sustainable laboratories: a global perspective · 2013. 9. 20. · engineering | architecture |...
TRANSCRIPT
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Engineering | Architecture | Design-Build | Surveying | GeoSpatial Solutions
September 5, 2013
Sustainable Laboratories: A global Perspective Paul Langevin, P.Eng
Merrick Canada
LIFE SCIENCES
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Discussion Points
What are the definitions relating to Laboratory Sustainability? how does this support business continuity
Is it consistent between countries
How can we accommodate national and national interests
What global influences are being applied to support lab sustainability? (focus on Microbiological Laboratories)
What examples beyond North America’s approach are available for sustainable laboratories in under-developed countries?
How do risk assessments support design solutions that are not comparable to North America codes and standards?
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Definition “Sustainability is the capacity to endure” For humans, sustainability is
the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has ecological, economic, political and cultural dimensions.
Sustainability requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands: also referred to as the "three pillars" of sustainability or (the 3 E’s).
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Sustainable Laboratory Requirements
Environmentally safe Occupationally safe Scientifically viable program Reduced energy foot-print Reduced carbon foot-print Business continuity based on risk Financially viable Technically viable Operationally viable
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Reasons to support global sustain-LABS
Biological Threat Reduction Pathogen Storage Initiative
for Biosecurity Emerging and sustaining
diseases Global immigration and
agriculture socio-economic issues
African Diagnostic Laboratory Initiative
Current global weakness & awareness for change
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Affordability?
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Recent O&M Studies
Two studies confirm that managing BSL3 facilities in developed countries average between $53-89/ft2
Country comparisons are difficult due to in-country influences of currency, labor rates, temperatures, cost of utilities, organizational models and various approaches to containment designs
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Training (3.1%)
Computer Support (2.7%)
Occupa:onal Medical PPE (10.7%) U:li:es (20.1%)
Surveillance Security (4.7%)
Labor (44.8%)
Total Opera+ng Cost -‐ $/GSF/Year = 103.6
Equipment Maintenance Contracts (6.6%)
Building O&M Supplies (6.0%)
Steriliza:on & Decon Supplies (1.7%)
High Containment Facility Cost Operating Distribution
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Cost (US$/ft2 @ 0.653 £/$ )
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Site Location M&E Costs Unadjusted US$/m2
M&E Costs Unadjusted US$/ft2
M&E Cost Adjusted US$/m2)
M&E Costs Adjusted US$/ft2
IAH Pirbright, UK 273 25 273 25
HPA Porton Down 348 32 322 30
AAHL Geelong, Australia 118 11 103 10
Reims (Griefswald) Germany 77 7 78 7
IVI Berne Switzerland 98 9 116 11
USDA, Ames, Iowa 172 16 136 13
BRI-KSU Manhattan, Kansas 67 6 58 5
CSCHAH Winnipeg, Canada 274 25 256 24
AVERAGE: 178 17 168 16
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Challenge of Sustainable Labs
Upfront costs ROI- return on investments Short-term perspectives vs.
long-term environmental benefits
Perception of risks Effectiveness in developing
countries where water, food and living essentials are compromised and indigenous health risks are high
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Challenges in Developing Countries
Capital funding is heavily subsidized however it does not typically address sustainable operational costs
Infrastructure is not available and there is heavy reliance on SOP
Indigenous infectious diseases are more prevalent in the community challenging the need for expensive technical containment laboratories
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Sustainable Lab Promotion
Design affordable laboratories based on real risks, local indigenous capacities and sustainable operations that are less resource/technical based and relying more on human capital and training
Developing simple technical solutions Review ventilation energy requirement for consideration of
options including natural ventilation, air recirculation, air-change/hr. reductions based on risk, sensing technologies
Consider simple validation techniques for scientific and technical equipment
Not all developed country solutions are appropriate for developing country problems
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What is Risk? What does Wikipedia Say?
