SustainingtheKnowledgeCommons:OpenAccessScholarshipsustainingknowledgecommons.org

ASSHRCInsightDevelopmentProjectSocietyforScholarlyPublishingAnnualGeneralMeeAng,

Vancouver,BC,Canada,June3,2016

HeatherMorrisonSchoolofInformaAonStudies,UniversityofOOawahOps://arts.uoOawa.ca/sis/people/morrison-heather

Overview

•  Myideaoftheknowledgecommons•  Smallscholar-ledjournals&OA

•  OAAPCs–modelusedbyminorityofOAjournals

•  SurprisingnewentrantsinOAjournalpublishing

•  Ideasforscholarlysocietypublishers•  References

Knowledgecommons

Asopenaspossible

Everyonequalifiedcancontribute

Public

good

Priority:advancingknowledge

CollecAveknowledgeofhumankind:openaccess

How?

Demandsideeconomics(subscripAons,purchase,pay-per-view)

!

Supplysideeconomics(fundproducAon,ongoingaccessandpreservaAonforopenaccess

$8billionUSDforabout$1.5billionpeer-reviewedarAcles:revenuesources

Academiclibraries73%

Corporatesubscrip?ons

16%

Other11%

Detailsandsources:(Morrison,2013)

$10 $188

$1,350

$2,900

$4,326$5,000

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

JournalofMachineLearning

OJS PLOSONE PLOSBiology

Librarycurrentspend

ElsevierCellPress

Per-ar?clecostcomparison

Data:publisherwebsites,Shieber(JournalofMachineLearning),Edgar&Willinsky(OJS).Morrison(2013).

Currentlibraryspendv.possibleOAtransi?onscenarios

Smallscholar-ledjournals:cantheysurviveand

thriveinanOAfuture?

•  Smallscholar-ledjournalsthateitherare,orwouldliketobe,OA,interviews&focusgroup

•  Q:resourcerequirementstosurvive&thriveinanopenaccessfuture

•  15total–4countries,differentdisciplines–notrepresentaAve

•  HalfOA,halfnon-OA•  (Morrison,2016a)

•  AllbutoneunsurehowtomakeendsmeetforOA

ExisAngsupports

•  Volunteereditors•  Sponsorship(e.g.SSHRCAidtoScholarlyJournals)•  Librarypublishingservices(hosAng)•  PocketsofsupportfromuniversiAes

Smallscholar-ledjournals:highlights

Smallscholar-ledpublishers:somechallenges

•  University&fundingagencybudgetsqueeze•  Couldusemoresupportfromlibraries– TotallossofsubscripAonswhenmovedtoopenaccess(suggesAons:dialogue;publishingcooperaAves)

– LibrarypaysAPCsbutchargelocaljournalsforhosAng

– BetasitehosAng

Smallscholar-ledpublishers:furtherresearch&opportuniAes

Value-addtouniversiAes

•  KnowledgetranslaAon/deepcommunityconnecAons

•  LocalleadershipopportuniAes•  HosAngconferences:irraAonalraAonality

Successstories(healthysocieAeswithOApublishing)(~2017–2018)

OAArAcleProcessingCharges(OAAPCs)

•  MostOAjournals(about2/3)donotchargeOAAPCs

•  AveragecostperarAcle≠APC(e.g.sponsorshipmodel)

•  AveragecostperarAclekeymetricforassessingeconomicefficiency

•  Modelworkswellforsomepublishers&mayworkwellforsomedisciplines

OAAPCs–DOAJsurvey2014

•  1,432of2,567DOAJjournalswithAPCssampled

•  GlobalaverageAPC<$1,000USD(similartoSolomon&Björk)

•  VolaAlesector–mode$0(introductoryoffer)

•  Flatper-arAclechargeisrare

(Morrisonetal,2014)

OAAPCsPricingVariaAonTypes(Mondésir,2015)

•  ByarAcletype(researcharAcle,casereports,editorial)

•  ByarAclelength(per-pageorper-arAcleuptoXpages)

•  Waivers/discountsbasedoncontribuAons(societymembership,reviewing,ediAng)

•  Waivers/discountsbasedonactualorpresumedabilitytopay(developingcountries,unspecified)

•  LanguageediAng/qualityofwriAng•  Currency/locaAonofauthororpayer

OAAPCsin2015:asurprise&apreliminarysamplepublicaAon

•  2015samplebasedonpublishersincludedinDOAJin2014

•  QuickcheckDOAJnearcompleAon

•  Surprise!DeGruyter3rdlargestpublisherinDOAJ–notpresentin2014

•  Publisheddataandpeer-revieweddatadocumentaAon(Morrison,2016b)

OAAPCs2016

•  2016–conAnuinglongitudinalstudy–inprocess

•  Publishercasestudies–becausetheaveragedoesnottellthestory(rapidchange,notallpublisherspursuingsamestrategy)

DeGruyterOpen(Dumais-DesRosiers&Brutus,2016)

•  435openaccessjournals•  3rdlargestpublisherinDOAJ•  98%ofjournalsdonotchargeOAAPCs•  84%producedinpartnershipwithuniversiAes,socieAes,government(focusEasternEurope)

Hindawi(Salhab,2016)

•  AlljournalsuseAPC(rotaAngfreeAPC)•  406OAjournals(publisher’swebsite)•  2015averageAPC:$632USD•  2016averageAPC:$697USD(10%increase)•  2010–2016:somepricesincreases,somedecreases,othersremainthesame)(2010datacourtesySolomon&Björk(2012)

Hindawi&Egypt(Salhab&Morrison,2015)

•  Cairo-basedHindawiacommercialsuccess•  APCforhighendHindawijournal=3months’salaryforseniorresearcheratanEgypAanpublicuniversity

•  Waiversforauthorsfromdevelopingcountries–butnotEgypt

OAAPCs:BioMedCentral2010–2016(Wheatley,S.)

