sustainable land management and climate change details of pillar 2 public consultation meetings...
TRANSCRIPT
Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change
Details of Pillar 2 Public consultation meetings
February-March 2007
Pillar 2 in detail• Two key elements of Pillar 2:
– Reducing emissions (agriculture and deforestation)– Enhancing forest sinks
• Agriculture: – Limited solutions, but some solutions around nitrous oxide (strong
water quality co-benefits), – Also research, technology transfer, voluntary reporting
• Deforestation: – Difficult, but urgent (strong co-benefits in some areas)
• Afforestation: – Some good solutions available, building on PFSI (strong co-
benefits for sustainable land management)
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Research, technology and voluntary reporting
1. ResearchResearch into
adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and
practices for methane and nitrous oxide
Figures from http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration
farms to promote adoption of mitigation
technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
Research, technology and voluntary reporting
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary
reporting of emissions at the
farm level
Research, technology and voluntary reporting
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Figure from http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Government pricing mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to
encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors
Picture from http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Government pricing mechanisms
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser
Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers
Photo from www.digitalearth06.org.nz
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Market-based mechanisms
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissionsDevolution of agriculture
greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Market-based mechanisms
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere
i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissionsDevelopment of a National Environmental Standard to
control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions:
i.e. input and/or output controls
Photo from http://www.nscc.govt.nz
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Land use change from forestry to agriculture
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural
land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other
effects arising from land use change from forestry to
agriculturePhoto from http://www.landcareresearch.cri.nz
9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation
Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from
forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is
converted from forestry to agriculture
Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms
4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors
Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen
inhibitors
6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions
Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to
farmers
Price-based measures
5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliserImpose a charge on nitrogen
fertilisers
1. ResearchResearch into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices
for methane and nitrous oxide
Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting
2. Technology transferUse of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting,
improved forage crops
3. Voluntary reportingVoluntary reporting of emissions at the
farm level
7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions
Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree
planting, biofuels etc
Regulation
8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas
emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls
LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW
Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture
Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43)
Land use change from forestry to agriculture
10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture
Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry
to agriculture
Kyoto Rules for Forests
Planting Harvesting Deforestation
(change of land use)
Pre-1990 No credits No cost Cost
Post-1990 Credits ( retained by Government)
Cost (retained by Government)
Cost (retained by Government)
Incentives
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Price-based measures
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use
Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests
2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable
deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are
liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities
Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a
grant under the AGS
AFFORESTATION OPTIONS
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option
Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national
deforestation limit)
DEFORESTATION OPTIONS
Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62)
Market-based measures
Government pricing measures
Afforestation options
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)
Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Incentives
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Price-based measures
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use
Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests
2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable
deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are
liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities
Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a
grant under the AGS
AFFORESTATION OPTIONS
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option
Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national
deforestation limit)
DEFORESTATION OPTIONS
Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62)
Market-based measures
Government pricing measures
Afforestation options
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits
and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS
Incentives
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Price-based measures
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use
Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests
2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable
deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are
liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities
Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a
grant under the AGS
AFFORESTATION OPTIONS
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option
Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national
deforestation limit)
DEFORESTATION OPTIONS
Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62)
Market-based measures
Government pricing measures
Government pricing mechanisms
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to
another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-
Kyoto forestsPicture from Google Earth
Incentives
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Price-based measures
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use
Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests
2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable
deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are
liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities
Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a
grant under the AGS
AFFORESTATION OPTIONS
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option
Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national
deforestation limit)
DEFORESTATION OPTIONS
Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62)
Market-based measures
Government pricing measures
Market-based mechanisms
2. Tradable permit regime
Government allocates tradable deforestation
permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests
are liable for emissions above the level of permits
they holdPicture from Google Earth
Incentives
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Price-based measures
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use
Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests
2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable
deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are
liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities
Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a
grant under the AGS
AFFORESTATION OPTIONS
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option
Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national
deforestation limit)
DEFORESTATION OPTIONS
Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62)
Market-based measures
Government pricing measures
Regulation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels
option Pass new legislation to
limit rates of deforestation of non-
Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit)
Picture from http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz
Incentives
1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS)Pay grants to growers who plant new post-
2007 forests
Price-based measures
1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use
Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests
2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable
deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are
liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold
2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities
Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a
grant under the AGS
AFFORESTATION OPTIONS
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation
3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option
Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national
deforestation limit)
DEFORESTATION OPTIONS
Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62)
Market-based measures
Government pricing measures
Regulation
4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation