sustainable urban energy planning.pdf

7/29/2019 Sustainable Urban Energy Planning.pdf

1/83

Sustainable UrbanEnergy Planning

A handbook for cities and townsin developing countries


2/831

Contents:

About ICLEI, UN Habitat and UNEP 4

Why this handbook was written 5

Acronyms 6

Introduction Urban centres, energy andclimate change in developing countries 7

Chapter 1 Why is sustainable energy planningor your city important? 11

Chapter 2 Developing a Sustainable Energy Planor your city or town 14

Step 1 Designating a lead oce, nding champions16Case Study 1: A pioneering municipal ocial:Osman Asmal, South Arica, Cape Town .................17

Step 2 Establishing partnerships................................17

Case Study 2: An External Partnership:The London Energy Partnership, London, England 18

Case Study 3: An Internal partnership: SustainableEnergy or Tshwane, Tshwane, South Arica............ 18

Step 3 Finding the hooks ........................................... 19Case Study 4: Finding the hooks to develop a Solar-Powered City, Rizhao, China ....................................20

Step 4 Conducting an energy andgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions audit ...................20

Case Study 5:CCP: Using Milestone 1 to conduct a

baseline emission inventory or your city,ICLEI, USA .................................................................22

Step 5 Analysing your data and developinga drat plan...................................................................22

Step 6 Building public and internal support: yourparticipation process...................................................26

Case Study 6:A Community EngagementFramework, Maribyrnong, Australia ........................28

Step 7 Finalising the plan...........................................28Case Study 7: Fossil Fuel Free Vxj,

Vxj, Sweden: .........................................................29Step 8 Implementing and nancing the plan ...........29

Case Study 8: Implementing through a city agency The Barcelona Energy Agency, Barcelona, Spain .30

Case Study 9: Implementing Renewable Energy inWoking Borough Council, Woking, U.K. .................30

Case Study 10: Financing your plan Toronto Atmospheric Fund, Toronto, Canada ......31

Case Study 11: Municipal Energy Fund,Ann Arbor, U.S.A. .......................................................31

Step 9 Monitoring and evaluating your plan ............34Step 10 Publicising the benets .................................35

Case Study 12:Energy eciency adviceor residents, Auckland, New Zealand .....................35

Chapter 3 Implementing energy eciency and carbonmitigation measures 36

31 Energy services and housing 36

Case Study 13: Providing hot water to Lwandleslow income community using solar water heatersSomerset West, South Arica ................................... 37

Case Study 14: Meeting energy needs in Kuyasapublic housing project using CDMKhayelitsha, South Arica.......................................... 37

Case Study 15: More energy ecient homes inPuerto Princesa City, Puerto Princesa, Philippines .. 38

Case Study 16: Cubas Programme or Low Energyand Material Consumption or Housing,Villa Clara Province, Cuba ........................................ 38

Case Study 17: Cash transer programme to mitigatethe impact o uel price hikes, Jakarta, Indonesia: ..39

32 Public and commercial buildings 39

Case Study 18:Retrotting Municipal Buildings,Ekurhuleni, South Arica ........................................... 39

Case Study 19: Reducing municipal buildings energyuse through a co-ordinated plan, Leicester, UK ......40

Case Study 20: 15 Million Square Feet RetrotProgramme or public buildings, Chicago, USA ...40

Case Study 21: Oce occupants reduce energyuse by 20% in local government building,Cape Town, South Arica .......................................... 41

Case Study 22: Guidelines or building better,San Jos, U.S.A. ........................................................ 41

Case Study 23: Learning rom termites tocool and heat naturally, Harare, Zimbabwe ............42

Case Study 24: Retrotting Hotels, Bamako, Mali ...42

33 Water services, wastewater and sanitation 43

Case Study 25: Saving water, saving energy, saving

money, reaching more people, Fortaleza, Brazil ..... 43Case Study 26: Technical interventions to saveenergy while delivering water, Ahmedabad, India 44

Case Study 27: Drinking Water pumped upby the sun, Kayrati, Chad ..........................................44

Case Study 28: Rainwater harvesting cansave energy, Delhi, India ...........................................44

Case Study 29: Reducing energy intensity in deliverywater and sanitation services, Veracruz, Mexico .... 45

Case Study 30: Improving access to water and |savingenergy in India, Vishakhapatnam, India .................. 45


3/832

34 Waste management & methane recovery 46

Case Study 31: Recovering Waste Materials andreducing GHG emissions, Naga City, Philippines ...46

Case Study 32: Landll-to-Electricity projectusing CDM, EThekwini, South Arica ......................47

Case Study 33: Integrated waste management,Edmonton, Canada ................................................... 47

Case Study 34: Landll gas recovery atMtoni Dumpsite, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania ............48

Case Study 35: Production o Biogas andBio-Fertilizer while reducing carbon emissions,Laholm, Sweden .......................................................48

Case Study 36:Reducing CO2e while making OrganicFertilizer and Liquid DetergentProduction rom waste, Thungsong, Thailand .....49

Case Study 37:Using wastewater to powera seaood processing plant, Ratnagiri, India ..........49

35 Public lighting 50

Case Study 38: Energy ecient street lightingin India, Guntur, India ..............................................50

Case Study 39:Retrotting Streetlights,Jabalpur, India ............................................................51

Case Study 40: Solar streetlights as part o

regeneration plans, Johannesburg, South Arica .....51Case Study 41: Public Lighting,Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania ................................ 52

Case Study 42: Combining solar powerwith LED bulbs or energy ecient trac lights,Cape Town, South Arica .......................................... 52

36 Public transport & city planning 53

Case Study 43: Bus Rapid Transit Systemreduces air pollution, carbon emissions,accidents and travel time, Mexico City, Mexico .....53

Case Study 44: Putting commuters on theTransMilenio saves energy, Bogot, Colombia ....... 54

Case Study 45: Urban mobility plans,Kisumu, Kenya ......................................................... 54

Case Study 46: Assistance to purchase bicycles,Lima, Peru ................................................................55

Case Study 47: Public bicycle rental programme,Paris, France ...............................................................55

Case Study 48: Reducing vehicular volume andGHG emissions, Baguio City, Philippines ............... 56

Case Study 49: Pedestrian Ordinance,Busan, Korea ............................................................. 56

Case Study 50: Zero-Carbon Masdar,Masdar, United Arab Emirates ................................ 56

Case Study 51:Compact City Planning,Essaouira, Morocco .................................................. 57

37 Air Quality Management 57

Case Study 52: Banning Motorcycles,Guangzhou, China ................................................... 58

Case Study 53: Two-Stroke Engine Retrotsreduces energy use and carbon emissions,

Puerto Princesa, Philippines .................................... 58Case Study 54:Vehicle Inspection Programmereduces air pollution, Cairo, Egypt ........................... 59

Case Study 55: Tarjeta Negra,Santiago, Chile .......................................................... 59

Case Study 56: Adapting Tuk-Tuks,Dhaka, Bangladesh .................................................60

Case Study 57: EPM approach in Air QualityManagement, Shenyang, China ...............................60

38 Green energy sourcing 61

Case Study 58: Geothermal Power suppliedto the National Grid, Nairobi, Kenya .......................62

Case Study 59: Geothermal Energy,Manila, Philippines ...................................................62

Case Study 60: 10% Renewable Goal,Cape Town, South Arica ......................................... 63

Case Study 61: Public involvement in MnchenSolar Programme, Mnchen, Germany .................. 63

Case Study 62: Solar City, Dezhou, China ...............64

Case Study 63: Zoning plan or wind turbine

development, Wieringermeer, The Netherlands.....64

39 Urban greening 65

Case Study 64: Tree planting with Trees or Arica,Potchestroom (Tlokwe), South Arica ....................66

Case Study 65: Utility-Supported Tree Planting,Sacramento, U.S.A ....................................................66

Case Study 66: Green Trust Movement,Seoul, Korea .............................................................67


4/833

310 Fleet management 67

Case Study 67: Solar powered municipal bus eet,Adelaide, Australia ....................................................68

Case Study 68: Buses Powered by Biogas Producedin the Municipal Wastewater, Lille, France ..............68

Case Study 69: Green Fleet Strategy,DENSO Sales UK Ltd, UK .......................................69

Case Study 70: Downsizing the Fleet,Denver, USA ..............................................................69

Case Study 71: Creating a Green Fleet Policy,Whitbread Group Plc, UK .........................................70

Case Study 72: Natural Gas Vehicles,Brazil, South America ...............................................70

311 Green Purchasing 71Case Study 73: The Mayor o Londons GreenProcurement Code, London, UK ...............................71

Case Study 74: Training Municipal purchasers to buygreen, Lille, France .................................................... 72

Case Study 75: Changing procurement patterns othe Municipal Administration o Pori, Pori, Finland72

Case Study 76: City leads on green purchasing,City o Richmond, Canada ........................................ 73

Chapter 4 Support organisations, programmes

and resources 74

2009, ICLEI Local Governments or Sustainability,UNEP, and UN-Habitat. All rights reserved.


