swaps in agriculture and rural development: a desk review

7/31/2019 SWAps in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Desk Review

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RKBUIW(_AEK LVVWILBCKR AM LOWAB[@U[WK LME

W[WL@ EKTK@IVHKMU

VCLRK A

L EKRJ WKTAK_ ID KSVKWAKMBK, ARR[KR LME

BCL@@KMOKR

LVWA@ 7664

L`arim Ktlmr, @aeal Blgwl` lme Elm Tlemnl` L Ekrj Wktak id Ksvkwakmbk, Arr{kr lme Bcl``kmokr

Bimukmur


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Rkbuiw(_aek Lvvwilbckr am Lowab{`u{wk lme W{wl` Ektk`ivhkmu> L Ekrj Wktak id Ksvkwakmbk, Arr{kr lme Bcl``kmokr


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bihv`kuke gq 2< N{`q 7664- Vclrk 2 a`` gk l rqmuckrar vclrk lahke lu r{hhlwaramo uck hlamarr{kr dwih uck dawru lme rkbime vclrkr dib{rke im jkq lrvkbur id uck lml`quabl` dwlhkiwj lmewkbihhkmeluaimr diw ektk`ivhkmu lokmbakr, vwlbuauaimkwr lme vi`abq hljkwr- Uck hlam i{uv{u iducar vclrk a`` gk l daml` rqmuckrar wkviwu ui gk bihv`kuke gq 26 Rkvukhgkw 7664-

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7- Ekdamauaimr lme itkwtak id R_Lv ksvkwakmbkr

7-< _clu ekdamkr l R_Lv9

Uck khkwokmbk id uck R_Lv elukr glbj ui uck hae(

eimiwr r{vviwur l ramo`k viàbq lme ksvkmeau{wk vwiowlhhk, {mekw

oitkwmhkmu `klekwrcav, lme leivuamo bihhim lvvwilbckr lbwirr uck rkbuiw- Au ar

okmkwl``q lbbihvlmake gq kddiwur ui ruwkmouckm oitkwmhkmu vwibke{wkr diw

earg{wrkhkmu lme lbbi{mulgaàuq #KBEVH 7667, glrke im Dirukw ku l`- 7666!-

Ewlamo im ucar ekdamauaim, au ar aek`q lbbkvuke uclu l R_Lv okmkwl``q clr di{w hlam ignkbuatkr> Ui gwilekm imkwrcav gq vlwumkw Oitkwmhkmur itkw ekbaraim hljamo auc wkrvkbu ui

rkbuiw viàbq, ruwlukoq lme rvkmeamo: Ui ahvwitk biiweamluaim lhimoru l`` wk`ktlmu viàbq ruljkcièkwr am uck rkbuiw: Ui ambwklrk bickwkmbk gkukkm rkbuiwl` viàbq, rvkmeamo lme wkr{ùr gq gwamoamo uck

rkbuiw g{eoku glbj amui uck bkmuwk id viàbq(hljamo lme {madqamo ksvkmeau{wkvwiowlhhamo lme hlmlokhkmu wkolwe`krr id uck ri{wbkr id d{meamo:

Ui hamahark uwlmrlbuaimr birur lrribaluke auc uck vwitaraim id ksukwml` damlmbamo-

Rambk uck hae


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R_Lvr cltk l`ri gwilekmke wlmoamo dwih ameatae{l` vwinkbur ui bihhim d{mer lme g{eokur{vviwu- Ucar bimuksu{l` eatkwrauq {mekw cabc uck R_Lv clr ektkìvke oltk wark ui eaddkwkmulqr id bimbkvu{làramo au lme idukm bimd{raim am uck {rk id ukwhamiìoq Gis < a``{ruwlukr ucktlwakuq id R_Lv(wk`luke ekdamauaimr am {rk-

Gis _iwjamo ekdamauaimr id rkbuiw lvvwilbckr lme vwiowlhhkr

Ekdamauaimr lgi{me am uck àukwlu{wk im R_Lvr g{u am wkbkmu qklwr uckwk lvvklwr ui gk gwile lbbkvulmbk iduck di`ìamo ekdamauaimr-

L Rkbuiw Lvvwilbc ar l lq id iwjamo uiokuckw gkukkm oitkwmhkmu lme ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr- Ucklah ar ui gwilekm oitkwmhkmu imkwrcav itkw v{gàb rkbuiw viàbq lme wkri{wbk l`ìbluaim ekbaraimraucam l rkbuiw: ui ambwklrk uck bickwkmbk gkukkm viàbq, rvkmeamo lme wkr{ùr: lme, ui wke{bkuwlmrlbuaimr birur- Au amti`tkr vwiowkrratk ektkìvhkmu id l bihvwkckmratk lme bickwkmu rkbuiw viàbqlme ruwlukoq: l {madake v{gàb ksvkmeau{wk dwlhkiwj diw ìbl` lme ksukwml` wkri{wbkr: lme l bihhimhlmlokhkmu, v`lmmamo lme wkviwuamo dwlhkiwj #KB 7662!

L Rkbuiw Vwiowlhhk idukm di`ìr im dwih l rkbuiw lvvwilbc lme amti`tkr l m{hgkw id jkqbihvimkmur> Lm lvvwitke rkbuiw viàbq eib{hkmu lme itkwl`` ruwlukoq dwlhkiwj #k-o- VWR! L rkbuiw hkea{h ukwh ksvkmeau{wk dwlhkiwj lme lm lmm{l` g{eoku L biiweamluaim vwibkrr lhimoru uck eimiwr am uck rkbuiw, `ke gq oitkwmhkmu L vkwdiwhlmbk himauiwamo rqrukh Lm kddkbuatk d{meamo hkbclmarh Lm lowkke vwibkrr diw hitamo uilwer clwhimarke rqrukhr L bàkmu bimr{ùluaim hkbclmarh #IKBE 7665!

L Rkbuiw R{vviwu Vwiowlhhk ar uck rku id hkbclmarhr gq cabc eimiwrvwitaek r{vviwu ui uck vlwumkwOitkwmhkmur rkbuiw vwiowlhhk- Au ar l rvkbadab uahk gi{me lme biruke rku id lbuaimr lme lbuatauakr amr{vviwu id l rkbuiw ruwlukoq- L RRV hlq amti`tk)bihgamk l m{hgkw id eaddkwkmu eimiw damlmbamo

hielàuakr #EDAE 7664, KEBVH 7667!> g{eoku r{vviwu okmkwl` iw rkbuiwl`, bihhim d{mer cabc d{mel`` iw vlwu id l Rkbuiw Vwiowlhhk, ameatae{l` vwinkbur iw ukbcmabl` biivkwluaim-

Au ar iwuc miuamo uclu imk id uck hiru bihhim amlbb{wlbakr am uck {rk id ukwhamiìoq wkr{ùrdwih ekdamamo uck R_Lv lr lm lae hielàuq- Amrukle, l R_Lv ar l viàbq v`lmmamo lmehlmlokhkmu lvvwilbc cabc blm am wklàuq gk d{meke gq l tlwakuq id damlmbal` lae amruw{hkmur Gis 7 vwitaekr l ekrbwavuaim id eaddkwkmu lae hielàuakr- L R_Lv rci{è ciktkw, am uck rvawau idahvwitke ruljkcièkw biiweamluaim lme bickwkmbk, v{wr{k ambwklramo`q clwhimarke lme làomkehkbclmarhr diw bclmmk`àmo lme hlmloamo damlmbal` wkri{wbkr-

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Gis 7> Lae hielàuakr

Lae hielàuakr lwk uck damlmbal` amruw{hkmur {rke diw bclmmk`àmo lae- Uckwk ar l aek rvkbuw{h idlùkwmluatk lae hielàuakr wlmoamo dwih damlmbal` uwlmrdkwr ui uck oitkwmhkmu auc mi bimeauaimr luulbcke,

ucwi{oc ui tkwq wkruwabuke diwhr id eimiw hlmloke vwinkbur- Dirukw lme @kltq #766 #a! uck bimeauaimlàuakr luulbcke ui ci uck d{mer, a-k- uck viàbqhklr{wkr uck oitkwmhkmu lowkkr ui ahv`khkmu: #aa! klwhlwjamo, a-k- uck àhauluaimr v`lbke im clu uck laeh{ru gk rvkmu im: lme #aaa! uck earg{wrkhkmu bclmmk`r lme hlmlokhkmu vwibke{wkr ui {rk, a-k- ci uckd{mer lme earg{wrke, lbbi{muke diw lme l{eauke- Uck di`ìamo lae hielàuakr lwk lhimoru uck hirubihhim`q {rke>

Gl`lmbk id vlqhkmu r{vviwu lrrarulmbk ar vwitaeke am r{vviwu id l vwiowlhhk id viàbq wkdiwhhklr{wkr, {r{l``q lowkke gq oitkwmhkmu auc uck AHD lme uck _iwè Glmj- Ucar lae hielàuq lrvlwuab{`lw`q raomadablmu am uck VGLr lwk amukmeke uir{vviwu ìbl``q imke vwiowlhr id ektkìvhkmu, ri uck iwe vwiowlh am uck ksvwkrraim wkdkwrui uck vwiowlh id l ektkìvamo bi{muwq iw amruau{uaim, cabc imk iw hiwk eimiwr cltk lowkke ui

r{vviwuuck vwiowlh hlq gk l VWR, l rkbuiw vwiowlh iw l uckhluab vwiowlh iw uck vwiowlh id lrvkbadab iwolmarluaim r{bc lr l mim(oitkwmhkmul` iwolmarluaim #@ltkwok lme L`gl 7662!- Uirihk ksukmu uck bimbkvu id VGL iddkwr l caockw ekowkk id amruau{uaiml` d`ksaga auq gq dib{ramo im lviàbq vwiowlhhk lme ignkbuatkr cabc blm gk h{ùa(rkbuiwl`, rkbuiwl` iw r{g(rkbuiwl` wluckwuclm l g{wkl{bwluab amruau{uaiml` ruw{bu{wk, a-k- uck rkbuiw- Am ucar wkrvkbu au ar iwuc miuamo uclu imkid uck dwk|{kmu`q bauke àhauluaimr id uck R_Lv ar uck dlbu uclu rkbuiw ar k|{luke ui l v{gàb rkbuiwiwolmarluaiml` ruw{bu{wk #l rkbuiwl` hamaruwq! cabc `kltkr àuu`k rbivk diw bi``lgiwluaim dwih iuckwv{gàb rkbuiw lokmbakr cirk lwklr id amukwtkmuaim lwk wk`ktlmu ui uck rkbuiw- Ucar vwig`kh arvlwuab{`lw`q wk`ktlmu am L$WE ckwk ahviwulmu rkwtabkr lwk vwitaeke miu im`q gq hamaruwakr id

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lowab{ù{wk #uck rkbuiwl` hamaruwq {r{l``q hlmloamo uck R_Lv! g{u l`ri gq iuckw oitkwmhkmulokmbakr- _k wku{wm ui ucar arr{k am Rkbuaimr 2 lme 5-

Am ucar ru{eq k {rk uck iwaoaml` R_Lv bimbkvu lr wkdkwkmbk, ewlamo eawkbu`q im Dirukw ku l`#7666! ekdamauaim lme uck di{w {mekw`qamo ignkbuatkr> imkwrcav, biiweamluaim, bickwkmbk lmewke{bke uwlmrlbuaimr birur- Lu uck rlhk uahk k {mekwrulme uclu R_Lvr mkke ui gk rkkm lr caoc`q

eqmlhab lme bimrulmu`q kti`tamo- Lr r{bc uck gi{melwq id clu bimruau{ukr l R_Lv iw l R_Lv(àjk amaualuatk ar r{gnkbu ui bclmok lme mkker ui gk {mekwruiie aucam uck bimuksu am cabc au argkamo ektkìvke- _k l`ri miuk uclu {mekwrulmeamo uck bimuwag{uaim id R_Lvr ekvkmer `krr imci uckq lwk ekdamke im vlvkw lme hiwk im uckaw {mekw`qamo hiek` id bclmok-

7-7 Okmkwab R_Lv ksvkwakmbkr vwiowkrr lme bcl``kmokr

Ktl`{luaimr lme wktakr id ksvkwakmbk auc R_Lvr, vlwuab{`lw`q am uck ribal` lme amdwlruw{bu{wkrkbuiwr #Dirukw ku l`- 7666l, Dirukw ku l`- 7666g, Dirukw lme Hlbjamuirc(_l`jkw 766Lhimoru uck hiru miuabklg`k virauatk bclmokr lwk uck di`ìamo>

#a! Ahvwitke viàbq ealìo{k gkukkm oitkwmhkmu lme eimiwr lme gkukkm eimiwr uckhrk`tkr

R_Lvr cltk vwitkm dlaw`q r{bbkrrd{` lu vwitaeamo l diw{h am cabc viàbq arr{kr lwk earb{rrkelme vwig`khr blm gk wktakke niamu`q gkukkm oitkwmhkmu lme eimiwr- Uckq cltk l`ri ck`vkeambwklrk uck dib{r im l rk`kbuke m{hgkw id jkq rkbuiw vwaiwauakr, hiru wkbkmu`q, ck`vamo ui làommluaiml` lme rkbuiw vwaiwauakr {mekw uck w{gwab id VWRr- Uckwk ar d{wuckw ktaekmbk id ahvwitkeàmjlokr gkukkm viàbq lme ahv`khkmuluaim lme ahvwitke àmjr gkukkm oitkwmhkmu lme eimiwd{meamo aucam uck bimuksu id l hkea{h ukwh g{eoku dwlhkiwj #Dirukw ku l`- 7666!-

#aa! Ambwklrke oitkwmhkmu klekwrcav id uck viàbq vwibkrrkr

Uckwk lwk l`ri b`klw raomr id owiamo oitkwmhkmu `klekwrcav giuc id uck viàbq vwibkrr lme id laehlmlokhkmu am rktkwl` rkbuiwr #k-o- Oclml cklùc, Kucaival cklùc, [olmel ke{bluaim, Blhgieal

`lme hlmlokhkmu #Gis 7!, Mablwlo{l w{wl` ektkìvhkmu!- Ruljkcièkw bimr{ùluaimr cltk gkkmruwkmouckmke lme dwlhkiwjr krulgàrcke diw eimiw biiweamluaim-

