sustainable urban energy (2009)

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Sustainable UrbanEnergy Planning

A handbook for cities and townsin developing countries


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Printing: UNON, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi, ISO 14001:2004-certifed.


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About ICLEI, UN-HABITAT and UNEP ............................................ 4

Why this handbook was written ........................................................5

Acronyms .......................................................................................... 6

Introduction Urban centres, energy andclimate change in developing countries ........................................7

Chapter 1 Why is sustainable energy planningimportant for your city? ................................................................ 11

Chapter 2 Developing a Sustainable Energy Planfor your city or town ......................................................................14

Step 1. Designating a lead o ce, nding champions ................16

Case Study 1:A pioneering municipal o cial: Osman Asmal ...... 16

Step 2. Establishing partnerships ................................................ 17Case Study 2:An external partnership:The London Energy Partnership ......................................................17

Case Study 3:An internal partnership:sustainable energy or Tshwane. .....................................................18

Step 3. Finding the hooks .............................................................18Case Study 4:Finding the hooks to develop a solar-powered city 20

Step 4. Conducting an energy andgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions audit .................................... 20

Case Study 5: CCP: Using Milestone 1 to conduct a baselineemission inventory or your city ..................................................... 22

Step 5. Analysing your data and developing a draft plan ...........22

Step 6. Building public and internal support:your participation process ........................................................... 26

Case Study 6: A Community Engagement Framework ..................28

Step 7. Finalising the plan ............................................................28Case Study 7:Fossil Fuel Free Vxj ................................................29

Step 8. Implementing and nancing the plan............................ 29Case Study 8:Implementing through a city agency The Barcelona Energy Agency .....................................................30

Case Study 9:Implementing renewable energyin Woking Borough Council ...........................................................30

Case Study 10:Financing your plan Toronto Atmospheric Fund ..........................................................31

Case Study 11:Municipal Energy Fund ............................................31

Step 9. Monitoring and evaluating your plan .............................34

Step 10. Publicising the bene ts ..................................................35Case Study 12: Energy-e ciency advice or residents .....................35

Chapter 3 Implementing energy-e ciencyand carbon mitigation measures ................................................36

3.1 Energy services and housing .................................................36

Case Study 13:Providing hot water to Lwandleslow-income community using solar water heaters ........................37

Case Study 14:Meeting energy needs in Kuyasapublic housing project using CDM .................................................37

Case Study 15:More energy-e cient homes inPuerto Princesa City ........................................................................ 38

Case Study 16:Cubas programme or low energy and materialconsumption or housing, ............................................................. 38

Case Study 17:Cash trans er programme to mitigatethe impact o uel price hikes .........................................................39

3.2 Public and commercial buildings ..........................................39

Case Study 18: Retroftting municipal buildings ............................ 39Case Study 19:Reducing municipal buildings energyuse through a coordinated plan .....................................................40

Case Study 20:15 Million square eet retroft programmeor public buildings .........................................................................40

Case Study 21:O ce occupants reduce energyuse by 20% in local government building ..................................... 41

Case Study 22:Guidelines or building better ................................ 41

Case Study 23:Learning rom termitesto cool and heat naturally ...............................................................42

Case Study 24:Retroftting hotels ...................................................42

3.3 Water services, wastewater and sanitation .......................... 42Case Study 25:Saving water, saving energy,saving money, reaching more people ............................................ 43

Case Study 26:Technical interventions to saveenergy while delivering water .........................................................44

Case Study 27:Drinking water pumped up by the sun ..................44

Case Study 28:Rainwater harvesting can save energy ...................44

Case Study 29:Reducing energy intensity in delivery o waterand sanitation services ................................................................... 45

Case Study 30:Improving access to waterand saving energy in India ..............................................................45

3.4 Waste management and methane recovery ......................... 46Case Study 31:Recovering waste materialsand reducing GHG emissions........................................................46

Case Study 32:Landfll-to-electricity project using CDM ............... 47

Case Study 33:Integrated waste management...............................47

Case Study 34:Landfll gas recovery at Mtoni Dumpsite ..............48

Case Study 35:Production o Biogas and bio- ertiliserwhile reducing carbon emissions ..................................................48

Case Study 36:Reducing CO2e while making organic ertiliserand liquid detergent production rom waste.............................49

Case Study 37:Using wastewater to powera sea ood processing plant .............................................................49

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3.5 Public lighting .........................................................................50Case Study 38:Energy-e cient street lighting in India ................. 50

Case Study 39:Retroftting streetlights ...........................................51

Case Study 40:Solar streetlights as part o regeneration plans .....51

Case Study 41:Public lighting ......................................................... 52

Case Study 42:Combining solar power with LED bulbsor energy-e cient tra c lights ...................................................... 52

3.6 Public transport and city planning ........................................53Case Study 43:Bus Rapid Transit System reduces air pollution,carbon emissions, accidents and travel time ................................53

Case Study 44:Putting commuters on theTransMilenio saves energy ............................................................. 54

Case Study 45:Urban mobility plans ............................................. 54

Case Study 46:Assistance to purchase bicycles ............................55

Case Study 47:Public bicycle rental programme ...........................55Case Study 48:Reducing vehicular volumeand GHG emissions .......................................................................56

Case Study 49:Pedestrian ordinance ............................................ 56

Case Study 50:Zero-carbon Masdar ..............................................56

Case Study 51: Compact city planning ............................................57

3.7 Air Quality Management ........................................................57Case Study 52:Banning motorcycles ............................................. 58

Case Study 53:Two-stroke engine retrofts reduces energyuse and carbon emissions ............................................................. 58

Case Study 54: Vehicle inspection programmereduces air pollution ...................................................................... 59

Case Study 55:Tarjeta Negra ........................................................ 59

Case Study 56:Adapting Tuk-Tuks .................................................60

Case Study 57:EPM approach in air quality management ...........60

3.8 Green energy sourcing ...........................................................61Case Study 58:Geothermal power suppliedto the national grid .........................................................................62

Case Study 59:Geothermal energy ................................................62

Case Study 60:10% Renewable goal ............................................. 63

Case Study 61:Public involvement in MnchenSolar Programme ........................................................................... 63

Case Study 62:Solar City ................................................................64

Case Study 63:Zoning plan or wind turbine development .........64

3.9 Urban greening ......................................................................65Case Study 64:Tree planting with Trees or A rica ........................66

Case Study 65:Utility-supported tree planting ..............................66

Case Study 66:Green Trust Movement .........................................67

3.10 Fleet management ...............................................................67Case Study 67:Solar powered municipal bus eet .......................68

Case Study 68:Buses powered by biogas producedin the municipal wastewater ..........................................................68

Case Study 69:Green Fleet Strategy ..............................................69Case Study 70:Downsizing the eet ..............................................69

Case Study 71:Creating a green eet policy ...................................70

Case Study 72:Natural gas vehicles ...............................................70

3.11 Green Purchasing ................................................................. 71Case Study 73:The Mayor o Londons GreenProcurement Code ..........................................................................72

Case Study 74:Training municipal purchasers to buy green ........ 72

Case Study 75:Changing procurement patternso the municipal administration o Pori .........................................73

Case Study 76:City leads on green purchasing .............................73

Chapter 4 Support organisations, programmesand resources ...............................................................................74

2009, ICLEI Local Governments or Sustainability,UN-HABITAT and UNEP. All rights reserved.


