Figure 15 Territorial distribution of average daily solar radiation in Albania

36

Figure 16 Territorial distribution of average quantity of sunshine hours in Albania

37

Most areas of Albania benefit more than 2200 hours of sunshine per year, while the average for

the whole country is about 2400 hours. The Western part receives more than 2500 hours of

sunshine per year. Fier has a record of 2850 hours. The number of the solar days in Albania has

an average of 240 - 260 days annually with a maximum of 280 - 300 days annually in the South-

Western part. The potential of solar thermal is not merely determined by irradiation

characteristics (which positively considered in Albania) but also by availability of roof space and

orientation and inclination of the roof, the collector and storage as well (Ecofys BV2006). More

detail for some cities you will find on Annex B.


The penetration of solar panel systems are used for thermal power production during the last

decade increased from 0 to 23 GWh in 2001. Nevertheless, based on the surveys of National

Agency of Energy (NAE), the number of the installed solar panels in 2003 is increased with 35%

compared to 2002. In absolute values, the number of solar panels installed in 2003 was 2800

units, while in 2005 it is expected to go beyond 4000 units (MIE and NAE 2004).

Energy Efficiency Centre (EEC) has designed and implemented in kindergartens and schools

three projects funded by EU in 2002-2003. The investment amount has been around 85000 EUR

installing more than 200 m2 of solar panels. Based on the assistance of UNDP during 2003, an

amount of 160 m2 of solar panels has been installed. The total of the investment reached 70000

USD (EEC 2002).

Nehemia Foundation, has installed 168 m2 solar panels and a contemporary heating systems in

three schools of Pogradec with a beneficiary number of 650 students. In the framework of this

project 28 m2 photovoltaic systems have been installed aiming to supply the computers and

lightening system when power cuts.

Another significant project in the area of solar panels is currently under implementation. Global

Environment Facility (GEF) through UNDP is supporting the Government of Albania to

accelerate the market development of SWHS as one of the measures to reduce the growing

electricity consumption and disparity between demand and the domestic power generation

capacity. This country program aims at accelerating the market development of solar water

heating. It is expected that the end of the projects meets the following: the installation of 75,000

m2 of new installed collector area, an annual sale of 20,000 m2 and with expected continuing

38

2.5

3.0

3.4

4.0 4.14.5 4.6

4.8

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

The

Netherlands

Denmark Germany North of

France

North of

Italy

South of

Albania

Spain Greece

[kWh/m2/day]

growth to reach the set target of 540,000 m2 of total installed SWH capacity by 2020 (UNDP

2005). The project is financed partly by GEF through UNDP, and Government of Albania as

well as from other donors and private sector.

If Albania would develop the solar panels at similar level of Greece, the potential production of

warm water would be equivalent to the energy production of 360 GWh thermo (or 75 MW thermo of

the installed power). These amounts correspond to a total surface of 300,000 m2 (or 0.3

m2/family. The penetration in such countries as Israel, Greece, Turkey is actually over 0.45

m2/familje), which can be taken as a potential indicator for Albania for the coming 20 years.


The position of Albania, which has a Mediterranean climate, generates favourable conditions for

a sustainable development of the solar energy. The high intensity of solar radiation, its relatively

long duration, the temperature and the air moisture are exactly the elements that contribute to this

effect. The Mediterranean climate with a soft and wet winter and a hot and dry summer enables

Albania to have higher potentials in solar energy use than the average of the European countries.

Figure 17 Daily average solar irradiation in some European countries.

[Source: EEC 2001]

39

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other

Agriculture

Transport

Industry

Service

Households

I I I . Project ion of energy supply and dem and in Albania

The energy sector is one of the most important ones in the country economy. The supply of the

energy according to the sectors is based on hydro-energy, being considered as the primary

energy source up to the fossil fuels, wood etc. The history of the traditional sources can be

carefully considered for a further analyses and forecast of the energy demand. This would help to

an effective intervention and better control of the increasing trend in energy demand as well as to

decrease the existing energy dependence. This analyses is important to assess the energy needs

afforded by RES, which have never been considered in the energy analyses.

Sector Industry Transport Households Service

1990 50% 6% 14,6% 5,4%

2004 17% 33% 20% 18%

Figure 18 The consume of energy sources divided by sector

[Source: NSE 2004]

Taking into consideration the energy consume in different sectors, it can be easily noticed that

this consume has huge ups and downs during the years 1990-2004, as shown in the figure above.

As the country was oriented towards the heavy industry before 1990, the energy consume was

considerably higher than the first years of transition. During the years 1995-2000 the energy

consume has decreased up to 1/3 of the consume level of 1990. It can be easily concluded that

there are high differences which call for future special attention on the energy demand.

40

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

19

33

19

37

19

41

19

45

19

49

19

53

19

57

19

61

19

65

19

69

19

73

19

77

19

81

19

85

19

89

19

93

19

97

20

01

kton

Sandstone Limestone Consumption

3.1 Ext ract ing and use of the energy sources in Albania

The oil sources in Albania are distributed in the West and Southwest. They derivate mainly from

the two structures, the sand rocks and lime stones. The geologic slack of oil is assessed of 260

million m3, 54 million m3 out of which are accessible. The geological slacks of oil in the sea are

assessed to be up to 200 milion m3, 50 milion m3 out of which can be taken out1. The usage of oil

in Albania has started since 1918, whereas the peak was in 1975. Eversince the usage of oil has

always been decreasing, and from 1990s on it experienced a continous consume increase. This

contradiction between the usage and consume has led to a dependence on the fossil fuel contries

since years 90s. The difference between the usage and the consume has been increasing as a

result of the transport development sector. Until 1989 Albania has been an exporter of oil

products. Actually, imported oil and its products contribute approximately of 63% of primar

energy sources.

0

400

800

1200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

[ktoe]

0

40

80

120

[%]

Oil supply (imported and country production)

Self-sufficiency of oil needs (country production)

Figure 19 The production, consume & self sufficiency of oil supply

[Source: NSE, 2003 B. Islami 2006]

The oil refining has been done mainly through four refineries available in Cerrik, Fier, Kucove

and Ballsh. After the construction of the refineries in Ballsh, the other three refineries did not

function in full capacity. The oil fields result with a high percentage of sulphur (4% - 8%) and

high gravity (8 – 35 API). The technologies used in the mentioned refineries are quite old and

give serious problems uncontrollable pollution. Therefore new investments are needed for further

usage of them. A general technical-economic analysis would assess this kind of investment

1 Figers provided from Albpetron sh.a. and ARMO sh.a energy auditing perform from NEA 2002

41

versus the investment on the renewable energy.

Coal is one of the main sources in country and it is concentrated in four main areas (see Annex

C). The systems of coal enrichment in Valias, Memaliaj and Maliq are already out of function.

The coal has mainly been used as a source for central heating and electrical energy production

from TPP (co-generative), that are built near the coal mines. In general, the country coal has

resulted to a high percentage of sulphur (around 4%) and a high percentage of ash and wetness.

Therefore the coal results to a low calorific value with high emissions of SO2. The mine

characteristic is that it is located in high depths (over 200 m) and in strata of relatively small

amounts (70 – 100cm). As a result the country coal has a higher cost than the imported coal. This

is one of the reasons that the use of the coal had a drastic decrease in the last years.