Gis 2> Blhgieal @lme Hlmlokhkmu lme Lehamaruwluaim #@HLV! R{g(Rkbuiw Vwiowlhhk

@HLV elukr glbj ui uck vwkvlwluaim id l @lme Viàbq Dwlhkiwj am 7666 lme uck krulgàrchkmu id lmamukw(hamarukwal` @lme Bi{mba` ui ahvwitk uck dib{r im `lme(wk`luke arr{kr lme vwitaek l b`klwkwdwlhkiwj diw eimiw r{vviwu- @HLV gkblhk kddkbuatk am 7667 lme lr uck dawru hitk uilwe lvwiowlhhk glrke lvvwilbc am Blhgieal- @HLV clr datk hlam bihvimkmur dib{ramo im> `lme viàbqlme wko{`luaim: amruau{uaiml` ektkìvhkmu: `lme wkoaruwluaim: hkbclmarhr diw earv{uk wkri`{uaim lme `lmehlmlokhkmu- Uck hlam `krrimr ui eluk dwih ahv`khkmuamo @HLV lwk>

Uck ahviwulmbk id `klekwrcav dwih oitkwmhkmu lme lhimoru ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr

Uck mkke ui leivu l ìmo ukwh, wkr{ùr glrke lvvwilbc am iwekw ui g{aè v{gàb uw{ru am uckvwiowlhhk Uck ahviwulmbk id g{aèamo biwk amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq lme miu {ramo vlwl``k` ruw{bu{wkr, lme Okuuamo uck ambkmuatkr waocu diw v{gàb rkbuiw ruldd ucwi{oc vkwdiwhlmbk glrke l`ìlmbkr

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#aaa! Clwhimarluaim id eimiw vwibke{wkr lme làomhkmu auc v{gàb damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu

rqrukhr

Am rvkbadab blrkr, lolam hiru miulg`q am cklùc lme ke{bluaim, bihhim vwibke{wkr cltk gkkmleivuke gq eimiwr diw niamu harraimr, himauiwamo lme vwiowkrr wkviwuamo- Rihk eimiwr cltkgko{m ui hitk uilwer g{eoku r{vviwu gq viiàmo ksukwml` wkri{wbkr lme bclmmk`àmo uckhucwi{oc uck oitkwmhkmu damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu rqrukh ui r{vviwu uck R_Lv #k-o- uck Cklùc

R_Lv am Ulm~lmal, uck Lowab{ù{wk R_Lv am Hi~lhga|{k, lme uck Ke{bluaim R_Lv am^lhgal!-

#at! Rihk vwiowkrr am rkwtabk ekàtkwq am rvkbadab rkbuiwr-

Am ukwhr id ekàtkwamo ruwlukoab wkr{ùr uck ktaekmbk im R_Lvr ar `krr wig{ru- Wktakr id vwiowkrram cklùc lme ke{bluaim am R{g(Rlclwlm Ldwabl, ckwk R_Lvr cltk vwkeihamluke {mua` wkbkmu`q,viamu ui okmkwlàrke ahvwitkhkmur am ke{bluaim, lme ui l `krrkw ksukmu, am cklùc i{ubihkr-Lùci{oc eaddab{ù ui luuwag{uk eawkbu`q ui uck R_Lvr, uckrk ahvwitkhkmur lwk ameabluatk idahvwitkhkmur am rkwtabk {uaàrluaim cabc am u{wm wkd`kbu uck bihgamke kddkbur id ahvwitkeviàbakr, ambwklrke wkri{wbkr lme ahvwitke clwhimarluaim lme làomhkmu am uck rkbuiwr l`` lwklrckwk R_Lvr lwk wkolweke lr hljamo l virauatk bimuwag{uaim #EdAE 766;!-

Qku, ekrvauk vwiowkrr hlek l rkwakr id ahviwulmu bcl``kmokr wkhlam lme amekke uck uwlbj wkbiwe idR_Lvr bimuam{kr ui gk rihkclu bimuwitkwral`- Rihk id uck hiru raomadablmu arr{kr ui leewkrramb`{ek>

#a! G`{kvwamu vwkrbwavuaim awwkrvkbuatk id uck bimuksu

R_Lvr lwk miu l`lqr uck hiru lvvwivwaluk lvvwilbc lme uck àukwlu{wk viamur ui uck ahviwulmbkid bi{muwakr lme eimiw owi{vr vlqamo luukmuaim ui tlwai{r vwaiwr iw vwkbimeauaimr gkdiwk hitamouilwer l d{`` R_Lv- Uckrk amb`{ek im uck oitkwmhkmu raek> l ri{me hlbwikbimihabdwlhkiwj, uck vwkrkmbk id l rkbuiw ruwlukoq lme lm lmm{l` ksvkmeau{wk dwlhkiwj, vlwuabavluaimgq jkq ruljkcièkwr am rkbuiw viàbq, lme ambwklramo`q oitkwmhkmu(`ke eimiw biiweamluaim- Lmeim uck eimiw raek> hlniw eimiwr rci{è l`wkleq gk vwitaeamo r{vviwu aucam uck rkbuiw ruwlukoqdwlhkiwj, bihhauhkmu ui hitamo uilwer bihhim lvvwilbckr diw hlmlokhkmu lme

ahv`khkmuluaim, bihhauhkmu ui hitamo uilwer wkàlmbk im bi{muwq damlmbal` lme lbbi{muamorqrukhr- Vltaomlma #766

#aa! Amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq bimruwlamur

H{bc id uck haske wkbiwe id R_Lvr bkmuwkr im vwig`khr id amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq- _ca`k uckrkvwig`khr vwk(ksaru uck R_Lv, uckq lwk idukm bihvi{meke gq uck rckkw bihv`ksauq id ucklvvwilbc lme uck r{grk|{kmu ukmekmbq ui ewl eim im uck r{vviwu id l dk jkq ameatae{l`rwluckw uclm olamamo gwile(glrke r{vviwu lbwirr wk`ktlmu amruau{uaimr- Ucar v`lbkr bimraekwlg`kvwkrr{wk im l dk lbuiwr ui uljk diwlwe uck R_Lv lme mkoiualuk eaddab{ù viàuabl` lme

amruau{uaiml` wk`luaimrcavr- Lr l wkr{ù, R_Lv vwkvlwluaim blm lu uahkr rkkh amukwhamlg`k #giuc uiucirk amraek lme i{uraek id uck vwibkrr! lme uckwk ar l rkwai{r elmokw id hihkmu{h lme r{vviwugkamo ìru lìmo uck lq- Vltaomlma lme Cl{bj #7667! di{me am Hi~lhga|{k uclu>

Uck c{ok birur id ahv`khkmuamo bkwulam viiàmo rbckhkr, vlwuab{`lw`q R_Lvr,

cltk vwiglg`q iddrku lbu{l` lme ktkm viukmual` wku{wmr- Uck `kmouc id uahk mkkeke

ui krulgàrc l R_Lvar idukm {mekwkruahluke- Diw #uck lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw!

au uiij hiwk uclm rktkm qklwr id mkoiualuaim ui wklbc uck ahv`khkmuluaim

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vclrk, lr k`` lr lm kmiwhi{r lhi{mu id ksvkwuark lme wkri{wbkr im giuc raekr

ui hlmlok uck vwibkrr

#aaa! @lbj id ambkmuatkr am uck bata` rkwtabk

R_Lvr l`ri hklm mk bcl``kmokr am rbivk, vwibke{wkr lme uck wkdiwh lokmel cabc wk|{awkroitkwmhkmu iddabal`r iwjamo am mk lqr- Am vlwuab{`lw, hitamo ui l rkbuiw lvvwilbc wk|{awkr

hiwk rqrukhab iwjamo lbwirr lme aucam amruau{uaimr- R{vviwu diw amruau{uaiml` blvlbauqruwkmouckmamo lr vlwu id R_Lvr clr ukmeke ui dib{r im g{aèamo rja``r lme ukbcmabl` bihvkukmbakr#diw kslhv`k uwlamamo ksukmraim lokmur am mk lowab{ù{wl` ukbcmiìoakr iw cklùc iddabal`r amvlwuabavluiwq lvvwilbckr! ui bivk auc mk ulrjr, g{u `krr im uck {mekw`qamo ambkmuatkr rclvamouck ra~k lme rclvk id uck v{gàb rkbuiw iwjdiwbk- Lu uck rlhk uahk ucirk tkwq rlhk ambkmuatkrbihk {mekw vwkrr{wk dwih bata` rkwtabk wkdiwh vwibkrrkr uclu wk|{awk ameatae{l` hamaruwakr uiwleabl``q wluaimlàrk lme ruwklhàmk uckaw iwjdiwbkr am àmk auc mk rulmelwer lme vlq owlekr-Uck wkr{ù ar idukm l harhlubc gkukkm r{vviwu diw blvlbauq lu uck rkbuiw `ktk` lme clu arclvvkmamo lu l rqrukh(aek `ktk` lme eaddab{ùakr am iwjamo bwirr(rkbuiwl``q iw diwoamo bìrkiwjamo wk`luaimrcavr auc jkq bkmuwl` hamaruwakr r{bc lr Hamaruwakr id Damlmbk #Dirukw ku l`-7666, Vltaomlma 766#t! Earlowkkhkmu itkw viàbq eawkbuaim lme wi`k id uck ruluk

Imk id uck hlam ewatkwr gkcame uck R_Lv ar uck mkke ui g{aè bickwkmbk lbwirr uck rkbuiw viàbqdwlhkiwj- Earlowkkhkmur itkw jkq viàbq eawkbuaimr lme lqr id iwjamo mktkwuck`krr idukmvkwraru lr oitkwmhkmur owlvv`k auc uljamo bimukmuai{r viàbq ekbaraimr, r{bc lr lm kme ui dwkk{matkwrl` cklùc blwk iw dkwuaàrkw r{graeakr #Dirukw ku l` 766

#ta! Ksbkrratk dib{r im uck R_Lv vwibkrr aurk`d wluckw uclm im viàbq i{ubihkrL bw{bal` bimrk|{kmbk id earlowkkhkmur lme earbimuam{auakr am uck lq rkbuiw amruau{uaimr lwk

gkamo kmbi{wloke ui iwj ar uclu eimiwr ukme ui rulq cklta`q amti`tke am uck ekula` id ekraom,ahv`khkmuluaim lme himauiwamo id uck R_Lv- Wktakr id R_Lvr rci uclu vwaiwauq ar idukmoatkm ui ruwkmouckmamo biwk hlmlokhkmu blvlbauakr id rkbuiw hamaruwakr am iwekw ui rvkke {v uckahv`khkmuluaim id rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr lme kmr{wk oiie damlmbal` wkviwuamo: giuc mkbkrrlwqbimeauaimr diw eimiw r{vviwu #Dirukw ku l` 7666!- Uc{r, clu rulwur i{u lr lm amaualuatk diwahvwitamo oitkwmhkmu rkbuiw viàbq vwaiwauarluaim, v`lmmamo lme wkri{wbk hlmlokhkmu itkw uckhkea{h ukwh blm kme {v gkamo eihamluke gq uck rciwu ukwh mkke id eimiwr #lme rihk hamaruwqukbcmibwlur! diw l gkuukw amruw{hkmu diw lae hlmlokhkmu- L jkq bimrk|{kmbk ar uclu R_Lvr cltk


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idukm gkkm rì ui rcadu uckaw dib{r dwih uck vwibkrrkr id eimiw biiweamluaim uilwer ucklbcaktkhkmu id rkwtabk ahvwitkhkmu lme vitkwuq wke{buaim-

#taa! @ahauke ktaekmbk im uwlmrlbuaim birur wke{buaimUck dib{r im lae hlmlokhkmu eikr miu rkkh, ciktkw, ui gk lrribaluke auc l wke{buaim ameimiw(wk`luke uwlmrlbuaimr birur- L wkbkmu lrrkrrhkmu id uwlmrlbuaimr birur am rkbuiw lvvwilbckr am

cklùc lme ke{bluaim am ^lhgal #_luu 766;! di{me uclu uwlmrlbuaimr birur cle lbu{l``q ambwklrkediw hamaruwakr lme eimiwr- Ksvkbuke ahvwitkhkmur am wkbavakmu hlmlokhkmu rqrukhr cltk l`rigkkm rì am bihamo, wk|{awamo ksuwliweamlwq hklr{wkr #rihkuahkr am bihv`kuk`q mk lwklr! uijkkv uck R_Lv im uwlbj- Ucar clr ambwklrke uck g{wekm id iwj l`` wi{me- Vlwu id uck wklrim aruclu vwig`khr id eimiw dwlohkmuluaim vkwraru- Ekrvauk uck dlbu uclu uck R_Lv ar amukmeke uileewkrr klj iw dwlohkmuke oitkwmhkmu blvlbauq gq hitamo uilwer l vwiowlhhluab lvvwilbc,rihk eimiwr wkhlam `krr uclm bimdaekmu lgi{u uwlmrdkwwamo wkri{wbkr amui uck oitkwmhkmu lbbi{mulme uckwkdiwk bimuam{k ui vwitaek vwinkbu r{vviwu im l ga`lukwl` glrar iw iwj ucwi{oc l bihv`kshasu{wk id vwiowlhhk lme vwinkbu r{vviwu- _ca`k uck àukwlu{wk ambwklramo`q dib{rkr im uckahviwulmbk id rihk jame id niamu damlmbamo lwwlmokhkmu diw l R_Lv, am vwlbuabk hlmq eimiwrwkhlam keeke ui uckaw im rkvlwluk damlmbamo hkbclmarhr- Diw bi{muwq vlwumkw amruau{uaimr ucarhklmr uclu am l hlniwauq id blrkr uckq bimuam{k ui gk dlbke auc l h{ùavàbauq id lae amruw{hkmur

lme lbbihvlmqamo w{`kr lme vwibke{wkr lme l wlmok id rkvlwluk eimiw amaualuatkr rua`` `lbjamoruwlukoab eawkbuaim lme viàbq bickwkmbk #KBEVH 7662!-

Am r{hhlwq, ca`k uckwk ar ulmoag`k ktaekmbk id vwiowkrr auc R_Lvr, uclu vwiowkrr clr idukmgkkm rì lme clr rihkuahkr wkr{ùke am {mamukmeke bimrk|{kmbkr diw uck gl`lmbk id vikwaucam lme gkukkm oitkwmhkmu amruau{uaimr lme gkukkm oitkwmhkmu amruau{uaimr lme eimiwr-Eimiw lme wkbavakmu gkcltai{wr cltk gkkm rìkw ui bclmok uclm amaual``q ksvkbuke- _ca`kR_Lvr cltk vwitaeke l taul` diw{h diw earb{rramo lme wkri`tamo rihk jkq viàbq eaddkwkmbkr#k-o- itkw {rkw dkkr am vwahlwq ke{bluaim!, earlowkkhkmur bimuam{k ui vkwraru vlwuab{`lw`q am lwklramti`tamo l wke{buaim id ruluk lbuaim- Ucar lvvklwr ui cltk gkkm hiru ktaekmu am rkbuiwr ckwkv{gàb(vwatluk wi`kr lwk rua`` kti`tamo, lr am cklùc, lowab{ù{wk lme w{wl` ektkìvhkmu- Rìvwiowkrr am uck vwkvlwluiwq vclrkr clr l`ri jkvu eimiwr cklta`q amti`tke am uck habwi(

hlmlokhkmu id R_Lvr auc bimrk|{kmbkr diw uck ksukmu id bi{muwq bihhauhkmu ui uck vwibkrrlme diw uwlmrlbuaimr birur-