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ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability

ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability is aninternational association o local governments and localgovernment organisations that have made a commitment tosustainable development. Over 1000 cities, towns, countiesand their associations worldwide comprise ICLEIs growingmembership. ICLEI works with these and hundreds o otherlocal governments through international per ormance-based, results-oriented campaigns and programmes

to support local government in the implementation o sustainable development at the local level. In the climateand sustainable energy feld, ICLEI runs one o the largestglobal climate change programmes or local governments,Cities or Climate Protection (CCP) Campaign, which aimsto assist cities to adopt policies and implement quantifablemeasures to reduce local greenhouse gas emissions,improve air quality and enhance urban livability andsustainability. ICLEI is also active in the feld o adaptationthrough programmes ocusing on the development o local capacity to identi y and to reduce the vulnerabilitiesassociated with climate change.

The ICLEI Africa Secretariatwas the lead ICLEI partner inthe development o this guidebook and is one o manyICLEI regional o ces. The ICLEI A rican Secretariat worksacross the A rican Continent and collaborates closely withthe global ICLEI network and other regional o ces aroundthe world, in sharing tools, materials and strategies andgood practices specifcally designed and implemented atthe local level.

For more in ormation, see: www.iclei.org

UN-HABITAT

UN-HABITATs mission is to promote socially andenvironmentally sustainable urban development withthe goal o providing adequate shelter or all. In the feldo the urban environment, the Sustainable UrbanDevelopment Network (SUD-Net) is an innovative network o global partners promoting a multilateral and interdisciplinaryapproach to sustainable urban development. The UnitedNations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)supports local and national governments through SUD-Net

and its component, the Cities in Climate Change Initiativeto address key urban environmental issues relatedto climate change.

For more in ormation, see: www.unhabitat.org/sudnet

UNEP

UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme is thevoice o the environment within the United Nations system.In the feld o urban environment, UNEP supports nationaland local governments to address key environmental issueswith a ocus that has both a local and an internationaldimension. In cooperation with partners, UNEP assistsnational and local governments by providing awareness -raising materials, organising workshops and trainings,developing tools and involving cities in internationalmeetings. UNEPs Division or Technology, Industryand Economics (DTIE) encourages decision-makers ingovernment, local authorities and industry to develop andimplement policies, strategies and practices that are cleanerand sa er, make e cient use o natural resources, reducepollution and risks or humans and the environment.Energy, transport, building and construction, as well asurban issues at local level are some o the key areas DTIEdeals with in the context o sustainable development.

For more in ormation, see: www.unep. r/en/

ABOUT ICLEI, UN HABITAT AND UNEP


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What you will nd in this handbook The Introduction addresses the challenges o energyconsumption, climate change and development in

developing countries. It deals with the role o urbancentres and local governments in defning a sustainabledevelopment path and a new energy uture in theircountries. It includes an explanation o the greenhousee ect and a mini-history on climate change.

Chapter 1is an explanation o why it is important or urbancentres in developing countries to engage in sustainableenergy planning.

Chapter 2 provides in some detail a step-by-step processto developing and implementing a sustainable energyplan, illustrated by relevant case studies.

Chapter 3o ers a range o case studies rom developed

and developing urban centres covering all the major areaso local government responsibility.

Chapter 4 provides an extensive list and in ormation onsupport organisations and resources.

WH THIS HANDBOO WAS W ITTEN

Acknowledgements

In addition to the hard work o ICLEI A rica, UN-HABITAT and UNEP, the ollowing authors are acknowledged:

Sarah Ward has worked or many years in urban planning, housing and energy in South A rica. She was a ounder member and

director o Sustainable Energy A rica (SEA) rom where she managed the Sustainable Energy or Environment and Developmen(SEED) Programme, working with South A rican cities. She now heads the Energy and Climate Change Branch o the City oCape Town and has authored a number o books on sustainable urban energy planning.

Leila Mohammed trained in environment, development and energy studies and has over 10 years experience in sustainableenergy and climate change policy and practice at local government level. From 2004 to the end o 2007 she was a directoro Sustainable Energy A rica. She was a member o the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios Think Tank on climate change or theSouth A rican government and now works on developing renewable energy acilities in South A rica.

The authors are indebted to the work o SEA and the SEED Programme or experience gained since 1998 in developingsustainable energy programmes with South A rican cities. The process outlined in Chapter 3 is based on a seminal manualproduced by the Urban Consortium Energy Task Force in 1992, Sustainable Energy: A Local Government Planning Guide or aSustainable Future. This process, adapted or the South A rican context, resulted in a local energy planning guide Energising

South A rican Cities and Towns, 2003 (Ward S and Mahomed L), and was urther adapted or The New Energy Book, 2008(Ward S). For this handbook, the process was made widely applicable or the developing world.

The web has proved an excellent resource or case studies and we thank all those who make their remarkable work availablethere.

This handbook is for you if you are workingin an urban context with or as part of a localgovernment and if your primary areas of concern include:

Delivery o services to citizensEconomic developmentStrategic development planningLand use planning, zoning, building plans approvalHousing and poverty issuesEnvironmental managementManagement o local government resources and systemsFiscal responsibility and risk managementWater resource and waste managementPublic healthTransportation management

The main purpose o this handbook is to assist peoplewho are working in or with local government to developsustainable energy and climate action plans and implementation programmes . There can be no single

recipe or all cities so it is up to each local government todevelop its own innovative and appropriate plans based onlocal resources and needs. We, at ICLEI and UN-HABITAT,hope this handbook will go a long way to helping you to dothis and allow you to take ull advantage o the opportunitiesinherent in such planning.


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CACP Clean Air and Climate Protection(ICLEI so tware)

CCP Cities or Climate Protection,

a programme o ICLEI - LocalGovernments or Sustainability

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CO2e Equivalent carbon dioxide

ESCO Energy Services Company

GHG* Greenhouse gas

GWh Gigawatt hour

ICLEI Local Governments or Sustainability(previously International Council or LocalEnvironmental Initiatives)

ITDG Intermediate Technology DevelopmentGroup (recently renamed Practical Action)

kV Kilovolts

kW Kilowatt

kWh Kilowatt hour

LED Light emitting diode

MW Megawatt

NGO Non-governmental organisation

&D Research and development

UN United Nations

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifc andCultural Organisation

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human SettlementsProgramme

USAID United States Agency or InternationalDevelopment

* Greenhouse gases are the gases present in the atmospherewhich reduce the loss o heat into space and there orecontribute to global temperatures through the greenhousee ect. Greenhouse gases are essential to maintaining thetemperature o the Earth; without them the planet would

be so cold it would be uninhabitable.

kWh = kilowatt-hour

GWh = gigawatt-hour (1,000,000 kWh = 1 GWh)

1 GWh = 3600 Gigajoules (GJ)

1 kg coal = 1.89 kWh

1 kWh = 0.963 kg CO2

1 kWh = 1.26 litres o water used

A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is one unit o electricity; one 60 Watt lightbulb burned

or one hour will use 0.06 kWh(60 Watts) x (1 kilowatt/1000 Watts) x 1 hour) = 0.06 kWh

Acronyms


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The climatic world is one world evenif politically we are not R.Bryson

What is the future for energyand development?The global energy crisis coupled with the threats o climate change bring into sharp ocus both opportunitiesand challenges or developing countries. Developingcountries have to address the increasing energy demandso growing economies, as well as address energy povertyissues o ten highlighted by extreme disparities in income.They also need to deal with the real and potential impactso climate change. In addition to these challenges is theglobal imperative to reduce carbon emissions in orderto prevent climate change. While developing nations havethus ar been sheltered rom obligations to reduce carbonemissions, we cannot anticipate that this situation willcontinue. Within this context developing nations needto ollow a very di erent development path rom thatestablished by frst world countries. This development path isa low energy, low carbon and generally a resource e cientone.

Economies across the world need to change the assumptionso this paradigm in order to build a sustainable reality. Asfnancial and environmental impacts soar, the real costs o resource inputs and o waste generation need to increasinglybe taken into account. These actors are making e ciency,conservation, reuse, recycling and renewable energy sourcesprimary considerations or a healthy economy.