5/834

ICLEI Local Governments or Sustainability

ICLEI Local Governments or Sustainability is aninternational association o local governments andlocal government organisations that have madea commitment to sustainable development. Over1000 cities, towns, counties and their associationsworldwide comprise ICLEIs growing membership.ICLEI works with these and hundreds o other localgovernments through international perormance-based, results-oriented campaigns and programsto support local government in the implementationo sustainable development at the local level. In theClimate and sustainable energy eld, ICLEI runs oneo the largest global climate change programmes orlocal governments, Cities or Climate Protection (CCP)Campaign, which aims to assist cities to adopt policiesand implement quantiable measures to reduce localgreenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, andenhance urban livability and sustainability. ICLEI is alsoactive in the eld o Adaptation through programmesocusing on the development o local capacity toidentiy and to reduce the vulnerabilities associated withclimate change.

The ICLEI Arica Secretariat was the lead ICLEI partneror the development o this guidebook and is one omany ICLEI Regional Oces, works across the AricanContinent and collaborates closely with the global ICLEInetwork and other regional oces around the world,in sharing tools, materials and strategies and goodpractices specically designed and implemented at thelocal level.

For more inormation, see: www.iclei.org

UN-HABITAT

UN-HABITATs mission is to promote socially andenvironmentally sustainable urban development withthe goal o providing adequate shelter or all. In theeld o the urban environment, Sustainable UrbanDevelopment Network (SUD-Net) is an innovativenetwork o global partners promoting a multilateraland inter-disciplinary approach to sustainable urbandevelopment. UN-HABITAT supports local and nationalgovernments through SUD-Net and its component theCities in Climate change initiative to address key urbanenvironmental issues related to Climate Change.For more inormation, see: www.unhabitat.org/sudnet

UNEP

UNEP is the voice o the environment within the UnitedNations system. In the eld o urban environment,UNEP supports national and local governments toaddress key environmental issues with a ocus thathave both a local and an international dimension. Incooperation with partners, UNEP assists national andlocal governments by providing awareness raisingmaterials, organizing workshops and trainings,developing tools and involving cities in internationalmeetings. UNEP Division or Technology, Industry andEconomics (DTIE) encourages decision makers ingovernment, local authorities and industry to developand implement policies, strategies and practices thatare cleaner and saer, make ecient use o naturalresources, reduce pollution and risks or humansand the environment: energy, transport, building andconstruction as well as urban issues at local level aresome o the key areas DTIE deals with in the context osustainable development.

For more inormation, see: www.unep.org/scp

About ICLEI, UN Habitat and UNEP


6/835

The main purpose o this handbook is to assist peoplewho are working in or with local government to developsustainable energy and climate action plans andimplementation programmes. There can be no single

recipe or all cities so it is up to each local governmentto develop its own innovative and appropriate plansbased on local resources and needs. We, at ICLEIand UN-Habitat, hope this handbook will go a longway to helping you to do this and allow you to takeull advantage o the opportunities inherent in suchplanning.

This handbook is or you i you are workingin an urban context with or as part o a localgovernment, and your primary areas oconcern include:

lDelivery o services to citizens

l Economic development

l Strategic development planning

l Land use planning, zoning, building plans approval

lHousing and poverty issues

l Environmental management

lManagement o local government resources and systems

l Fiscal responsibility and risk management

lWater resource and waste management

l

Public healthl Transportation management

What you will nd in this handbook

lThe Introduction addresses the challengeso energy consumption, climate change

and development in developing countries.It deals with the role o urban centres andlocal governments in dening a sustainabledevelopment path and a new energy uture intheir countries. It includes an explanation o thegreenhouse eect and a mini-history on climatechange.

lChapter 1 is an explanation o why it isimportant or urban centres in developingcountries to engage in sustainable energyplanning.

lChapter 2 provides in some detail a step-by-step process to developing and implementing asustainable energy plan, illustrated by relevantcase studies.

lChapter 3 oers a range o case studiesrom developed and developing urbancentres covering all the major areas o localgovernment responsibility.

lChapter 4 provides an extensive list andinormation on support organisations andresources.

Why this handbook was written


7/836

CACP Clean Air and Climate Protection (ICLEIsotware)

CCP Cities or Climate Protection,a programme o ICLEI- LocalGovernments or Sustainability

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CO2e Equivalent carbon dioxide

ESCO Energy Services Company

GHG Greenhouse gas

GWh Gigawatt hour

ICLEI Local Governments or Sustainability(previously International Council orLocal Environmental Initiatives)

ITDG Intermediate Technology DevelopmentGroup (recently renamed to PracticalAction)

kV Kilovolts

kW Kilowatt

kWh Kilowatt hour

LED Light Emitting Diode

MW Megawatt

NGO Non-governmental Organization

R&D Research and DevelopmentUN United Nations

UNEP United Nations EnvironmentProgramme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scienticand Cultural Organization

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human SettlementsProgramme

USAID United States Agency or InternationalDevelopment

Greenhouse gases are the gases present in theatmosphere which reduce the loss o heat into spaceand thereore contribute to global temperaturesthrough the greenhouse eect. Greenhouse gases areessential to maintaining the temperature o the Earth;without them the planet would be so cold as to beuninhabitable.

kWh = kilowatt-hour

GWh = gigawatt-hour (1,000,000 kWh = 1 GWh)

1 GWh = 3600 Gigajoules (GJ)

1 kg coal = 1.89 kWh1 kwh = 0.963 kg CO21 kwh = 1.26 Litres o water used

A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is one unit o electricity;one 60 Watt light bulb burned or one hour will use0.06 kWh (60 Watts) x (1 kilowatt/1000 Watts) x 1 hour)= 0.06 kWh

Acronyms


8/837

The climatic world is one world eveni politically we are not R.Bryson

What is the uture or energy anddevelopment?

The global energy crisis coupled with the threats oclimate change bring into sharp ocus both opportunitiesand challenges or developing countries. Developingcountries have to address the increasing energy demandso growing economies, as well as address energypoverty issues oten highlighted by extreme disparitiesin income. They also need to deal with the real andpotential impacts o climate change. In addition to these

challenges is the global imperative to reduce carbonemissions in order to prevent climate change. Whiledeveloping nations have thus ar beensheltered rom obligations to reducecarbon emissions, we cannot anticipatethat this situation will continue. Withinthis context developing nations needto ollow a very dierent developmentpath rom that established by rst worldcountries. This development path is alow energy, low carbon, and generally a

resource ecient one.Economies across the world need to change theassumptions o this paradigm in order to build asustainable reality. As nancial and environmentalimpacts soar, the real costs o resource inputs ando waste generation need to increasingly be takeninto account. These actors are making eciency,conservation, reuse, recycling and renewable energysources primary considerations or a healthy economy.In an attempt to reduce resource inputs andenvironmental impacts, some developed nations have

managed to decouple economic growth rom energyconsumption essentially resulting in energy inputsthat decrease with economic growth. This has beenachieved through technology and behaviour changeto improve eciency, and by closing the energy loopin production (e.g. recapturing heat energy releasedin the production process to then power production).Energy-poor countries, such as Japan, have been verysuccessul at achieving this. Implementation o highenergy eciency and the use o renewable resources arealso evident in energy-poor developing countries such

as the island states o Reunion and Mauritius. As such,under conditions o necessity, pursuing ecient andrenewable energy paths is possible.There is potential to greatly improve energy ecienciesand reduce carbon emissions in many upper-middleincome developing countries which have a substantialindustrial base. For example, South Arica producesa mere US$1.06 in economic value or every 1 kWho electricity consumed Brazil manages twice andMexico our times this level o energy eciency.1

What is happening in our cities?

Over the last 20 years, urban centres have experienceddramatic growth. Today hal o the worlds totalpopulation (around three billion people) live in urban

settlements. Developing countries in particular areundergoing rapid change rom rural to urban-based

economies as they are transormed bytheir urbanising populations.There are marked dierences in thelevel and pace o urbanisation withinless developed regions o the world.Latin America and the Caribbean arehighly urbanised, with 78% o theirpopulations living in cities in 2007. Asiaand Arica are less urbanised, both with

around 40% o their populations living in urban areas.While currently less urbanised, Arica and Asia areexperiencing rapid rates o urbanisation. Consequentlyby 2050, about 62% o their inhabitants will live inurban areas. At that time, 89% o the population oLatin America and the Caribbean will be urban.2

In addition, over the next 30 years population growthwill be nearly entirely concentrated in urban areas inthe developing world. Much o the current debateregarding sustainable cities ocuses on the ormidableproblems or the worlds largest urban agglomerations.

However, smaller urban settlements are also growingrapidly and the majority o all urban dwellers reside insuch smaller urban centres.

Cities, energy and climate change

While cities command an increasingly dominant role inthe global economy as centres o both production andconsumption, this rapid urban growth throughout thedeveloping world is outstripping the capacity o mostcities and urban centres to provide adequate servicesor their citizens.3

1 How eciently does South Arica use electricity? Kevin Lings, Chie Economist, STANLIB Asset Management 26 Feb 2008. The countrieschosen all all into the upper middle income group, have reasonably reliable economic data especially electricity usage data, have a similarsize o industry.2World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision prepared by the United Nations Population Division, www.un.org3 Cohen B 2006

IntroductionUrban centres, energy and climate change in developing countries

The overriding concern o developingcountries is economic growth and povertyeradication and you cannot expectdeveloping countries to engage on thequestion o climate change and harm thoseoverriding objectives.

Yvo de Boer, Executive Secretary o theUnited Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC) April 2008


9/838

While there is no typical city in terms o their energyneeds and energy use, they do have a lot in common.Cities run on energy and require land their burningo ossil uels and their contribution to land clearing

combine to contribute massively to the concentrationo greenhouse gases in the atmosphere they are alsoextremely vulnerable to energy scarcity, to energy pricerises and health impacts o very poor air quality. Indeveloping countries many urban citizens experienceextreme energy poverty and their access to transportand so to urban goods is constrained.

While the energy transition challenges aced bydeveloped and developing urban centres areundamentally the same to stabilise a growing hungeror secure energy supplies, avoid polluting and wasteulindustries and power systems, and shun developmentpaths that condemn citizens to high transport costs urban centres in developing countriesace additional challenges. These caninclude serious nance, governance,capacity and resource problems and yet the uidity o developmentand the rapid changes that are occurring may makeopportunities o some o these challenges.

These cities, while they may have ewer resources thanthose in developed countries, are not so set in theirways they have the potential to establish new anddierent development paths.

Leaprogging

One o the more obvious opportunities or cities in developing countriesis that o leaprogging where countries skip inerior, less ecient,more expensive or more polluting technologies and industries and movedirectly to more advanced ones. In terms o energy planning, developingcountries need not repeat the mistakes o highly industrialised countriesin creating an energy inrastructure based on ossil uels, but jumpdirectly to renewable energy sources and more ecient technologies.

Some o the advantages o sustainable energyaction planning:

lImprovements in local air quality Energy management initiatives are

among the most cost-eective actions that local authorities can take toreduce the air pollution that causes serious environmental and healthproblems within their cities.

lFinancial savings While many local authorities are aced with budgetdecits, the appeal o saving money is oten the starting point ormunicipal energy management initiatives. Improved ecienciesin municipal energy consumption oer plentiul opportunities orreducing operating costs.

lNew jobs Inecient energy systems represent important investmentopportunities in the community, and such investments are amongthe most eective ways to create new employment. When energymanagement reduces expenditures on uel and electricity, the savingscan then be re-spent within the community.

lLocal economic development The energy management industry itselis a growth industry and its promotion can be an eective component

o local economic development strategies in thecommunity. In addition, big business is increasinglyconsidering the livability o a city an importantactor in deciding where to locate access to urbangoods and transport eciencies (and so spatialdevelopment and public transport provision) are

critical to creating livable cities.

lNew partnerships Utilities, private enterprises, nancial institutions,and levels o government other than municipal are all pursuingenergy management or various reasons. They have recognised that

urban governments are well suited to deliver the type o integratedprogrammes oten required to achieve energy eciency and renewableenergy objectives.

There is no doubt that it will be arless costly to avoid the outcomes oclimate change, than to live with itsconsequences or to repair its damage.


10/839

The Greenhouse Eect

People and the climate

Solar radiation passes

through the clear

atmosphere.

Incoming solar radiation:

343 Watt per m2

Solar energy is absorbed by the

earths surface and warms it... ... and is converted into heat causing

the emission of longwave (infrared)

radiation back to the atmosphere

Surface gains more heat and

infrared radiation is emitted again

Some of the infrared radiation is

absorbed and re-emitted by the

greenhouse gas molecules. The

direct effect is the warming of the

earths surface and the troposphere.

Some solar radiation is

reflected by the atmosphere

and earths surface

Outgoing solar radiation:

103 Watt per m2

Some of the infrared

radiation passes

through the atmosphere

and is lost in space

Net outgoing infrared radiation:

240 Watt per m2

Net incoming solar radiation:

240 Watt per m2

A T M O S P H E R E

E A R T H

G RE E N

H O U S E G A S E S

S U N

PHILIPPE REKACEWICZ

168 Watt per m2

Sources: Okanagan university college in Canada, Department of geography, University of Oxford, school of geography; United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Washington; Climate change 1995, The science of climate change, contribution of working group 1 to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change,UNEP and WMO, Cambridge university press, 1996.

1

3 6

2

4

5

G R I D

A r e n d a l UNEP

What is climate change and what does it mean or the planet?

Humanity is changing the climate o the earth. As aglobal average, surace temperatures have increased by

about 0.74C over the past hundred years. Since recordkeeping began in 1880, the ve warmest years on recordhave occurred since 1997 (IPCC, 2007).

In 2005, atmospheric levels o CO2 were 379 parts permillion (ppm) this is a 20% increase on levels sincemeasurements began in 1959. In 2006, global carbondioxide output approached a staggering 32 billion tons,with about 25% coming rom the United States, and20% rom China.

Projections o urther temperature increases in the21st Century vary considerably, between a minimum o1.4C and a maximum o 5.8C depending on the level

o stabilization o carbon emissions, the pace o de-carbonization o the global economy, and the patterns

o demographic and economic development. Even ithe global mean temperature only increases by 1.4,this will be a greater rise than over the last 1,000 yearswhere global temperature variability has remainedbelow 0.5C.

Already there is much evidence o the impact o climatechange, with glaciers melting, sea ice disappearing,deserts advancing, wildres stripping vast areas,and rolling extreme climate events. Radical actionis required to reduce carbon emissions into theatmosphere and so keep climate change within a range

to which nature can adapt.


11/830

UN talks by Oxam International/fickr.com

Climate change: A timeline

1827: French scientist Jean-Baptiste Fourier is the rstto consider the greenhouse eect, the phenomenonwhereby atmospheric gases trap solar energy,

increasing Earths surace temperature.1896: Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius blames theburning o ossil uels (oil, gas and coal) or producingcarbon dioxide (CO2), the most polluting o thegreenhouse gasses now blamed or climate change.

1950s onwards: Global warming science begins andgrows with increasing inormation on impact ogreenhouse gases on climate; development and growtho environmental movements

1979: World Climate Research Programme is launchedto coordinate international research

1988: The United Nations sets up a scienticauthority to vet the evidence on global warming, theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

1990: First IPCC report says levels o man-madegreenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere andpredicts these will cause global warming.

1992: Creation o the UNFCCC (United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change) at the RioSummit. The UNFCCC now (2008) has 192 membercountries.

1997: UNFCCC members sign the Kyoto Protocol.Under its rst phase, industrialised countries mustcut emissions o six greenhouse gases so they are 5.2percent lower than 1990 levels by the end o 2012.

2001: The United States abandons the Kyoto Protocol,with President George W. Bush calling the treaty tooexpensive or the US and unair as developing countries

escape binding emissions cuts. Kyoto signatoriesminus the US agree on the treatys rulebook, openingthe way to a ratication process.

2005: Kyoto Protocol takes eect on 16 February.

2007: Landmark report by the IPCC delivers blowto climate sceptics. It says the evidence or globalwarming is unequivocal and orecasts warmingo 1.8-4.0 degrees Celsius by 2100 and a rise in sealevels. Nobel Peace Prize awarded to IPCC andormer US vice president Al Gore, whose documentaryAn Inconvenient Truth raises climate change

awareness. UNFCCC members including the US agreeater marathon talks in Bali, Indonesia, to launchnegotiations on a new treaty to replace Kyoto, whichexpires in late 2012.2008: Negotiators rom up to 180 countries meet inBangkok rom March 31 April 4 or the rst roundo negotiations that should pave the way or a newinternational treaty in 2012 to take over rom the KyotoProtocol. Outcome termed The Bali Road Map.

2009: Copenhagen the next round Preparationsare underway. A major ocus o this meeting will be

the role o Local Government. ICLEI are assistinglocal governments around the world to prepare or thismeeting.