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2- R_Lvr am lowab{ù{wk lme w{wl` ektkìvhkmu bimuksu lme

ksvkwakmbk

Uck vlvkw mi u{wmr aur luukmuaim ui uck ksvkwakmbk lme vwirvkbuatk wi`k diw R_Lvr am L$WE- Au

kslhamkr uck vwambav`kr {vim cabc rkbuiw lvvwilbckr kwk ektkìvke am L$WE lme ci uckrkcltk kti`tke am uck àocu id bclmokr am uck oìgl` lme rkbuiw bimuksu lme jkq bclmokr am ucklwbcaukbu{wk id ektkìvhkmu lrrarulmbk- Uck bkmuwl` |{kruaim ar ckuckw R_Lvr cltk vwitaeke l{rkd{` dwlhkiwj diw bi{muwq vlwumkwr lme eimiwr ui hlmlok ambwklramo`q bihv`ks amruau{uaiml`wk`luaimrcavr am L$WE lme clu uck ahvàbluaimr lwk diw imoiamo kddiwur ui ahvwitk ektkìvhkmukddkbuatkmkrr am uck rkbuiw itkw uck bihamo qklwr-

L b{wwkmu kruahluk id uck uiul` m{hgkw id R_Lvr am L$WE ar miu ltla`lg`k- Uck hiru wkbkmukruahluk, eluamo glbj ui 7667, v{ur uck m{hgkw lu dadukkm #bihvlwke auc itkw mamkuq am uck ribal`rkbuiwr!, klbc lu tlwai{r rulokr id ekbaraim hljamo lme ahv`khkmuluaim- Lmmks < r{hhlwarkrglrab amdiwhluaim uclu ar b{wwkmu`q am uck v{gàb eihlam lgi{u klbc id uckrk amaualuatkr-2

Lùci{oc rua`` àhauke am m{hgkw, uck wkbkmu khvclrar im eimiw C$L viamur uilwer lm ambwklrkam biiweamluaim lvvwilbckr ui viàbq diwh{`luaim lme ahv`khkmuluaim ui cabc R_Lvr lwk lmigtai{r wkrvimrk- Uck caruiwq id L$WE R_Lvr viamur ui l earbkwmlg`k kti`{uaim am lvvwilbc-Ucar gkolm auc lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw amtkruhkmu vwiowlhhkr #LRAVr! am uck klw`q


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2-< Uck bimuksu id L$WE oitkwmlmbk

Itkw uck `lru ekblekr l rkwakr id ahviwulmu bclmokr cltk ibb{wwke iw`eaek `kleamo ui lruw{bu{wl` uwlmrdiwhluaim am uck hiekr id vwie{buaim lme uwlek am L$WE lme ui mk oitkwmlmbkbcl``kmokr- Rihk id uckrk cltk okmkwluke raomadablmu vwkrr{wk diw uck aucewll` id uck ruluk dwiheawkbu kmolokhkmu am kbimihab lddlawr lme vwihvuke oitkwmlmbk wkdiwhr lme bclmokr am uck

vwibkrrkr id amukwlbuaim gkukkm oitkwmhkmur, eimiwr, uck vwatluk rkbuiw lme bata` ribakuq- Am uckL$WE, uck ruluk clr vwiowkrratk`q aucewlm dwih eawkbu amukwtkmuaim am vwie{buaim lmehlwjkuamo lbuatauakr lme ri{wbkr id d{meamo lme g{eokur cltk gkkm raomadablmu`q wke{bke, miu `klrugkbl{rk id uck uwahhamo id vlwlrulul` wkhaur #Jqee lme Eiwlwe 766


14/40


2-7 Lae lme v{gàb rvkmeamo am L$WE

_ca`k uck oitkwmlmbk bimuksu clr bclmoke, uck ahviwulmbk id lowab{ù{wl` amtkruhkmu uikbimihab owiuc lme vitkwuq wke{buaim am w{wl` lwklr ar k`` krulgàrcke #_iwèGlmj 766;b!:#EDAE 7665g!: #ADLE 766

vlwuab{`lw`q rvkmeamo im wkrklwbc lme w{wl` amdwlruw{bu{wk #Dlm lme Wli 7662!- Ciktkw, lr lwkbkmu _iwè Glmj v{gàbluaim miukr ekrvauk ruwimo bimmkbuaimr amukwmluaiml` r{vviwu uilowab{ù{wk clr ekbàmke rclwv`q rambk uck `luk


15/40


Uck lbjmi`keokhkmu uclu hlmq id uck igrulb`kr ui lowab{ù{wl` owiuc mkke ui gk leewkrrkei{uraek uck lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw ucwi{oc r{bc lwklr lr kmkwoq lme uwlmrviwu viàbq,amdwlruw{bu{wk amtkruhkmu, uls wkoahkr, amukwmluaiml` uwlek wko{`luaim:-

Bclmoamo lae hielàuakr lme uck tak lhimoru rihk uclu uck mk lae hielàuakr miu im`qdib{r `krr im lowab{ù{wk #Kabckw 7662! g{u l`ri iwj `krr k`` am lowab{ù{wk gkbl{rk idbihv`ksauq lme uck warjr amti`tke:

@irr id bimdaekmbk am uck rkbuiw e{k ui viiw vkwdiwhlmbk id amtkruhkmur am lowab{ù{wk-Rktkwl` lae ktl`{luaimr am uck rkbuiw cltk vwie{bke {mdlti{wlg`k wkr{ùr auc wkolwer ui birukddkbuatkmkrr, ahvlbu lme r{rulamlgaàuq #EdAE 7665b!-

Am l caoc`q bwauabl` wktak vlvkw id daduq qklwr id amukwmluaiml` lae ui Ldwablm lowab{ù{wk, Kabckw#7662! lwo{kr uclu ldukw dadauq qklwr id ksvkwakmbk, hiru eimiwr wkhlam bimd{rke lgi{u ci uivlbjlok, biiweamluk lme ekàtkw lae ui lbbk`kwluk lowab{ù{wl` lme w{wl` ektkìvhkmu am Ldwabl-Ck miukr ci eaddkwkmu, lme lu uahkr, bimdàbuamo uwleauaimr aucam uck lowab{ù{wl` viàbqbihh{mauq cltk b{`hamluke am lm itkwìle id viàbq vwkrbwavuaimr lme lvvwilbckr uclu cltk miuim`q idukm miu iwjke g{u lwk, am rihk blrkr, am elmokw id gkamo wkvkluke- Kabckw lwo{kr uclu amwkbkmu qklwr uck vkme{`{h id vwidkrraiml` ivamaim lgi{u clu hljkr diw kddkbuatk lae clr r{moaek`q, amb`{eamo am lowab{ù{wk- Uck wkr{ù ar uclu lowab{ù{wk l`hiru earlvvklwr am uck uwlmrauaim

dwih vwinkbu ui vwiowlhhk lae am uck mk lae dwlhkiwj>

Ui r{hhlwa~k, uck lae hielàuq itkwìle ar hljamo au eaddab{ù diw Ldwablm

viàbq hljkwr lme eimiwr ui ektkìv l mluaiml` lowab{ù{wl` ruwlukoq gkbl{rk

lowab{ù{wk tawu{l``q earlvvklwr e{wamo uck uwlmrauaim dwih vwinkbu ui rkbuiwl`

lme h{ùa(rkbuiwl` vwiowlhr lme uck leeauaim id mk lae hielàuakr r{bc lr

VWRVr, CAVBr lme KCAVBr #Kabckw 7662!-

Rulomluamo rvkme am lowab{ù{wk clr gkkm miuke lr l hlniw vwig`kh diw owiuc lme wklbcamo uckHEOr, g{u amlek|{luk d{meamo ar miu uck im`q #miw mkbkrrlwa`q uck hiru gameamo! bimruwlamu dlbamoL$WE- Viiw hlmlokhkmu id ltla`lg`k wkri{wbkr lme uck |{làuq id ksvkmeau{wk ar l hlniwbcl``kmok- H{bc id uck wklrim diw `looamo amtkruhkmu, vlwuab{`lw`q am L$WE am Ldwabl, ar uck

caruiwq id viiw wku{wmr cabc lwk am u{wm àmjke ui klj amruau{uaimr #Nimkr lme Ruibjgwaeok 766;!-@imorulmeamo vwig`khr id klj v{gàb damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu, bihgamke auc uck ra~k id idd(g{eoku dìr am uck rkbuiw lwk l`ri l hlniw bimbkwm- Wlvae bclmokr am uck oìgl` bimuksu hklmrmk bcl``kmokr diw uck rvkmeamo lme rkwtabk ekàtkwq d{mbuaimr id L$WE amruau{uaimr cabclwo{lg`q hlq miu wk|{awk hiwk v{gàb d{meamo g{u gkuukw lme caockw |{làuq d{meamo ucwi{ocvlwumkwrcavr auc uck vwatluk rkbuiw-

Mktkwuck`krr, Kabckwr bimbkwmr lme iuckwr ahv`q l viàbq lme amruau{uaiml` bimuksu uclu ar ktkmhiwk bihv`ks diw g{aèamo kddkbuatk rkbuiw lvvwilbckr am L$WE R_Lvr-


16/40


2-2 L$WE lme aekw viàbq vwibkrrkr

Lr uck itkwlwbcamo viàbq dwlhkiwj diw vitkwuq wke{buaim, uck VWR vwitaekr uck glrar diwlowab{ù{wl` lme w{wl` rkbuiw viàbq diw vitkwuq wke{buaim- L jkq lbcaktkhkmu id ektkìvamo lmeahv`khkmuamo VWRr clr gkkm ui uwaookw l dib{r im vitkwuq lme wk(amtaoiwluk mluaiml` v`lmmamovwibkrrkr auc l àmj ui uck g{eoku lme ahv`khkmuluaim vwibkrr-

Uckwk lwk, mktkwuck`krr, l m{hgkw id bcl``kmokr lwi{me uck bimukmu lme gl`lmbk id VWRr, miu `klrudameamo l r{aulg`k gl`lmbk gkukkm eawkbu vwi(viiw viàbakr lme viàbakr lahke lu ruah{`luamo lmekmlgàmo vwie{buatk rkbuiw owiuc lr l glrar diw wke{bke ambihk vitkwuq #Rckvckwe, Dwau~ ku l`-766;!- Am wk`luaim ui lowab{ù{wk rvkbadabl``q, Rckvckwe ku l` dame uclu lùci{oc VWRr aek`qwkbiomark lowab{ù{wk lr l rkbuiw ckwk owiuc ar krvkbal``q àjk`q ui `kle ui vitkwuq wke{buaim,uck ìoab diw dib{ramo im lowab{ù{wk ar idukm miu ruwimo- Am leeauaim uckwk ar àhauke lml`qrar idvitkwuq eqmlhabr ckwk lme ci v{gàb iw kmlg`ke vwatluk amtkruhkmur bimuwag{uk uiivviwu{mauakr diw vkiv`k ui ksau vitkwuq am l r{rulamke lq- Uckwk ar idukm im`q àhauke b`lwauq imuck gkru lq id eiamo ucamor, am vlwuab{`lw clu bihgamluaim id eawkbu #ksukmraim! lme ameawkbuhklr{wkr #ruah{`luamo hlwjku ekhlme! ar mkkeke ui r{vviwu lme ruah{`luk owiuc lme d{u{wkamtkruhkmu- Lme daml``q, VWRr ukme ui dib{r `lwok`q im r{vv`q(raek amukwtkmuaimr lme ekàtkwq

ucwi{oc uck g{eoku, ckwklr owiuc am uck lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw l`ri wk|{awkr oiie wko{`luaim lmekmlgàmo lbuaimr #_iwè Glmj 766;g!-

Eimiwr lwo{k uclu itkwl`` bickwkmbk gkukkm L$WE arr{kr lme VWRr cltk ahvwitke ##ADLE766;: RVL 766;!!- RVL uwlbjamo am 766; miukr rvkbadabl``q uclu làomhkmu gkukkm rkbuiwlvvwilbckr am L$WE lme mluaiml` VWRr ar oiie iw gkuukw am uck ucwkk bi{muwakr amb`{eke am uckrlhv`k- G{u iuckwr lwo{k uclu ca`k uckrk àmjlokr lwk dawh`q krulgàrcke am rihk bimuksur#[olmel!, uckq lwk hiwk ukm{i{r am iuckwr #Ulm~lmal! lme l earbimmkbu rua`` wkhlamr im l wlmok ideaddab{ù viàbq arr{kr w{wl` damlmbk, w{wl` vwatluk rkbuiw ektkìvhkmu, warj lme t{`mkwlgaàuq lmediie rkb{wauq-

Uckwk ar l`ri rihk wkhlamamo ei{gu lr ui ci dlw R_Lvr cltk am dlbu làomke rkbuiw r{vviwu auc

uck bkmuwl` hielàuakr r{vviwuamo VWRr, vlwuab{`lw`q uck mk diwhr id rkbuiw lme okmkwl` g{eokur{vviwu, lme ci bihv`khkmulwq uckq lwk auc hiwk rqrukhab oitkwmlmbk lme v{gàb rkbuiwhlmlokhkmu wkdiwh vwibkrrkr- Uck `lukru RVL wkviwu im rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr am Ldwabl viamur uiuck mkke ui bimriàeluk lme ekkvkm làomhkmu gkukkm rkbuiw r{vviwu vwiowlhhkr lme mluaiml`VWRr lme g{eoku r{vviwu vwibkrrkr #RVL 7664!-

Lolamru ucar glbjowi{me uck |{kruaim amktaulg`q lwarkr id ci dlw R_Lvr am L$WE lwkbihvkuamo auc iw lwk bihv`khkmulwq ui uckrk uwkmer- Am vlwuab{`lw blm R_Lvr am L$WE vwitaekuck jame id ambkmuatk lme ivkwluaiml` dwlhkiwj #cabc amti`tkr l bickwkmu lme bihvwkckmratkruwlukoq r{vviwuke gq l vwaiwauarke hkea{h ukwh ksvkmeau{wk v`lm! mkkeke ui khgwlbk ucarbihv`ks viàbq kmtawimhkmu lme g{aè uck mkbkrrlwq rqmkwoakr gkukkm uck eaddkwkmu wkri{wbkdìr mi kmukwamo amui uck rkbuiw9