In an attempt to reduce resource inputs and environmentalimpacts, some developed nations have managed todecouple economic growth rom energy consumption essentially resulting in energy inputs that decreasewith economic growth. This has been achieved through

technology and behaviour change to improve e ciency andby closing the energy loop in production (e.g. recapturingheat energy released in the production process to thenpower production). Energy-poor countries, such as Japan,have been very success ul at achieving this. Implementationo high energy-e ciency and the use o renewable resourcesare also evident in energy-poor developing countries such asthe island states o Reunion and Mauritius. As such, underconditions o necessity, pursuing e cient and renewableenergy paths is possible.

There is potential to greatly improve energy e ciencies andreduce carbon emissions in many upper-middle incomedeveloping countries which have a substantial industrialbase. For example, South A rica produces a mere US$1.06in economic value or every 1 kWh o electricity consumedwhereas Brazil manages twice and Mexico our times thislevel o energy e ciency.1

What is happening in our cities?

Over the last 20 years, urban centres have experienceddramatic growth. Today hal o the worlds total population(around three billion people) live in urban settlements.Developing countries in particular are undergoing rapidchange rom rural to urban-based economies as they aretrans ormed by their urbanising populations.

There are marked di erences in the level and pace o urbanisation within less developed regions o the world. LatinAmerica and the Caribbean are highly urbanised, with 78% o their populations living in cities in 2007. Asia and A rica areless urbanised, both with around 40% o their populationsliving in urban areas. While currently less urbanised, A ricaand Asia are experiencing rapid rates o urbanisation.Consequently by 2050, about 62% o their inhabitants willlive in urban areas. At that time, 89% o the population o Latin America and the Caribbean will be urban.2

In addition, over the next 30 years population growth will benearly entirely concentrated in urban areas in the developingworld. Much o the current debate regarding sustainable

cities ocuses on the ormidable problems or the worldslargest urban agglomerations. However, smaller urbansettlements are also growing rapidly and the majority o allurban dwellers reside in such smaller urban centres.

1How e ciently does South A rica use electricity? Kevin Lings, Chie Economist, STANLIB Asset Management 26 Feb 2008. The countries chosen all all intothe upper-middle income group, have reasonably reliable economic data especially electricity usage data, have a similar size o industry.2 World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision prepared by the United Nations Population Division, www.un.org

INT ODUCTION Urban centres, energy and climate change in developing countries

The overriding concern of developing countries is economicgrowth and poverty eradication and you cannot expectdeveloping countries to engage on the question of climatechange and harm those overriding objectives.

Yvo de Boer, Executive Secretary o UNFCCC, April 2008


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What is climate change and what does it mean for the planet?

The Greenhouse E ect

People and the climateHumanity is changing the climate o the earth. As a globalaverage, sur ace temperatures have increased by about0.74C over the past hundred years. Since record keepingbegan in 1880, the fve warmest years on record haveoccurred since 1997 (IPCC, 2007).

In 2005, atmospheric levels o CO2 were 379 parts permillion (ppm) this is a 20% increase in levels sincemeasurements began in 1959. In 2006, global carbondioxide output approached a staggering 32 billion tonnes,with about 25% coming rom the United States and 20%

rom China.

Projections o urther temperature increases in the 21st century vary considerably, between a minimum o 1.4C and

a maximum o 5.8C depending on the level o stabilisation

o carbon emissions, the pace o de-carbonisation o theglobal economy and the patterns o demographic andeconomic development. Even i the global mean temperatureonly increases by 1.4C, this will be a greater rise than overthe last 1,000 years where global temperature variability hasremained below 0.5C.

Already there is much evidence o the impact o climatechange, with glaciers melting, sea ice disappearing, desertsadvancing, wildfres stripping vast areas and more extremeclimate events. Radical action is required to reduce carbonemissions into the atmosphere and ther ore keep climatechange within a range to which nature can adapt.

Okanagan University College in Canada, Department o Geography, University o Ox ord, School o Geography and the United States Environmental ProtectionAgency. 1996.Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change.A Contribution o Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report o the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.


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1827:French scientist Jean-Baptiste Fourier is the frst toconsider the greenhouse e ect, the phenomenon wherebyatmospheric gases trap solar energy, increasing the Earthssur ace temperature.

1896: Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius blames theburning o ossil uels (oil, gas and coal) or producingcarbon dioxide (CO2), the most polluting o the greenhousegases now blamed or climate change.

1950s onwards: Global warming science begins and growswith increasing in ormation on the impact o greenhousegases on climate; development and growth o environmentalmovements.

1979: World Climate Research Programme is launched tocoordinate international research.

1988: The United Nations sets up a scientifc authority tovet the evidence on global warming, the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC).

1990: First IPCC report says levels o man-made greenhousegases are increasing in the atmosphere and predicts thesewill cause global warming.

1992:Creation o the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the Rio Summit. TheUNFCCC in 2008 had 192 member countries.

1997: UNFCCC members sign the Kyoto Protocol. Under

its frst phase, industrialised countries must cut emissionso six greenhouse gases so they are 5.2% lower than 1990levels by the end o 2012.

2001: The United States abandons the Kyoto Protocol, withPresident George W. Bush calling the treaty too expensive orthe US and un air as developing countries escape bindingemissions cuts. Kyoto signatories, minus the US agreeon the treatys rulebook, opening the way to a ratifcationprocess.

2005: Kyoto Protocol takes e ect on 16 February.

2007: Landmark report by the IPCC delivers blow toclimate sceptics. It says the evidence or global warming isunequivocal and orecasts warming o 1.8-4.0C by 2100and a rise in sea levels. Nobel Peace Prize awarded to IPCCand ormer US vice president Al Gore, whose documentaryAn Inconvenient Truth raises climate change awareness.UNFCCC members including the US agree a ter marathontalks in Bali, Indonesia to launch negotiations on a newtreaty to replace Kyoto, which expires in late 2012.2008: Negotiators rom up to 180 countries meet in Bangkok

rom 31 March - 4 April or the frst round o negotiationsthat should pave the way or a new international treaty in2012 to take over rom the Kyoto Protocol. Outcome termedThe Bali Road Map.

2009: The 15th United Nations Con erence o the Parties(COP 15) climate change con erence was held in theDanish Capital, Copenhagen in December. A major ocuso this meeting was the role o local government. ICLEIassisted local governments around the world to prepare or

this meeting.

UN talks by Ox am International/ ickr.com

Climate change: A timeline


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The energy sector and carbonmitigation have to be at the centre of any sustainable development strategy.

The use o energy, the types o energy used and the lack o access to su cient energy have ar reaching implications

or a citys economic development, its environmental healthand or the poor. The burning o ossil uels to provideenergy is the major contributor to excess carbon in theatmosphere which is the cause o global warming. Citieswhich implement sustainable energy and climate actionplans reduce their vulnerability to energy scarcity and toenergy price rises, they have less tra c congestion and lowerenergy input costs, they have cleaner air and their low-carboneconomies can a ord them a competitive economic edgeglobally. And, specifcally or cities in developing countries, asustainable energy and climate action plan should considerthe users needs frst this means that poorer households

and small energy users should be prioritised.

Local governments, energyand climate change

As local governments manage or oversee all city activitiesand city development, they should play a central role indetermining the energy and carbon emissions picture o their cities. They also have direct access to their citizens andare best placed to know their needs and to in uence theirbehaviour. Every city is di erent it has di erent resourcesat its disposal, di erent needs, di erent development pathsand di erent mandates and powers. A citys energy planmust be built on its particular needs and the resources atits disposal.

These are some o the ways in which local governments playa central role in the energy picture o their cities:

They plan and manage city development and growthThey establish and en orce building codes and approvebuilding plans

They are the primary providers o basic services such as water,waste management, street lighting and other related services

They are responsible or transport planning andmanagement across and within a city

They are usually responsible or the distributiono electricity and or billing and may be responsible

or some generation capacity They are big energy users themselves in their eets

and buildingsAs they are major employers, they can directly in uencetheir employees energy-use patterns

They are engaged in signifcant procurement o paper,uel, building materials, light bulbs, vehicles etc.

CHAPTE Why is sustainable energy planning important for your city?

Although it was national governments that signed theClimate Change Convention, the real global leadership forreducing carbon emissions and energy conservation iscoming from municipal leaders.

Dr Noel Brown, ormer Director o the North Americanregion at UNEP.

The global e ort for sustainability will be won or lost in theworlds cities where urban design may in uence over 70%of peoples ecological footprint.

Wackernagel 2006

Reduce carbon emissionsReduce dependence on ossil uelsIntroduce cleaner uelsIncrease use o renewable energyPromote diversifcation o energy sourcesSupport local and decentralised power supply

Focus on energy e ciency and provide supportand in ormation to usersMake e cient resource use the basis o economicdevelopment

Ensure that citizens have appropriate access to energyservices and in ormation on best energy use practises toreduce povertyPlan or e cient spatial developmentDevelop e cient and accessible public transport usingcleaner uelsCommunicate! Create a sustainable and low-carbon energyvision or the uture.

The sustainable energy path for cities

Local governments can make signi cant energy savings intheir own operations, thereby saving money, setting a good

example and even testing new technologies.


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Kuyasa CDM Project, South A rica by Bruce Sutherland, City o Cape Town

Sustainable energy action planning

The aims o sustainable energy action planning are optimalenergy-e ciency, low- or no-carbon energy supply and

accessible, equitable and good energy service provision tousers. Planning is based on consideration o the broaderconcerns o the whole economy, environment (particularlycarbon mitigation) and society, not just a least fnancialcost ocus. And, it is led by the demand or energy services.

These are the key characteristics o sustainable energy andclimate action planning:

all energy sources and energy-related activities areconsidered as a whole systemcarbon mitigation is a key determinant in the developmento the plan and choice o project options

the demand or energy services, rather than what energycan be supplied, is the basis or planningenergy conservation, energy e ciency and demand-sidemanagement are considered prior to supply-side solutionsenvironmental and social costs are clearly consideredenergy sector linkages with the economy are includedthe plan is exible and can anticipate and respondto change

Establish a vision

It is important to create a vision or a sustainable energyand climate action uture and establish measurable goals

according to this vision. This vision needs to be wellcommunicated and loudly debated in the public realm.A clear vision backed up by implementation plans willempower and motivate city employees, citizens, businessand industry. It also provides a benchmark against whichprogress can be measured.

ey elements of a sustainable system Consistent: the short-term actions are compatible with

long-term goals and the viability o the system

enewable: the system depends on renewable resourcesand operates using environmentally-benign technologies Diverse:the more diverse a system is, the more able it is to

adapt to needed change Inclusive: all elements o the system are valued and used

or the good o both the individual parts and the whole Interdependent: each element o the system is both

dependent on and depended on by several other elements;the greater the interconnection, the stronger the system.


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The planning processThis planning guide uses a 10-step process as a ramework

or local action. This is o course not a linear process

(see diagram to the right or a more dynamic view o the process.) Remember that Step 6 and Step 10 (whichhave to do with public participation, building support andpublicity) are ongoing throughout the process. The rest o this chapter takes you through each o these steps in moredetail.

1. Designate a lead o ce and fnd a champion2. Establish partnerships3. Find the hooks in the vision, goals, policies o your city4. Conduct an energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

audit o your city / local authority

5. Analyse your in ormation and develop a dra t plan6. Build public and internal support7. Finalise the plan8. Implement and fnance the plan9. Monitor and evaluate the plan10.Publicise and communicate the benefts

A journey of a thousand miles beginswith a single stepYour local authority may be very new to the feld o sustainable energy and climate action planning and it mayseem to have little capacity to take meaning ul action. Dontbe disheartened start with small steps. There is a sayingthat those who do things will make mistakes, but they nevermake the biggest mistake o all doing nothing.

Environmental planning and management(EPM) approach

The environmental planning and management (EPM)approach o the Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP)addresses the urban challenge by promoting thesustainability o cities. The EPM approach is based on andsupports the e orts that cities make in developing theirenvironments by improving their environmental in ormationand expertise, their strategies and decision-making, andtheir implementation o strategies. Each city-level project isadapted to the particular needs, priorities and circumstanceso that city,nonetheless, all projects ollow the same generalapproach and all are implemented through the same serieso activities. The SCP Source Book Series provides detailedoperational guidance. The volumes include the ollowing:

Volume 1:Preparing the SCP Environmental ProfleVolume 2:Organising, Conducting and Reporting a SCP City

ConsultationVolume 3:Establishing and Supporting the Working Group

ProcessVolume 4: Formulating Issue-Specifc Strategies and Action

PlansVolume 5:Institutionalising the EPM Process.

The emphasis in this series is on relevance and realism.These volumes are the product o feld-level experiencegained over the past years in SCP city projects aroundthe world. Precisely because it is drawn rom the lessonso experience in so many di erent cities, the in ormationcontained in these volumes is not city-specifc but canreadily be adapted and applied to the tasks o urbanenvironmental planning and management (EPM) in virtuallyany city context. The source book can be downloaded at:www.unhabitat.org/scp.

Another methodology or environmental assessments is todevelop a Global Environment Outlook (GEO) or your city.This GEO Cities initiative was launched by UNEP in 2000.It extends the GEO assessment and reporting processto the urban level. The objective o GEO Cities is to build

capacity on the preparation o integrated assessmentson the state o the urban environment including linkagesbetween environmental conditions and human activities.Based on this assessment the most critical environmentalproblems are identifed to make it possible to ormulate andimplement urban strategies and plans to help cities improveurban environmental management.

UNEP and UN-HABITAT have been supporting GEO Citiesin several cities o Latin America and the Caribbean andin three cities in A rica. A ter the success o GEO Cities,GEO seeks to implement a similar process at the locallevel in other regions: cities o countries in transition in

Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia regionhave a particular need or environmental monitoring andimprovement.The GEO Cities planning document can be downloaded rom: www.pnuma.org/deat1/metodologias.htm.

CHAPTER Developing a Sustainable Energy Plan for your city or town


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C i t y e n

e r g y p

l a n p r o c e s s

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a S u s t a

i n a

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4

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1 0

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u p p or t yo u r p a r t ic i p a t i o n p r o c e s s

P u b l i c i s e t h e b e n e t s B u i l d c a p a

c i t y


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Step 1. Designating a lead o ce,nding champions

Climate change and energy a ects every city departmentand it is there ore vital to build support among sta acrossall the citys responsibilities. The involvement o everycity department will optimise the potential or success ulplanning and implementation at local level. Leadershipand direction need to come rom one primary o ce(or department). Be strategic about selecting your leado ce: look at where you are likely to get most support,which o ce has the ear o council and which o ce hasthe strength and motivation to do the work it could bethe o ce o the Mayor, a strategic planning section, theplanning department, the environmental department oreven the electricity department (although these are usually

too narrow in their ocus to lead the way at this stage).Champions people with charisma, commitmentand power will play a vital role in capturing peoplesimagination and obtaining buy-in. It is important to fndboth political and sta champions. The political championsneed to build political will and lead the councillors, thesta champions are vital or bringing the departments onboard and or building the sustainability o the programmebeyond the electoral terms o councillors. These people willhave to lead and convince their community, their electorateand their peers to change the way they think about things,to change rom a business-as-usual approach and to

embrace a new, innovative way o thinking about issues andfnding brave new solutions. You may need a champion oreach key sector (residential, transport, electricity, commerceetc.). A sector can also be led by a suitable externalorganisation as well.

A steering committee or task team that brings all thenecessary players together will help build commitment andkeep everyone on the same page. This team or committeeshould be made up o sta (in decision-making positions),political champions and relevant local governmentstakeholders who will be able to support and drive theprocess. This committee should ensure that a commonvision and clear goals are agreed on, while allowing a

exible plat orm or diverse groupings to unite and combineorces.

Capetown by cyberdees/ ickr.com

A pioneering municipal o fcial:Osman AsmalSouth Africa, Cape TownIn 1995, Osman Asmal joined the Environmental PlanningManagement team o the City o Cape Town, the departmenthe now directs. Here he was responsible or coordinatingthe Local Agenda 21 initiative a cities programmearising out o the Rio Summit and ocusing on local levelsustainable development. In 1998, under his leadership,the City o Cape Town (then Tygerburg Municipality) joinedSustainable Energy or Environment & Development(SEED), a programme being run by an NGO, SustainableEnergy A rica. The aim o the SEED programme was to build

capacity to do sustainable energy work in the municipalitiesand in related NGOs. Through his enthusiasm andleadership, Osman enabled the City o Cape Town tobecome the frst city in South A rica to develop an Energyand Climate Change Strategy in 2003, based on a thoroughenergy audit. Under his leadership the EnvironmentDepartment was restructured to include energy and climatechange posts another frst in South A rica.

In 2004, Osman trans erred to another municipality(Ekurhuleni near Johannesburg) where he again led thelocal government to develop its Energy and Climate ChangeStrategy.

Source: State o Energy in South A rican Cities. Sustainable Energy A rica. 2006

www.sustainable.org.za

C S 1


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Step 2. Establishing partnershipsPartnerships bring expertise, resources, support andin ormation to your process. As energy and climate change

impacts cut across all sectors, we need a partnershipapproach i we are serious in addressing these challengeshead-on. Ask yoursel what NGOs, community groups,businesses, utilities, associations, unders and governmentbodies can support your planning and implementatione orts? Which groups can help build your in-housecapacity and provide additional expertise? National andinternational energy and climate change programmescan provide valuable support and so can other citieswhich already have sustainable energy and climate actionplans in place (see page 19 or support programmesinternationally).

Solar Powered boat by redjar/ ickr.com

An external partnership:The London Energy PartnershipLondon, EnglandThe London Energy Partnership (LEP) was established asan independent body to provide coordination and synergybetween the many groups, organisations and networksworking on energy issues in London. It provides a vehicle orthe delivery o the Citys energy policy. Until the ormation o the Partnership, London lacked an adequate mechanism toenable broad collaboration that is required to tackle thesecrosscutting issues.

Through a consensual process with energy stakeholders,the LEP guided the development o the Citys 2004 EnergyStrategy. In 2007, the City developed a Climate ChangeAction Plan to urther strengthen action in this area. ThePlan aims to achieve a 60% cut in CO2 emissions by 2025.The LEP is responsible or implementing and reviewing theCitys Energy Strategy and Action Plan.

LEP activities are directed by the LEP Steering Group. Taskgroups are responsible or driving the implementation o theEnergy Action Plan. The London Energy Forum is a broadergrouping o stakeholders which unction as a networkingand discussion orum and eeds into the LEP.

The main aims o the partnership are to:

Assist in the delivery o Londons CO2 reduction,uel poverty and security o supply targets or 2010, 2016

and 2050. Provide a single voice or sustainable energy in London

and achieve a shi t in thinking about sustainable energyby key stakeholders.

Enable a number o high-profle, London-wide initiativesthat deliver social, environmental and economic benefts.

Create commercial opportunities in sustainable energyand help to build Londons green economy.

www.lep.org.uk/about-us.htm and www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/

C S 2

Questions to ask as you get started:What city department should lead your planning activities?Who should champion the process?Should a city council resolution be passed to kick o planning activities?What city departments might be the most active

participants in the process?Who will you approach to be your planning andimplementation partners?What can you do rom the beginning that will help yourplan turn into action?


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21/8419

Steps to identifying the hooks Become amiliar with your citys long- and short-term

strategic objectives and vision or the uture Make a list o your countrys relevant energy policies and

regulations Understand and stay on top o the global climate change

and energy agenda and where links can be made with yourcountry and city

Identifying issues

You will be able to start identi ying energy issues as youcollect data and engage in public participation. Filter these

issues through local and national (and international) energyand climate change visions and policies so that you canprioritise and develop energy goals that meet local needs.Focus group workshops are a good way o identi yingimportant issues and links between energy and other primarylocal issues. Such workshops will also increase the visibilityo your plan and build support or the uture. Participantscan identi y and rank the energy links associated with majorcity issues. They can help dra t energy policy statements andspecifc goals or the policies.

I at all possible, try to get energy or sustainable

development accepted as a key driver or strategic planningactivities in the city (this may not be possible early on,but keep bringing it up with the strategic planning teamsand processes).

International energy-related conventions which can support your plan

United NationsFrameworkConvention onClimate Change

(UNFCCC) 1992

This is an intergovernmental treaty developed to address the problem o climate change and which sets out anagreed ramework or dealing with the issue. (ICLEI has ormal observer status and actively engages with theUNFCCC Secretariat on behal o local government)

yoto Protocol tothe UNFCCC 1997

The Protocol does not commit developing countries like South A rica to any quantifed emissions targets in thefrst commitment period (2008-2012).

MillenniumDevelopmentGoals 2000

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) orm a blueprint agreed to by all the worlds countries andleading development institutions. One o these goals is to ensure environmental sustainability. (ICLEI ocusesparticular on Goal Nr 7, that o ensuring environmental sustainability)

Johannesburg Planof ImplementationWorld Summiton SustainableDevelopment

2002

The Plan highlights areas o key importance in terms o meeting sustainable development in terms o economicdevelopment, social development and environmental protection. The key ocus areas put poverty, sustainabledevelopment and A rica high on the global agenda.

2009 Post yoto The CopenhagenPlan?

A new global climate change pact is to replace the Kyoto Protocol in 2012. This should be defned inCopenhagen in 2009 and ICLEI is actively working on a Roadmap to Copenhagen or local governments.

Renewable energy by Bruce Sutherland, City o Cape Town


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Step 4. Conducting an energy andgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions auditA vital step in developing your sustainable energy and climateaction plan is to collect energy in ormation about yourcity. This process is known as an energy and greenhousegas emissions audit. Use your review o your citys goalsand policies to help decide what in ormation you shouldprioritise. Remember that this is the beginning o a process,so while your in ormation may be ar rom per ect now,engaging in this process will ensure that the quality o thedata improves year by year.Collecting energy in ormation will help to: Identi y the energy-use areas that are most important in

your city

Assess the energy-use areas that are the highest GHGemitters and assess priority areas or mitigation projects

Describe the size and shape o the resource-relatedproblems acing the city

Identi y unsustainable trends resulting rom currentmarket orces, social conditions, government procedures,regulations and programmes

Identi y organisational mechanisms and partners that canhelp implement strategies

Provide base data or evaluating and tracking yourcitys progress

Project energy needs into the uture.

The energy audit

Apart rom basic data on your citys climate, geography,population, economy, housing, businesses, energy etc.,your ocus will be on energy demand and energy supplyin ormation. You want to have data on energy use and GHGemissions by sector and by energy source.

Energy use by fuel type: how much petrol, gas, electricityetc. is consumed by your city.

Carbon emissions by fuel type: how much carbon is emittedby each o the di erent uels (you can also include local airquality emissions such as nitrogen and sulphur oxides).

Energy use by sector: how much uel o what type is usedby the residential sector, the transport sector, industry, localauthority operations etc.

Carbon emissions by sector: how much carbon is emittedby each sector.

C S 4

Solar powered by saucy_pan/ ickr.com

Finding the hooks to develop a solar-powered cityizhao, China

Rizhao, which means City o Sunshine, is a city o 3 millionpeople in northern China. It has over a hal a million m2 o solar water heating panels. 99% o households in thecentral districts use solar water heaters and more than30% do so in the outlying villages while almost all tra csignals, streetlights and park illuminations are powered byphotovoltaic solar cells. In addition 6,000 households havesolar cooking acilities and more than 60,000 greenhousesare heated by solar panels, reducing overhead costs or

armers in nearby areas.

At his appointment in 2001, Mayor Li Zhaoqian recognised

that Rizhao, with a lower per capita income than most otherneighbouring cities, would have to ocus on increasing thee ciency and lowering the cost o solar water heaters. TheShandong Provincial Government provided subsidies orthis. Instead o unding the end users as is the case in mostindustrial countries, the government unded the researchand development activities o the solar water heater industrywhich now cost the same as electric alternatives while savingthe users on energy costs.

Mayor Li Zhaoqian and the Rizhao municipal governmenthave adopted several measures and policies aimed atpopularising clean energy technology, including the

Regulations on Implementing Solar Energy and ConstructionIntegration that standardise the use o solar energy particularly solar water heaters in new buildings.

The achievement o solar-powered Rizhao was theresult o an unusual convergence o three key actors: agovernment policy that encourages solar energy use andfnancially supports research and development, local solarpanel industries that seized the opportunity and improvedtheir products and the strong political will o the citysleadership.

www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/newsstory?id=48605

www.nycclimatesummit.com/casestudies/energy/energy_rizhao.htm

www.worldchanging.com/archives/007060.html


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1 End-use patterns re er to the energy used or specifc services (or end uses) such as lighting, space heating, cooking. Separating thisincome group can also be very use ul as it will help you identi y what energy-e ciency projects you need where such as time-o -use tari s toencourage big energy users to save, ceilings in low-income houses and solar water heater bylaws in higher income areas.

Clean Air and Climate Protection

ICLEI and the National Association o Clean Air Agencies,NACAA ( ormerly STAPPA and ALAPCO), have joined

orces to build a so tware product to help state and localgovernments develop harmonised strategies to combatglobal warming and local air pollution. TheClean Air andClimate Protection (CACP) so tware tracks emissions andreductions o GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrousoxide) and air pollutants (nitrous oxide, sul ur oxide, carbonmonoxide, volatile organic compounds and particulatematter) associated with electricity and uel use and wastedisposal. This tool can help cities to:

Create emissions inventories or the community as awhole or or the governments internal operations.

Quanti y the e ect o existing and proposed emissionsreduction measures.

Predict uture emissions levels. Set reduction targets and track progress towards meeting

those goals. The so tware contains thousands o emission actors

that are used to calculate emissions based on simple ueland energy use data, or by using in ormation on wastedisposal.

CCP participants and members o NACAA can use theCACP tool by visiting www.cacpso tware.org

Energy demand in ormation:

esidential Industry andcommerce

Transport

Energy-use profleor di erent

groups and areas;Electricityconnections;Energy use & expenditure;End-use patterns1;Prices.

Employment andenergy use bysector;Relative energyintensity (energyused per unit o production).

Modal split;Trip length andtime;Cost andsubsidies;Energy use andemissions bymode.

Local authority Energy demandprojections

CO2equivalent*emissions

Energy use, costand emissions byenergy source andsector: buildings,streetlights,water supply,vehicle eet, solidwaste, seweragetreatment.

Current growthrates in energyconsumption romall sectors;Estimates o useat a uture targetdate.

Calculate the CO2 equivalent or eachsector, sub-sectorand overall.

*This is a way o standardising the measurement o allGHGs. The CACP so tware (see box below) can be used

to convert emissions to CO2e and to track emissions andreductions o GHGs.

Energy supply in ormation:

All supply tothe city

Energy sources Energy sourceownership anddistribution

Coal, liquiduels, natural

gas, electricity,renewables.

Electricitygenerationsources: coal,nuclear, hydro,renewables.

Who owns/is responsible

or what energysource;Who is responsible

or distribution?

Solid waste SewageTonnes o wastegenerated anddumped;State o cityslandfll sites.

Millions o litresper day.

Summaries o the in ormation will give you an overview o energy demand and supply. Each o these urban centres willrequire very di erent strategies to address their needs.

Energy projects

Identi y current energy projects across all sectors, who isresponsible or them and the stage that they are at.

Finding the information

These questions will help you fnd the in ormation you need. Do the social wel are, housing, health or air qualitydepartments collect in ormation on energy use?Who else is interested in this in ormation?Who pays or or taxes the resource?Who manages or plans the resource?


24/8422

Cities for Climate Protection (CCP)

5 milestonesICLEIs Cities or Climate Protection (CCP) campaign setsout a 5-milestone process or reducing greenhouse gasemissions rom their local government operations andthroughout their communities.Milestone 1. Conduct a baseline emissions inventoryand orecast.Milestone 2. Adopt an emissions reduction target or the

orecast year.Milestone 3.Develop a local action plan.Milestone 4. Implement policies and measures.Milestone 5.Monitor and veri y results.The fve milestones ocus particularly on emissionsreduction targets. It provides simple, standardised means o calculating GHG emissions, o establishing targets to loweremissions, o reducing GHG emissions and o monitoring,measuring and reporting per ormance. ICLEI has developedseveral so tware tools that help cities/local authoritiescomply with the methodology.www.iclei.org/index.php?id=810

Some tips:When making estimates, be explicit about your sourcesand the assumptions you are making. Tend towardstoo much in ormation rather than too little. Considerconstantly the accuracy o your data: fnd out how the datawas generated, examine the methodology. Try to gatherdata rom a range o sources to improve its accuracy. Dont be a raid to ask questions about the data you aregetting how the in ormation is collected? who collectedit and or what reason? is the data projected rom a smalldataset? how accurate they think the data is?

Gather facts and anecdotes that make the information realto city leaders and the community: how much does a household spend on home energy use?how much on transport? what proportion is this o theirhousehold income? what perceptions do people have o di erent energy sources? how does this a ect their energyuse? how much local air pollution is caused by energy use?Look or opportunities to piggy-back your energy questionson surveys that are being carried out by other departmentsor external organisations.

No time for a lengthy energy audit?

At a minimum you need to know the kinds and quantities o energy used in you city, a breakdown o the big energy users andsome idea o who is using what a quick survey o householdscan give you a picture o what energy sources poor households

are using and how much energy is costing them.

Problems you may encounterNo data or inaccessible dataEnergy supply in ormation is good, but demand in ormation

is poorNo centralised collection o energy data and nostandardisation o collection systemsData is collected by region, not by citySome very basic data is missing or data is lumped togetherGood data on one sector or one year, but not or othersectors or that same yearDi erent departments dont communicate with each other.

Step 5. Analysing your data

and developing a draft planYou have been gathering a lot o in ormation and developingrelationships with many people. Now its time to startputting the two together.

Firstly, identi y the critical energy issues under each sector. Secondly, rank these issues according to your citys

particular priorities. Thirdly, on the basis o this list, develop your dra t plan

o what must be done to promote a sustainable energyuture or your city. List the possible measures (projects

and programmes) which can address these issues and

identi y those that will yield the greatest beneft. Theseare the measures which you will ultimately include in theplan. Remember to list current projects as some o thesecan provide a springboard or implementation. Make yourmotto, Be ambitious and realistic!