The production and the natural gas consume has started since 1963 and gradually have been

discovered other gas fields such as: Divjakë, Frrakull, Ballaj-Kryevidh, Durrës, Povelçë, and

Panaja–Delvinë. Around 500 wells have been constructed until the end of 1995; out of which

approximately 3.04 billion m3 of natural gas have been taken out. Actually, the gas fields are in

their final phase. The numbers of the wells are decreased to 30 and the daily collections can be

up to 300-1500 m3N/day. The gas slacks have a decrease since 1995, but the peak was in 1990 as

a result of identification lack of new sources and investments in the existing fields.

A very important source, which has given a considerable contribution to the energy balance of

the country, is biomass and more specifically the woods. The usage of woods has also been

decreased in the last years. During 1990 the fire woods contributed with 727.7 ktoe (or 24.6% of

the total) falling until 271.4 ktoe in 2004 (12.5% of the total). This decrease has influenced

positively in the minimization of the wood cuts, and simultaneously has had a negative impact

since more electrical energy has been used, especially in the residential sector.

According to the data from the General Directorate of Forests, the total slack of the fire wood

goes up to 14,3 Mtoe. The usage of fire wood, coal and natural gas in years and the percentages

compared to the total of energy sources is given below.

42

0

2000

4000

6000

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

GW

h

Hydro Power Plant Thermal Power Plants

0

300

600

900

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

ktoe

Fire Wood Coal Natural Gas

0

600

1200

1800

2400

3000

3600

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

[ktoe]

0

40

80

120[%]

Primary energy sorces (imported and country

production)

Self-sufficiency of primary energy sources (country

production)

Figure 20 The production and self sufficiency of primary energy sources for the period 1990 - 2004

[Source: UNDP 2005, AKE 2004]

3.2 The energy provided by the HPP and TPP

Albania has a high potential of hydro-energy, 35% out of which is used so far. The installed

capacity up to now is 1464,5 MW. The average production of HPP in Albania is about 4362

GWh/year. The total slacks of hydro-energy are up to 3000 MW and the annual potential can be

up to 10 TWh (Xhelepi 2006). A great importance is given recently to the use of the rivers in the

central and the southern part of Albania, in order to have a geographical hydro-energy balance.

Figure 21 The production of electricity from TPP and HPP for the period 1985 – 2004

[Source: IHW, 2004]

43

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

[kto

e]

Household Service Industry Transport Agriculture

8 TPP have been installed in different time periods and capacities. The main common quality is

the co-generation. Actually, all the TPP are out of function, except from Fier one, which works

on a super minimal capacity. More details and technical characteristics of existing HPP and TPP

and those that are planned to be constructed are given on Annex B.

3.3 The provision of the energy dem and divided by sectors

The generating capacity is insufficient to face the today demand of 6.60 TWh/year (year 2006).

The technical production has an average of 10-12 million kWh/day and the import can go to 8-10

million kWh/day. Therefore a total maximal supply of 18-22 million kWh/day can be provided.

The required consume in a normal winter day is 25-27 million kWh. As a result, the

electroenergy system is sufficient for 70-80% of the total energy demand during the winter peak,

leading to power cuts. According to the NSE, this situation has a resulted to a trade defficit of

25.6 Milion USD in 1990. In 2004 imports go up to 310 million USD/year. To have a clear view,

the trade deficit of 2004 is around 1272 Milion USD/year. 25% of this deficit consists of

energitic comodities (sub-products of oil and electric energy).

The following forecast of the energy demand for the period 2005-2025 is based on the NSE. The

energy demand forecast for each sector of economy has been done according to the same

scenarios and trends of NSE.

Figure 22 The provision of energy demands divided by sectors

[Source: SKE 2004, B. Islami, 2004]

44

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

Energy produce in country Energy coverage from import

Albania dependence on energy imports is already 55% and is expected to increase over the

coming years up to 70% by 2025 in case of no intervention (see figure 16). The following figure

presents the coverage of the foreseen energy demand from the country energy sources and import

for the coming 20 years.

Figure 23 The supply of primary energy sources made-in country and imported

[Source: SKE 2004, B. Islami, 2006]

Much attention will increase therefore the focus on security of supply. In this framework, one of

the main challenges in the Albanian energy sector is the diversification of the energy sources and

the self-sufficiency of energy demand with the country sources, reducing the import dependence.

Renewable energies as indigenous sources of energy will have an important role to play in

reducing the level of energy imports with positive implications for balance of trade and security

of supply.

45

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

[kto

e]

Total energy demand

Energy demand for household, service and agriculture sectors

I V. The forecast of the RES percentage in the overall fuel m ix

One of the main goals of this study is to assess the energy amount that can be provided by the

renewable energy. We stick on this study on the renewable energy technologies that can be

applied in the household, service and agricultural sector. Taking into consideration the above

goal the amount of energy provided by the renewable energy in the before mention sectors is

analysed below. The figure shows the total energy demand foreseen for the household, service

and agriculture sectors.

Figure 24 Energy demand for household, service and agricultural sector in the total energy demand foreseen

As it is shown in the figure the total energy demand in the household, service and agriculture

sector will cover over 50% of the total energy demand. The analyses will be focused exactly in

this energy demand, which can be provided from the renewable energy.

4.1Cont r ibut ion of each RET on the energy dem and project ion

The study of E. Hido informs that the solar water heating systems (SWHS) have generated 3.8

ktoe (44,2 GWh) until 2005. Meanwhile, according to the forecast done until 2025, it is supposed

that the contribution from the systems will go up to 100 ktoe (1163 GWh). Therefore, in 2025

the generated energy from SWHS will be 26 times more than in 2005 (Hido 2006). The above

data on the penetration of SWHS have been based on the penetration stage of the solar energy in

the two sectors: household and service. The penetration of the solar energy in the household

46

sector has been calculated in an amount of 16% in the whole country (in 2025). More

specifically, the country is divided in three areas according to the heating degree days. Thus, the

first area had a penetration of 21%, the second one 15% and the third area of 12%. The

penetration of the solar energy in the service sector has been assessed in 15% in the public

services and 27 % in the private ones.

According to the study of D. Profka, the photovoltaic centrals that produce electricity from the

solar energy PVPP have not penetrated so far, except for a pilot project. Actually, there have

been constructed around 5 kW. Meanwhile the forecast until 2025 implies that the PVPP (need

of the isolated systems like the costal lighthouses and different the antennas for the mobile

phone, radio and televisions) will contribute with a production of 4.3 ktoe (50 GWh). Thus, in

2025 the energy produced from PVPP will be 4.3 times more than in year 2005 (Profka 2006).

As a conclusion, the system that use solar energy can cover 7,8% of the total energy demand of

the three sectors together (household, service and agriculture) or 4,12% of the import needs in

2025 in case of applying the mentioned scenario.

According to the analyses from S. Xhelepi, it concludes that until 2006 the SHPP have generated

1,7 ktoe around 20 GWh. Meanwhile, the optimistic forecasts imply that these plants will

generate around 81,7 ktoe (950 GWh) in 2025, which means that the energy produced will be 48

times more than in 2005. As a conclusion, SHPP can cover up to 6,1 % of the energy demand in

the three sectors considered or 3,23% of the import needs in 2025 (Xhelepi 2006).

According to the study of A.Hizmo, the contribution of biomass until 2005 has been 285 ktoe

(3314 GWh). This is mainly dedicated to the use of fire woods, the only actual selection being

used. Furthermore, he foresees that the plants using this energy will contribute by generating

around 400 ktoe (4650 GWh) in year 2025, or 1,6 times more than in year 2005 (Hizmo 2006).

Contribution of biomass is mainly based on more efficient usage of the fire woods. Actually, the

average yield of wood heaters is 35-40% and it is foreseen that the heaters of 75-85% yield will

penetrate in 2025. The penetration value of the fire woods is calculated based on the annual

production of the forests and the sector needs of the household, service, and agriculture demand.

This process will have a double profit: it will enable the sustainable usage of the forests and it

will considerably decrease the local pollution (SO2, CO). It has been supposed that the

penetration of biomass will be increased by using the agriculture biomass (animal breeding, the

47

so-called energy plants) in energy production of green houses and the especially in the energy

production (as a secondary product) as a result of the urban waste treatment. The biomass can

cover up to 29.8% of the energy demand in the three sectors considered together or 15,82% of

the import needs in 2025.

According to the study of P. Mitrushi, it results that the wind energy contribution has not existed

until 2005. There have been some attempts to install pilot wind turbines. Nevertheless, the actual

contribute of this energy source is zero. It has been foreseen that the penetration of these plants

(WPP) will generate energy up to 43 toe (500 GWh) until 2025. P. Mitrushi assumes in his study

a concept-idea of the construction of Wind Electro Centrals in the Adriatic Costal area. The

project looks more feasible in this area than in other ones because of the great energetic-

ecologic-economic impact. As a conclusion we can say that WPP can cover up to 3,2% of the

energy needs in the three sectors considered together or 1,7% of the import needs for year 2025

(Mitrushi 2006).

A Frasheri and M. Mico presents in their studies that the contribution of geothermic energy has

not existed until 2005. It is expected that this energy source will cover 10 ktoe (116,3 GWh). It is

concluded that, the geothermic plants can cover up to 0,7% of the energy demand in the three

sectors or 0,4% of the import needs for year 2025 (Frasheri 2006).

The energy supply improvement, the reduction of electric and thermo energy import, the

promotion of the new technologies as, DH & CHP (District Heating & Combined Heat and

Power) in the service and residential sector are the main objectives of B. Islami’s study.

A calculation of the thermo energy provided by SCHP has been done by taking into

consideration its penetration of 6% in household sector and 10% in the service sector until 2025.

According to this study, the energy produced by SCHP will be 144 ktoe (1675 GWh) in 2025.

Therefore, the SCHP can cover up to 10,7% of the energy demand of the three sectors or 5,7% of

the import needs in 2025 (Islami 2006).

48

0

200

400

600

800

1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023

[ktoe]

SWHP and PVP SHPP BCHP WPP GPP SCHP

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023

SWHS and PVP SHPP BCHPWPP GPP SCHPOther sources

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

Renewable Energy Energy from import

Figure 25 Energy produced by the penetration of the renewable energy schemes and contribution

on energy demand for household, service and agriculture sectors.

Figure 26 The coverage of the imported energy demand through the renewable energy

49

V. Evaluat ion of the energy/ therm al unit cost for each RET

The main elements of the pre-feasibility analyses of a certain plant are the initial investments,

operations and usage costs, fuel costs, produced electric energy, interest norms, the life duration

of the plant and some other indicators. LDC (Leveled Discount Cost) calculated with the

following formula will be used to realise the cost-benefit analyses enabling the cost calculation

as unit of electrical and thermal energy generation is:

∑

∑

=

=

+

+=

30

0

30

0

)1(

)1(

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

r

E

r

C

LDC [$cent/kWh electrical/thermal]

The following parameters are shown in the formula:

Ci – the sum of the initial investment costs considered according to the actual market,

maintenance costs, working power costs, buying/selling of the electrical energy as well as

amortisation costs [$cent].

Ei – Electrical/thermal energy produced [kWh]

ri - discounting norm is 7%, for the basic case

In order to realise the preliminary analyses of the benefit-cost analyses, basically for each RES

three different power rates plants (250 kW, 1000 kW and 3000 kW respectively) have been

analysed. They supply thermal/electrical power for the family consumers, hotelier sector for the

buildings in service sector as well as agriculture sector. The basic parameters of this analyses are

in the following table:

Basic parameters Unit Renewable Energy Schemes

Solar Water Heating System (SWHS)

Thermal power, kW 422 1689 5068

Thermal power, kWh 1182600 4730400 14191200

Unit investments USD/kW 750 700 650

Photovoltaic Power Plant (PVP)

Electric power kW 250 1000 3000

Electric energy kWh 711750 2847000 8541000


Small Hydro Power Plant (SHPP)

50




Biomass Combining Heating Power (BCHP)


Thermal power kW 300 1200 3600


Thermal power kWh 1182600 4730400 14191200


Wind Power Plant (WPP)



Investments units USD/kW 1350 1150 1000

Geothermic Power Plant (GPP)

Thermal power, kW 250 1000 3000

Thermal power, kWh 1182600 4730400 14191200


Small Combining Heating and Power (SCHP)


Thermal power kW 300 1200 3600


Thermal power kWh 1182600 4730400 14191200


Biomass Efficient heaters Inefficient heaters

Thermal power kW 250 250

Thermal power kWh 1182600 1182600

Unit investments USD/kW 17 37

BCHP Plant of the solid waste

Electric power kW 3000

Thermal power, kW 3600

Electric energy, kWh 17082000

Thermal power, kWh 14191200

Unit investments USD/kW 3000

Table 7 Preliminary Cost – Benefit analyses for each RET

Based on the above data, the costs per unit for all systems have been calculated, as shown in

figure 20.

51

6.40 5.93 5.47 5.114.16 3.42

9.438.05

7.00 6.495.65 5.10

3.74

1.72

5.70 5.33 4.96

8.586.66 6.13

19.15

35.61

28.49

24.94

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

250 1000 3000 250 1000 3000 250 1000 3000 250 1000 3000 250 250 422 1689 5068 250 1000 3000 3000 250 1000 3000

SCHP SHP P WP P BCHP Eff-

H

Ineff-

H

SWHS GP P Was te P VP P

[cent/kWh]

Figure 27 Unit cost for each technology and each capacity [cent/kWh]

[Source: B. Islami 2006]

The figure analyses shows that the long term marginal cost of electrical/thermal energy is in high

values for two technologies: photovoltaic and urban waste plants. The second group of the low

cost plants consists of: wind and geothermic energy source. The third group is compounded by

the classical plants with comparable costs such as: SHPP (which have a lower cost), the co-

generated plants that realise the production of electrical energy, the efficient heater plants

working with biomass (fire wood) and solar panel plants that realise the production of the

thermal energy.

52

VI . The reduct ion of the GHG em ission based on the ut ilisat ion of

RES

The climate change represents a global problem. Actually, all the countries contribute in

different scales to the green house gas (GHG) emitting and climate changes. As such, the climate

changes influence in the temperatures increase, less raining and a higher sea level. Less raining

leads to an increase of dryness, to less energy produced from hydro power plants and as a result

it impacts in the economic development of each country. These phases highly harm the efforts

for poverty reduction and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals.

6.1 Fossil fuel im pact to human health and environm ent

The usage of fossil fuels as: petroleum, oil, natural gas has an enormous influence in the human

health and the natural equilibrium. With regard to the human health, the fossil fuel high

consumption leads to cancer or other chronic breath diseases, while its impact in environment is

mainly related to the global warming and the degradation of earth, water sources and air

pollution.

The organic stuff burning for the production of the electric energy is the main source of the

carbon dioxide emitting (CO2), which is the major contributor to the global warming and climate

change issue. The scientists foresee that our planet will constantly be warmer if the concentration

levels of the carbon dioxide will be increasing. Higher temperatures will influence to the extreme

weather changes and in devastated earth. The burn of the fossil fuel for the production of the

electrical energy is the main cause of the air pollution. This process generates a lot of polluters as

nitrogen oxides NOx, sulphur oxides SOx, hydrocarbons HxCy, dust, smog, and other materials in

suspension. These polluters can influence in serious problems to asthma, lung irritation,

bronchitis, pneumonia, reduction of breath organ resistance on infections and preliminary death.

Nitrogen oxides present themselves in the form of yellow to brown clouds in the horizon of

many cities. They can lead to lung irritation, cause bronchitis and pneumonia as well as reduce

the resistance toward breath infections. The transport sector is responsible for a considerable

amount of emitting of NOx and the TPP are responsible for the major part of NOx emitting.

The sulphur oxides are the results of sulphur oxidation in the fuel. The equipment that use the

53

coal for the production of the electric energy, produce around two third of the emitting of SOx.

These gases are combined with the water steams that are in the form of sulphur and nitric acids,

which become part of the rain and snow. Acid rain damages the whole live world in the rivers,

lakes, minimizes the agriculture production and damages the buildings.

The hydro-carbons are major part of the polluters. They are compounded of hundreds of specific

combinations, which contain carbon and hydrogen. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4),

which does not enter easily into reaction with NOx to form smog, but the other part of the

hydrocarbons do so. The hydrocarbons are emitted from human sources such as: emitting from

vehicles, the steam of gas-oil and the oil refining.

It is very important, as well, to have a figure out of how the energy is produced and how it is

used. In order to use in the future a kind of energy that does not lead to problems of the global

warming, it is needed to see towards the renewable energy sources as: sun, wind, hydro-energy,

biomass and geothermic. These sources do not contain and do not emit CO2 or other polluters

during their usage. They do not also produce air polluters and they are never finished. Using the

fuel from wood or other plants (energy and biomass) which free CO2, they do not contribute in

the global warming. During their growing they consume the carbon, creating therefore a closed

cycle.

6.2 Em ission reduct ion of RES use

Taking into consideration the above pollutions, an assessment of the emitted quantity that would

be eliminated by the penetration of the RET, according to the possible technical potentials to be

applied is presented below. It is supposed, in our hypothetical case, that all potential amount of

energy production from RES would be produced if fact from a TPP with diesel fossil fuel. Its

yield is 0.4. Based on the norms taken out from literature, the following coefficients have been

used for calculating the emitted amount of GHG.

CO2

[ton/TJ] CO

[kg/TJ] CH4

[kg/TJ] NOx

[kg/TJ] N2O

[kg/TJ] SO2

[kg/kg]

Diesel 72,453 10 2 200 0,6 0,0285

Table 8 The emitting unit coefficients

[Source: IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change)]

54

The foreseen energy for each RES multiplied to these coefficients, give the emitting that can be

avoided using the RES according to the potentials described above. Because the electrical energy

is not only supplied from fossil fuel, the emitting part of the TPP energy for the 20 years is

considered. This coefficient for the study period is 0,3 which means that the electric energy

system in Albania will be supplied 30% from the TPP in the next 20 years.

Having the assessment done for the amount of energy that will be provided during the period

2005-2025 from the use of renewable energies, we can calculate the emissions of CO2

equivalent, SOx, NOx, in case this energy would be supplied from TPP burning diesel.

Emitting reduction [ton] Energy produced from: ktoe

CO2 equivalent SOx NOx

SHWS and PVP 104,3 238000 2230 655

SHPP 81,7 186500 1750 500

WPP 43 98000 900 270

BCHP 400 912700 8500 2500

GPP 10 22800 215 60

SCHP 144 97000 1050 300

Total 783 1555000 14645 4285

Table 9 Emission reduction from the use of RES

Based on the forecast of the renewable energy penetration, it is calculated the quantity of GHG

(Green House Gases) that can be avoided as shown in the following graphics.

55

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

[hundred ton SO2]

SWHS and PVP SHPP WPP

BCHP GPP SCHP

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

[thousands ton CO2]


BCHP GPP SCHP

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023

[ton NOx]


BCHP GPP SCHP

Figure 28 GHG emitting avoided from RES usage

6.3 Kyoto Protocol and Clean Developm ent Mechanism s Projects

The Protocol of Kyoto is established in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It includes legal

56

obligations for 40 industrialized countries, comprising 11 countries of Central and Eastern

Europe and aims in the reduction of the green house gas of 5 % lower than in 1990, as an

average for the first obligation period: 2008-2012. The Protocol of Kyoto includes the

cooperation mechanisms compiled to enable the industrialized countries (Parties of Annex I) in

order to reduce the achievement costs through the reduction of the emitting of GHG in other

countries, where the cost is lower than own countries. These mechanisms tent to reduce the cost

and take measures against the climate change phenomena.

CDM is the only flexible mechanism of Kyoto Protocol that includes countries that are not

counted in Annex I of Protocol where Albania participates. CDM is a mechanism defined from

the Protocol of Kyoto related to the projects implementing components that consist of reduction

of GHG or their sequestration. This mechanism gives to the countries and private companies the

chance to reduce the emitting worldwide – on the lowest cost – and they can be further counted

in credits assessed from organs and specialized entities and accredited according to their

objectives.

Through the emitting reducing projects, the mechanism can stimulate investments and ensure the

main source for a cleaner development of the economy all around the world. CDM, in particular,

aims to assist the countries in development towards the sustainable development and stimulation

of the pro-environment projects from businesses and government of the industrialized countries.

CDM can be implemented in the following sectors/categories:

• The improvement of the energy efficiency to the consumer;

• The improvement of the energy efficiency in the supply system;

• The renewable energy sources;

• The change of fossil fuel;

• Agriculture (the reduced discharge of CH4 and N2O);

• The industrial processes (CO2 from cement etc., HFCs, PFCs, SF6);

• Sink projects (only forest and deforest)

In order to participate in a CDM, considerable number of criteria has been set for the countries to

implement this kind of project. All the participatory parties need to meet the three requirements,

as following:

• Voluntary participation in CDM,

• The establishment of a National Authority for CDM, and

57

• The ratification of Kyoto Protocol.

Furthermore, the industrialized countries need to meet other participation requirements, such as:

• The respecting of Article 3 of Kyoto Protocol related to the definite amount of discharges,

• The establishment of national system of the GHG assessment,

• The establishment of the national register of the GHG discharge,

• The development of an annual inventory, and

• The establishment of an accounting system for the sell and purchase of the reduced discharge.

