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How To Do Things With Diagrams

September 13, 2012

Barry Smith

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How to do things, with diagrams

Wiggers Diagram, Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle



Two directions of fit

• world-to-mind and mind-to-world direction of fit

• what begins as a plan, ends as a record (whose truthmaker – if it is a true record – is: the journey you took)

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Create an intellectual property right

• from original Danish Patent DK92683C for Leggo bricks (Legetøjsbyggeelement)

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How to do things with diagrams

create a real estate parcel

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Create a country

Sykes-Piqyot agreement,16 May 1916

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Some more examples

musical scoreblueprint, building planorganizational chartmilitary operations plan

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Overview

• speech acts vs. document acts– speech acts are evanescent – documents endure, and so can be used in multiple

ways in succession• documents can tie people together in complex

endeavors (often: via diagrams)• the different types of institutional systems to

which documents belong• more on time series graphs

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Types of Speech Act

1. We tell people how things are (assertives) 2. We try to get them to do things (directives)3. We commit ourselves to doing things

(commissives)4. We bring about changes in the world through

utterances (declarations) (“I name this ship ...”) 5. We express our feelings and attitudes

(expressives)

Directions of fit

• mind-to-world: an assertion is about something in the world

• world-to-mind: a request is designed to change the world to conform to the mind of the requester

• automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to-mind: I say “I promise to pay you $1000 dollars” and thereby make it true that I promise to pay you $1000 dollars

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The Searle thesisclaims and obligations and deontic powers* are brought into existence by the performance of speech acts(acts of promising, marrying, accusing ... )

The Construction of Social Reality (1989)

* rights, relations of authority, debts, property-relations, permissions, ...

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Speech acts and document acts can create new kinds of entities

such as organizations, rules, prices, debts, standardized transactions

Searle: We make it the case by Declaration that a Y status function exists in a context C(Making the Social World, 2010, p. 13).

Standing declaration: “I declare (by posting this notice in my café) that the price for Kronenbourg demi today will be 10 Belgian Francs”

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One-off, one-person obligations

One-off obligation-creations:• I request that you bring me a beer.• By signing this IOU note I commit myself to paying you $1000 next Tuesday.

Group obligations

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Obligation-creations can form networks

• signatures link to persons and acts of acceptance

• stamps link to administrative offices

• alphanumeric IDs link to multiple other documents

19Diag

ram

with

deo

ntic

powe

rs

Obligation-creations can form series

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Diagram-vehiculated question series

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the line between diagrams and documents and between both of

these is not sharp

increasingly, too, we will need to deal also with algorithmically enhanced diagrams / documents

Blueprint

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Diagrams as continuants

time 1: blueprint as plan (world-to-mind direction of fit)time 2: blueprint as record • of process of

building• of product (mind-to-world direction of fit)

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Diagrams with deontic powers

chain of commitments from order to blueprint creation to acceptance of

blueprint to process of building

in accordance with blueprint

to acceptance of finished building

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Diagrams create, but they also can be used to amend, e.g. an organization

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=====

and also to annul

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ΑΚΥΡΟΣ

Obligation series distributed across large groups

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and can be steered by diagrams

e.g. by those sorts of diagrams and nested sub-diagrams we call musical scores

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scores and subscoresplans and subplans

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33Hector Berlioz, Le corsaire, Overture, H 101

How to do things, with diagrams

• An orchestral musical work (as something that can be rehearsed, performed and reperformed) – could not exist without a score– could not be rehearsed without scores and subscores– could not be performed without (either) scores or

rehearsal

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How to do things with scores1. the author authors the score, thereby creates a possibility of

performance2. he thereby creates, and at the same time baptizes, the work3. conductor and orchestra use the score to form a plan

(including subplans) and commit themselves to its execution4. they use the score as a set of instructions to rehearse

execution of their plan (develop score-coordinated expertise)5. they may mark up their copies of the score to add

instructions6. they schedule a concert, thereby committing themselves to a

prospective audience to perform that work7. they perform that work8. they may mark up their copy of the score to record errors in

that performance35

Directions of fit• automatic score-to-world-and-world-to-score:

Berlioz completes the score and thereby brings into being a work that is precisely in conformance to the score

• world-to-score: the score tells the world how to shape itself to create a performance that is in conformance with the score

• score-to-world: the score, when the performance is completed, serves as a record of the performance

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The role of shared practice

This sort of coordinated activity is impossible without shared expertise, developed– through training and individual practice– through practice and rehearsal in small group,

yielding– reusable, recombinable expertise modules

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training in how to execute diagrams

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Army uses big diagrams

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40US military operations center in Afghanistan

and elaborately nested subdiagrams

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Warfighters’ Information Sharing Environment

Fire Support

LogisticsAir Operations

Intelligence

Civil-Military Operations

Targeting

Maneuver &Blue Force

Tracking

military plan (map overlay)

Military Symbology

Sample of Military Standard 2525 Military Symbology

Symbols for Military Organizations

Depict functions/capabilities

Depict Roles: Friend, Adversary, Neutral

Military Symbology


Military Symbology


Buildings, Structures, Vehicles, Formations, Geographic Areas, and People can all be in a Target_Role for a period of time

These symbols designate Targets on a map

A Target_Role is created by way of the targeting process

A Role is a Temporal Property of some entity

Military Symbology


Map Overlays

Task Organizing

Ontological methods are used in the process of Task-Organizing

A Task-Organization is the Output (Product) of Task Organizing

A Task-Organization is a Plan or part of a Plan

A Plan is an Information Content Entity

Task-Organizing — The act of designing an operating force, support staff, or logistic package of specific size and composition to meet a unique task or mission. Characteristics to examine when task-organizing the force include, but are not limited to: training, experience, equipage, sustainability, operating environment, enemy threat, and mobility. (JP 3-05)

Operational Design

Source: FM 3-0 Operations

Military Ontologies help planners and operators “see” and understand the relations between Entities and Events in the area of operations.