The ISO 31000 (2009) /ISO Guide 73:2002 definition of risk is the 'effect of uncertainty on objectives'. In this definition, uncertainties include events (which may or not happen) and uncertainties caused by ambiguity or a lack of information. It also includes both negative and positive impacts on objectives. Many definitions of risk exist in common usage, however this definition was developed by an international committee representing over 30 countries and is based on the input of several thousand subject matter experts.
OHSAS (Occupational Health & Safety Advisory Services) defines risk as the product of the probability of a hazard resulting in an adverse event, times the severity of the event
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Risk-based Approaches
Risk Decision making process & who is involved in risk assessment
Role and application of CWA 15793
Process to achieve end goals & desired performance
SOPs vs. engineering solutions
In-country technical operational support implications Severity of Consequence
Like
lihoo
d of
Con
sequ
ence
High
Low High
If the likelihood and severity of a consequence is high, risk must be well managed with engineering controls and SOPs.
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Risk Assessments
Varied approaches summarily assess probability (likelihood) and consequences (impacts) to assess risk
Risk Assessment Matrix
Probability of the Event Occurring
Severity of the Outcome
Frequent
Likely
Occasional
Seldom
Unlikely
Catastrophic Extremely High
Extremely High
High
High
Moderate
Critical Extremely High
High
High
Moderate
Low
Marginal
High
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Negligible
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
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Risk Classification Method: Sample 2
SEVERITY How likely is it to be that bad? (PROBABILITY) How severely could it hurt someone or how ill could it make someone?
++ Very likely
could happen anytime
+ Likely
could happen at some time
= Unlikely
could happen but very rarely
-– Very unlikely
may happen but probably wont
Kill or cause permanent disability or ill health
1 1 2 3
Long term illness or serious injury
1 2 3 4
Medical attention and several days off work
2 3 4 5
First aid needed 3 4 5 6
1 and 2 The hazard has a high risk of creating an incident. It requires immediate executive management attention to rectify the hazard. Control action must be immediately implemented before working in the area or carrying out the work process.
3 and 4 The hazard has a moderate risk of creating an incident. It requires management attention in a reasonable timeframe to prevent or reduce the likelihood and severity of an incident. Control action of a short term nature would need to be taken immediately so that work could still be carried out with further long term action taken to ensure that the hazard was fully controlled.
5 and 6 The hazard has a low risk of creating an incident. It requires supervisor and employee attention in a reasonable timeframe to prevent or reduce the likelihood and severity of an incident.
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Risk Classification Method: Sample 3
FINANCIAL RISK Available Costs to build
Available Costs to Operate
LOW MODERATE HIGH
LOW 1 2 2
MODERATE 2 2 3
HIGH 2 3 4
1 Need to rely on simple technical solutions and SOP; use of primary containment systems such as non-connect Class IIA cabinets; SOP training and monitoring of staff is high
2 and 3 Need to ensure capital investment is supported with increased costs of operations costs. If high operational costs are available, 3rd Party capital financing may be available (ESCO). Reliance on SOP are necessary. Look for energy recovery or power supply replacement opportunities.
4 Plan projects for need, redundancy and operational efficiencies in accordance with functional needs and safety requirements ; Reliance on biosafety is a combination of SOP and good engineering controls
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RISK ASSESSMENTS (ANSI Z9.14)
Factors to consider in performing a Risk Assessment
1. Facility layout
2. Containment boundaries
3. Site specific risks, (e.g. natural hazards, proximity to public, proximity to other facilities or hazards which can introduce risk to the facility or its operational response).