2-5 Eatkwrauq am vwlbuabk

Lr miuke l`wkleq, uck R_Lv rkur i{u l vluc id bclmok wluckw uclm l g`{kvwamu auc vwk(ekukwhamkedklu{wkr- Au ar miu r{wvwaramo uckwkdiwk uclu ucar vluc clr uljkm lùkwmluatk wi{ukr lme vwiowkrrke lul eaddkwkmu vlbk ekvkmeamo im bi{muwq, lme rkbuiw viàbq lme amruau{uaiml` bimeauaimr-


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Am L$WE uck eatkwrauq id R_Lv ksvkwakmbk ar bclwlbukwarke gq eaddkwkmbkr am rbivk, r{vviwuamoamruau{uaiml` ruw{bu{wkr lme damlmbamo lwwlmokhkmur- Bihhim ar uck luukhvu ui ekwatk l hiwkbihvwkckmratk, biiweamluke lme mluaiml``q imke viàbq dwlhkiwj diw uck rkbuiw blvlg`k idwkrvimeamo ui aekw viàbq bclmokr amb`{eamo uck amuwie{buaim id VWR, uck wi`` i{u id V{gàbDamlmbal` Hlmlokhkmu #VDH! lme bata` rkwtabk wkdiwhr, ekbkmuwlàrluaim, ambwklrke vwatluk rkbuiwvlwuabavluaim lme uck rcadu uilwer g{eokulwq r{vviwu #Gis 5!-

Gis 5> Lowab{ù{wl` Rkbuiw Vwiowlhhkr am R{g(Rlclwlm Ldwabl

Uck ucwkk lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr aekmuadake am uck 766; RVL uwlbjamo wkviwu im rkbuiwlvvwilbckr am RRL kwk miuke lr vkwdiwhamo k`` am ukwhr id làomhkmu auc uck mluaiml` VWR, g{uearbimmkbur kwk l`ri miuke- Am Ulm~lmal, ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr bihhkmuke uclu uck b{wwkmu VWR#VWR 7! lr ekraomke ldukw uck rkbuiw vwiowlhhk lr diwh{`luke lme uck àmj wkhlamr rihkcluukm{i{r- Am Hi~lhga|{k, ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr vwivirke uclu uck wktak rbcke{`ke diw VWILOWArci{è gk wktarke ui bimuwag{uk hiwk eawkbu`q ui uck VWR wktak vwibkrr-

Am ukwhr id r{vviwuamo uck ruwkmouckmamo id VDH lme wk`qamo im bi{muwq rqrukhr im`q am uck blrk idVWILOWA am Hi~lhga|{k eae ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr b`lah ui gk eawkbu`q r{vviwuamo wkdiwhvwiowlhhkr diw g{aèamo bi{muwq vlwumkw rqrukhr diw vwib{wkhkmu lme v{gàb damlmbal` hlmlokhkmulr vlwu id uck rkbuiw vwiowlhhk- Ucar ar bihvlwke ui kaocukkm r{bc blrkr am iuckw rkbuiwr-

_ca`k vwinkbu lae wkhlamr uck eihamlmu hielàuq diw r{vviwuamo rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr, dameamor diw766; viamu ui l rhl`` ekbàmk am uck rclwk id vwinkbu damlmbamo am dlti{w id bihhim glrjku r{vviwulme rkbuiw g{eoku r{vviwu- Ucar uwkme ar hlubcke am uck lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw ckwk vwinkbu laebimruau{uke 25 vkwbkmu id lae ekàtkwke ucwi{oc rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr #bihvlwke ui 12 vkwbkmu amkmtawimhkmu lme 1? vkwbkmu am uwlmrviwu!- Rkbuiw g{eoku r{vviwu bimruau{uke 75 vkwbkmu id uck uiul`-Lowab{ù{wk l`ri gilrur uck `lwokru rclwk id lae oiamo eawkbu`q ui mim(oitkwmhkmul` kmuauakr lu 24vkwbkmu- Ciktkw ucar elul wk`lukr ui im`q ucwkk lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr lme blmmiu gk uljkmlr wkvwkrkmuluatk id uwkmer am uck L$WE rkbuiw oìgl``q-Ri{wbk> RVL #766;!

Imoiamo kddiwur ui làom uck L$WE viàbq lvvwilbc auc rihk id uckrk aekw viàbq vwibkrrkrlwk vkwclvr gkru a``{ruwluke am uck blrk id ucwkk bimuwlruamo L$WE rkbuiw lvvwilbckr am Ldwabl-Uckrk lwk miu wkvwkrkmuluatk blrkr wluckw uckq rkwtk ui a``{ruwluk rihk id uck eaddkwkmu uwlnkbuiwakruclu rkbuiw lvvwilbckr lwk im am uck wkoaim lme clu lwk rihk id uck i{urulmeamo bcl``kmokr diwoitkwmhkmur lme ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr-

Am Hi~lhga|{k, VWILOWA A cabc lr iwaoaml``q `l{mbcke am


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Lm ktl`{luaim id VWILOWA A blwwake i{u lu uck kme id 7667 #Wkv{gàb id Hi~lhga|{k 7662!lbjmi`keokr VWILOWAr lbcaktkhkmur am uck lgitk lwklr, g{u l`ri miuke l rkwakr idrciwubihamor amb`{eamo ksbkrratk dib{r im blvlbauq g{aèamo id bkmuwl` lehamaruwluaim, àhaukevlwuabavluaim id gkmkdabalwakr, klj amukw(rkbuiwl` biiweamluaim, klj làomhkmu auc uckHi~lhga|{k VWR lme bimuam{ke d{meamo gq eimiwr i{uraek id uck vwiowlhhkr dwlhkiwj-VWILOWA, au lr lwo{ke, cle gkkm hiwk r{bbkrrd{` am ahvwitamo hlmlokhkmu rqrukhr uclm am

lbcaktamo gkuukw wkr{ùr im uck owi{me #Wkv{gàb id Hi~lhga|{k 7662!

VWILOWA clr mi kmukwke aur rkbime vclrk #lr id 766;! lme au ar amukwkruamo ui miuk aur kti`{uaimdwih l mlwwi amruau{uaiml blvlbauq g{aèamo lvvwilbc bkmuwke lwi{me clu lr uckm uck Hamaruwqid Lowab{ù{wk lme W{wl` Ektkìvhkmu #HLEKW! ui l dwlhkiwj diw amukwtkmuaimr gwamoamouiokuckw lowab{ù{wk, amdwlruw{bu{wk, damlmbal` rkwtabkr, cklùc lme ke{bluaim- VWILOWA AA arìijamo ui vwitaek l h{bc hiwk rahvàdake g{wkl{bwluab ruw{bu{wk,; ruwimokw khvclrar im amukw(rkbuiwl` biiweamluaim lme ekbkmuwlàrke viàbq diwh{`luaim lme ahv`khkmuluaim- _clu wkhlamr uigk rkkm ar ci ucar mk lvvwilbc damer uwlmr`luaim im uck owi{me-

[olmelr lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw vwiowlhhk ar l hiwk wkbkmu ammitluaim lme ar ekdamke gq uck 766 L Ekrj Wktak id Ksvkwakmbk, Arr{kr lme Bcl``kmokr

Gis ;> Ekàtkwamo wkr{ùr {mekw uck VHL

@ahauke glrkàmk elul hljkr au eaddab{ù ui hklr{wk vwiowkrr {mekw uck VHL- Ciktkw l r{wtkq{mekwuljkm lr vlwu id uck wkbkmu Ktl`{luaim vwitaekr rihk amraocu amui clu ar gkamo lbcaktke im uckowi{me- L rk`kbuaim id dameamor viamu ui uck wk`luatk r{bbkrr id uck Mluaiml` Lowab{ù{wl` Letariwq

Rkwtabkr #MLLER! itkw rihk id uck iuckw k`khkmur id uck VHL> Am earuwabur ckwk kauckw MLLER, MRBO #Mim(Rkbuiwl` Bimeauaiml` Owlmu! iw LLHV #Lwkl(

glrke Lowab{ù{wl` Hiekwmarluaim Vwiowlhhk! ar vwkrkmu uckwk ar ktaekmbk id ahvwitkelbbkrr ui ahvwitke rkker, b{uuamor iw ahvwitke àtkruibj gwkker:

Uckwk ar mi vluukwm am uck ksukmu ui cabc ameatae{l`r wkbkatke ksukmraim rkwtabkr- Ciktkw, lcaoc vkwbkmulok id hkhgkwr id dlwhkw owi{vr wkbkatke letariwq rkwtabkr kauckw dwih MLLEriw MOIr:

L`hiru l`` ci{rkcièr r{wtkqke dkù uclu earuwabu wiler cle ahvwitke lme l rhl``kw vkwbkmulokdkù uclu bihh{mauq wiler cle l`ri ahvwitke:

MLLER dlwhkw owi{vr kwk 2 uahkr hiwk àjk`q ui cltk l ekhimruwluaim rauk aucam 2 jh iduckh lme MLLER owi{vr kwk 2 uahkr hiwk àjk`q ui gkàktk lbbkrr ui lowab{ù{wlùkbcmiìoq cle ahvwitke:

Owirr hlwoam lml`qrar {mekwuljkm gq MLLER ameabluke virauatk wku{wmr ui ahvwitke

ukbcmiìoakr ca`k lm ADVWA ru{eq rcike vlwuabavluaim am MLLER owi{vr lr lrribalukeauc l uck Diie lme Lowab{ù{wkRkbuiw Ektkìvhkmu Viàbq #DLREKV! lme uck Oclml Vitkwuq Wke{buaim Ruwlukoq #OVWR!-DLREKV ar uck lowab{ù{wk r{g(bihvimkmu id uck OVWR, cabc vwitaekr uck ruwlukoab dwlhkiwjui leewkrr lowab{ù{wl` owiuc lme diie rkb{wauq- Jkq lwklr id amukwtkmuaim amb`{ek> c{hlmwkri{wbk ektkìvhkmu lme amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq g{aèamo, ektkìvhkmu lme earrkhamluaim id

lvvwivwaluk ukbcmiìoq, damlmbal` rkwtabkr, amdwlruw{bu{wl` ektkìvhkmu lme lbbkrr ui hlwjkur-DLREKV ahv`khkmuamo lokmbakr amb`{ek uck Hamaruwq id Diie lme Lowab{ù{wk #HiDL!, uckHamaruwq id Kmtawimhkmu lme Rbakmbk #HKR! lme uck Lowab{ù{wk Wkrklwbc bkmuwkr- [màjk uckiuckw ui blrkr ciktkw, eimiw r{vviwu ui lowab{ù{wk ar vwitaeke ucwi{oc tlwai{r hkbclmarhr,im`q rihk id uckh auc R_Lv(àjk dklu{wkr-

B{wwkmu`q uckwk lwk ucwkk r{bc hkbclmarhr b`lahamo ui cltk R_Lv àjk dklu{wkr ( uck _iwèGlmjr Lowab{ù{wl` Rkwtabkr R{g(rkbuiw Amtkruhkmu Vwiowlhhk #LoRRAV!, ekraomke gkukkm


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dklu{wkr, mlhk`q làomhkmu auc mluaiml` v`lmmamo lme g{eokuamo vwibkrrkr lme biiweamluaim lmeclwhimarluaim gkukkm eimiw lokmbakr- Lm kslhv`k id uck `luukw lr uck {ma`lukwl` ekbaraim gquck _iwè Glmj ui uljk i{u dwih uck vwiowlhhk uck amdwlruw{bu{wk lme w{wl` damlmbk bihvimkmurdi`ìamo uck 7666 LoRRAV lvvwlarl` #_iwè Glmj)IKE, 7662!- Ucar ar rlae ui cltk bwklukeruwimo wkrkmuhkmu lhimo iuckw eimiwr lme haocu cltk kmbi{wloke BAEL lme EdAE ui khglwj imuckaw im R_Lv ksvkwahkmur- Am uck hklmuahk, iuckw eimiwr ciè im ui uckaw vwinkbur lme vlwl``k`

ahv`khkmuamo ruw{bu{wkr lme lwwlmokhkmur, blwwqamo auc uckh raomadablmu uwlmrlbuaimr birur- Lbwauabl` |{kruaim ar ckuckw uckwk ar rua`` rvlbk diw l uw{`q niamu eimiw r{vviwuke lowab{ù{wl`R_Lvr lme clu rukvr Oitkwmhkmu id Oclml mkker ui uljk ui lrr{hk owklukw `klekwrcav id uckviàbq lme lae hlmlokhkmu vwibkrr9

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5- Khkwoamo arr{kr lme bcl``kmokr

Uckwk lwk l m{hgkw id khkwoamo arr{kr lme bcl``kmokr dlbamo L$WE R_Lvr- Uck vlvkw midib{rkr im clu haocu gk bl``ke uck R_Lv hiek` id bclmok- Klbc k`khkmu ekdamkr lm lwkl iweihlam am cabc uck R_Lv ar ìijamo ui gwamo lgi{u `lruamo bclmok- Ewlamo im uck àukwlu{wk

uck hiru ahviwulmu id uckrk lwk> Ahvwitke lae hlmlokhkmu ( C$L Ahvwitke viàbq biiweamluaim lme ahv`khkmuluaim Ruwimokw amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq lme oitkwmhkmu klekwrcav Ahvwitke ksvkmeau{wk hlmlokhkmu lme hiwk k|{aulg`k rkwtabk ekàtkwq Kmclmbke v{gàb(vwatluk amukwdlbk

Gq takamo uck R_Lv am ucar lq k lwk lg`k ui bihvlwk ksvkwakmbk uckhluabl``q lr k`` lrdib{ramo am im rvkbadab bi{muwq bimuksur- _k lwk l`ri uwkluamo uck R_Lv lr l eqmlhab vwibkrr #gqìijamo lu uwlnkbuiwakr id bclmok! wluckw uclm lr lm looìhkwluaim id krrkmual``q ruluab amv{ur #k-o-ruwlukoq eib{hkmur, lmm{l` ksvkmeau{wk dwlhkiwjr, lme himauiwamo lme ktl`{luaim dwlhkiwjr!-

5-< Lae hlmlokhkmu kddabakmbq lme kddkbuatkmkrr

L R_Lv ar dawru lme diwkhiru lm lvvwilbc ekraomke ui itkwbihk dwlohkmuluaim lmeamkddabakmbakr am uck l`ìbluaim lme hlmlokhkmu id lae- Ckmbk, uck wke{buaim am uck birur iduwlmrlbuaimr clr rambk aur ambkvuaim gkkm imk id uck lvvwilbcr ewatamo ignkbuatkr- G{u ui cluksukmu cltk R_Lvr am L$WE gkkm lbu{l``q lg`k ui wke{bk uwlmrlbuaim birur9 Lme ui clu ksukmucltk oitkwmhkmur, lme vlwuab{`lw`q Hamaruwakr id Lowab{ù{wk, gkkm lg`k ui uljk kddkbuatk`klekwrcav id lae hlmlokhkmu lr vlwu id uck R_Lv9

