sustainable urban transport index for khulna city, bangladesh...modal share of the active and public...

Sustainable Urban Transport Index

for Khulna City, Bangladesh

_____________________________________________________________________________

Ahsanul Kabir, PhD

Professor, Urban and Rural Planning Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh

City Profile:

Population : 1.5 MillionArea : 45 Sq KmCity Status : 1884 Road Network : 360 KmElevation : 2 to 10 meterHolding : 70,000

Disaster proneClimate affected

1960

1970

1985

2000

2005

Transport Links and Urbanization

Major Road Transport Modes Easy/Battery

BikeMahindra

Rickshaw

Traffic mismanagement: modal mix, parking at intersection, occupied footpath/roadway

Vehicle number to road capacity ratio is high

No effective public transport authority and services.

Major Transportation Issues

Existing Transport Route

in Khulna City

Sustainable Urban Transport Index

For Khulna City

SUTI-survey approach

Household Interview

Passenger Interview In-vehicle Waiting

Interviewing Public Transport Owners / Operators / Drivers

Model choice Distance Cost

Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes1

Indicator

1

2

3

4WalkingNetwork

Inter Modal Transfer Facilities

CyclingNetwork

Public Transport

Aspects

Score0 1 2 3 4

No Coverage

(it is basically ignored)

Limited Coverage

(only minor initiatives)

Middle Coverage

(some typical

initiatives)

Extensive Coverage

(several strong

initiatives)

Leading Coverage

(ambitious,

comprehensive,

pioneering initiatives)

1. Walking

Network

No goals

No designation No

budget

Vague goal Little

designation seen in

plans Small or unclear

budget

Qualitative goals Some

designation in 1-2

major areas/corridors

Some budget

Quantitative goals

Much designation

across city; Increasing

but realistic budget

Ambitious goals Full

designation across city

Major secured new

funding

2. Cycling

Network

No goals

No designation No

budget

Vague goal Little

designation seen in


budget


designation in 1-2


Some budget

Quantitative goals

Much designation





Major secured new

funding

3. Intermodal

Transfer Facilities

No goals

No designation No

budget

Vague goal Little

designation seen in


budget


designation in 1-2


Some budget

Quantitative goals

Much designation





Major secured new

funding

4. Public

Transport

No goals

No designation No

budget

Vague goal Little

designation seen in


budget


designation in 1-2


Some budget

Quantitative goals

Much designation





Major secured new

funding

Indicative Scoring Criteria for Khulna City, Bangladesh

Aspects Short Explanation Score

1. Walking Networks

• There is no clear goal about pedestrian facilities in the Khulna city master plan,

2002.

• No clear budget allocation for pedestrian facilities and limited attention for

coverage of walking network.

1

2. Cycling Networks

• Khulna city master plan has no goal and vison for bicycling coverage for the city

dwellers

• Though the planned is called visionary for the city, the plan has totally ignored

bicycling facilities

0

3. Intermodal Transfer

Facilities

• The plan includes different policies to enhance the convenience mobility of the

dwellers but there is no specific goal for the intermodal transfer facilities

• No clear budgetary allocation

• Limited attention has paid at this aspect

2

4. Expansion of Public

Transport Modes

• Some typical attention is given to expand the public transport modes in the city