C S 5

CCP: Using Milestone 1 to conduct a baselineemission inventory or your cityICLEI, USAUnderstanding how and where energy inputs are used

within a city, in relation to the level o services provided, isimportant in ormation or good city management. The Citiesor Climate Protection programme (CCP) o ICLEI Local

Government or Sustainability, can assist local governmentsin conducting their baseline emission inventories and theiremission orecasts, helping the city understand how, and

rom whom, to collect the necessary data.

The frst o the fve milestones that local governmentscommit to undertake when joining the CCP programmeinvolves conducting a baseline emissions inventoryand orecast. Based on energy consumption and wastegeneration, the city calculates greenhouse gas emissions or

a base year (e.g. 2000) and or a orecast year (e.g. 2015).The inventory and orecast provide a benchmark againstwhich the city can measure progress.

www.iclei.org/


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Overall energy issue ranking example

Energy issue ankingAccess to energy sources by poorA ordability o energyPublic transport improvement and accessAir quality indoor and local

High

Renewable energyEnergy e ciencyEconomic competitiveness(relating to energy cost)Job creation

Medium

Nuclear powerAccommodating private car use

Low

This process gives you a ramework or ranking o the morespecifc or detailed energy issues.

Specifc energy issue ranking examples

Demand overview ankingEnergy-related data necessary or planning islacking particularly demand data Medium

As energy is a cross-cutting issue, there iscurrently no department responsible or orsystem or the collection o energy data

Medium

Etc.HouseholdsThe costs o meeting a households energyneeds is a signifcant burden on poorhouseholds and a major contributorto poverty

High

Access to convenient, appropriate, a ordable,clean and sa e energy sources is limited ormany poorer households even electrifedhouseholds use a mix o energy sources tomeet their needs and ft their pockets. A best-mix approach should in orm energy supply

and management or all households

High

Many low-income houses are o extremelypoor quality and, as these households areo ten dependent on dirty and unsa e energysources to heat their homes, indoor air qualityis o ten very poor. The installation o ceilingswould go a long way to addressing energycosts, air quality and health (this measurewould also reduce mould which has been

ound to exacerbate such illnesses as TB)

High

Etc.

Analysis

The scoring matrix

You will fnd it help ul to develop a matrix to comparemeasures using the ollowing actors below. Place themeasures along the x-axis and give each measure a score

or each actor on a scale o say 1 to 5:

Factors:Compatibility with city goalsSupport o citys growth pathsSocial beneftsEnergy e ciencyCarbon emissions reductionLocal air quality improvementLocal economic developmentJob creationContribution to sustainabilityContribution to energy security (reduction in energydemand, increase in energy supply diversity)Costs o programme implementationFunding availabilityAvailability o dataPotential or programme replication

Example o scoring matrix outline 1

SolarWaterHeaters

Energy-E cientLighting

Ceilings Etc.

Compatabilitywith city goals 5 5 3

Support o citys growthplans

4 4 5

Etc.

Totals

You can use several other analytical and quantitative tools toassist with analysis, such as cost-beneft analysis, economicand environmental impact assessments, scenario planningand integrated resource planning. The Long-range EnergyAlternatives Planning System (LEAP) is extremely help ulin modelling alternatives and impacts. ICLEIs HarmonisedEmissions Analysis Tool (HEAT) supports local GHG andair pollution emission reduction planning. See the box on

LEAP and HEAT on page 25.To test whether your measures contribute to sustainability,review them against the key elements o a sustainablesystem as indicated in the box on page 24.


26/8424

emember the key elementsof a sustainable system

Consistent: the short-term actions are compatible with long-term goals and the viability o the system

enewable: the system depends on renewable resourcesand operates using environmentally-benign technologies

Diverse: the more diverse and appropriate your system, themore able it is to adapt to change

Inclusive: all elements o the system are valued and used orthe good o both the individual parts and the whole

Interdependent: each element o the system is bothdependent on and depended on by several other elements;the greater the interconnection, the stronger the system.

our draft plan

Your dra t plan will grow rom this analysis. This plan shouldcontain the ollowing in ormation:

Energy vision statements grown rom the citys visionEnergy goals linked to each vision statementTargets linked to each goalMeasures what can be done to achieve these goalsProjects existing and potential

ExampleEnergy vision: A city with an e cient and equitable transportsystem, based on public transport and compact planning toenable all residents to access the benefts o urban li e

Goal Focusarea

Target Measures Projects existing and potential

An energy-e cient publictransportsystem whichdiscouragesprivate car use

Transport Total transport modalsplit increase o 10%

or the rail, bus andtaxi transport share by2012. Numbers o privatevehicles commutinginto city centredecreased by 10% by2012(baseline year 2005).

Short-term (2 years) Establishment o Metro TransportAuthority to ensure coordination o public transport projects.

Priority given to rail transport toimprove standard o service. Improve acilities at public transportinterchanges. Rapid bus transport corridors onincoming highways to be identifed andimplemented.Long -term Dedicated bus and taxi lanes on allmajor commuter routes. Development o nodes and activityspines.

Rapid bus transit project Park and ride Non-motorised transportlinkages Parking charges programme incentral cityEtc. Spatial development planning tosupport public transport systemsEtc.

Debating the sustainable energy and climateaction plan

In order to put the implications o your sustainable energyand climate action plan up or debate, it can be very e ectiveto use scenarios which compare your city in the uture underbusiness-as-usual, middle- and high-road scenarios (seethe box on the acing page about the LEAP system a use ulso tware tool in the development o energy scenarios).

A 2020 high-road scenario may be based on targets such as:

20% private car use reductionNo days exceeding World Health Organisation air qualitystandards20% reduction in carbon emissions15% city power rom renewable energy sourcesAll low cost housing to have ceilings and e cient lightingAll households to have access to basic electricity withpoverty tari s in placeMandatory green building standards or all new buildingsMandatory solar water heaters in new buildings over acertain value; all replacement geysers in houses over samevalue to be solar water heaters.


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LEAP

LEAPor theLong-range Energy Alternatives Planning System is a widely-used so tware tool or energy policy analysisand climate change mitigation assessment developed atthe Stockholm Environment Institute. LEAP allows one todevelop a business as usual energy model o a study areasuch as a city by entering current energy data, economicand population growth rates, household sizes etc. Variousalternative scenarios can then be modelled, usually over a20 to 30-year time rame and their impact measured rom anenergy, environmental and economic perspective.

The outputs o this so tware also allows one to measurethe impacts o the mass rollout o a particular intervention,such as installing solar water heaters, against a business asusual alternative. LEAP is distributed at no charge to not-

or-proft, academic and governmental organisations basedin developing countries.

A ull description o LEAP, its applications and a user guidecan be ound at www.energycommunity.org

HEAT

ICLEI developed theHarmonised Emissions AnalysisTool (HEAT) online so tware to support local GHG andair pollution emission reduction planning. This so twareprovides capacity to local governments to seek to reduce

GHG emissions based on sound governance, economicdevelopment, improved waste management, energy-e ciency, better urban mobility and better air quality.Beyond being a planning tool, this site o ers consultants,NGOs, government agencies, academics and others reetools to translate energy, transportation and waste activitiesinto pollution emissions.

In general the so tware will:

Build an emissions inventory based on local energy use,transportation demand and waste practicesHelp a user/city build a simple emissions orecast

Set a target/goal or reducing emissions (e.g., reduce GHGemissions by 10%)Quanti y emission reduction activities and theirco-beneftsDevelop, report and track progress made in meetingthat target.