Uck lrr{hvuaim uclu eimiw clwhimarluaim lme làomhkmu am wkri{wbk v`lmmamo lme hlmlokhkmu{mekw l R_Lv iw R_Lv(àjk lvvwilbc i{è l{uihluabl``q okmkwluk ahvwitkhkmur am uckkddabakmbq lme kddkbuatkmkrr id lae clr mktkw gkkm bcl``kmoke, miw d{``q ekhimruwluke #_luu

766;!- Ucar ar vlwu`q gkbl{rk uckwk ar tkwq àhauke amdiwhluaim ltla`lg`k ui lrrkrr lme himauiwvkwdiwhlmbk am wkri{wbk l`ìbluaim lme {rk-4 Qku, au ar aek`q wkbiomarke uclu hlmq id uckbi{muwakr ahv`khkmuamo R_Lvr #ad miu l``! cltk viiw`q vkwdiwhamo v`lmmamo lme damlmbal`hlmlokhkmu rqrukhr lme àhauke wkri{wbk lgriwvuatk blvlbauq, lme uclu uckrk bimruwlamr{grulmual``q v{gàb rvkmeamo vkwdiwhlmbk lme ckmbk rkwtabk ekàtkwq- Au clr l`ri gkkm miuke ucludlw dwih wkàktamo eimiw lokmbakr dwih hlmlokhkmu d{mbuaimr uck R_Lv clr leeke l wlmok id{mksvkbuke lme {mekrawlg`k wi`kr, ambwklramo eimiw amukwdkwkmbk am mluaiml` viàbq hljamo#Vltaomlma 766

lu l``-

Ckmbk, au ar ekglulg`k ckuckw uck R_Lv ar bimuwag{uamo ui uck rahvàdabluaim lme wluaimlàrluaimam vwibke{wkr lme birur, iw ckuckw, amrukle, au ar leeamo im ui uck bihv`ksauq id v{gàb damlmbal`

4Lrrkrramo uck bihvirauaim, kddabakmbq lme ahvlbu id v{gàb rvkmeamo am lowab{ù{wk #lme amekke am iuckwrkbuiwr! ar hlek eaddab{ù gq klj v{gàb ksvkmeau{wk hlmlokhkmu lme lbbi{mulgaàuq rqrukhr #EDAE7665b!-

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hlmlokhkmu rqrukhr, ca`k miu rkb{wamo ahvwitkhkmur am rkwtabk ekàtkwq #Rkk rkbuaim 5-5gkì!- D{wuckwhiwk, R_Lvr lme iuckw rkbuiw iw r{g(rkbuiw r{vviwu hkbclmarhr lwk takke gqhlmq lr rkbime(gkru iw ktkm uwlmrauaiml` ri`{uaimr ui uck ambwklramo`q vwkdkwwke vwlbuabk idekàtkwamo okmkwl` g{eoku r{vviwu #OGR!- Dìamo eawkbu`q amui uck mluaiml` damlmbal`hlmlokhkmu rqrukh, OGR kmr{wkr ruwimokw làomhkmu auc mluaiml` v`lmmamo lme g{eokuvwibkrrkr lme ahvwitkr mluaiml` imkwrcav am uck l`ìbluaim lme {rk id wkri{wbkr- Uck eimraek

id OGR ar uclu au viukmual``q lhvàdakr t{`mkwlgaàuq ui dae{balwq warj #cabc ar raomadablmu amviiw`q vkwdiwhamo damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu rqrukhr! ca`k earulmbamo gkmkdabalwakr dwih uck viàbqlme ekbaraim hljamo vwibkrr- _ca`k OGR vwivimkmur lwo{k uclu lm ahvwitke darbl` bimmkbuaimgkukkm rulukr lme baua~kmr bi{è gk imk id uck ìmokw ukwh i{ubihkr id OGR, au ar lbjmi`keokeuclu ucar hlq gk imk id uck `krr ulmoag`k, `krr hklr{wlg`k lrvkbur id OGR am uck rciwu ui hkea{hukwh- Uck warj uclu uck viàbq earulmbk gkukkm bkmuwl` oitkwmhkmu lme baua~kmr a`` owi {mekwOGR ar vlwuab{`lw`q iwwqamo am L$WE cabc ar `krr vwimk ui rulmelwearke viàbq vwkrbwavuaimrlme cabc, gq aur im mlu{wk, wk|{awkr l bìrkw amukwlbuaim gkukkm uck ruluk lme uck eatkwrauq idvwatluk ivkwluiwr cabc bimruau{uk uck g{`j id uck rkbuiw-

Khkwoamo |{kruaimr diw Vclrk 7 amb`{ek> Ui clu ksukmu cltk R_Lvr am L$WE aekmuadake b`klw lme dklrag`k hkbclmarhr diw

ambwklramo clwhimarluaim lme làomhkmu lme uc{r wke{bamo uwlmrlbuaimr birur9 Ci ar r{bbkrrgkamo ekdamke am ucar lwkl lme clu lwk rihk id uck jkq k`khkmur id uclu r{bbkrr9

Ui clu ksukmu cltk oitkwmhkmur lrr{hke kddkbuatk `klekwrcav am uck R_Lv vwibkrr9 _clucltk gkkm rihk id uck r{bbkrrd{` lvvwilbckr ui ruwkmouckmamo uck blvlbauakr id mluaimlàmruau{uaimr ui lrr{hk ucar klekwrcav wi`k9

_clu lwk rihk id uck ahvàbluaimr id uck owiamo uwkme uilwer OGR im uck rbivk lmediwhlu id l R_Lv9 Lwk uckwk viukmual` ukmraimr gkukkm iwjamo lu uck rkbuiw `ktk` lmeiwjamo rqrukhabl``q ui ahvwitk uck |{làuq id v{gàb ksvkmeau{wk lme hlmlokhkmu diwwkr{ùr lbwirr uck ci`k id oitkwmhkmu9

5-7 Viàbqhljamo lme v`lmmamo biiweamluaim, bickwkmbk lme lbbi{mulgaàuq lu bkmuwl`

lme ìbl` `ktk`r

R_Lvr l`ri lah lu ahvwitamo uck biiweamluaim gkukkm eaddkwkmu v`lqkwr ivkwluamo am l rkbuiwlme kmclmbk viàbq bickwkmbk lbwirr viàbq hljamo vwibkrrkr- Uck miuaim id l aek lvvwilbcameablukr vwkbark`q uck mkke diw gwamoamo uiokuckw {mekw uck rlhk viàbq dwlhkiwj, l aek wlmokid v`lqkwr cirk lbuaim ahvamokr im uck rkbuiw- Uck R_Lv lvvwilbc l`ri v{ur raomadablmukhvclrar im himauiwamo lme ktl`{luaim rqrukhr ui kmclmbk uck ruw{bu{wkr id ekhibwluablbbi{mulgaàuq- G{u ci h{bc viàbq biiweamluaim, bickwkmbk lme lbbi{mulgaàuq clr uck R_Lvuwaookwke9

Am L$WE uckrk vwambav`kr, iw ignkbuatkr, lwk eaddab{ù ui v{wr{k- Viàbq biiweamluaim ar hlekeaddab{ù gq uck ksarukmbk id hlmq eaddkwkmu amukwkrur lme lokmelr am l rkbuiw viv{`luke gq leatkwrauq id v{gàb lme vwatluk rkbuiw ivkwluiwr- Viàbq bickwkmbk ar bcl``kmoke diw uck rlhk

wklrim auc idukm h{ùav`k iw ambimrarukmu viàbq lokmelr- L`ri, lr miuke gkdiwk, uck rvkbadabbclwlbukwaruabr id lowab{ù{wl` vwie{buaim rqrukhr hljk uck rkbuiw `krr lhkmlg`k ui imk(ra~k(daur(l`` ri`{uaimr, wk|{awamo amrukle ulaìwke viàbq wkrvimrkr ui uck rvkbadabauakr id uck ìbl` bimuksu-L`` uckrk hljk viàbq biiweamluaim lme bickwkmbk vlwuab{`lw`q bcl``kmoamo-

Am vwlbuabk, uck bcl``kmokr id biiweamluaim cltk hklmu uclu R_Lvr kme {v ekvlwuamo dwih uckiwaoaml` aekl` id l bimriàeluke taraim id uck rkbuiw ui imk cabc itkw(aekmuadakr auc uckiwolmarluaiml` ruw{bu{wk id uck Hamaruwq id Lowab{ù{wk- Ckmbk, uck R_Lv ukmer ui gk rclvke gq

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clu uck HiL eikr wluckw uclm gq clu uck lowab{ù{wl` lme w{wl` rkbuiw mkker: cabc amktaulg`qoikr k`` gkqime rkwtabkr vwitaeke gq HiL-

Am ukwhr id lbbi{mulgaàuq, ekrvauk uck wkbiomauaim am uck R_Lv id uck ahviwulmbk id kddkbuatkhimauiwamo lme lbbi{mulgaàuq rqrukhr, ksvkwakmbk rkkhr ui viamu ui àuu`k vwiowkrr #ADLE 766;!-Lbbi{mulgaàuq ukmer ui gk eawkbuke l`hiru ksb`{ratk`q {vlwer uilwer uck eimiwr r{vviwuamo uck

R_Lv #hlam`q ucwi{oc niamu eimiw vwiowkrr wktakr!, auc tkwq àuu`k gkamo eimk lgi{u uckamukwlbuaim auc mluaiml` bimruau{kmbakr lme ìbl` gkmkdabalwakr- Lm KBEVH ru{eq id R_Lvr lmeekbkmuwlàrluaim di{me kslhv`kr am [olmel lme Ulm~lmal id l bimuwleabuaim gkukkm, im uck imkclme, kmclmbamo rkwtabk ekàtkwq ucwi{oc bkmuwl``q hlmloke rkbuiw vwiowlhhkr lme, im uck iuckwclme, vwihiuamo l vwibkrr id ekti`{uaim cabc clr lr aur lah uck uwlmrdkw id wkrvimragaàuakr #lmelbbi{mulgaàuakr! llq dwih bkmuwl` oitkwmhkmu ui ìbl` oitkwmhkmu #KBEVH 7662!- Okuuamo uckwaocu gl`lmbk gkukkm lbbi{mulgaàuq lu bkmuwl` lme ìbl` `ktk`r ar l hlniw bcl``kmok diw R_Lvvwibkrrkr-

Khkwoamo |{kruaimr diw Vclrk 7 amb`{ek> Eikr uck rbivk id uck R_Lv ekukwhamk ci arr{kr id viàbq bickwkmbk lme biiweamluaim lwk

ulbj`ke9 Ar vclramo l R_Lv l oiie lq ui kmr{wk ambwklramo bickwkmbk lme biiweamluaim

itkw uahk9 _ckwk ei L$WE R_Lvr dklu{wk am wk`luaim ui iuckw v{gàb rkbuiw v`lmmamo lme hlmlokhkmu

amruw{hkmur ( VWRVr, mluaiml` g{eokur lme HUKDr9 Ci blm uckrk àmjlokr gk ruwkmouckmkeui okmkwluk hiwk r{rulamke wkr{ùr9

_clu lbbi{mulgaàuq hkbclmarhr lwk v{u am v`lbk ui kmr{wk uck waocu gl`lmbk am damlmbamo lmeahv`khkmuluaim gkukkm bkmuwl` lme ìbl` `ktk`r9 _clu clvvkmr ckwk rkbuiwl` rvkmeamo arhlmloke ucwi{oc vlwl``k` rqrukhr9

5-2 Amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq wi`kr, ruw{bu{wkr lme ambkmuatkr

Bimbkvu{l``q, uck rkbuiw aek lvvwilbc amuwie{bke l raomadablmu`q eaddkwkmu lvvwilbc ui v{gàbrkbuiw hlmlokhkmu lme uck lq am cabc hamaruwakr wk`luk ui imk lmiuckw lme ui mim(ruluk lbuiwr-

Ekrvauk uck owi{me(gwkljamo ahvku{r id uck lvvwilbc, am vwlbuabk uck {mekw`qamo amruau{uaiml`dwlhkiwj #iwolmarluaiml` ruw{bu{wkr, w{`kr lme vwibke{wkr! clr gkkm rì ui wkrvime lme len{ruui uck mk bcl``kmokr- @lbj id ambkmuatkr ui wkdiwh lme aek wlmoamo blvlbauq bimruwlamur lwkbihhim`q iddkwke lr ksv`lmluaimr diw uck rì vlbk id bclmok-

Au clr l`ri gkkm miuke uclu, ekrvauk uckaw amukmuaimr lu uck i{urku, lowab{ù{wl` R_Lvr cltk kmeke({v bimbkmuwluamo cklta`q im uck hlmmkw am cabc wkri{wbkr lwk bclmmk``ke ui uck HiL ui uckksb`{raim id viàbq ealìo{k lme biivkwluaim auc iuckw rkbuiwl` hamaruwakr lme lowab{ù{wkruljkcièkwr #Gl~k`kq 766;!- Uck dlbu uclu rihk id uck hiwk ahviwulmu wi`kr diw uck ruluk amr{vviwuamo L$WE àk i{uraek uck hlmeluk id uck HiL #Blgwl` lme Rbiimkr, 7664!, amb`{eamoviàbq ekbaraimr wk`luamo ui ulsluaim, amdwlruw{bu{wk amtkruhkmu, ksbclmok lme amukwkru wlukr,rkb{wauq lme bimuwlbu kmdiwbkhkmu, hklmr uclu uck `lukru okmkwluaim id R_Lvr lwk {mekw

bimraekwlg`k vwkrr{wk ui dame hiwk kddkbuatk lqr id iwjamo h{ùa(rkbuiwl``q- Rihk cltk lwo{keuclu uck ambkmuatk diw r{bc bclmok ar im`q àjk`q ui bihk ad uck R_Lv ar ìbluke auc uck Hamaruwqid Damlmbk wluckw uclm auc uck Hamaruwq id Lowab{ù{wk- Ucar ar gkbl{rk uck hlam hiuatluaim diwhitamo ui l R_Lv diw rkbuiw hamaruwakr ar ui olam eawkbu bimuwi` itkw r{vv`khkmulwq d{mer,ckwklr uck itkwrkkamo hamaruwq clr lm amruau{uaiml` amukwkru am amuwie{bamo lme bimriàeluamooiie vwibke{wkr am v{gàb damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu, lehamaruwluaim lme uck dib{r im wkr{ùr#Vltaomlma 766