12/8311

The energy sector and carbon mitigationhave to be at the centre o anysustainable development strategy

Although it was national governments that signed theClimate Change Convention, the real global leadership orreducing carbon emissions and energy conservation iscoming rom municipal leaders Dr Noel Brown, ormerDirector o the North American region at the UN EnvironmentProgram

The use o energy, the types o energy used and thelack o access to sucient energy have ar reachingimplications or a citys economic development, itsenvironmental health and or the poor. The burning oossil uels to provide energy is the major contributorto excess carbon in the atmosphere which is the causeo global warming. Cities which implement sustainableenergy and climate action plans reduce theirvulnerability to energy scarcity andto energy price rises; they have lesstrac congestion and lower energyinput costs; they have cleaner air andtheir low-carbon economies can aordthem a competitive economic edgeglobally. And, specically or cities indeveloping countries, a sustainableenergy and climate action plan should consider theusers needs rst this means that poorer householdsand small energy users should be prioritised.

Local governments, energy and climate change

As local governments manage or oversee all cityactivities and city development, they should play acentral role in determining the energy and carbonemissions picture o their cities. They also have directaccess to their citizens and are best placed to know

their needs and to inuence their behaviour. Every cityis dierent it has dierent resources at its disposal,dierent needs, dierent development paths anddierent mandates and powers. A citys energy plan

must be built on its particular needs and the resourcesat its disposal.

These are some o the ways in which local governmentsplay a central role in the energy picture o their cities:

lThey plan and manage city development andgrowth

lThey establish and enorce building codes andapprove building plans

lThey are the primary providers o basic servicessuch as water, waste management, street

lighting and other related serviceslThey are responsible or transport planning and

management across and within a city

lThey are usually responsibleor the distribution o electricityand or billing, and may beresponsible or some generationcapacity

lThey are big energy usersthemselves in their eets andbuildings

lAs they are major employers, they can directlyinuence their employees energy use patterns

lThey are engaged in signicant procurement o paper, uel, building materials, light bulbs,vehicles and so on

Chapter 1 Why is sustainable energy planningor your city important?

The global eort or sustainabilitywill be won or lost in the worldscities where urban design mayinfuence over 70% o peoplesecological ootprint

Wackernagel 2006

Local governments can makesignicant energy savings intheir own operations, therebysaving money, setting a goodexample and even testing newtechnologies

The Sustainable Energy Path or Cities

lReduce carbon emissions

lReduce dependence on ossil uels

l Introduce cleaner uels

l Increase use o renewable energy

lPromote diversication o energy sources

lSupport local and decentralised power supply

lFocus on energy eciency and provide supportand inormation to users

lMake ecient resource use the basis oeconomic development

lEnsure that citizens have appropriate access toenergy services and inormation on best energyuse practises to reduce poverty

lPlan or ecient spatial development

lDevelop ecient and accessible publictransport using cleaner uels

lCommunicate! Create a sustainable and low-

carbon energy vision or the uture.


13/8312

Sustainable energy action planning

The aims o sustainable energy action planning areoptimal energy eciency, low- or no-carbon energy

supply and accessible, equitable and good energyservice provision to users. Planning is based onconsideration o the broader concerns o the wholeeconomy, environment (particularly carbon mitigation)and society, not just a least nancial cost ocus. And,it is led by the demand or energy services.

These are the key characteristics o sustainable energyand climate action planning:

l all energy sources and energy related activitiesare considered as a whole system

l carbon mitigation is a key determinant in the

development o the plan and choice o projectoptions

l the demand or energy services, rather thanwhat energy can be supplied, is the basis orplanning

l energy conservation, energy eciency anddemand-side management are considered priorto supply-side solutions

l environmental and social costs are clearlyconsidered

l energy sector linkages with the economy areincluded

l the plan is exible and can anticipate andrespond to change

Establish a vision

It is important to create a vision or a sustainableenergy and climate action uture and establish

measurable goals according to this vision. This visionneeds to be well communicated and loudly debatedin the public realm. A clear vision backed up byimplementation plans will empower and motivate cityemployees, citizens, business and industry. It alsoprovides a bench mark against which progress can bemeasured.

Key elements o a sustainable system

lConsistent: the short term actions are compatible with long-term goalsand the viability o the system

lRenewable: the system depends on renewable resources and operatesusing environmentally benign technologies

lDiverse: the more diverse a system is, the more able it is to adapt toneeded change

lInclusive: all elements o the system are valued and used or the goodo both the individual parts and the whole

lInterdependent: each element o the system is both dependenton and depended on by several other elements; the greater theinterconnection, the stronger the system.


14/8313

Why a demand-led approach to energyplanning is important:

Understanding the needs o the usersGood energy planning needs to be inormed by theright kind o inormation. It is airly easy to gathersupply inormation (how much oil, electricity, gasetc. the city uses), but it is more dicult to gatherinormation on who uses what energy sources,how they use these and why. This kind o energyinormation is very important or sustainable energyplanning, because your ocus needs to be on meetingenergy users needs in the best way possible. There arevery signicant economic, social and environmental

benets which can be gained by planning accordingto people and industry needs: these thereore mustdetermine a city or towns energy plan.

The needs o energy supply industries and the energysources which they supply oten dominate energyplanning. The supply industries are also oten verypowerul so they can push their needs over the needs ousers. Sustainable energy and climate action planning

requires a very dierent approach: rst o all it must putthe energy service needs (such as the need or a warmor a cool house, hot water, cooked ood, transportationo goods, welding, public lighting etc) o the users and

the city rst. This is because energy service needs donot necessarily need to be met with a supply o energy.

Take or instance the need or a warm house in winteror a cool house in summer this can be met byinstalling a ceiling and insulation or by overall energyecient design or new build; the need or hot watercan be met by installing solar water heaters. A supply-led regime would just assume that the householdcould use electricity or heating or make some otherplan rom the energy sources available. A demand-ledapproach would also plan at a much more local scaleand try to create closed/no waste systems: or examplethe energy input required by an industry or productionmay be able to be supplied by the waste energy andwaste products produced by that same industry or byan adjacent industry.

A good demand-side database is important in orderto develop energy action strategies and evaluateimplementation.

Deciencies o a supply-led approach Benets o a demand-led approachlA disproportionate ocus on the needs o

the supply industry leading to inadequateconsideration o the needs o the consumers.

lConsumer needs lead the way so supply isplanned to t needs.

lA ocus on income rom the sale o energysources and so a resistance to energy eciencyor uel-switching measures.

lEnergy eciency and appropriate means tomeeting energy service needs (cooking, warmhouse etc) become all important.

lPotential or misjudging the uture demand onenergy supply.

lEnergy demand changes are tracked and can beanticipated timeously.

lA poor understanding o suppressed demand or example households may be able to aord

solar water heaters i proper nancing wereavailable: a supply-side ocus would miss suchopportunities.

lAs the ocus is on a range o ways o meetingenergy service needs, a wider range o users can

satisy their energy service needs.

lLittle attention given to the management odemand (including behaviour change).

lAttention is ocused on managing demand and demand-side management is consideredprior to supply side solutions

lThe majority o users have no voice in thesystem.

lThere is constant interaction with users andusers are empowered to make energy decisionsand choices.

lThe emphasis on supply makes the systemvulnerable to energy scarcity and to escalatingenergy costs. In addition, users have littlecontrol over their energy expenditure.

lThe emphasis on diversity o means o meetingenergy service needs and on eciency meansthat the system is more exible and robust.Energy users have much greater control overtheir energy expenditure.


15/8314

The planning process

This planning guide uses a 10-step process as aramework or local action. This is o course not a

linear process take a look at the diagram to the rightor a more dynamic view o the process. Rememberthat Step 6 and Step 10 (which have to do with publicparticipation, building support and publicity) areongoing throughout the process. The rest o thisChapter takes you through each o these steps inmore detail.

1. Designate a lead oce and nd a champion.

2. Establish partnerships

3. Find the hooks in the vision, goals, policies oyour city

4. Conduct an energy and greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions audit o your city / local authority

5. Analyse your inormation and develop a dratplan

6. Build public and internal support

7. Finalise the plan

8. Implement and nance the plan

9. Monitor and evaluate the plan

10. Publicise and communicate the benets

A journey o a thousand miles begins with asingle step

Your local authority may be very new to this eld o sustainable energyand climate action planning and it may seem to have little capacity to takemeaningul action. Dont be disheartened start with small steps. Thereis a saying that those who do things will make mistakes, but they nevermake the biggest mistake o all doing nothing.

Establish partnershipsNGOs, business, utilities look to energyefficiency and climate change programmes

2

Designate a lead officeand find a champion.Get every city department involved, butthere must be a lead can be in the formof a City Energy Partnership.