4. Primary containment BSC, caging systems etc.,
5. Secondary containment (rooms, hoods, etc.),
6. Tertiary containment (anteroom, shower, locker room, etc.)
7. Specialized laboratory equipment and use particularly aerosol generating
8. Access control
9. Waste Management
10. Current security threat /risk ‐ local, national, and international threats that could compromise the safety of the general public, the environment, the security of the personnel, the research, and the facility
11. Building Utilities
12. Work flow/Routing: internal and external
13. Dependency upon outside sources for utilities, i.e. steam, electricity, gas, etc…. 14. Building systems 15. Ventilation systems including HEPA filtration, isolation valves, exhaust vs. supply duct locations 16. Building automation system 17. Existing system redundancies 18. Non containment building systems which could adversely impact containment including fire suppression systems 19. Agents used (to be used) including: 20. Quantity / Infectious Dose 21. Concentration 22. Route of Transmission 23. Availability of Treatment 24. History of spills or accidental releases 25. Area and surface decontamination methodology 26. Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP) 27. Para Formaldehyde 28. Chlorine Dioxide 29. Other 30. Regulations/Standards/Guidelines 31. New or existing equipment related to ventilation systems including but not limited to, Biological Safety Cabinets, Class III cabinet, fume hoods, HEPA filters, etc. 32. Systems replacement /part availability 33. Facilities current maintenance and preventative maintenance program
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Finding the Right Balance: • balance between engineering controls, equipment, practices
and procedures • IFBA BEWG identify practical solutions that are sustainable at
the local level
Long-term, cost-effective operation…
Risk-Based Biocontainment
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Resource Issues for Labs & Equipment
• Lack of biosafety equipment, supplies, resources and funding • Use limited resources towards a “rational” approach that is risk-
based, cost-effective, practical and sustainable • Identify the most effective technologies within country
“context” – use of inappropriate technologies wastes resources and drains funds from more effective interventions
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IFBA Biocontainment Survey
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WG 2 – Biocontainment Engineering
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WG 2 – Biocontainment Engineering
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Planning & Design Decision Trees
• A Decision Tree is provided to assist verifying issues associated with deciding what design “solution” is required to resolve a requirement
• Decision trees require reflection and consideration of • Local Risk Assessments • Local Site Conditions • Funding conditions • Cost to build • Cost to operate • Technical capacity to maintain • Life-cycle cost to repair and replace • Local Codes and Regulations • Technical Options • Size of the requirement • Intended SOP
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Define User Requirements
What is intended program
Function Diagnostics, Research,
Animals, other?
Risk level 1-4? Code requirements
Local risk Assessment
Yes- what mitigations?
Is Capital Funding
available?
Yes Proceed with best life-cycle
solution
No Review SOP and
reconsider project
Available Operational
Funding
Yes Proceed with best life-cycle
solution
No Review SOP and develop low tech
solution
Verify Site conditions
Good Proceed with life-
cycle best solution
Poor Proceed based
on available funding
Verify Applicable Regulations
Yes-Apply Per risk level
No- compare Review, develop and apply
Verify Applicable Testing
Yes for certification
Apply, document and submit
Containment Planning Decision Tree- Master
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Architecture
How much area is required based on function and staff
Establish Budgetary Limits
Apply Parametric cost modeling
How many rooms are required and what
size?
Verify adjacencies Develop blocking and stacking Verify relationships with other functions
& buildings
Develop area matrix Review net vs. gross area requirements Verify space
availability and costs
Verify SOP and processes
Develop Layouts based on areas and
process
Renovation or new construction
Renovation Conduct Building
Assessment to verify required changes
Equipment vs. infrastructure
New Construction ENGAGE DESIGN
TEAM: Integrate with structure and new
engineering controls
Ensure capital and operational funding is
available
What equipment is required
Used Verify services,
Repair, Relocate and Re-test
New Verify services, install and test
What surfaces are required
Walls, floors, ceilings, windows, doors, benching
Review alternatives and select best life
cycle
Apply new surfaces: tiles, epoxy,
polyurethane, stainless steels
What decontamination is required; impact on pipes, services,etc
Topical disinfectants, Abrasive, gaseous
Liquid disinfectants Formaldehyde, VHP,
Chlorine O2
Verify Applicable Testing Write test procedures
Perform Tests, Document Result,
Verify Conformance
Architecture Planning Decision Tree