In order to be eligible, a CDM project has to:

• Be implemented in accordance with the national policies and relevant strategies of the project hosting country and in a broader context with the policies for a sustainable development.

• Be “complimentary” which implies the reduction of the discharge being present despite of the project implementation.

There is a lot of financial profiting from the organization implementing CDM project. Initially

the sell of CER known as “carbon mortgage” generates additional project incomes. Secondly, the

CDM project can be a solution for the diversification and reduction of investment risk in this

project. The implementation of CDM project can be part of the strategy for the company increase

in the hosting or investing country, which, anyway, improves the image of the company in the

framework of the global competition.

The scheme presented below shows the cycle in which the CDM project goes through.

According to this scheme, each project has the following basic phases: (1) the project

formulation, (2) national approval, (3) approval and registration, (4) project funding, (5)

monitoring, (6) verification/certification and (7) issuing of CER. The first four phases are prior to

the project implementation, while the last three are during the whole project duration: the Figure

29 gives information related to the responsible institution for each project phase, starting with the

National Authority, and later with the Executive Board and Operational Entities which are

diverse as far as the assessment or verification is concerned.

58

Figure 29 The cycle of CDM Projects

[Source: M Fida 2006]

1. Preparation and

formulation of the Project

2. National Approval

3. Assessment /registration

4. Project Funding

5. Monitoring

6. Verification/certificaion

7. Certificate Emitted Reduction

Preparation of the

Project Document

Operational

Entity A

Investitors

Project

Participants

Monitoring Report

Operational

Entity B

Verification Report

/Certification Report/

Request for RCSH

EB/

Registration

Legend:

Activity Report Institution

Description of the project: Basic methodology; Plain/methods of monitoring GHG emitting; presentation of environment pollution; comments of the stakeholders

National Authority of CDM; government approval; government confirmation that the project supports the sustainable development

59

VI I . Conclusions

As a conclusion of the analyses on RES potentials in Albania, it results that it belongs to the

group of countries of considerable potentials in using these kind of sources.

The average annual quantity of rain in the country territory is approximately 1400 mm, reflected

in a dense hydrographic system with high potentials for the SHPP constructions.

The amount of solar energy provided by solar radiation is high, as well. This amount can be up to

1600 kWh/m2 annually in the Western Lowland. The solar days vary from the average of 240 -

260 days to 280 - 300 days annually in the South-West.

The wind annual average speed in the majority of the country is up to 3 m/s. The areas of high

potentials for further detailed studies on wind as a renewable energy source are: Alps of Albania,

Lezhë – Mamurras, the central mountanous area, the coastal hilly area of Adriatic sea, the hilly

and mountanous area of Jonian sea and the highlands of Beratit-Corovodës-Tepelenë-Ballsh

area.

The most profitable spot (taking into consideration the constuction infrastructure) for pilot

projects on wind and solar sources are: the entrance of Lezhe, the hills of Kryevidh (near Spille

beach), Xarre (south of Saranda), the area between Berat and Këlcyrë.

Albania represents a country of real geothermy energy of low enthalpy, still unused. It could

contribute, though, to a balance of the country energy system. The building heating and cooling

of buildings, green houses and swimming-pools through the modern and profitable system: cliffs

heating sources – wells – vertical heating exchange – geothermic pumps should be the main

directions of country geothermic energy use. Llixha of Elbasan, Peshkopi, Kozani-8 and Ishmi -

1/b wells result to be the most attractive areas in using this kind of RES.

Actually, the fire woods for heating and cooking are the only biomass components used. Given

the old technology in use, the coverting yield of this RES is quite low, 35-40%.

Renewable energy sources still make an unacceptably modest contribution to the country energy

balance as compared to the available technical potential. In fact a quantity of 800 kilo ton oil

equivalent can be generated from the renewable energy sources until 2025. This quantity is 58 %

of the total energy demand for the three main sectors: household, service, and agriculture. It can

60

also be equivalent with 30% of the energy import for the same period.

RET Contribution on the energy demand

in household, service and agriculture sectors until 2025 [%]

Contribution on the energy import until 2025 [%]

SWHS and PVP 7,8 4,12

SHPP 6,1 3,23

BCHP 29,8 15,82

WPP 3,2 1,7

GPP 0,7 0,4

SCHP 10,7 5,7

Total 58.3 30.97

Albania dependence on energy imports is already 55% and is expected to increase over the

coming years if no action is taken, reaching 70% by 2025

From penetration of RET in our market it will be possible the production of around 800 ktoe

green energy and at the same time the considerable reduction amount of GHG.

Emitting reduction [ton] Energy produced from: Ktoe

CO2 equivalent SOx NOx

SHWS and PVP 104,3 238000 2230 655

SHPP 81,7 186500 1750 500

WPP 43 98000 900 270

BCHP 400 912700 8500 2500

GPP 10 22800 215 60

SCHP 144 97000 1050 300

Total 783 1555000 14645 4285

61

VI I . Recom m endat ions

First and foremost, without a coherent and transparent strategy and an ambitious overall

objective for RET penetration; these sources of energy will not make major inroads into the

country energy balance. Technological progress by itself can not break down the several non-

technical barriers which hamper the penetration of renewable energy technologies in the energy

markets. Without a clear and comprehensive strategy accompanied by legislative measures, their

development will be retarded. A long-term stable framework for the development of renewable

sources of energy, covering political, legislative, administrative, economic and marketing aspects

is in fact the top priority for the economic operators involved in their development.

According to the preliminary financial analyses of cost-benefit for RET, it results that the

technologies needed to be promoted in the future through the implementation of respective

projects based on a full financial profiting analyses and full analyses of environment impact are:

SHPP used for the electricity, solar panel for water heating in household and service sectors, the

efficient heaters in the third area (division according to grade-days warm), where the heating

needs are to a considerable level.

It is considered as profitable the implementation of a study project on the wind speed indicators

for the premising areas according to this study. It is, as well, recommended to ensure the

progress of further studies in identifying the sectors/areas/regions/consumers, where the

implementation of relevant projects on geothermic, urban waste and photovoltaic plants results

profitable.

A significant group that can be used for energy profit is related to the extensive richness of

bushes (which can be undoubfully as a renewable energy source as they keep on growing again).

Introduction of a financial support scheme for renewable energy is crucial for their development.

The support scheme should overcome the current additional costs for energy production from

renewable energy sources compared to fossil fuels.

The dissemination in a highly wider range of the RES potentials through the fiche-projects are

crucial for attract (foreign) investors in renewable energy projects, for example by introducing

interested parties in the resources, or by facilitating them under the Kyoto framework, i.e.

support CDM projects. The CDM mechanism is potentially especially interesting as a financing

62

mechanism to support investment decisions for biomass projects. Establishment of Renewable

Energy Development Centre is fundamental.