Military Ontologies are prerequisites of military innovations such as Airborne Operations, Combined Fires and Joint Operations.

Military Ontologies are prerequisites for the creation of effective information systems.

Operational Design — The conception and construction of the framework that underpins a campaign or major operation plan and its subsequent execution. See also campaign; major operation. (JP 3-0)

part of D-Day invasion plan

Military doctrine

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Creates training modules to create expertise modules and operational modules to be turned into operational plans and nested subplans

www.militaryontology.com54

Targeting Ontology


OODA LoopThe Terrain Modeling process is a

doctrinally endorsed way of representing (i.e. ontologizing) the

Warfighters’ operational environment

Terrain Models represent the entities and events that make

up the area of operations

Target Data


Target ReportA Report which contains information used in

the Targeting Process. (FM 3-60 The Targeting Process)

Target Number Designative Information ContentEntity which denotes some object considered for possible

engagement or other action (derived from Field Manual 3-60 The

Targeting Process) "

Target Description A Descriptive Information Content Entity

which describes the characteristics of some object that is in a Target Role

(FM 3-60 The Targeting Process) "

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what is a target?

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Amazai and Nawagai Sura Road Intersection ?

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Lat: 34.40393540678018 Long: 72.50272750854492 ?

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Data and physical locations

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Information Content Entity

Geospatial Entity

Entity

Road Intersecti

on

Property

Physical Propert

y

Geospatial Reference

Point

Designative Information

Content Entity

Physical

Location

Key:

Ontology Elements

Relations

Data Elements

is_a

is_a

is_a

is_a

is_a

is_a

is_a

String: Amazai and

Nawagai Sura Road

IntersectionTRP: AB

001WPT: EZ497

Lat: 34.40393540678018

Long: 72.50272750854492

MGRS: TF 4679 5792

is_a

denotes

denotes

denotes denote

sdenote

s

Common Upper OntologyData Model

Elements

has_rolehas_propert

y

Targeting Organizations

www.militaryontology.com 66

Joint Targeting Steering Group

A group formed by a combatant commander to assist in developing targeting guidance and reconciling competing requests for assets

from multiple joint task forces. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next

edition of JP 1-02.)

Joint Targeting Coordination Board

A group formed by the joint force commander to accomplish broad targeting oversight functions that

may include but are not limited to coordinating targeting information, providing targeting guidance and

priorities, and refining the joint integrated prioritized target list.

Targeting Events


Act of Targeting An Act Of Planning which is the process of selecting and

prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate responses to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary)

Act of Target DevelopmentAn Act Of Planning consisting of the systematic examination

of potential targets--and their components, individual targets, and even elements of targets--to determine the necessary type and duration of the action the must be

exerted on each target to create an effect that is consistent with the commander's specific objectives (JP 1-02 DoD

Dictionary)

Targets exist because of Target Roles


Area Target:A target consisting of an area rather

than a single point.

Intelligence Target:A country, area, installation, agency, or person against which intelligence

operations are directed.

Target Role:A Role wherein some entity or

object is considered for possible engagement or other action.

Symbols on map overlays create targets


Buildings, Structures, Vehicles, Formations, Geographic Areas, and People can all be in a Target_Role for a period of time

These symbols designate Targets on a map

A Target_Role is created by way of the targeting process

A Role is a Temporal Property of some entity

Target Shapes


‘Target’ is a phase sortal


Area Target:A target consisting of an area rather

than a single point.

Intelligence Target:A country, area, installation, agency, or person against which intelligence

operations are directed.

Target Role:A Role wherein some entity or

object is considered for possible engagement or other action.

Targeting is possible because of plans and nested subplans of targeting organizations


Act of Targeting An Act Of Planning which is the process of selecting and

prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate responses to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary)

Act of Target DevelopmentAn Act Of Planning consisting of the systematic examination

of potential targets--and their components, individual targets, and even elements of targets--to determine the necessary type and duration of the action the must be

exerted on each target to create an effect that is consistent with the commander's specific objectives (JP 1-02 DoD

Dictionary)

Michael Bratman’s theory of Joint Intentional Activities (JIAs)

From Titus Stahl. Beyond Plans and Practices: Law as Collective Intentional Institutions

Expanding Bratman’s theorythrough the idea of diagrammatic nesting of

• plans • authorities• intentions• obligations• expertise modules

cf. Scott Shapiro, “Massively Shared Agency”, in M. Vargas and G. Yaffe, eds., Rational and Social Agency: Essays on the Philosophy of Michael Bratman (New York: Oxford University Press, in press)

ontology of law as a theory of diagrammatically mediated phase sortals

End

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Documents

social world

plan world

things commissiveswe

things directiveswe

requesterautomatic mind

world direction of fit

documents belongmore

evanescent documents