1

Review and evaluate the planMonitoring>evaluation>response: make sure youbuild this into your planning from the beginning

9

Publicise the benefitsUse projects, use the media, energisethe citys citizens

10

City energy plan processSteps to a Sustainable Energy Plan for your city

Pu

bli

cisethe

benefi

ts

Bu

ild

capa

city

Chapter 2 Developing a Sustainable Energy Planor your city or town


16/8315

Conduct an energy audit of your cityEnergy demand Energy supplyResidential All energy sourcesIndustry and commerce Solid wasteLocal Authority SewerageTransport ProjectionsUse patterns, cost, sources, emissions

4

Analyse your informationand develop a draft planRank issues according to city priorities, rank optionsaccording to greatest benefit; use scenario planningor a straw dog to develop draft plan

5

Find the links in the vision,goals, policies of your cityReview vision, goals, policies and projects of yourcity and country; understand global imperatives

3

Finalise the planConfirm vision, goals, targets, measures, projects prioritise projects

7

Build public andinternal support

Use every opportunity to build capacityand build support; identify key stakeholders,work with officials and with the public.

6Implement projectsAvoid short-term thinking; look for greatest impact;locate financial resources: from energy savings, CDM,

energy taxes, grants, loans, performance contracts

8

Build

s

upp

or

ty

ou

r

participatio

n

pr

ocess


17/8316

Environmental Planning and Management(EPM) Approach

The environmental planning and management (EPM) approach o the

Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) addresses the urban challenge bypromoting the sustainability o cities. The EPM approach is based on andsupports the eorts that cities make in developing their environmentsby improving their environmental inormation and expertise; theirstrategies and decision-making; and their implementation o strategies.Each city-level project is adapted to the particular needs, priorities, andcircumstances o that city; nonetheless, all projects ollow the samegeneral approach and all are implemented through the same series oactivities. The SCP Source Book Series provides detailed operationalguidance. The volumes include the ollowing: Volume 1: Preparing the SCPEnvironmental Prole Volume 2: Organising, Conducting and Reporting aSCP City Consultation Volume 3: Establishing and Supporting the WorkingGroup Process Volume 4: Formulating Issue-Specic Strategies and

Action Plans Volume 5: Institutionalising the EPM Process Volume Theemphasis in this Series is on relevance and realism. These volumes arethe product o eld-level experience gained over the past years in SCP cityprojects around the world. Precisely because it is drawn rom the lessonso experience in so many dierent cities, the inormation contained inthese volumes is not city-specic but can readily be adapted and appliedto the tasks o urban environmental planning and management (EPM)in virtually any city context. The source book can be downloaded at:www.unhabitat.org/scp .

Another methodology or environmental assessments is to developa Global Environment Outlook (GEO) or your city. This GEO Citiesinitiative was launched by the United Nations Development Programme

(UNEP) in 2000. It extends the Global Environment Outlook assessmentand reporting process to the urban level. The objective o GEO Cities isto build capacity on the preparation o integrated assessments on thestate o the urban environment including linkages between environmentalconditions and human activities. Based on this assessment the mostcritical environmental problems are identied to make it possible toormulate and implement urban strategies and plans to help citiesimprove urban environmental management.

UNEP and UN-HABITAT have been supporting GEO Cities in several citieso Latin America and the Caribbean and in three cities in Arica. Ater thesuccess o GEO Cities, GEO seeks to implement a similar process at thelocal level in other regions: cities o countries in transition in EasternEurope, the Caucasus and Central Asia region have a particular need or

environmental monitoring and improvement.The GEO Cities planning document can be downloaded rom:www.pnuma.org/deat1/metodologias.htm.

Step 1 Designating a lead oce,nding champions

Climate change and energy aects every citydepartment and it is thereore vital to build supportamongst sta across all the citys responsibilities. Theinvolvement o every city department will optimise thepotential or successul planning and implementation atlocal level. Leadership and direction need to come romone primary oce (or department). Be strategic aboutselecting your lead oce: look at where you are likely toget most support, which oce has the ear o council,and which oce has the strength and motivation todo the work it could be the oce o the Mayor, astrategic planning section, the planning department,the environmental department or even the electricitydepartment (although these are usually too narrow intheir ocus to lead the way at this stage).

Champions people with charisma, commitmentand power will play a vital role in capturing peoplesimagination and obtaining buy-in. It is important tond both political and sta champions. The politicalchampions need to build political will and lead thecouncillors, the sta champions are vital or bringingthe departments on board and or building thesustainability o the programme beyond the electoralterms o councillors. These people will have to leadand convince their community, their electorate andtheir peers to change the way they think about things,to change rom a business-as-usual approach, andto embrace a new, innovative way o thinking aboutissues and nding brave new solutions. You may needa champion or each key sector (residential, transport,electricity, commerce etc.) a sector can also be led bya suitable external organisation as well.

A steering committee or task team that brings all the

necessary players together will help build commitmentand keep everyone on the same page. This team orcommittee should be made up o sta (in decision-making positions), political champions and relevantlocal government stakeholders who will be able tosupport and drive the process. This committee shouldensure that a common vision and clear goals areagreed on, while allowing a exible platorm or diversegroupings to unite and combine orces.


18/8317

Step 2 Establishing partnerships

Partnerships bring expertise, resources, support andinormation to your process. As energy and climate

change impacts cut across all sectors, we need apartnership approach i we are serious in addressingthese challenges head-on. Ask yoursel what NGOs,community groups, businesses, utilities, associations,unders and government bodies can support yourplanning and implementation eorts? Which groupscan help build your in-house capacity and provideadditional expertise? National and internationalenergy and climate change programmes can providevaluable support, and so can other cities whichalready have sustainable energy and climate action

plans in place (see page 19 or support programmesinternationally).

Questions to ask as you get started:l What city department should lead your planning activities?

l Who should champion the process?

l Should a city council resolution be passed to kick o planningactivities?

l What city departments might be the most active participants in theprocess?

l Who will you approach to be your planning and implementation

partners?l What can you do rom the beginning that will help your plan turn into

action?

Casestudy1

Capetown by cyberdees/fickr.com

A pioneering municipal ocial:

Osman AsmalSouth Arica, Cape Town

In 1995, Osman Asmal joined the EnvironmentalPlanning Management Team o the City o CapeTown, the department he now directs. Here he wasresponsible or coordinating the Local Agenda 21initiative a cities programme arising out o theRio Summit and ocusing on local level sustainabledevelopment. In 1998, under his leadership, the Cityo Cape Town (then Tygerburg Municipality) joinedSustainable Energy or Environment & Development

(SEED), a programme being run by an NGO,Sustainable Energy Arica. The aim o the SEEDprogramme was to build capacity to do sustainableenergy work in the municipalities and in relatedNGOs. Through his enthusiasm and leadership,Osman enabled the City o Cape Town to becomethe rst city in South Arica to develop an Energyand Climate Change Strategy in 2003, based on athorough energy audit. Under his leadership theEnvironment Department was restructured to includeenergy and climate change posts -another rst in

South Arica.In 2004 Osman transerred to another municipality(Ekurhuleni near Johannesburg) where he again ledthe local government to develop itsEnergy and Climate Change Strategy.Source: Sustainable Energy Arica. 2006.State o Energy in South Arican Cities. SEA.

Available onwww.sustainable.org.za


19/8318

Casestudy2 Casestudy3

Solar Powered boat by redjar/fickr.com

An External Partnership:The London Energy PartnershipLondon, England

The London Energy Partnership (LEP) was established

as an independent body to provide coordination andsynergy between the many groups, organisationsand networks working on energy issues in London.It provides a vehicle or the delivery o the Citysenergy policy. Until the ormation o the Partnership,London lacked an adequate mechanism to enablebroad collaboration that is required to tackle thesecrosscutting issues.

Through a consensual process with energystakeholders, the LEP guided the development o theCitys 2004 Energy Strategy. In 2007, the City developeda Climate Change Action Plan to urther strengthenaction in this area. The Plan aims to achieve a 60% cutin CO2 emissions by 2025. The LEP is responsible orimplementing and reviewing the Citys Energy Strategyand Action Plan.

LEP activities are directed by the LEP SteeringGroup. Task Groups are responsible or driving theimplementation o the Energy Action Plan. The LondonEnergy Forum is a broader grouping o stakeholderswhich unctions as a networking and discussion orumand eeds into the LEP.

The main aims o the partnership are to:

l Assist in the delivery o Londons CO2 reduction, uelpoverty and security o supply targets or 2010, 2016and 2050.

l Provide a single voice or sustainable energy inLondon and achieve a shit in thinking aboutsustainable energy by key stakeholders.

l Enable a number o high-prole, London-wideinitiatives that deliver social, environmental andeconomic benets.

l Create commercial opportunities in sustainableenergy and help to build Londons green economy.