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Lr k`` lr uck bcl``kmokr id iwjamo ruwlukoabl``q, R_Lvr dlbk uck bcl``kmok id iwjamo aucamambwklramo`q ekbkmuwlàrke rqrukhr- L ru{eq gq KBEVH am 7662 aekmuadakr uck raomadablmubcl``kmokr id wkbimbaàmo uck bkmuwaru dib{r id hiru R_Lvr auc ekti`tamo rqrukhr idoitkwmlmbk lme amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq- Lr #Vltaomlma 766 rkbuiw oil`r, ruwlukoakr, v`lqkwr, amv{ur lme

i{uv{ur gwi{ocu uiokuckw amui lm k`kolmu, bimrarukmu lme ciàruabl``q hlmloke dwlhkiwj- Uckksvkwakmbk auc uck dawru vclrk id VWILOWA am Hi~lhga|{k a``{ruwlukr vwkbark`q ci l R_Lvblm `kle ui lm ksbkrratk dib{r im bkmuwl` lowab{ù{wl` lehamaruwluaim blvlbauq g{aèamo lu uckksvkmrk id vwitambal` oitkwmlmbk iddabkr lme {ùahluk`q lu uck biru id ulwoku gkmkdabalwakr ( uckdlwhkwr uckhrk`tkr-

Khkwoamo |{kruaimr diw Vclrk 7 amb`{ek> Ar uck HiL uck lvvwivwaluk ìbluaim diw l h{ùa(rkbuiw R_Lv9 _clu lwk rihk id uck `krrimr

`klwmke lgi{u lqr lme hkbclmarhr ui rkb{wk lbuatk vlwuabavluaim gq Hamaruwakr id Damlmbk ambìrk bi``lgiwluaim auc rkbuiw hamaruwakr, r{bc lr ucwi{oc bickwkmu rkbuiwl` HUKDr lmerkbuiw ksvkmeau{wk wktakr9

Ci ei R_Lvr leewkrr wi`kr lme wkrvimragaàuakr id bkmuwl` lme ìbl` amruau{uaimr am L$WE9

Lwk R_Lv lme ekbkmuwlàrluaim vwibkrrkr bihv`khkmulwq iw bimdàbuamo9 _clu lwk rihk diuck lqr am cabc R_Lvr lwk ulbjàmo uck bcl``kmok id hiwk ekti`tke v`lmmamo lmeg{eokuamo vwibkrrkr9

Ui clu ksukmu lwk amruau{uaiml` ruw{bu{wkr lme ukbcmabl` blvlbauq lu bkmuwl` lme ìbl` `ktk`r lhlniw dib{r id uck R_Lv9 Ci k`` eikr eimiw(`ke ukbcmabl` blvlbauq lrraru amruwkmouckmamo amruau{uaiml` blvlbauq9 _clu lùkwmluatkr lwk ltla`lg`k ui r{vviwu ìmo ukwhamruau{uaim g{aèamo9

5-5 Ahvwitke ksvkmeau{wk lme k|{aulg`k rkwtabk ekàtkwq

@krr earbkwmlg`k dwih uck rkbimelwq àukwlu{wk ar lmq ktaekmbk im uck bimuwag{uaim id R_Lvr amukwhr id v{gàb amtkruhkmu lme rkwtabk ekàtkwq- L dk arr{kr cltk gkkm aekmuadake am uck okmkwabàukwlu{wk, g{u amdiwhluaim ar àhauke am wk`luaim ui L$WE- Ri dlw uckwk ar tkwq àuu`k ktaekmbk uivwie{bk lm amdiwhke n{eokhkmu im uckrk tkwq ahviwulmu hluukwr-

_clu ar b`klw ar uclu ca`k uckwk lwk okm{amk bimbkwmr lgi{u uck |{lmuauq id v{gàb d{meamo diwlowab{ù{wk, uck dib{r clr rcaduke uilwer uck |{làuq #vwie{buatauq! id v{gàb ksvkmeau{wk lme ucklgaàuq id hamaruwakr ui ekàtkw kddkbuatk rkwtabkr aucam rkbuiwl` bkaàmor, ulwokuke lu ucirk cimkke uckh hiru- L okmkwl` |{kruaim ar uck ekowkk id bihv`khkmulwauq gkukkm wkdiwhr ui gwamolgi{u okmkwlàrke ahvwitkhkmur am uck |{làuq id v{gàb ksvkmeau{wk, ucwi{oc lhimoru iuckwucamor r{vviwu ui uck bkmuwl` g{eoku vwibkrr, lme kddiwur gkamo `ke ucwi{oc rkbuiw rvkbadablvvwilbckr- Ksvkwakmbk i{è r{ookru giuc mkke ui gk bìrk`q biiweamluke, g{u ci r{bbkrrd{``qucar ar gkamo eimk ar `krr b`klw-

L jkq uckhk am rihk id uck hiwk vwkrbwavuatk àukwlu{wk ar uck ahviwulmbk id |{abj(amr am uckahv`khkmuluaim id rkbuiw lvvwilbckr- Uckrk amb`{ek, hiru dwk|{kmu`q, ulmoag`k olamr vkwbkatke gq{rkwr id rkwtabkr, diw kslhv`k, ahvwitke hlamukmlmbk id bwauabl` wile mkuiwjr iw hiwk lbuatklme kmoloke ksukmraim iwjkwr- Uck wkbiwe im okmkwluamo r{bc olamr lme uck vkwbkvuaimr idrkwtabk {rkwr id uck tl`{k leeke id uck rkbuiw lvvwilbc wkhlamr {mb`klw-

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Raomadablmu luukmuaim ar l`ri oatkm ui v{gàb vwib{wkhkmu- Am hlmq bi{muwakr, v{gàb vwib{wkhkmuar lm kmekhab ri{wbk id biww{vuaim lu giuc ìbl` lme bkmuwl` oitkwmhkmu `ktk`r- Am ucar bimuksuahvwitamo uck |{làuq id rkwtabk ekàtkwq ar idukm bimuamokmu im hlniw bclmokr ui uck rqrukh idv{gàb vwib{wkhkmu- Mktkwuck`krr ksvkwakmbk rcir uclu r{bc bclmokr cltk idukm vwitke k`{ratklme R_Lvr cltk cle ui wk`q cklta`q im rvkbal` vwib{wkhkmu hklr{wkr cabc kddkbuatk`q oilwi{me oitkwmhkmu rqrukhr- Imk ahvàbluaim ar uclu R_Lvr mkke ui oatk owklukw luukmuaim ui

r{vviwuamo blvlbauq am jkq lwklr r{bc lr vwib{wkhkmu lme damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu lme himauiwamolme ktl`{luaim ui kmlg`k kddkbuatk ksvkmeau{wk hlmlokhkmu lme rkwtabk ekàtkwq-

Khkwoamo |{kruaimr diw Vclrk 7 amb`{ek> Lwk lwklr diw v{gàb lbuaim am rkwtabk ekàtkwq b`klw`q ekdamke9 Ar uckwk l bimrkmr{r lwi{me

vwaiwauakr aucam uck R_Lv9 Lwk vitkwuq lme k|{auq arr{kr d{``q lwuab{`luke9 Ar ahvwitamo uck |{làuq #wluckw uclm uck |{lmuauq! id L$WE amtkruhkmur lme wkb{wwkmu

ksvkmeau{wk l wklrimlg`k dib{r diw uck R_Lv9 Ci ei okmkwlàrke lvvwilbckr ui v{gàb damlmbal` hlmlokhkmu wkdiwh lme hlmloamo diw

wkr{ùr lbwirr oitkwmhkmu dau auc uck rkbuiw lvvwilbc9 _clu blm gk eimk ui rkb{wkahvwitkhkmur am L$WE amtkruhkmur lme rkwtabk ekàtkwq9

Ci ei R_Lvr leewkrr uck wi`k id ìbl` oitkwmhkmur, BRIr lme vwatluk rkbuiw lokmbakr am

ahvwitamo rkbuiw i{ubihkr9 Ci ei R_Lvr leewkrr uck wi`k id mim(ruluk lbuiwr amr{vviwuamo rkwtabk ekàtkwq lu ìbl` `ktk`r9

5-5 V{gàb(vwatluk amukwdlbk ( ruwkmouckmamo vwatluk rkbuiw vlwuabavluaim

Lr l`wkleq miuke, ekrvauk uck iwaoaml` amukmu, uck R_Lv ar `lwok`q lgi{u uck lq uck Hamaruwq idLowab{ù{wk higaàrkr lme {rkr wkri{wbkr lme tkwq àuu`k lgi{u ci au wk`lukr ui iuckw ruluk lmemim(ruluk lbuiwr lme amruau{uaimr- Qku, uckwk lwk m{hkwi{r vwatluk rkbuiw lokmbakr lme vwatlukdi{meluaimr ivkwluamo am uck lowab{ù{wl` rkbuiw lme iwjamo bìrk`q auc uckh clr gkkm aekmuadakelr bw{bal` ulrj diw v{gàb rkbuiw lokmbakr rkkjamo ui r{vviwu lm kmlgàmo kmtawimhkmu diw owiuclme ektkìvhkmu-

_ca`k vwatluk amtkruhkmu ar ambwklramo`q wkolweke lr uck hlam ewatkw aucam uck lowab{ù{wl`rkbuiw, l wkbkmu vlvkw gq #Nimkr lme Ruibjgwaeok 766;! im lowab{ù{wk lme w{wl` kmukwvwark amLdwabl viamur ui uck mklw rulomlmu `ktk`r id loowkoluk vwatluk amtkruhkmu am r{g(Rlclwlm Ldwablrambk uck Ci eikr uck R_Lv rkkj ui g{aè rqmkwoq auc uck wkri{wbkr lme kddiwur id vwatluk rkbuiw

lbuiwr lme amruau{uaimr9 Ar uckwk lmq ktaekmbk uclu R_Lvr cltk vwitaeke l blul`qru uiambwklrke vwatluk rkbuiw amtkruhkmu am L$WE9 _clu lwk rihk id uck viàuabl` igrulb`kr uiambwklrke vwatluk rkbuiw vlwuabavluaim am R_Lvr9

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Lwk b`klw hkbclmarhr diw amukwlbuaim lme vlwumkwrcav auc uck vwatluk rkbuiw am v`lbk lme v{uamui vwlbuabk9 Ci ei rqrukhab oitkwmlmbk wkdiwhr ahvlbu im uck amukwlbuaim gkukkmoitkwmhkmu lme vwatluk rkbuiw lbuiwr am L$WE9

Ci ei R_Lvr gl`lmbk uck mkke diw hiwk kddkbuatk v{g`ab lbuaim diw uck viiw auc uck mkkeui bwkluk lm kmlg`amo kmtawimhkmu diw vwatluk rkbuiw amtkruhkmu9 Ci blm ucar gl`lmbk lmeamtkruhkmu bihvirauaim gk gkuukw wkd`kbuke am rkbuiw g{eoku vwibkrrkr #r{bc lr HUKDr!9

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;- L bimbkvu{l` dwlhkiwj lme mksu rukvr

;-< Bimbkvu{l` Dwlhkiwj

Dao{wk < vwkrkmur uck datk uckhkr am wk`luaim ui uck jamer id ruwlukoab i{ubihkr lme wkr{ùr uclu

eimiwr lme oitkwmhkmur lwk uwqamo ui lbcaktk aucam L$WE #IKBE 7664!- Uck dao{wk ar v{wk`qa``{ruwluatk lu ucar rulok g{u ar {rkd{` diw àmjamo #lu `klru bimbkvu{l``q! lmuabavluke R_Lv bclmokvwibkrrkr lme caockw iwekw wkr{ùr-

Dao{wk @amjamo uck R_Lv bclmok hiek` auc wkr{ùr

Ahvwitke lae

hlmlokhkmu

Kmclmbke v`lmmamo,viàbqhljamo $ahv`khkmuluaim

Ruwimokw

amruau{uaiml`blvlbauq

Ahvwitke$ k|{aulg`k

ksvkmeau{wki{ubihkr

Ruwkmouckmkev{gàb(vwatluk

amukwdlbk

Ahvwitke

vwie{buatauq$ hlwjku ivvr

Vwihiuamoeatkwradakeàtkàciier

Leewkrramowarj $t{`mkwlgaàuq

Kddkbuatk

bi{muwq(`kevlwumkwrcavr

HEOr

Mluaiml`VWR Oil`r R

uwlukoabW

kr{ùr

R_Lv amv{ur $ vwibkrrkr

Dao{wk 7 oikr l rukv d{wuckw lme àmjr uck datk uckhkr auc clu lwk aek`q {mekwruiie ui gk rihkid uck mkbkrrlwq vwkbimeauaimr diw hitamo ui l R_Lv lme rihk id uck rvkbadab vwibkrrkr lmeamv{ur taul` ui r{vviwu hkea{h ui ìmo ukwh bclmok- Dao{wk 7 vwitaekr uck glrar id l rahvàdakeìoabl` dwlhkiwj uclu a`` gk {rke ui o{aek Vclrk 7-

7?


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73

Dao{wk 7> Uck bclmok hiek` {mekw`qamo uck R_Lv vwibkrr-

Amaual`Bimeauaimr Amv{ur Lbuatauakr I{uv{ur I{ubihkr Ahvlbur

Vlwumkw Oitu-

Rkbuiw ruwlukoq$ viàbq

Lmm{l` rkbuiwksv- vwiowlhhk

Ri{me hlbwi

Vlwuabavluaim gqjkq ruljkcièkwram rkbuiw viàbq

Oitu-(`ke eimiwbiiweamluaim

Eimiwr)EVr

Hlniw eimiwrvwitaek r{vviwuaaucam rkbuiwd

Eimiwr hitamo

uilwer wkàlmbkim oitu- damlmbal` $lbbi{muamo rqrukhr

Eimiwr hitamo uibihhim lvvwilbckrdiw hlmlokhkmu $ahv`khkmuluaim

D{meamo( eihkruab( vii ke( g{eoku( vwinkbu( Mim(oitu

Viàbq)ruwlukoqdiwh{`luaim$ ealìo{k

UL)blvlbauqg{aèamo

Làomhkmu $clwhimarluaim

Viàbq dib{rke imjkq v{gàb ksvkheau{wk$ kmlgàmo lbuaimrdiw owiuc $ VW

Viàbq b`klw lgi{u bwirr(rkbuiwl` ignkbuatkr)vwaiwauakr

Hiwk wkri{wbkrdiw oitu- g{eoku $hiwk wkri{wbkrim(g{eoku

Blvlbauq g{aèamo$ ahvwitke VDHkmlgàmo lbuaimrdiw vwatluk rkbuiw $mim(ruluk lbuiwr

Eimiwr hitk uilwerL $ C lwi{me rkbuiwoil`r lme vwaiwauakr

Ahvwitke viàbqbiiweamluaimahv`khkmuluaim $lbbi{mulgaàuq

Ahvwitke ksvkmeau{wkhlmlokhkmu $ hiwkk|{aulg`k rkwtabk ekàtkwq

Ahvwitke amruau{uaiml`blvlbauq $ oitu`klekwrcav

Kmclmbke v{gàb(vwatlukamukwdlbk

Ahvwitke laehlmlokhkmu

Ahvwitke vwie{buatauq$ hlwjkuivviwu{mauakr

Kddkbuatk bi{muwq`ke vlwumkwrcavr

Hiwk bime{batkowiuc $caockw ambihkr

Mim(ambihkvitkwuq wke{buaim

Khvikwhkmu$ amb`{raim idviiw vkiv`k

Rkbuiw ksvDwlhkiwj)HUKD

Vwihiuaim ideatkwradake atkàciier

Warj $ t{`mkwlgaàuqleewkrrke

Jkq Lrr{hvuaimr $ Warjr>Viàuabl` klekwrcav $ bihhauhkmu ui rkbuiw wkdiwh vwibkrrVwiowkrr am iuckw)wk`luke wkdiwh lwklrMluaiml` $ ibl` l{uciwauakr lg`k ui lgriwg ambwklrkedamlmbk)UL am ucar lwklEimiwr a`àmo lg`k ui làom $ clwhimark uckaw vwibke{wkr

àh kke am ucar vlvkw lr r{ddabakmu ui a``{ruwluk uck eatkwrauq id

ihq uck viukmual` id R_Lvr ar virrag`q owklukw

ekmbk

au ar h{ùa(rkbuiwl`, rkbuiwl`,

tak clr

Uck dwlhkiwj ar miu ekdamauatk, miw ar au ksvkbuke uclu l`` uck arr{kr a`` gk amtkruaoluke am d{``-Wluckw au ar amukmeke ui gk l uii` diw iwolmaramo arr{kr lme ktaekmbk am l ìoabl` lme bihvlwlg`k

lq uclu a`` am u{wm r{vviwu uck vwie{buaim id l rqmuckrar id dameamor lme `krrimr am Vclrk 2-

;-7 Bi{muwq R_Lv rk`kbuaim

Uck auke rlhv`k id bi{muwakr wktaksvkwakmbkr auc L$WE R_Lvr- Uck ucwkk blrkr ksvìwke a``{ruwluk eaddkwkmu rulokr lme l`rieaddkwkmu bimbkvuaimr id uck R_Lv- Ckmbk, au ar krrkmual` uclu uck bi{muwq lml`qrar am Vclrk 7 arlg`k ui blvu{wk ucar eatkwrauq ca`k vwitaeamo lm ivviwu{mauq diw hiwk rqrukhluab `krrimr `klwmamolbwirr rvkbadab bimuksur- Lolamru ucar glbjowi{me lme g{aèamo im uck uckhkr id uck ekrj wktak,uck vwivirke bwaukwal diw bi{muwq rk`kbuaim lwk> uck ahviwulmbk id lowab{ù{wk am uck kbim

am kmtawimhkmur ckwk lowab{ù{wk ar rua`` lm ahviwulmu bimuwag{uiw ui mluaiml` ambihk:

uck ekowkk id lae ekvkmekmbk ( R_Lvr lwk {r{l``q lrribaluke auc caoc lae ekvkm#Dirukw, Miwuim ku l` 7666! g{u hiwk wkbkmu`q R_Lvr cltk gkkm amaualuke am bi{muwakr aucwk`luatk`q ì `ktk`r id lae ekvkmekmbk- L bimuwlru gkukkm uck ui uqvkr id lae bimuksu a``gk {rkd{` diw okmkwluamo mk amraocur lgi{u uck rkbuiw lvvwilbc:uck rbivk id L$WE R_Lv iw R_Lv(àjk lvvwilbc ckuckwr{g(rkbuiwl` ar àjk`q ui raomadablmu lddkbu aur vwirvkbur diw gwilekw rqrukhab bclmok:uck ekowkk id hlu{wauq id uck L$WE R_Lv iw R_Lv(àjk lvvwilbc lr uck wkrcim, L$WE R_Lvr lwk lu tkwq eaddkwkmu rulokr id ektkìvhkmu- Rihk id uck hiwkìmorulmeamo R_Lvr, r{bc lr VWILOWA, lwk mi okmkwluamo `krrimr id bwauabl` wk`ktlmbk ui


29/40


uck `lukw R_Lvr, ca`k uckrk `lukw R_Lvr lwk gkamo ahv`khkmuke am bimuksur uclu lwkviukmual``q hiwk bihv`ks lme bcl``kmoamo- Uck ru{eq lahr ui blvu{wkr rihk id ucarbimuwlruamo ksvkwakmbk lr l lq ui uwlbj bclmokr am uck R_Lv bimbkvu itkw uahk, lme daml``qg{u bw{bal``q:uck okmkwl` wk bkvuatauq id uck bi{muwqr rkbuiwl` wkvwkrkmuluatkr ui bi``lgiwluamo am uck

ck rk`kbuaim bwaukwaim hljkr mi b`lahr lgi{u gkamo wkvwkrkmuluatk #am uck ruluaruabl` rkmrk!- Gq

ru{eq-

Ukmr{wamo rihk ruw{bu{wk ui bi{muwq bciabk, ciktkw, au eikr l`ì {r ui vamviamu arr{kr lme`krrimr uclu cltk rihk bihvlwluatk tl`{k lr k`` lr gkamo bi{muwq rvkbadab- Ui ksvlme uckgwkleuc id uck ru{eq lme uckwkgq ambwklrk uck virragaàuq id ewlamo amukwkruamo bihvlwluatk`krrimr au ar vwivirke uclu Vclrk 7 bihvwark giuc l dakè(`ktk` lme ekrj(`ktk` bihvimkmu- Uckdakè bihvimkmu a`` amti`tk 5 bi{muwq ru{eakr- Uck ekrj bihvimkmu a`` amb`{ek l d{wuckw 2 iwvirrag`q 5 bi{muwakr glrke im l ekula`ke lml`qrar id uck rkbimelwq àukwlu{wk diw ucirk bi{muwakr,amb`{eamo imk bi{muwq virrag`q Jkmql ckwk uckwk ar b{wwkmu`q mi R_Lv g{u l ruwimo ekrawkgq eimiwr lu `klru ui hitk am uclu eawkbuaim- Glrke im uck bwaukwaim lgitk, Ulg`k < vwitaekr l àruid r{ookruke bi{muwakr diw amb`{raim am Vclrk 7-

Ulg`k Bi{muwq rk`kbuaim #vwkàhamlwq!

Bi{muwq Lowab{ù{wk lr + idOEV

Lae ekvkmekmbq (IEL lr + id OEV

Ekowkk id hlu{wauqid uck L$WE R_Lv

Rbivk id uck L$WER_Lv


30/40


;-2 Hkucie lme Lvvwilbc

tk ucwkk hlam v{wvirkr>kw`qamo uck bclmok hiek`, lme

ck ibl` ruljkcièkwr, eib{hkmu

e l gwakd wktak id uck bi{muwq L$WE

mdiwhlmur amukwtakr lme rkbimelwq elul

mk amukwmluaiml` ksvkwu, imk iw hiwk

mr ewlm dwih uck bimbkvu{l` dwlhkiwj

id uck bihhim bimbkvu{l` dwlhkiwj am Vclrk 7 a`` vwitaek uck glrar diw hitamolwer l rqmuckrar id jkq dklu{wkr lme `krrimr am Vclrk 2- Klbc id uck bi{muwq ru{eakr a`` rulme

Uck bi{muwq ru{eakr am Vclrk 7 a`` rkw ui kslhamk uck raomadablmbk id uck tlwai{r k`khkmur {me

ruljkcièkw vkwbkvuaimr id vwiowkrr lme khkwoamo wkr{ùr ui aekmuadq leeauaiml` arr{kr miu blvu{wke gq uck rbivamo wktak auc wk`ktlmbk ui uck d{u{wk id

L$WE R_Lvr ui ewl i{u `krrimr `klwmke auc ivkwluaiml` wk`ktlmbk ui uck bi{muwq(`ktk` R_Lv vwibkrr am

bi``lgiwluaim auc ektkìvhkmu vlwumkwr lme bi{muwq iddabal`r-

dakè ru{eakr a`` amti`tk l bihgamluaim id amukwtakr auc Ùlml`qrar, dib{r owi{vr lme am(bi{muwq iwjrcivr- _iwj a`` gk bime{buke am di{w rulokr> #a!rbivamo id bimuksu{l` arr{kr lme l hlvvamo id jkq ruljkcièkwr lme elul ri{wbkr: #aa! am(bi{muwqelul bi``kbuaim lme jkq amdiwhlmur amukwtakr: #aaa! vwkàhamlwq elul lml`qrar: lme #at! dkkeglbjim vwkàhamlwq dameamor ucwi{oc am(bi{muwq iwjrcivr-

m uck àocu id uck vwivirke bimbkvu{l` dwlhkiwj lmAviàbq lme lae hlmlokhkmu rkuuamo, l rku id bi{muwq rvkbadab cqviuckrkr lme |{kruaimr a`` gk `laei{u ui o{aek km|{awq lu uck bi{muwq `ktk`- Klbc rku id cqviuckrkr lme |{kruaimr a`` gk bi{muwqrvkbadab g{u wkd`kbu uck biwk uckhkr id uck bimbkvu{l` dwlhkiwj- Am leeauaim, lme am bi``lgiwluaimauc uck mluaiml` bimr{ùlmu#r!, l ukmuluatk hlvvamo id jkq ruljkcièkwr lme elul ri{wbkr a`` gkvwie{bke ui ck`v ruw{bu{wk uck dakè iwj- _ckwk lvvwivwaluk l ruwkmoucr, kljmkrrkr,ivviwu{mauakr, ucwklur #R_IU! uqvk lml`qrar a`` gk {mekwuljkm ui ewl i{u amaual` cqviuckrkrlgi{u uck ruwkmoucr lme kljmkrrkr id uck R_Lv iw R_Lv(àjk vwibkrr cabc a`` gk d{wuckwukruke am uck dakè e{wamo dib{r owi{vr lme iwjrcivr-

akè iwj a`` bimraru hlam`q id rkha(ruw{bu{wke jkq aDbi``kbuaim- Am leeauaim ui uck amukwtakr, uck ru{eakr a`` amti`tk iuckw diwhr id bimr{ùluaim aucìbl` ruljkcièkwr, àmjke miu im`q ui uck lowab{ù{wk rkbuiw g{u l`ri ui aekw viàbq vwibkrrkrr{bc lr VWRVr, v{gàb rkbuiw wkdiwhr lme ekbkmuwlàrluaim- _ckwk R_Lv iwjamo owi{vr iw niamueimiw bihhauukkr ksaru, uck uklhr a`` rkkj ui {rk uckrk diwl miu im`q diw elul oluckwamo g{u l`riui ukru khkwoamo cqviuckrkr lme earb{rr dameamor- D{wuckwhiwk, lm am(bi{muwq iwjrciv a`` gk{rke ui earb{rr vwkàhamlwq dameamor lme wkbihhkmeluaimr-

ck bi{muwq ru{eakr a`` gk bime{buke gq uklhr bihvwaramo iUmluaiml` ksvkwur lme l hkhgkw id uck DLI Amtkruhkmu Bkmuwk- Uck bi{muwq dakè ru{eq uklhr a``àlark bìrk`q auc DLI wkvwkrkmuluatk ruldd am(bi{muwq ui kmbi{wlok bwirr(dkwuaàrluaim id aeklrlme ksvkwakmbkr lme ui olam lbbkrr ui ìbl` jmi`keok-

ck ekrj ru{eakr a`` gk glrke im l raha`lw rku id |{kruaiUg{u a`` wk`q kmuawk`q im l bihgamluaim id rkbimelwq viàbq lme ktl`{luatk eib{hkmur lmeuk`kvcimk amukwtakr auc wk`ktlmu, `lwok`q eimiw vkwrimmk`, amb`{eamo DLI wkvwkrkmuluatk rulddam(bi{muwq lme uck wk`ktlmu eimiw iwjamo owi{v, ui g{aè l gwile lrrkrrhkmu id uck ruwkmoucr lmekljmkrrkr id uck R_Lv vwibkrr- Uck ekrj ru{eakr blmmiu lah ui vwitaek uck rlhk ekvuc lr uckbi{muwq ru{eakr, g{u uckq ei vwitaek uck ivviwu{mauq ui ksukme uck gwkleuc id uck rlhv`k lmeuckwkdiwk ui ukru rihk id uck bkmuwl` cqviuckrkr lbwirr l aekw wlmok id bi{muwq ksvkwakmbkr-Im`q ucirk bi{muwakr diw cabc uckwk ar l r{ddabakmu vlvkw uwla` a`` gk amb`{eke lr vlwu id uck ekrjru{eq-

ck {rkUui

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l`imk ui kmr{wk hlsah{h wk`ktlmbk ui uck bi{muwq bimuksu, g{u uck rqmuckrar a`` lah ui ewl i{ubihvlwluatk dameamor lr dlw lr virrag`k ui kmr{wk giuc bimbkvu{l` lme ivkwluaiml` tl`{k(leeke iduck ru{eq lr l ci`k-

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Rkbuiw(_aek Lvvwilbckr am Lowab{ù{wk lme W{wl` Ektkìvhkmu> L Ekrj Wktak id Ksvkwakmbk, Arr{kr lm

Lmmks R{hhlwq id L$WE R_Lvr #iwj am vwiowkrr!?

L$WE Viàbq) H{ùa(

Rkbuiw:Rkbuiw:

VWR

làomhkmu

Vwiowlhhk R{g(Rkbuiw9

Qklw Rkbuiw

R{vviwuVwiowlhhk#Mlhk!

VWRB iw

ga`lukwlÒGRvwiowlhhkam v`lbk9

D{meamo Hielàuakr

Vwinkbu BihhimVii`)Glrjku

RkbuiwG{eokuR{vviwu

Mrukm

Gkmam

Oclml Diie lmeLowab{ù{wk RkbuiwEktkìvhkmuViàbq #DLREKV!lme#@


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Hl`la Lowab{ù{wl`Hamaruwq im`qwkbiomarkrvwinkbur lme oituruw{bu{wkr lrekàtkwq uii`r diwLowab{ù{wl`

Vwiowlhhkr-


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[olmel V`lm diw uckHiekwmarluaim idLowab{ù{wk #VHL!