but no clear information about the types of modes

• No clear budget allocation

• Middle attention is given to the aspect

2

Total Score 5

Aspects Total Score Year RemarksSum score value to

enter in data sheet

for Indicator 1

5 2002KDA, Master Plan,

2002

Modal Share of the Active and Public Transport Commuting2

Indicator

Walking21%

Bi-cycle5%

Motor cycle10%

Rickshaw18%

Easy bike37%

Mahindra3%

Car3%

Bus2%

Other1%

MODAL SHAREModes Share

Walking 21%

Bi-cycle 5%

Motor cycle 11%

Rickshaw 18%

Easy bike 37%

Mahindra 3%

Car 3%

Bus 2%

Other 1%

Indicator Value Year Remarks

Modal

Share86.1% 2019

Data is based on Travel

Behavior Survey, 2019

Convenient Access to Public Transport Service3

Indicator

Percentage of People live within 500 meter buffer jones from major

stoppages

41.64

The calculation has been based

on the Khulna city detail area plan GIS Database,

2014

Public Transport Quality and Reliability4

Indicator

3.8

4

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5

5.2Frequency

Punctuality

Comfort_Cleanliness

Vehicle_Safety

Convenience_Stations

Availability_Information

Courtesy

Fare_Level


Indicator

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Frequency of the service

Punctuality (delay)*

Comfort and cleanliness of vehicles

Safety of vehicles

Convenience of stops/stations

Availability of information

Personnel courtesy

Fare level

User Satisfaction Status

Dissatisfied Satisfied


Indicator

Unit Value Year Remarks

User satisfaction level

69.55 2019The data is obtained from user

satisfaction survey for Khulna city, 2019

Traffic Fatalities per 100,000 Inhabitants5

Indicator

28

1714

29

15 1417

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018N

um

be

r o

f F

ata

liti

es

YEAR

Traffic Fatalities in Khulna City, Bangladesh

Indicator Value Year Remarks

Traffic

Fatalities per

100,000

Inhabitants

0.9 2018

Data Source

Khulna Metropolitan

Police (Deputy

Commissionaire Traffic)

Traffic Fatality rate is quite low in Khulna

city.

Affordability- Travel Cost as Part of Income6

Indicator

Factor

Average Monthly Income 256 USD

Average Travel Cost 25.5 USD

Percentage of Money Spend for Travel 9.93 %

Data Collection Approach

Household Income and Expenditure for transportation data is collected from TRAVE BEHAVIOR SURVEY OF KHULNA CITY, 2019

Operational Cost of the Public Transport System 7

Indicator

Source: Field Survey 2019

Mode

Initial Investment Daily Operating Cost

Purchasing Cost

(BDT)/vehicleRegistration

Number of Vehicles

Operating

Total Initial Investment

(BDT)

Based on Fuel

Consumption/ Electricity

(BDT)

Rent/day/vehicle

Driver’s Salary

Total Daily Rent/

Total Operating Cost (BDT)

Mahindra 470,000 22,000 1,400 492,000 890 650 0 0 1540

Bus 3,500,000 10 3,500,000 5000 0 1000 6000

Easy Bike 150,000 8,700 150,000 140~ ~ 30 170

550 ~ 690 690

Operational Cost of the Public Transport System 7

Indicator

Unit Value Year Comments

Percentage of cost recovered by fare

revenue

This data has been obtained form Source: Daulatpur-

Khulna Three Wheeler Driver’s Union.

Investment in Public Transportation System 8

Indicator

Authority Investment Sector UnitTotal Investment

(BDT)

KCC

1. Road Repairing 158.49 km

168,26,12,0002. Road Widening 6 km

3. Footpath Construction 34.77 km

4. Construction of Bus Terminal 2

KDA1. Construction of Bus Terminal

2. KDA Road Repair

Air Quality (PM10)9

Indicator

IndicatorValue Annual Mean µg/m3 Year Remarks

Air Quality Data 107 2014

The air quality data has been collected for

WHO App Database, 2016 for the city.

Green House Gas Emissions form Public Transport10

Indicator

Mode

Fuel

Type

Use

Number of

Modes

Operating

Daily

Trip

Fuel

Consumptio

n Daily

(liter)

Total Fuel

Consumptio

n/Day (liter)

CO2

Emissio

n Factor

(kg/l)

Daily

Emissio

n (kg)

Emission

(tons/year)

Po

pu

latio

n

Emissio

n Per

Capita

Mahindra Diesel 1400 5 10 70,000

2.676

1,87,320 67,435.2

1500689 .063

Bus Diesel 10 4 60 2,400 64224 23,120.64

CO2 Emission from Easy Bike

Number

of Easy

Bike

Electricity

Consumption

per Easy Bike/

Daily (kwh)

Annual Total

Electricity

Consumption

(kwh)

CO2 Emission Factor

(kg/kwh)

Annual Total

Emission (M.ton)Population

Annual Emission

Per Capita

8,700 12 104,4000.5246

Source: Carbon Trust, 2011; Energy

and Carbon Conversion

54768.24 1500689 0.0364

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

100.00

1. Extent to which transportplans cover public transport,

intermodal facilities andinfrastructure for active…

2. Modal share of active andpublic transport in commuting

3. Convenient access to publictransport service

4. Public transport quality andreliability

5. Traffic fatalities per100.000 inhabitants

6. Affordability – travel costs as part of income

7. Operational costs of thepublic transport system

8. Investment in publictransportation systems

9. Air quality (pm10)

10. Greenhouse gas emissionsfrom transport

S u m m a r y o f R e s u l t

Conclusion

• Congestion is not severe but traffic management effort can make it better

• No institutional arrangement for public transport exist

• Paratransit like Easybike/Battery Bike cause congestion by haphazard parking

• Training is needed for Easy bike and Mahindar drivers

• Defined stoppage is needed along with passenger waiting place

• Need formal investment for Bus. New Route is needed.

sustainable urban transport index for khulna city, bangladesh...modal share of the active and public...

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