Website: www.lep.org.uk/about-us.htm andwww.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/energy/

An Internal partnership: Sustainable Energy or TshwaneTshwane, South Arica

Sustainable Energy or Tshwane (SET) is an

interdepartmental committee co-ordinating energyand climate change initiatives within the Tshwanemunicipality. It is led by the Social DevelopmentDepartments Environmental Health Unit. Otherparticipating units included Energy and Electricity(newly named to include all energy sources), Transport,Environmental Resource Management, Housing, LocalEconomic Development, Integrated DevelopmentPlanning, Spatial Planning, Waste Management, andWater and Sanitation.

This committee was made possible through top-level

direction rom both councillors and senior managers.Through support rom Sustainable Energy Arica (SEA),a local NGO, the municipality became part o theSustainable Energy or Environment & Development(SEED) programme which ocuses on building capacityin municipalities around energy issues.

Initially the committee experienced some challenges.The Social Development Department was rustratedby the lack o commitment within the committee,some departments did not incorporate SET into theirown lines o decision making and the relevance o the

energy issues was not always immediately apparent todepartments such as the Housing department.

These barriers were overcome through goodcommunication and championship. Once the concernover the lack o co-operation was raised, leadersrom the dierent departments claried relationshipsbetween the departments and the committee. Strategicworkshops have kept the concept o integratedsustainable energy planning and practice in theoreground and built cooperation between the sta onthe ground, top-level management and political leaders.

In 2005 the SET committee initiated a project tosupply 500 households with gas cookers and 30kg gascylinders. This means that poor people who are notconnected to grid electricity are also able to access theirree basic energy quota o the equivalent o 50 kWh permonth.Source: Sustainable Energy Arica. 2006. State o Energy in SouthArican Cities.

Available at: www.sustainable.org.za

For more on the SEED programme visit:www.sustainable.org.za/seed/urban-sustainable-energy-or-environment-development-programme.html


20/8319

International energy related conventions which can support your planUnited Nations Framework

Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) 1992

This is an intergovernmental treaty developed to address the problem o climate change

and which sets out an agreed ramework or dealing with the issue. (ICLEI has ormalobserver status and actively engages with the UNFCCC Secretariat on behal o LocalGovernment)

Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC 1997

The Protocol does not commit developing countries like South Arica to any quantiedemissions targets in the rst commitment period (2008-2012).

Millennium DevelopmentGoals 2000

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) orm a blueprint agreed to by all theworlds countries and leading development institutions. One o these goals is to ensureenvironmental sustainability. (ICLEI ocuses particular on Goal Nr 7, that o ensuringEnvironmental Sustainability)

Johannesburg Plan oImplementation World

Summit on SustainableDevelopment 2002

The Plan highlights areas o key importance in terms o meeting sustainable developmentin terms o economic development, social development and environmental protection. Thekey ocus areas put poverty, sustainable development and Arica high on the global agenda.

2009 Post Kyoto The Copenhagen Plan?

A new global climate-change pact is to replace the Kyoto Protocol in 2012. This shouldbe dened in Copenhagen in 2009 and ICLEI is actively working on a Roadmap toCopenhagen or Local Governments.

Step 3 Finding the hooksIn addition to linking into national and international objec-tives, conventions and laws, the sustainable energy andclimate action plan must be clearly linked to your citys

core goals and action plans. This ensures that the citysenergy and climate action strategy is regarded as core citybusiness and will ensure relevance, buy-in and allocationo resources. Most o the citys goals and issues will havean energy component as energy is key to the delivery o allbasic services. Find the hooks or links and make themclear. You need to work across all your citys long-termand short-term plans and strategies: rom economic de-velopment to environmental management, rom land useplanning to waste management, rom housing to povertyalleviation and health programmes.

For example:

City goal HookPoverty alleviationand adequatehousing goals

Energy eciency housing cancontribute towards these goals byimproving the quality o the housingand reducing costs to the residents.

Economicdevelopment

Improving energy security (ensuringthat there is an adequate andconsistent supply o energy to meetyour citys needs) by supporting localindependent power producers andenergy business development (such

as the solar water heater industry) willcontribute to this objective.

Access to work &urban acilities

Improving access by better public trans-port systems will contribute to this.

Financialsustainability

Saving energy in municipal activitieswill provide signicant cost savings inthe short and long term.

Clean air All strategies which reduce the burningo uels will contribute to this.

Look out or these types o connections. Everysustainable energy and climate action strategy can helpmeet at least one or two other goals or your city. It is

a good idea to dovetail with other programmes andprojects. Do be strategic though, and choose activitiesand programmes that are strong and well-placed, withenough actual or potential resources, community buy-in and political will behind them.

Identiying issuesYou will be able to start identiying energy issues asyou collect data and engage in public participation.Filter these issues through local and national (andinternational) energy and climate change visions andpolicies so that you can prioritise and develop energygoals that meet local needs. Focus group workshopsare a good way o identiying important issues andlinks between energy and other primary local issues.Such workshops will also increase the visibility o yourplan and build support or the uture. Participantscan identiy and rank the energy links associated withmajor city issues. They can help drat energy policystatements and specic goals or the policies.I at all possible, try to get energy or sustainabledevelopment accepted as a key driver or strategicplanning activities in the city (this may not be possible

early on, but keep bringing it up with the strategicplanning teams and processes).

Steps to identiying the hooksl Become amiliar with your citys long- and short-term strategic

objectives and vision or the uture

l Make a list o your countrys relevant energy policies and regulations

l Understand and stay on top o the global climate change and energyagenda and where links can be made with your country and city


21/8320

Step 4 Conducting an energy andgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions audit

A vital step in developing your sustainable energy and

climate action plan is to collect energy inormationabout your city. This process is known as an energy andgreenhouse gas emissions audit. Use your review oyour citys goals and policies to help decide what inor-mation you should prioritise. Remember that this is thebeginning o a process, so while your inormation maybe ar rom perect now, engaging in this process willensure that the quality o the data improves year by year.Collecting energy inormation will help to:

l Identiy the energy-use areas that are mostimportant in your city

lAssess the energy-use areas that are the highestGHG emitters and assess priority areas ormitigation projects

lDescribe the size and shape o the resource-related problems acing the city

l Identiy unsustainable trends resulting romcurrent market orces, social conditions,government procedures, regulations andprogrammes

l Identiy organisational mechanisms and partnersthat can help implement strategies

lProvide base data or evaluating and trackingyour citys progress

lProject energy needs into the uture.

The Energy AuditApart rom basic data on your citys climate, geography,population, economy, housing, businesses, energy andso on, your ocus will be on energy demand and energysupply inormation. You want to have data on energyuse and GHG emissions by sector and by energy source.Energy use by uel type: how much petrol, gas,

electricity etc. is consumed by your city.Carbon emissions by uel type: how much carbon isemitted by each o the dierent uels (you can alsoinclude local air quality emissions such as nitrogen andsulphur oxides).Energy use by sector: how much uel o what type isused by the residential sector, the transport sector,industry, local authority operations and so on.Carbon emissions by sector: how much carbon isemitted by each sector.

Casestudy4

Finding the hooks to develop a Solar-Powered CityRizhao, China

Rizhao, which means City o Sunshine, is a city o3 million people in northern China. It has over ahal-million square meters o solar water heatingpanels. 99% o households in the central districtsuse solar water heaters and more than 30% do so inthe outlying villages while almost all trac signals,

street lights and park illuminations are poweredby photovoltaic solar cells. In addition 6,000households have solar cooking acilities and morethan 60,000 greenhouses are heated by solar panels,reducing overhead costs or armers in nearby areas.

At his appointment in 2001, Mayor Li Zhaoqianrecognised that Rizhao, with a lower per capitaincome than most other neighbouring cities,would have to ocus on increasing the eciencyand lowering the cost o solar water heaters. TheShandong provincial government provided subsidies

or this. Instead o unding the end users as is thecase in most industrial countries, the governmentunded the research and development activities othe solar water heater industry which now cost thesame as electric alternatives while saving the userson energy costs.

Mayor Li Zhaoqian and the Rizhao MunicipalGovernment have adopted several measuresand policies aimed at popularising clean energytechnology, including the Regulations onImplementing Solar Energy and Construction

Integration that standardise the use o solarenergyparticularly solar water heatersin newbuildings.

The achievement o Solar-Powered Rizhao wasthe result o an unusual convergence o three keyactors: a government policy that encourages solarenergy use and nancially supports research anddevelopment, local solar panel industries that seizedthe opportunity and improved their products, andthe strong political will o the citys leadership.