766< L Dwlhkiwj uileewkrr vitkwuq

L Dwlhkiwjaucam lRkbuiw aucrihk H{ùa(Rkbuiwlrvkbur 'lruwlukoab lme

ivkwluaiml`dwlhkiwj diwkwleabluamovitkwuqucwi{oc h{ùa(rkbuiwlàmukwtkmuaimr#amb`{eamolowab{ù{wk!diwuwlmrdiwhluaim id ucklowab{ù{wl`rkbuiw' #G1!

VHL lr lbihvimkmu idVKLV cabcuiokuckw aucHUBR#Hkea{h UkwhBihvkuauatkmk

rr Ruwlukoq!RKV #RuwlukoabKsviwuVwiowlhhk!dib{rkr imviiw w{wl`ci{rkcièr-Oiie iw Gkuukw/lr vkw Itkwl``lrrkrrhkmu idci k``làomke uckRkbuiw ar aucVWR

VWRB


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Giàtal Mluaiml` Ruwlukoqdiw W{wlÈktkìvhkmu#KMELW!

3 rkbuiwl`viàbakr- 2h{ùa(rkbuiwl`lvvwilbckrlme

Ekwatke dwihVWR Hkea{hukwh oil`r#766?(76


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RuwlukoabLowidiwkruwqRkbuiwl` V`lm7665(64

lme#Dib{rke im;3 rciwu(ukwhhklr{wkr!

amukowluke aucVWR

D{meamohitamodwihVwinkbur uiVwiowlhhk glrkeim jkq

r{g(rkbuiwr>ukbcmiìoq#RMAUUL!:Rhl``DlwhkwEktkìvhkmu $ HjuBclamrVWIMLOWIDiwkruwqVWIMLDIW lmelmahl` $v`lmuvcquirlmaulwqVWIEKB

Mablwlo{l VWIW[WL@ 766; ? Bihvimkmuràmjr auc VME(I #6;(61!

Rkbuiwl`Lvvwilbc # L Ekrj Wktak id Ksvkwakmbk, Arr{kr lme Bcl``kmokr

Wkdkwkmbkr

Lmrim, W- #766;!- Uck Wi`k id uck Rkbuiw _aek Lvvwilbc ui R{rulamlg`k W{wl` Ektkìvhkmu amBkmuwl` Lhkwabl ( _iwjamo Eib{hkmu vwkvlwke diw W[UL-

Glu`kq, W- #7667!- Hi~lhga{|{k> l bi{muwq blrk ru{eq- Ru{eq diw uck IKBE(ELB Ulrj Diwbk imEimiw Vwlbuabkr, Gawhamoclh [matkwrauq-

Gl~k`kq, V- #766;!- _clu/r lowab{ù{wl` wkdiwh oiu ui ei auc l Hamaruwq id Lowab{ù{wk9 D{u{wkLowab{ù{wkr, @{mbcuahk Hkkuamo Rkwakr- IEA-

Gk~khkw, E- lme N- Ckl`kq #7664!- Rihkucamo id l vlwleis> uck b{wai{r mko`kbu id lowab{ù{wk amektkìvhkmu ( ewldu vlvkw-

Gwim, L- #7666!- B{wwkmu Arr{kr am Rkbuiw(_aek Lvvwilbckr diw Cklùc Ektkìvhkmu>Hi~lhga|{k Blrk Ru{eq- Ruwlukoakr diw Biivkwluaim lme Vlwumkwrcav, _CI-

Blgwl`, @- lme A- Rbiimkr #7664! Mlwwluatkr id lowab{ù{wl` viàbq am Ldwabl> clu wi`k diwhamaruwakr id lowab{ù{wk9, vlvkw diw uck D{u{wk Lowab{ù{wkr Bimriwua{h iwjrciv, Amruau{uk idEktkìvhkmu Ru{eakr, 76(77 Hlwbc 7664-

BAEL #7662! Warj glrke l{eau dwlhkiwj diw uck Oclml Diie lme Lowab{ù{wk G{eokulwqR{vviwu #DLGR! vwinkbu, Ekbkhgkw-

Bwihk``, K-, B- @{uukwk``, ku l`- #766;!- Vitkwuq Wke{buaim Ruwlukoakr lme uck w{wl` vwie{buatkrkbuiwr- IEA _iwjamo Vlvkw, IEA-

EdAE #7665l!- Lowab{ù{wl` Uwlek lme Vitkwuq Wke{buaim> Ivviwu{mauq iw Ucwklu-, EDAELowab{ù{wk lme Mlu{wl` Wkri{wbkr Uklh-

EdAE #7665g!- Lowab{ù{wk, Owiuc lme Vitkwuq Wke{buaim, EDAE, Lowab{ù{wk lme Mlu{wl`Wkri{wbkr Uklh-

EdAE #7665b!- Kddkbuatk viàbq lme v{gàb ksvkmeau{wk wkdiwh diw vwi(viiw lowab{ù{wlèktkìvhkmu- _iwjamo vlvkw diw uck Wkmklg`k Mlu{wl` Wkri{wbkr lme Lowab{ù{wk Uklh, EDAEViàbq Eataraim-, IVH-

EdAE #7665e!- Iddabal` Ektkìvhkmu Lrrarulmbk ui Lowab{ù{wk- _iwjamo vlvkw vwie{bke gq uckLowab{ù{wk lme Mlu{wl` Wkri{wbkr Uklh, @imeim-

EdAE #766;l! Wktak id Cklùc lme Ke{bluaim Vwiowkrr am Rk`kbuke Ldwablm Bi{muwakr #WCKV

RLB!> Rqmuckrar Wkviwu- Ldwabl Viàbq Ekvlwuhkmu, Hlq-

EdAE #766;g! Vwinkbu Hkhiwlme{h> Oclml R{vviwu ui Lowab{ù{wk Rkbuiw Clwhimarluaim#RLRC!, Ekvlwuhkmu diw Amukwmluaiml` Ektkìvhkmu, Rkvukhgkw-

Eiwlwe, L-, R- Dlm, ku l`- #7665!- 'Amruau{uaimr lme viàbakr diw vwi(viiw lowab{ù{wl` owiuc-'Ektkìvhkmu Viàbq Wktak 77#4!> 4


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KB #7662!- O{aekàmkr diw K{wivklm Bihharraim R{vviwu ui Rkbuiw Vwiowlhhkr- K{wivkLae-

KBEVH #7667!- Rkbuiw _aek Lvvwilbckr lme Ekbkmuwlàrluaim ( Uilwer Owklukw ViàbqBickwkmbk- Bimbkvu Vlvkw diw l Wkrklwbc Vwinkbu-, KBEVH-

KBEVH #7662!- Wk`luamo Rkbuiw(aek Lvvwilbckr lme Ekbkmuwlàrluaim- Uilwer Owklukw Viàbq

Bickwkmbk- L Vwkàhamlwq Rqmuckrar id Arr{kr-

Kabckw, B- #7662!- D`lrcglbj> Daduq Qklwr id Eimiw Lae ui Ldwablm Lowab{ù{wk- Vlvkw vwkrkmuke luAm_Kmu, ADVWA, MKVLE, BUL bimdkwkmbk ( R{bbkrrkr am Ldwablm Lowab{ù{wk, Vwkuiwal-

Dimo, H- #7667!- Okmekw am rkbuiw aek ektkìvhkmu viàbakr lme vwiowlhr- AAA _iwè Bimowkrrid W{wl` _ihkm- Hlewae-

Dirukw, H-, L- Gwim, ku l`- #7666!- _clu/r eaddkwkmu lgi{u lowab{ù{wl` R_Lvr9 Vwkrkmuke luEDAE Mlu{wl` Wkri{wbkr Letariwr Bimdkwkmbk N{`q 7666- IEA-

Dirukw, H- #7666! Mk lvvwilbckr ui ektkìvhkmu bi(ivkwluaim> clu blm k `klwm dwih

ksvkwakmbk auc ahv`khkmuamo Rkbuiw _aek Lvvwilbckr9, _iwjamo Vlvkw

Nimkr, R- #7666!- Ambwklramo Lae Kddkbuatkmkrr am Ldwabl- Uck _iwè Glmj lme Rkbuiw AmtkruhkmuVwiowlhr-

Nimkr, R- lme H- Ruibjgwaeok #766;!- Lowab{ù{wk lme W{wl` Kmukwvwark am Ldwabl> Ar uckwk lmAmtkruhkmu Olv9 Isdiwe Viàbq Hlmlokhkmu-

JVHO #7662!- Amruau{uaiml` wkdiwh id HLEKW> d{mbuaiml` lml`qrar lme wkruw{bu{wamo ruwlukoq-Ewldu wkviwu- Hlv{ui-

Jqee, N- lme L- Eiwlwe #766 54?(5?3-

@ltkwomk, W- lme L- L`gl #7662!- BAEL Vwahkw im Vwiowlh(Glrke Lvvwilbckr- BAEL-

IKBE #7665!- Ewldu I{uàmk id uck Oiie Vwlbuabk Vlvkw im Vwitaeamo Clwhimarke R{vviwu uiRkbuiw Lvvwilbckr ( Wiih Eib{hkmu ;-, IKBE ) ELB _iwjamo Vlwuq im Lae Kddkbuatkmkrr lmeEimiw Vwlbuabkr- Ulrj Uklh im Clwhimarluaim lme Làomhkmu-

IKBE #7664! Vwihiuamo Vwi(Viiw Owiuc ( Lowab{ù{wk- Ui gk v{gàrcke am uck ELB

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O{aekàmkr lme Wkdkwkmbk Rkwakr lr l ELB Wkdkwkmbk Eib{hkmu-

IVH #7666!- Uck wi`k id uck ruluk am w{wl` vitkwuq wke{buaim> ckwk ei rkbuiw aek lmer{rulamlg`k atkàciie lvvwilbckr dau am9 IVH-

IVH #766;!- Uck V`lm diw uck Hiekwmarluaim id Lowab{ù{wk> Ktl`{luaim Wkviwu, Isdiwe Viàbq

Hlmlokhkmu-

Vltaomlma, K- #766

Vltaomlma, K- lme T- Cl{bj #766 ammitluatkvwlbuabkr lme bcl``kmokr- KEBVH Earb{rraim Vlvkw, mi- 21- Hllruwabcu-

Wkv{gàb id Hi~lhga|{k #7662!- VWILOWA ktl`{luaim, Daml` Wkviwu, Hamaruwq id Lowab{ù{wklme W{wl` Ektkìvhkmu, Hlv{ui-

Wkv{gàb id Hi~lhga|{k #7665!- VWILOWA AA Ruwlukoq Eib{hkmu- Ti` A ( AAA, Hamaruwq id

Lowab{ù{wk lme W{wl` Ektkìvhkmu-

Rckvckwe, L- #766

Rckvckwe, L-, T- Dwau~, ku l`- #766;!- Jkq arr{kr am rclwvkmamo uck w{wl` vwie{buaim dib{r idVitkwuq Wke{buaim Ruwlukoq vwibkrrkr> @aukwlu{wk wktak diw ADLE Arr{kr Vlvkw-

RAEL #7666! Rael/r Viàbq diw Rkbuiw Vwiowlhhk R{vviwu-

RVL #766;!- Uilwer Rkbuiw R{vviwu Làomhkmu lme Clwhimarluaim ( RVL 766; Rkbuiw VwiowlhUwlbjamo Wkviwu- R- Rkbwkulwalu-

RVL #7664! Uilwer Làomhkmu lme Clwhima~luaim id Rkbuiw R{vviwu- Bi(Bclawr/ Wktik vdLbuatauakr, Wkr{ùr lme Vkwrvkbuatkr am 7662(;- RR_O, Nlm{lwq-

[MBULE #7665!- Uck @klru Ektkìvke Bi{muwakr Wkviwu ( Itkwtak gq uck Rkbwkulwq Okmkwl`,[MBULE- Okmktl-

_luu, V- #766;!- Uwlmrlbuaimr Birur am Lae> Blrk Ru{eakr am Rkbuiw _aek Lvvwilbckr am ^lhgallme Rkmkol`- Ibblraiml` Vlvkw 766;)74- C- E- W- C{hlm Ektkìvhkmu Wkviwu Iddabk, C{hlmEktkìvhkmu Wkviwu Iddabk-

_aooamr, R- #766;!- Ammitluaim am lowab{ù{wl` lme w{wl` ektkìvhkmu> rci{è k wku{wm ui uck

`klwmamo vwibkrr, Vlvkw vwkrkmuke lu AHA iwjrciv, ADLE, Mitkhgkw-

_iwè Glmj #7666! Vwinkbu lvvwlarl` eib{hkmu im l vwivirke lelvulg`k vwiowlhhk bwkeau am ucklhi{mu id REW ;6-1 ha`àim ui uck Wkv{gàb id Oclml am r{vviwu id uck dawru vclrk diw lmLowab{ù{wl` Rkwtabkr R{grkbuiw Amtkruhkmu Vwinkbu, N{mk, Ldwabl Wkoaiml` Iddabk-

_iwè Glmj)IKE #7662! Ktl`{luaim id uck Bihvwkckmratk Ektkìvhkmu Dwlhkiwj> Oclmlblrk ru{eq, l h{ùa(vlwumkw ktl`{luaim id uck Bihvwkckmratk Ektkìvhkmu Dwlhkiwj,Ivkwluaimr Ktl`{luaim Ekvlwuhkmu, _iwè Glmj-

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_iwèGlmj #7665!- Rkbuiwaek Lvvwilbckr #R_Lvr! ( Rlàkmu Dklu{wkr, Ahv`khkmuluaim Arr{krlme Bcl``kmokr- Vwkrkmuluaim hlek am Elw kr Rl`llh, Ulm~lmal-

_iwèGlmj #766;l!- Lowab{ù{wl` Amtkruhkmu Ri{wbkgiij, _iwè Glmj, _lrcamouim EB-

_iwèGlmj #766;g!- L wktak id w{wl` ektkìvhkmu lrvkbur id VWRVr lme VWRBr, 7666(7665-

_- G- Lowab{ù{wk lme W{wl` Ektkìvhkmu Ekvlwuhkmu- _lrcamouim E-B-

_iwèGlmj #766;b!- Lowab{ù{wl` Owiuc diw uck Viiw> Lm Lokmel diw Ektkìvhkmu- Eawkbuaimram Ektkìvhkmu, _iwè Glmj-

_iwèGlmj)ADVWA #766;!- Lowab{ù{wk lme Lbcaktamo uck Ha``kmma{h Ektkìvhkmu Oil`r-

_iwè Glmj #ke! Ke{bluaim lme Cklùc am R{g(Rlclwlm Ldwabl ( L Wktak id Rkbuiw(_aekLvvwlibckr- C{hlm Ektkìvhkmu, Ldwabl Wkoaim-

swaps in agriculture and rural development: a desk review

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