•  165journalscompared•  allbut1journalincreasedinprice•  AverageAPC2010:$1,750•  AverageAPC2016:$2,197•  18%increaseinaverage•  CompoundU.S.interest2010–2016:8.7%•  BMCaverageincrease2010–2016morethandoubletheinflaAonrate

OpenaccessjournalsinFrenchonly:noAPCs(Kakou,2016)

•  73journalsinDOAJwith“French”theonlylanguageofpublicaAonlisted

•  72/73(99%)donotchargeAPCs•  1journal:50€submissionfee,50€publicaAonfee

World’s3largestfullyopenaccessjournalpublishersMay2016

511

435405

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Elsevier DeGruyter Hindawi

#journals(datafrompublishers’websites)

ElsevieropenaccessjournalsasofMay2016(Morrison,2016cinreview)•  511fullyopenaccessjournals– 315(62%)APCof$0“feenotpayablebyauthor”

•  2,149hybridopenaccessjournals– 4(.002%)APCof$0“feenotpayablebyauthor”

Elsevier“average”APC(inUSD)

•  Hybrid:$2,500•  Openaccess:$660•  Openaccessexcluding“feenotpayablebyauthor”:$1,731

•  Range:$0-$5,000

Elsevier“feenotpayablebyauthor”

•  Sampleof10journals•  9/10sponsoredbysocietyorinsAtuAon•  8/10societyownsthecopyright

Elsevier“supportsopenaccess”

From:hOp://www.journals.elsevier.com/geoderma-regional/May30,2016

FromElsevierGeodermaRegional“supportsopenaccess”link

•  DetailsonOpenAccessAr?cles:•  UserRightsAllarAclespublishedopenaccesswillbeimmediatelyandpermanentlyfreeforeveryonetoreadanddownload.Weofferauthorsachoiceofuserlicenses,whichdefinethepermiOedreuseofarAcles(seehOp://www.elsevier.com/openaccesslicenses).WeareconAnuouslyworkingwithourauthorcommuniAestoselectthebestchoiceoflicenseopAons,currentlybeingdefinedforthisjournalasfollows:•CreaAveCommonsAOribuAon(CCBY)•CreaAveCommonsAOribuAon-NonCommercial-NoDerivs(CCBY-NC-ND)From:hOps://www.elsevier.com/journals/geoderma-regional/2352-0094/open-access-opAonsMay30,2016

Elsevier’sauthornominalcopyright

hOps://www.elsevier.com/about/company-informaAon/policies/copyrightMay30,2016

TolearnmoreaboutGeodermaRegional–1page2014firstissueeditorial–PDF$31.50

From:hOp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/23520094/1May30,2016

Ideasforpublishingfortheknowledgecommons:copyright

•  License(agreement)betweenauthorandjournal/publisherisneededinaddiAontoCreaAveCommonslicensing(implicitifnotaddressed)

•  Copyright/licensingrightscanbesharedbyauthors,journals,others

•  Reservingexclusivecommercialrightsmaybeagoodideaforsmallerpublishers(Morrison&Desautels(2016):OA,copyright&licensing:basicsforOApublishers)

•  Societyjournalswithcommercialpartners:recommendaAon–retaincopyright(nonexclusiveorexclusivecommercialrights)

Ideas:economicsoftransiAontoopenaccess

•  SeekrealtransformaAon– $10averagerevenueJournalofMachineLearning

– Supportreturnfromcommercialtoscholar-ledpublishing(libraryjournalhosAng,publishingcooperaAves)

–  InsAtuAonalrepositorieswithpeer-reviewoverlay•  PayingAPCs?Checkcopyright.TrackpricingoverAme.

Ideas:economicsoftransiAontoopenaccess

•  Directsponsorshipismoreefficient•  University/grantfunding"subscripAons"journals&publishersisindirectsponsorship

•  University/grantfunding"OAAPCs"journals&publishersisindirectsponsorship

•  University/grantfunding!qualifiedscholar-ledjournalsisdirectsponsorship

Acknowledgements

•  TheauthorgratefullyacknowledgesfundingfromCanada’sSocialSciencesandHumaniAesResearchCouncilthroughanInsightGrant

•  Theteam:thisworkhasbeenmadepossiblethroughtheeffortsofresearchassistants,studentandgraduatevolunteersandresearchcollaborators.CurrentacAveteammembersthathaveworkedon2016datainclude:WidlyneBrutus,LisaDesautels,MyriamDusmais-DesRosier,TanohLaurentKakou,GuinslyMondésirandSaraWheatley.Afulllistandphotosofteammembersisavailablehere:hOps://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/about-the-team/

More?QuesAons?Comments?

•  Openresearchapproach:sustainingknowledgecommons.orgresearchblog

•  OAAPCdataversehOp://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dvn/dv/oaapc

•  Contact:Heather.Morrison@uoOawa.ca

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RetrievedMay31,2016fromhOp://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/arAcle/view/4370/3685•  Morrison,H.;Salhab,J.;Calvé-Genest,A.;Horava,T.OpenAccessArAcleProcessingCharges:DOAJ

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