63

VI I I . Literature

CEE, 2005. Feasibility study for using of SWHS in six municipalities of Albania. The Energy in

Albania Newsletter. Nr 38. Project Solar Water Heaters in Albania, December 2005

EBRD, Renewable Energy Initiative.

http://ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/countries/Albania/profile.aspx

EEC, 2002. Albania EU EEC Home Page http://www.eec.org.al/Projects.html

Fida M, 2006. “Use of Kyoto Mechanisms for activate the new projects renewable energy source

oriented” Study in the framework of “Sustainable Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN 2007

Frasheri A, 2006. “Geothermic energy sources in Albania and the platform toward better use of

them” Study in the framework of “Sustainable Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN 2007

Frasheri A., Cermak V., Doracaj M., Safanda J., Bakalli F., Kresl M., Kapedani N., Stulc P.,

Malasi E., Canga B., Halimi H., Vokopola E., Kucerova L. and Jareci E. 2004. Atlas of the

Geothermal Resources in Albania. Polytechnic University of Tirana, Faculty of Geology and

Mining, Academy of Science. Tirana 2004.

HERMES 1997 - Horizontal Energy Renewable Multimedia Educational Software

Hido E, 2006. “Evaluation of solar energy potential in Albania”, Study in the framework of

“Sustainable Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN 2007

Hizmo A, 2006. “Use of Biomass Energy in Albania” Study in the framework of “Sustainable

Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN 2007

IHM 1978. Albanian Climate. Institute of Hydro Meteorology, Tirana 1978.

Islami B, 2006. “Pre-feasibility study of some renewable energy technologies that use renewable

energy sources” Study in the framework of “Sustainable Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN

2007

64

Islami B, 2006. “Production of combining electric and thermic energy from SCHP plant in

Albania” Study in the framework of “Sustainable Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN 2007

MEFWA and UNDP 2005. Albania’s Technology Need Assessment. ILAR, Tirana, Albania,

December 2005.

Mico M, 2006. “Use of Geothermic energy in Albania” Study in the framework of “Sustainable


MIE and NAE 2004. National Strategy of Energy and Action Plan for implementation of

National Strategy of Energy for the period 2003 – 2005.

Mitushi P, 2006, “Use of Wind Energy in Albania” Study in the framework of “Sustainable


Mustaqi V, Sanxhaku M, 2006. “Identification of the zones with enough energy potential for

application of the RET in Albania”, in the framework of “Sustainable Energy for Albania”

project. Co-PLAN 2007

Profka D, 2006, “Use of Solar Energy for Electricity Production in Albania”, Study in the

framework of “Sustainable Energy for Albania” project. Co-PLAN 2007

SolTherm, 2006. Europe initiative for SolTherm “A Solar Water Heater for Every European”

www.soltherm.org

UNDP 2005. Market Transformation on Solar Thermal Water Heating in Albania October 2005 -

June 2007 http://www.undp.org.al

Visser A and Hoed R., 2006. “Renewable Energy Sources for Albania” Study of in the


Xhelepi S, 2006, “Use of energy from Small Hydro Power Plants in Albania” Study in the


65

Annex A


Berat 6.8 7.7 9.8 13.4 17.6 21.2 23 23.8 20.8 16.5 11.8 8.2

Durres 8.3 9 11 14.2 18.2 21.8 24 23.9 21.4 17.6 13.4 9.8

Erseke 0.6 1.6 4.4 8.4 12.3 16 18.4 18.5 14.8 10.8 6.3 2.4

Fier 7.1 8.1 10.1 13.4 17.6 21.3 23.1 23 20.3 16.4 12 8.5

Gjirokaster 5.2 6.7 9.3 13 17.4 21.1 23.6 23.5 20.2 15.2 10.2 6.3

Korce 0.4 1.9 5 9.3 13.9 17.4 19.9 19.8 16.5 11.3 6.6 2.1

Kukes 0.5 3 6.8 11.8 16.5 20 22.2 21.9 18.2 12.6 7.3 2.4

Lezhe 6.8 8.1 10.5 13.7 17.9 21.3 23.9 23.7 21 17 12.2 8.3

Peshkopi -0.3 1.9 5.7 10.5 15.2 18.5 20.9 20.9 17.4 12 6.4 1.5

Q.B.Curri 1 3.1 6.8 11.3 16.1 19.3 21.6 21.3 17.8 12.4 6.6 2.3

Sarande 10.3 10.6 12.4 15.3 19.4 22.9 25.4 25.8 23.3 19.4 15.2 11.8

Shkoder 4.9 6.6 9.7 14 18.2 21.8 24.6 24.6 21 15.9 10.8 6.6

Tirane 6.7 7.8 10.1 13.4 17.8 21.5 23.9 23.8 20.8 16.3 11.7 8.1

Vlore 8.9 9.6 11.3 14.3 18.2 21.8 24.1 24.1 21.5 17.9 13.8 10.5

Table 10 Monthly average air temperatures for the main cities of Albania for the period 1961 -

2000 (0C) [Source: I.H.M. 2006]


Berat 97.5 83.3 78.6 78.5 74.4 47.4 30.8 40.4 56.1 84.2 121.1 109

Erseke 100.2 87 80.2 72.8 75.9 51.7 32.4 35.9 48.6 87.7 127.6 125.1

Fier 114.2 94.4 91.7 70 48.3 28.8 24.8 30.4 63 111 142.6 122

Gjirokaster 241.1 224.8 166.5 114.6 72.6 33.5 19.7 33.4 84.4 195.2 310.4 337.1

Korce 72.9 67.1 63.8 60.3 68.9 43.8 34 30.2 43.6 77.1 101.8 101.6

Sarande 145.4 137.9 112.4 74.4 48.1 21.8 9.1 25.4 76.8 154.8 204.9 185.4

Shkoder 216.9 175.3 166.1 158.1 104.3 71.4 38.2 79.2 161.7 195 265.1 253.1

Tirane 129.4 118.9 121 103.1 88.2 66.8 40.8 50.5 83.2 107 164.2 146.1

Vlore 103 86.2 84.7 61.4 49.8 23.1 16.2 27.2 64.4 108.4 138.2 129.4

Durres 110.6 91.4 95.2 76.3 50.8 38.7 23.9 34.8 62.5 101.1 132.9 113

Lezhe 154.5 127.8 132.7 121.4 89.5 70.4 35.8 58.3 86.5 141 187.6 157.3

Peshkopi 123.9 98.4 96.9 76.3 65.7 46.8 32.5 37.9 55.6 80.6 142 138.2

Q.B.Curri 175 157.6 148.2 128 99.7 60.2 41.1 51.2 99.3 156.8 275.8 243.1

Kukes 88.4 68.6 79.8 77.6 71.8 55.2 45.8 50.4 63.8 82.8 118.1 108.2

Table 11 The average monthly quantity of the falls for the main cities of Albania for the period

1961 - 2000 (mm) [Source: I.H.M. 2006]

66

Shkoder

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XIIMuajt

Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Kukes

0

5

10

15

20

25


Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Durres

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Peshkopi

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Muajt

Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Korce

0

5

10

15

20

25


Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Vlore

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Sarande

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Gjirokaster

0

5

10

15

20

25


Tem

p. m

es (

0C

)

Figure 30 The distribution of the annual average air temperatures for the period 1961-2000 [Source: I.H.M. year 2006]

67

Shkoder

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Kukes

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Durres

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Peshkopi

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Vlore

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Korce

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Sarande

0

50

100

150

200

250


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Gjirokaster

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


Muajt

Resh

jet

(mm

)

Figure 31 The distribution of the annual average air distribution for the period 1961 – 2000 [Source: I.H.M. year 2006]