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Ventilation-HVAC
Verify Program requirements
Verify Air change rates: max, min, set-
backs and task ventilation
Calculate, size and select ventilation system based on
requirements
Consider free-energy alternatives such as wind, solar, biofuels
Risk and Reliability and SOP
Determines extent of system and component redundancy
N N=1 2N
Environmental- confirms need for air quality, separation
and filtration
Verify if HEPA filtration is required on supply and/or
exhaust
Verify if natural or recirculation ventilation is permissible
Renovate or new build
Renovation Conduct Building
Assessment to verify required changes
Upgrade system for new load and re-test
New Construction ENGAGE DESIGN
TEAM: Integrate with structure and new
engineering controls
Install new and re-test
Verify and confirm available capital and
operational costs
Good Design solutions for
redundancy and long-life-cycle
Ensure staff is trained and systems are maintained and
tested
Poor Review existing and
consider Primary Containment & SOP
solutions
Use of BSC as primary containment
Review site parameters
Building shape and air re-entrainment
Review alternatives and select best life
cycle Verify back-up and PM requirements
Air quality, Exhaust, Noise
Review codes, neighbors
Develop mitigating solutions base on life-cycle costing
Verify Applicable Codes & Testing
Write test procedures Perform Tests,
Document Result, Verify Conformance
Maintain documentation for comparison testing and re-certification
Verify codes for extent of HVAC control required
Select HVAC controls based on
accuracy and acceptance criteria
Review options for best life-cycle
solution
Mechanical HVAC Containment Ventilation Planning Decision Tree
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Power
Verify quality of site power
Review frequency of failures
Verify if emergency power or free-energy
power is available
Consider free-energy alternatives such as wind, solar, biofuels
Review voltage levels
Manage power surges and install voltage stabilizers
Verify new load requirements
Develop energy calculations Initial, use parametric
Final, use actual load with factor of safety
Verify extent of redundancy
Verify allowable outages
Verify is UPS is required
Renovate or new build
Renovation Conduct Building
Assessment to verify required changes
Upgrade system for new load and re-test
New Construction ENGAGE DESIGN
TEAM: Integrate with structure and new
engineering controls
Install new and re-test
Verify and confirm available capital and
operational costs
Good Design solutions for
redundancy and long-life-cycle
Ensure staff is trained and systems are maintained and
tested
Poor Review existing and
consider Primary Containment & SOP
solutions
Use of BSC as primary containment
needs for training and certification
Verify site restrictions
Wind, solar, height Review alternatives and select best life
cycle Verify back-up and PM requirements
Exhaust, Noise Review codes, neighbors Develop mitigating solutions base on life-cycle costing
Verify Applicable Testing Write test procedures
Perform Tests, Document Result,
Verify Conformance
Maintain documentation for comparison testing and re-certification
Electrical Power Planning Decision Tree
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BEWG Work Plan
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Simple Solutions- testing of BSC
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Simple Solutions: EDS System
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Scalable Ventilation Concepts
Various models are presented which considers risk, cost to build/operate, redundancy, use of primary containment and country variation of regulations
30% of containment laboratory costs are associated with HVAC systems
Directional airflow is the primary objective
Thermal comfort and humidity control are secondary benefits of mechanically controlled systems
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Sustainable Labs- Natural Ventilation Advantages of Natural Ventilation Can provide high ventilation rates more economically than mechanical
ventilation.
Is more energy efficient, particularly if heating is not required. Can be combined with daylighting to provide a pleasant low energy use
facility.
Disadvantages of Natural Ventilation Ventilation rates are variable depending on outside weather
conditions. Difficult to control air flow direction. Cannot be used with fine particulate air filtration. Requires constant monitoring and control. Noise, air pollution, insects and security need to be dealt with.
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The Driving Forces of Natural Ventilation 1 Wind Wind induces a positive
pressure on the windward face of a building and a negative pressure on the leeward face.
Wind flow around buildings is complex, but these forces can be estimated for simple buildings and openings designed to provide the design air flow at a particular wind direction and velocity.
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The Driving Forces of Natural Ventilation 2
Thermal Buoyancy Buoyancy or stack pressure is
generated by the air density difference due to temperature and humidity between the indoor and outdoor air. (Hot air rises.)
When the air inside a building is hotter and/or more humid than the outdoor air, air will flow through low level and out of high level openings.
The flow rate can be calculated from the temperature difference, the difference in height and area of the openings.
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Designing Natural Ventilation Systems
Climate What works in London, England will not work the same
way in Johannesburg, South Africa. Traditional architecture, anywhere in the world, evolved to
make the most appropriate use of natural ventilation. Modern materials and construction techniques open up
more possibilities for natural ventilation design. For buildings housing infectious material, traditional
construction may not be the best option. Natural ventilation works best in mild climates where
outside temperatures are lower than the most desired room temperature, but can be effective in hotter climates where building mass can be used effectively.
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Natural Ventilation
Typical Natural Ventilation Designs Hybrid Ventilation
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Objectives of the Ventilation System
For a Biologically Safe Laboratory Protect room occupants by reducing the number of
airborne pathogens in the room. Protect room occupants by maintaining steady air flow
pattern at the face of biological safety cabinets. Protect adjacent room occupants from contaminated air
flowing from the biological safety laboratory. Protect the external environment from the release of
pathogens. Provide a comfortable working environment in the
laboratory. Provide thermal comfort recognizing equipment heat
gains
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HVAC OPTION 1- Natural Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Designs Suitable for Biologically Safe Laboratories
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What is Merrick Doing?
With the support of IFBA and other organizations, we are coordinating a project for a HYBRID (natural ventilated with mechanical assistance) using solar, wind and building geometry for a developing country.
Simple systems are being considered
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BEWG-006
Interna'onal Federa'on of Biosafety Associa'ons
BEWG-‐Biocontainment Engineering Working Group –Plan Ac'vity 006 – Exploring innova've ven'la'on solu'ons for biocontainment laboratories including natural ven'la'on as appropriate
Natural Ventilation Opportunities for Infectious Disease Diagnostic Laboratories
Version 1.0 July 31, 2013
1. Introduction 2. Terminology & Definitions 3. Objective/Goals 4. Project Methodology and Approach 5. Relevant Natural Ventilation References 6. Natural Ventilation Risk Assessment for Infectious
Disease Diagnostic Laboratories 7. Design Assumptions for BSL2/BSL3 laboratories 8. Operational Influences 9. Design Options 10. Option Analysis 11. Recommended Option 12. Design Details of Recommended Option 13. Implementation Opportunities and Site Selection 14. Extrapolation Considerations to Other Sites 15. Test and Validation Requirements 16. Monitoring and Support 17. Appendices
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Potential of Natural Ventilation
* unsatisfactory performance ** fair performance *** acceptable performance but compromised thermal comfort **** good performance for both ventilation and thermal comfort ***** very good performance for both ventilation and thermal comfort From WHO Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings.
Natural Ventilation Hybrid Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Courtyard
Climate Single Sided Corridor
Stack Outer Corridor
Inner Corridor Wind Tower
Hot and Humid ** * ** ** * *** **** Hot and Dry *** * *** *** *** **** **** Moderate *** *** *** *** *** **** **** Cold * ** * * * ** ****
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Natural Ventilation Sustainable Solutions
Successful natural ventilation strategies are climate and site dependent.
Natural ventilation must be designed into a building from the beginning. A standard laboratory plan cannot just have natural ventilation added as an afterthought.
Natural ventilated buildings require user involvement to operate satisfactorily.
Naturally ventilated buildings can be built for less and operated for much less than air conditioned buildings.
Hybrid ventilation may be a better option in many situations.
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Closure: Sustainable Laboratories
Global needs especially for developing countries need to adopt and apply principles of sustainability different from North America
North America needs to continue challenging codes and guidelines that are not evidence-based
Further opportunities for laboratories exist for including natural ventilation principles
Developed countries must help developing countries with training, capital and operational support
Sustainability of labs is not just about energy savings; its about the health of our planet and ourselves………..what can we do??
Thank you