The tool is available online and data can be uploaded tocontribute to the growing pool o data, which in turn canbe compared, analysed and used or cumulative reportingby ICLEI.

www.iclei.org/heat and www.iclei.org/documents/Global/Progams/CCP/HEAT_Brochure_fnal.pd

Gate by Plant Design Online/ ickr.com

Urban air quality

UNEP and UN-HABITAT have developed an online so twaretoolkit, with an accompanying handbook, which is simpleto use and easily accessible to all city managers, even those

rom developing nations. The toolkit will be o genuine helpwhen implementing the air quality management process.The tools are drawn rom good practice around the worldand support strategy development, action planning andimplementation o Air Quality Management. The toolkitincludes city case studies, mathematical models, maps andspreadsheets.

Advisors to policy-makers and non-technical governmentsta will be able to use this toolkit. The authors have ensuredthat expert knowledge is not necessary or implementationo Urban Air Quality Management. The process includes athree-step approach: improving knowledge and expertiseabout Urban Air Quality Management, improvingstrategy ormulation and action planning and improvingimplementation and institutionalisation.

The toolkit and accompanying handbook can bedownloaded rom the UNEPs website at: www.unep.org/urban_environment/Publications/index.asp


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Step 6. Building public and internalsupport: your participation process

Developing and implementing a sustainable energy andclimate action plan is, to many cities and local authorities,pioneering work. You will need to engage with, andeducate, the public, city sta and political leaders on theplans purpose and value. You will need help getting tasksdone. You will need fnancial resources and you will need

allies. You will also need to change mindsets and get yourresidents and political leaders to accept that a new wayo thinking about energy is not a nice-to-have, but anessential step towards medium and long-term resilienceand ultimately, survival.

Changing the way people live and perceive reality is a di cultand long-term process and very o ten the most neglectedand under-valued part o processes like this one. O ten, it isalso the most under-budgeted component o a programmeand this is the main reason why so many well-intendedinitiatives ail. Building support is one o the most criticalaspects o your planning e ort and active engagement,

community empowerment, buy-in, ownership andparticipation are all key to an e ective plan. Achieving thisis o ten challenging as people, businesses and municipaldepartments may view energy and climate change policiesas secondary to their core and everyday activities. It is veryimportant, there ore, that your energy objectives share theconcerns o the broader city and community.

Examples o cooperative projects

Function Their goals our goals Joint project

Tra c management Reduce congestion Save energy Rapid transit lanes

Fleet management Reduce expenditure Save energy Procurement o hybrid vehicles

Housing/Services Provide a ordable services,improve health

Save energy Install ceilings in low-cost housing

Finance Reduce operating costs Save energy Energy-e cient retroftting o city-ownedbuildings

Air quality Reduce polluting emissions Save energy Cleaner public transport and cleaner vehicleuels

Street lighting Reduce cost o lighting Save energy Install energy-e cient streetlights

Tra c lights Reduce operational costs Save energy Install light emitting diodes

Identifying stakeholders

There are internal and external people you will need tointeract with in order to develop a good energy and climate

action plan. Make a list o stakeholders rom whom you needto get in ormation and buy-in. Remember that organisationsdont make decisions people do, so ocus on developingpersonal relationships. This is not a short-term process, solook a ter those relationships or the uture too.

Work with those local government departments and agenciesthat should care about sustainability. Each department mayrequire a di erent strategy, which will also be shaped by thepolitics and structure o your local government. You needto assess the barriers you have with certain departments.These barriers generally all into our categories:

1. In ormationThere may be a lack o knowledge and in ormation or thein ormation may be outdated or wrong. Remember, you arenow working in a rapidly developing feld and in ormationkeeps on changing as new technologies and scientifcfndings in orm policies. Again, consider joining supportorganisations such as ICLEI and SUD-Net to ensure thatyou stay abreast o developments. Make sure departmentsand sta have easy access to updated and actually-correctin ormation and use mediums they will engage with e.g.web-based in ormation, brochures, technical reports,popular in ormation documents and other mediums which

are also sensitive to cultural and language di erences.

2 For additional help ul hints and tools on how to build public and internal support, please re er to the SCP Source Book Series: Establishingand supporting a working group process.

This step is of course part of a vital and ongoing process,which should start right at the outset and should becontinued throughout the development and implementationof the action plan 2.


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2. Institutional Local government systems can be rigid and averse tochange or risk; responsibilities or certain services (suchas transport) may be split between city, regional andnational governments, making it very di cult to implementchanges at the local level. Institutional barriers can be themost di cult to deal with. Commitment rom top decision-makers is required and even institutional change may beneeded.

Many cities internationally have established semi-independent energy entities to drive and implement theirsustainable energy projects in order to overcome the barrierswithin local government systems. See the section in Step 8on energy agencies as well as case studies o these agenciesin chapter 4.

3. Personnel Sta might be eeling overworked. They may eeloverwhelmed by the challenges o introducing somethingnew. They may also perhaps eel personally threatened bythe implications o change. Help bring these ears into theopen so they can be properly addressed. Also look at wayso capacitating a group o core sta members who can leadthis process into the uture. There are many opportunitiesto share best practice, skills and lessons learnt rom othercities who are already implementing energy and climatechange programmes and action plans at the local level.

4. Financial City fnancial constraints are very real, so it is importantto quanti y and argue the fnancial benefts o sustainableenergy and climate change programmes and place theup ront capital requirements o some energy projects inthe context o savings over time. A very di cult situationis i your local government is dependent on income romelectricity sales and the electricity department is tasked withselling electricity they will not look on electricity savingprojects kindly.

Interacting with stakeholders

Set up task/partnership teamsA task team is an e ective way to get people with arange o technical expertise and experience involved inthe planning process. Decide whether an internal or amultistakeholder team is best or your context. You couldset up a City Energy Partnership at this stage consistingo key stakeholders this could orm the seeds o a uturededicated energy implementation body.

Meet with key leaders

Meet with key leaders o businesses, utilities and interest

groups to tie your work in to their specifc needs showthem how promoting sustainability can help them achievetheir goal. Dont try to convert them listen to their needsand then tie them in with yours.

Link with existing groups, hold ocus group workshopsand public meetings

Linking energy into existing groups meetings is an excellentway o obtaining and sharing in ormation, as well as fndingallies. You could also conduct ocus group workshops withgovernment, community and business leaders. When youhave a dra t o your energy plan, hold at least one publicmeeting with good media coverage as an overall wrap up o the consensus-building process. Dont underestimate therole that youth groups, schools and religious groups canplay in mobilising communities to tackle challenges and toenable communities to accept change.

Use the media

Use the media to publicise your work and any public

meetings. It is vital to make your work visible and to keepit visible. Tangible energy success stories in daily paperswill capture peoples attention and imagination. Piggy-backyour work on other public events or media activities. Useclear, simple language and good graphics that tell a storyand illustrate a point. Spend time learning more about andunderstanding your audience, in order to enable you tomake in ormed choices when it comes to which messagesand mediums will be most e ective when targeting them.

In conclusion

A good public participation process will provide you with:early opportunities to discover allies and work together ondi cult issuespublic ownership o the process and contenta willingness to support subsequent implementation andto embrace changecommunity empowerment through awareness andeducation.

Without a public participation process during your planningyou may fnd:

unanticipated opposition at the public hearing or adoptionphaselittle or no support or the adopted plan and apathyamongst community groups

ailure to identi y issues that community membersconsider important.

Work closely with those who dont support you try tounderstand the con ict between your e orts and their goals common ground can usually be ound or at least someareas o your planning e ort.


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Step 7. Finalising the planFrom your participation process you will now have a lot o input on your dra t plan and/or your di erent scenarios. Youwill have a list o current and potential projects and you willhave analysed their advantages and disadvantages. Nowyour city must decide on a set o reasonable objectives thatcan be implemented in the short and longer term. Your nextstep is to identi y priority projects that ft these objectives.

Identifying priority projects

There are several approaches you can take to select pr

sustainable urban energy (2009)

Documents