68

Month Shkoder Peshkopi Tirana Fier Erseke Sarande

January 1,70 1,55 1,80 2,15 1,90 1,90

February 2,30 2,30 2,50 2,85 2,70 2,40

March 3,35 3,25 3,40 3,90 3,40 3,60

April 4,50 4,15 4,20 5,00 4,40 4,80

May 5,45 5,25 5,55 6,05 5,60 5,80

June 6,10 5,85 6,40 6,80 6,40 6,80

July 6,50 6,25 6,70 7,20 6,80 6,10

August 5,55 5,45 6,05 6,40 5,90 4,80

September 4,45 4,35 4,70 5,15 4,70 3,60

October 2,90 2,90 3,20 3,50 3,10 3,20

November 2,10 1,85 2,15 2,40 2,10 2,10

December 1,70 1,50 1,75 1,85 1,80 1,80

Table 12 The solar radiation intensity for the 6 metrological stations [kWh/m2 day]

[Source: Q.E.E, 2006]

69

Annex B

Turbine Generator

Annual production (thous.kwh) Notes

No. SHPP name Town Start of the operation

Type Quantity Type Quantity

1 Tuçep Bulqiza 1969 Frenc-Austri 2 Elin-Austri 2 2100 Functioning

2 Bulqizë Bulqiza 1974 QJ-550/6.5-Kineze 2

NKEM-Gjermani 2 1600 Functioning

3 Zerqan Bulqiza 1976

CD-680/8.5-Kineze

2

TSWN-Kineze

2 1400 Functioning

4 Homesh Bulqiza 1975 HL-129-Kineze

2 TSWN-Kineze 2 800 Functioning

5 Gjorice Bulqiza 1961 Frenc-Gjermani


6 Mirash Devolli 1968 B400-112-Shqiptare 1

A10-A/6-Shqiptare 1 80

Non functioning

7 Menkulas Devolli 1966 B400-112-Shqiptare 1

Al2-Al12-Shqiptare 1 70

Non functioning

8 Ziçisht Devolli 1968 B400-112-Shqiptare 1

Al11-B8-Shqiptare 1 30

Non functioning

9 Hoçisht Devolli 1980 France 380 2 TSWN-Kineze 2 30

Non functioning

10 Arras Diber 1980 CD-680/8.5-Kineze 3

TSWN-Kineze 3 6500

Weak functioning

11 Lure Diber 1976 Pelton-Hungari

1 Hungari 1 1000 Weak functioning

12 Kallavere Diber 1964 Frenc 350-Gjermani 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 470

Weak functioning

13 Tomin Diber 1977 Frenc 350-Gjermani 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 250 Functioning

14 Muhur Diber 1985 Frenc 360-Shqiperi 1 Shqiperi 1 950

Weak functioning

15 Labinot Elbasan 1970 HL-129-Kineze


16 Gjinar Elbasan 1970 - 1 Mareli -Italian 1 110 Functioning

17 Lenie Gramsh 1974 CD-680/8.5-Kineze 2


18 Kerpice Gramsh 1969 HL-129-Kineze


19 Kapariel Gjirokaster 1969 HL-129-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 500

Weak functioning

20 Picar Gjirokaster 1976 HL-129-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 350

Weak functioning

21 Libohove Gjirokaster 1972 CD-680/8.5-Kineze 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 300

Weak functioning

22 Erind Gjirokaster 1967 P28-500-Shqiptare 1

Mareli -Italian 1 300

Weak functioning

23 Cini Gjirokaster 1985 HL-129-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 300

Non functioning

24 Kolonje Gjirokaster 1967 B400-112-Shqiptare 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 50

Non functioning

25 Domaj-Has Hasi 1968 --- --- --- --- 50 Functioning

70

26 Rehove Kolonje 1962 Pelton-Gjermani 1 SEE-8108 1 300 Functioning

27 Barmash Kolonje 1970 HL-129-Kineze


28 Rajan Kolonje 1973 HL-129-Kineze


29 Leskovik "1" Kolonje 1964

Frenc 350-Gjermani 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 350 Funksionon

30 Leskovik "2" Kolonje 1970

HL-129-Kineze 1


31 Kozel Kolonje -- Frenc 350-Gjermani --

Fimag -- 200

Non functioning

32 Lozhan Korça 1970 P28-500-Shqiptare 2

TSWN-Kineze 2 560 Funksionon

33 Marjan Korça 1972 P28-400-Shqiptare 2

TSWN-Kineze 2 930

Non functioning

34 Treske "1" Korça 1974 P28-400-Shqiptare 2


35 Treske "2" Korça 1986 HL-129-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 850

Weak functioning

36 Qelidhone Korça 1972 QJ-550/6.5-Kineze 2


37 Voskopoje Korça 1972 HL-129-Kineze

2 TSWN-Kineze 2 210

Weak functioning

38 Nikolice Korça 1978 Ganz-Hungari 3 FIG 3 1320 Functioning

39 Dardhe Korça 1966 P28-400-Shqiptare 1

Çekosllavakia 1 70

Non functioning

40 Velcan Korça 1980 Pelton-Shqiperia 1

Shqipetare 1 1400 Functioning

41 Vithkuq Korça 1936 Pelton-Austria

3 ATB/6 190-Austria 3 3550 Functioning

42 Orgjost Kukes 1970 Frenc-Kineze


43 Bicaj Kukes 1968 Frenc-Gjermani

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 350

Weak functioning

44 Vinjolle Laçi 1970 Pelton-Shqiperia 1

Çekosllavakia 1 260 Functioning

45 Funares Librazhd 1988 CD-680/8.5-Kineze 3


46 Lunik Librazhd 1977 HL-129-Kineze 1 Shqiptare 1 900 Functioning

47 Orenje Librazhd 1972 QJ-550/6.5-Kineze 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 200

Weak functioning

48 Stravaj Librazhd 1972 HL-129-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 550

Weak functioning

49 Qarrisht Librazhd 1968 Shqiptare 1

TSWN-Kineze

1 80 Non functioning

50 Xhyre Librazhd 1987 Pelton-Shqipetare 1 Shqiptare 1 1600 Functioning

51 Vukel M.Madhe 1968 Frenc-Shqipetare 1

Shqiptare 1 150

Funksionim i dobet

52 Selce M.Madhe 1968 BANKI112-Shqipetare 1

--- 1 120

Funksionim i dobet

53 Tamare M.Madhe 1978 France-Shqipetare 2


54 Vermosh M.Madhe 1968 BANKI112-Shqipetare 1

Shqipetare 1 200

Non functioning

55 Martanesh Mati 1976 HL-129-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 500

Funksionim i dobet

71

56 Laç-Bruç Mati 1967 Shqipetare

1 Shqipetare

1 60 Non functioning

57 Kumbull-Meri Mirdite 1967

BANKI112-Shqipetare 1

Shqipetare 1 40 Functioning

58 Çarshove Permet 1969 Frenc-Gjermani

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 210

Weak functioning

59 Potgozhan Pogradec 1964 PELTON-ITALIAN 2

Italiane 1 30

Weak functioning

60 Llenge Pogradec 1968 Frenc-Shqipetare 1

Gjermane 1 30

Non functioning

61 Shpelle Pogradec 1974 Pelton-Shqipetare 2

TSWN-Kineze 2 300

Weak functioning

62 Flete Puke 1967 CD-680/8.5-Kineze 1


63 Borsh Sarande 1986 Pelton-Shqipetare 2


64 Piqeras Sarande 1971 HL-129-Kineze 2 TSWN-Kineze 2 865

Weak functioning

65 Leshnice Sarande 1973 QJ-550/6.5-Kineze 2


66 Lukove Sarande 1965 BANKI112-Shqipetare 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 70

Non functioning

67 Fush-Verri sarande 1965 Gjermane

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 20

Non functioning

68 Çorovode Skrapar 1974 Frenc-Hungareze 1

Fig.226/8 1 500 Functioning

69 Ujanik Skrapar 1975 Pelton-Hungareze 1

Fig.226/9 1 700 Functioning

70 Dukagjin Shkoder 1973 HL-129-Kineze


71 Theth Shkoder 1966 BANKI112-Shqipetare 1


72 Bene Shkoder 1970 Pelton-Shqipetare 1

A11-B12 1 130

Non functioning

73 Hormove Tepelene 1976 QJ-550/6.5-Kineze

1 TSWN-Kineze

1 300 Functioning

74 Lek-Bibaj Tropoje 1979 HL-129-Kineze


75 Shoshaj Tropoje 1973 HL-129-Kineze

2 TSWN-Kineze 2 1000

Weak functioning

76 Valbona Tropoja 1969 Frenc-Shqipetare 2

Gjermane 2 100 Functioning

77 Cerem Tropoje 1969 Pelton-Shqipetare 1

TSWN-Kineze 1 20

Weak functioning

78 Dragobi Tropoje 1969 Frenc-Shqipetare 1


79 Curraj-Epshem Tropoje 1969

Frenc-Shqipetare 1

Çekosllovake 1 50 Functioning

80 Bradazhnice Tropoje 1975 Pelton-Shqipetare 1


81 Kelsyre Tropoje 1978 BANKI-Shqipetare 1


82 Dhermi Vlore 1972 PELTON-Shqipetare 2


83 Qeparo Vlore 1960 KENN

1 TSWN-Kineze 1 200

Non functioning

Table 13 The main characteristics of 83 existing small water plant stations

[Source: Xhelepi S, 2006]

72

No SHPP name Town Power (kw)

Annual Production (Thousand kWh)

Notes

1 Vukel M. Madhe 14000 90 Proposal

2 Dukagjin 1 Shkoder 2000 11 Proposal



5 Postrib Shkoder 300 1.5 Study phase

6 Curraj - Eperm Tropoje 24000 125 Project - Proposal

7 Krasniqe Tropoje 1200 6 Project - Proposal

8 Valbona Tropoje 3000 15 Place locate

9 Begaj Tropoje 2500 10 Place locate

10 Bushtrice Kukes 1100 5.5 Project - Proposal

11 Uzine Kukes 1250 6.25 Project - Proposal

12 Broje Kukes 5900 23.6 Place locate

13 Tropojan Kukes 4500 18 Place locate

14 Lume Kukes 4000 16 Place locate

15 Lure 1 Diber 2400 11 Proposal



18 Arras 1 Diber 1200 4 Project - Proposal

19 Arras 2 Diber 1000 4.5 Study phase

20 Radomir 1 Diber 650 2.5 Project - Proposal

21 Radomir 2 Diber 2500 10 Study phase

22 Kalle Diber 2500 10 Study phase

23 Cerenec Bulqize 1200 5 Place locate

24 Bardhagjan Miredite 700 3 Place locate

25 Lis-Vinjoll Mat 150 0.8 Project - Proposal

26 Klos Mat 370 1.5 Project - Proposal

27 Selite Tirane 2500 12 Place locate

28 Skorane Tirane 1400 6 Study phase

29 Stravaj Librazhd 4200 21 Study phase

30 Spathar Librazhd 600 2.5 Project - Proposal

31 Dardhe Librazhd 800 3.5 Place locate

32 Peqin Peqin 800 6 Project - Proposal

33 Gostime Elbasan 10500 48 Project - Proposal

34 Bratila 1 Gramsh 3000 13.5 Place locate

35 Batila 2 Gramsh 3000 13.5 Place locate

36 Gjebres Skrapar 800 3.4 Place locate

37 Veliqote Tepelene 2000 9 Project - Proposal

38 Kuc - Allti Vlore 350 1.4 Project - Proposal

39 Kozel Kolonje 500 2 Project - Proposal

40 Kolonje Gjirokaster 700 3 Project - Proposal

41 Sasaj Sarande 5500 23 Project - Proposal

Table 14 The main characteristics of the identified small and medium HPP

[Source: Xhelepi S, 2006]

73

Annex C

Mining Calorific Power [kcal/kg]

The moisture content [%]

The ash content [%]

The sulphur content [%]

Krrabë 4254 7 30 4,0

Mushqeta 2676 9 53 3,2

Valias 1746 16 58 3,0

Alarup 3196 36 20 0,9

Memaliaj 3058 12 38 3,8

Vërdovë 2054 7 64 3,9

Table 15 The Characteristics of coals types in Albania

[Source: Ish-minierat, AKE, 2003]

HPP River Construction Period

Installed Units

Installation Power [MW]

Annual Production [GWh]

Fierza Drin 1971-1978 4 500 1167

Komani Drin 1980-1988 4 600 1704

Vau i Dejës Drin 1967-1971 5 250 874

Ulza Mat 4 27 99

Shkopeti Mat 2 25 81

Bistrica I Bistricë 3 23 150

Bistrica II Bistricë 1 5,5

Bogova, Gjançi, Selita, Smokthina

6 20 87

Small HPP Until 1988 14 200

Total 1464,5 4362

Table16 The characteristics of major existing HPP in Albania

[Source: IVH 2004]

HPP name River Planned for construction

Installation power [MW]

Expected annual

production [GWh]

Bushati Drin 2007-2009 84 375

Skavica I Drin 2007-2013 130

Skavica II Drin 2007-2013 350 1700

Bratila Devoll 2007-2009 115 350

Banja Devoll 2007-2009 80 250

Kaluthi Vjosë 2008-2012 75 655

74

Kalivaçi Vjosë 2008-2012 100

Dragot-Tepelena

Vjosë 2008-2012 130

Valbonë-Curraj 2007-2011 250

Table 17 Characteristics of HPP planned to be constructed in Albania

[Source: IVH 2004]

No. TEC name Year of

construction

Not functioning

since

Capacity [MW]

Fuel Actual

Capacity

1 Tirana 1951 1994 4,9 Coal 0

2 Cërrik 1956 1992 5 Coal 0

3 Vlora 1953 1991 3 Coal, gas 0

4 Kuçova 1934,1941, 1954, 1960

1993 5,6 HFO, Fuel Oil, Gas

0

5 Korça 1971 2000 6 Coal 0

6 Maliqi 1951, 1960,

1987 2000 7 Coal 0

7 Ballshi 1976 24 0

8 Fieri 1969, 1980

159 Masut 8

Total 214,5 8

Table 18 Some technical characteristics of existing TPP in Albania

[Source : SKE, AKE. 2004]

sustainable energy for albania - aea-al

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