Website: www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/

story?id=48605 ,www.nycclimatesummit.com/casestudies/energy/energy_rizhao.htm and

www.worldchanging.com/archives/007060.html

Solar powered by saucy_pan

/fickr.com


22/8321

Energy demand inormation:

Residential Industry andcommerce

Transport

Energy-use proleor dierentgroups & areas;Electricityconnections;Energy use &expenditure;End usepatterns1;Prices.

Employment andenergy use bysector;Relative energyintensity (energyused per unit oproduction).

Modal split;Trip length andtime;Cost andsubsidies;Energy use andemissions bymode.

Local authority Energy demandprojections CO2 Equivalent*emissionsEnergy use, costand emissions byenergy source andsector: buildings,streetlights,water supply,vehicle eet, solidwaste, seweragetreatment.

Current growthrates in energyconsumptionrom all sectorsEstimates o useat a uture targetdate.

Calculate theCO2 equivalentor each sector,sub-sector andoverall.

*This is a way o standardising the measurement o allGHGs. The CACP sotware (see box below) can be usedto convert emissions to CO2e, track emissions andreductions o GHGs.

Clean Air and Climate ProtectionICLEI and National Association o Clean Air Agencies, NACAA, (ormerlySTAPPA and ALAPCO) have joined orces to build a sotware productto help state and local governments develop harmonised strategies tocombat global warming and local air pollution. The Clean Air and ClimateProtection (CACP) sotware tracks emissions and reductions o GHGs(carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and air pollutants (nitrousoxide, sulur oxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds andparticulate matter) associated with electricity and uel use and wastedisposal. This tool can help cities to:

l Create emissions inventories or the community as a whole or or thegovernments internal operations.

l Quantiy the eect o existing and proposed emissions reductionmeasures.

l Predict uture emissions levels.

l Set reduction targets and track progress towards meeting those goals.

The sotware contains thousands o emission actors that are used tocalculate emissions based on simple uel and energy use data, or by usinginormation on waste disposal.

CCP participants and members o NACAA can use the CACP tool by

visiting www.cacpsotware.org

1End use patterns reer to the energy used or specic services (or end uses) such as lighting, space heating, cooking. Separating thisincome group can also be very useul as it will help you identiy what energy eciency projects you need where such as time-o-use taristo encourage big energy users to save, ceilings in low-income houses and solar water heater by-laws in higher income areas.

Energy supply inormation:

All supply tothe city

Energy sources Energy source ownershipand distribution

Coal, liquiduels, naturalgas, electricity,renewables.

Electricitygenerationsources: coal,nuclear, hydro,renewables.

Who owns / isresponsible or whatenergy source;

Who is responsible ordistribution?

Solid waste Sewage

Tonneso wastegenerated anddumped;

State o citylandll sites.

Millions olitres per day.

Summaries o the inormation will give you an overviewo energy demand and supply. Each o these urbancentres will require very dierent strategies to addresstheir needs.

Energy projects

Identiy current energy projects across all sectors, whois responsible or them and the stage that they are at.

Finding the inormation

These questions will help you nd the inormation youneed.

lDo the social welare, housing, health or airquality departments collect inormation onenergy use?

lWho else is interested in this inormation?lWho pays or or taxes the resource?lWho manages or plans the resource?

Some tips:

When making estimates, be explicit about your sourcesand the assumptions you are making. Tend towardstoo much inormation rather than too little. Considerconstantly the accuracy o your data: nd out how thedata was generated, examine the methodology. Tryto gather data rom a range o sources to improve itsaccuracy.Dont be araid to ask questions about the data you aregetting how the inormation is collected? who collectedit and or what reason? is the data projected rom asmall data-set? how accurate to they think the data is?


23/8322

Step 5 Analysing your data anddeveloping a drat plan

You have been gathering a lot o inormation anddeveloping relationships with many people. Now itstime to start putting the two together.

Firstly, identiy the critical energy issues under eachsector.

Secondly, rank these issues according to your citysparticular priorities.

Thirdly, on the basis o this list, develop your drat plano what must be done to promote a sustainable energyuture or your city: list the possible measures (projectsand programmes) which can address these issues andidentiy those that will yield the greatest benet. Theseare the measures which you will ultimately include inthe plan. Remember to list current projects as some othese can provide a springboard or implementation.Make your motto, Be ambitious and realistic!

Casestudy5CCP: Using Milestone 1 to conduct a baselineemission inventory or your cityICLEI, USA

Understanding how and where energy inputs areused within a city in relation to the level o servicesprovided is important inormation or good citymanagement. The Cities or Climate ProtectionProgram (CCP) o ICLEI Local Government orSustainability, can assist local governments inconducting their baseline emission inventories andtheir emission orecasts, helping the city understandhow and rom whom to collect the necessary data.The rst o the ve milestones that local governmentscommit to undertake when joining the CCP Programinvolve conducting a baseline emissions inventoryand orecast. Based on energy consumption andwaste generation, the city calculates greenhousegas emissions or a base year (e.g. 2000) and or a

orecast year (e.g. 2015). The inventory and orecastprovide a benchmark against which the city canmeasure progress.Website: www.iclei.org/index.php?id=1247

Cities or Climate Protection (CCP)5 milestones

ICLEIs Cities or Climate Protection (CCP) campaign sets out a 5

milestone process or reducing greenhouse gas emissions rom their localgovernment operations and throughout their communities.

Milestone 1. Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and orecast.Milestone 2. Adopt an emissions reduction target or the orecast year.Milestone 3. Develop a Local Action Plan.Milestone 4. Implement policies and measures.Milestone 5. Monitor and veriy results.

The ve milestones ocus particularly on emissions reduction targets.It provides simple, standardised means o calculating GHG emissions,o establishing targets to lower emissions, o reducing GHG emissionsand o monitoring, measuring and reporting perormance. ICLEI hasdeveloped several sotware tools that help cities / local authorities comply

with the methodology. www.iclei.org/index.php?id=810

Gather acts and anecdotes that make the inormationreal to city leaders and the community: how much does ahousehold spend on home energy use? how much ontransport? what proportion is this o their household

income? what perceptions do people have o dierentenergy sources? how does this aect their energy use?how much local air pollution is caused by energy use?Look or opportunities to piggy back your energy questionson surveys that are being carried out by otherdepartments or external organisations.

Problems you may encounterlNo data or inaccessible data

l Energy supply inormation is good, but demand inormation is poor

lNo centralised collection o energy data and no standardisation o

collection systemslData is collected by region, not by city

l Some very basic data is missing or data is lumped together

lGood data on one sector or one year, but or no other sectors or thatsame year

lDierent departments dont communicate with each other.

No time or a lengthy energy audit?At a minimum you need to know the kinds and quantities o energy usedin you city, a breakdown o the big energy users and some idea o whois using what a quick survey o households can give you a picture owhat energy sources poor households are using and how much energy is

costing them.


24/8323

Overall Energy Issue Ranking example

Energy issue Ranking

Access to energy sources by poor

Aordability o energyPublic transport improvement and access

Air quality indoor and local

High

Renewable energy

Energy eciency

Economic competitiveness(relating to energy cost)

Job creation

Medium

Nuclear power

Accommodating private car useLow

This process gives you a ramework or ranking o themore specic or detailed energy issues.

Specic energy issue ranking examples

Demand overview Ranking

Energy related data necessary or planningis lacking particularly demand data

Medium

As energy is a cross-cutting issue, there iscurrently no department responsible or orsystem or the collection o energy data

Medium

and so onHouseholds

The costs o meeting a households energyneeds is a signicant burden on poorhouseholds and a major contributor topoverty

High

Access to convenient, appropriate, aorda-ble, clean and sae energy sources is limitedor many poorer households even electri-ed households use a mix o energy sources

to meet their needs and t their pockets. Abest-mix approach should inorm energysupply and management or all households

High

Many low income houses are o extremelypoor quality and, as these households areoten dependent on dirty and unsae energysources to heat their homes, indoor airquality is oten very poor. The installing oceilings would go a long way to addressingenergy costs, air quality and health (thismeasure would also reduce mould which

has been ound to exacerbate such illnessesas TB)

High

and so on

Analysis

The scoring matrix

You will nd it helpul to develop a matrix to compare

measures using the ollowing actors below. (place themeasures along the x axis and give each measure ascore or each actor on a scale o say 1 to 5):

Factors:lCompatibility with city goalslSupport o citys growth pathslSocial benetslEnergy eciencylCarbon emissions reductionlLocal air quality improvement

lLocal economic developmentl Job creationlContribution to sustainabilitylContribution to energy security

(reduction in energy demand, increase inenergy supply diversity)

lCosts o programme implementationlFunding availabilitylAvailability o datalPotential or programme replication

Example o scoring matrix outline 1

SolarWaterHeaters

EnergyEcientLighting

Ceilings Etc

Compatabilitywith city goals 5 5 3

Support o citysgrowth plans

4 4 5

Etc.Totals

You can use several other analytical and quantitativetools to assist with analysis, such as cost-benetanalysis, economic and environmental impactassessments, scenario planning and integratedresource planning. LEAP or the Long-range EnergyAlternatives Planning System is extremely helpulin modelling alternatives and impacts. ICLEIsHarmonized Emissions Analysis Tool (HEAT) supportslocal GHG and air pollution emission reductionplanning. See the box on LEAP and HEAT on page 25..

To test whether your measures contribute tosustainability, review them against the key elements o asustainable system as indicated in the box on page 24.


25/8324

Remember the key elements o a sustainablesystem

Consistent: the short term actions are compatible with long-term goals

and the viability o the systemRenewable: the system depends on renewable resources and operatesusing environmentally benign technologies

Diverse: the more diverse and appropriate your system, the more able it isto adapt to change

Inclusive: all elements o the system are valued and used or the good oboth the individual parts and the whole

Interdependent: each element o the system is both dependent on anddepended on by several other elements; the greater the interconnection,the stronger the system.

Your drat plan

Your drat plan will grow rom this analysis. This planshould contain the ollowing inormation:

l Energy vision statements grown romthe citys vision

l Energy goals linked to eachvision statement

l Targets linked to each goal

l Measures what can be done toachieve these goals

l Projects existing and potential

ExampleEnergy vision: A city with an ecient and equitabletransport system, based on public transport andcompact planning to enable all residents to access thebenets o urban lie

Goal Focusarea

Target Measures Projects existing and potential

An energyecientpublic

transportsystem whichdiscouragesprivate caruse

Transport Total transportmodal split increaseo 10% or the

rail, bus and taxitransport share by2012.

Numbers o privatevehicles commutinginto city centredecreased by 10%by 2012

(Baseline year 2005)

Short term (2 years)

Establishment o Metro TransportAuthority to ensure coordination o

public transport projectsPriority given to rail transport toimprove standard o service.

Improve acilities at publictransport interchanges.

Rapid bus transport corridorson incoming high ways to beidentied and implementedLong term

Dedicated bus and taxi lanes on allmajor commuter routes.

Development o nodes and activityspines

Rapid bus transit project

Park and ride

Non-motorised transport

linkagesParking charges programmein central city

etc.

Spatial developmentplanning to support publictransport systems

etc.

Debating the sustainable energy and climateaction plan

In order to put the implications o your sustainable

energy and climate action plan up or debate, it canbe very eective to use scenarios which compare yourcity in the uture under business-as-usual, middle- andhigh-road scenarios (see the box on the acing pageabout the LEAP system a useul sotware tool in thedevelopment o energy scenarios).

A 2020 high-road scenario may be based on targetssuch as:

l20% private car use reduction

lNo days exceeding World Health Organisationair quality standards

l20% reduction in carbon emissionsl 15% city power rom renewable energy sources

lAll low cost housing to have ceilings andecient lighting

lAll households to have access to basicelectricity with poverty taris in place

lMandatory green building standards or all newbuildings

lMandatory solar water heaters in new buildover a certain value; all replacement geysers

in houses over same value to be solar waterheaters.


26/8325

LEAP

LEAP or the Long-range Energy Alternatives PlanningSystem is a widely-used sotware tool or energy policy

analysis and climate change mitigation assessmentdeveloped at the Stockholm Environment Institute.LEAP allows one to develop a business as usual energymodel o a study area such as a city by entering currentenergy data, economic and population growth rates,household sizes etc. Various alternative scenarios canthen be modelled, usually over a 20 to 30 year timerame, and their impact measured rom an energy,environmental and economic perspective.The outputs o this sotware also allows one to measurethe impacts o the mass rollout o a particular interven-

tion, such as installing solar water heaters, against abusiness as usual alternative. LEAP is distributed atno charge to not-or-prot, academic and governmentalorganisations based in developing countries.A ull description o LEAP, its applications and a UserGuide can be ound at www.energycommunity.org

HEAT

ICLEI developed the Harmonized Emissions AnalysisTool (HEAT) online sotware to support local GHGand air pollution emission reduction planning. This

sotware provides capacity to local governments to seekto reduce GHG emissions based on sound governance,economic development, improved waste management,energy eciency, better urban mobility, and better airquality. Beyond being a planning tool, this site oersconsultants, NGOs, government agencies, academics,and others ree tools to translate energy, transportationand waste activities into pollution emissions.In general the sotware will:

lBuild an emissions inventory based on localenergy use, transportation demand, and waste

practiceslHelp a user/city build a simple emissions

orecastlSet a target/goal or reducing emissions

(e.g., reduce GHG emissions by 10%)lQuantiy emission reduction activities and their

co-benetslDevelop, report, and track progress made in

meeting that target.The tool is available on-line, and data can be uploadedto contribute to the growing pool o data, which in turn

can be compared, analysed and used or cumulativereporting by ICLEI.Website: www.iclei.org/heat and www.iclei.org/documents/Global/Progams/CCP/HEAT_Brochure_nal.pd

Gate by Plant Design Online/fickr.com

Urban Air Quality

UNEP and UN-HABITAT have developed an onlinesotware toolkit, with an accompanying handbook,which is simple to use and easily accessible to all citymanagers, even those rom developing nations. Thetoolkit will be o genuine help when implementingthe Air Quality Management process. The tools aredrawn rom good practice around the world andsupport strategy development, action planning andimplementation o Air Quality Management. The toolkit

includes city case studies, mathematical models, mapsand spreadsheets.

Advisors to policy-makers and non-technicalgovernment sta will be able to use this toolkit. Theauthors have ensured that expert knowledge is notnecessary or implementation o Urban Air QualityManagement. The process includes a three stepapproach: improving knowledge and expertise aboutUrban Air Quality Management, improving strategyormulation and action planning and improvingimplementation and institutionalisation.

The Toolkit and accompanying Handbook can bedownloaded rom the UNEP website at: www.unep.org/urban_environment/Publications/index.asp


27/8326

Step 6 Building public and internalsupport: your participation process

This step is o course part o a vital and ongoing

process, which should start right at the outset andshould be continued with throughout the developmentand implementation o the action plan2 Developingand implementing a sustainable energy and climateaction plan is, to many cities and local authorities,pioneering work. You will need to engage with andeducate the public, city sta and political leaders on theplans purpose and value. You will need help gettingtasks done. You will need nancial resources and youwill need allies. You will also need to change mindsetsand get your residents and political leaders to accept

that a new way o thinking about energy is not a nice-to-have, but an essential step towards medium andlong-term resilience and ultimately, survival.

Changing the way people live and perceive reality isa dicult and long-term process, and very oten themost neglected and under-valued part o processeslike this one. Oten, it is also the most under-budgetedcomponent o a programme and this is the main reasonwhy so many well-intended initiatives ail. Buildingsupport is one o the most critical aspects o yourplanning eort and active engagement, community

empowerment, buy-in, ownership and participationare all key to an eective plan. Achieving this is otenchallenging as people, businesses and municipaldepartments may view energy and climate changepolicy as secondary to their core and everyday activities.It is very important thereore that your energy objectivesshare the concerns o the broader city and community.

Examples o co-operative projects

Function Their goals Your goals Joint project

Trac management Reduce congestion Save energy Rapid transit lanesFleet management Reduce expenditure Save energy Procurement o hybrid vehiclesHousing / Services Provide aordable services,

improve healthSave energy Install ceilings in low cost housing

Finance Reduce operating costs Save energy Energy ecient retrotting o city-ownedbuildings

Air quality Reduce pollutingemissions

Save energy Cleaner public transport and cleanervehicle uels

Street lighting Reduce cost o lighting Save energy Install energy ecient street lightsTrac lights Reduce operational costs Save energy Install light emitting diodes

Identiying stakeholders

There are internal and external people you will needto interact with in order to develop a good energy

and climate action plan. Make a list o stakeholdersrom whom you need to get inormation and buy-in.Remember that organisations dont make decisions people do, so ocus on developing personal relationships.This is not a short-term process, so look ater thoserelationships or the uture too.

Work with those local government departments andagencies that should care about sustainability. Eachdepartment may require a dierent strategy, which willalso be shaped by the politics and structure o yourlocal government. You need to asses the barriers you

have with certain departments. These barriers generallyall into our categories:

Inormation

There may be a lack o knowledg

sustainable urban energy planning.pdf

Documents