syep entrepreneurship full

7/24/2019 Syep Entrepreneurship Full

1/158

,


2/158

,


3/158

Guidance supporting Europes aspiring entrepreneurs (5514)ISBN 978-92-896-0703-2 , 2011Copyright (Cedefop), 2011

: (......), 2012

..... . : 50% Euroguidance 50%

: , MSc, - ......

: , , Md, , - MSc,, ,

: , ,

: (2012)

(......) 41, , 14234, . 210 2709175 [email protected]

, , , , , , ...

, - .

. - .


4/158

3

,

, , - . -, , , . - , .

..

. -. , , , - .

- , , -

, (), Euroguidance, , - Cedefop Guidance supporting Europes aspiring entrepreneurs Policyand practice to harnessfuture potential.

- . - .

.. .


5/158

4


6/158

5

............................................................................................................................................. 3

............................................................................................................... 9

................................................................................................................ 10

............................................................................................................................................ 11

1

............................................................................................................................................ 25

1.1. : , ........................................................................................ 25

1.2. ....................................................................................................................................... 27

1.2.1. ............................................................................. 271.2.2. .................................................................................................... 28

1.2.3. ...................................................................................................................... 28

1.2.4. ............................................................................. 28

1.2.5. () ....................................... 28

1.3. ...................................................................................................................... 29

1.4. .............................................................................................................................. 30

2

.............................................................................................................................................. 33

2.1. ........................................................................................................................ 33

2.1.1. .... 33

2.1.2. ............................. 36

2.2. H ........................................................................................... 37

2.2.1. .................................................................. 37

2.2.2. .................................................................. 39

2.3. ........................................................... 42

2.4. ........................................................................................ 44

2.5. ........................................................................................ 45

2.5.1. ........................................................................................................................... 45

2.5.2. .................................................................................. 48

2.5.3. E....................................................................................... 49

2.6. ..................................................................................................................................... 52

3

.............................................................. 55

3.1. ................................................................ 56

3.1.1. ............................................................. 56

3.1.3. ............................................................................................... 62


7/158

6

3.2. ............. 63

3.3. ......................................................................... 65

3.3.1. ........................................................................................................... 65

3.3.2. ..................................................................................... 67

3.3.3. ........................................................................................................... 68

3.4. .................................... 68

3.5. ............................................................................................ 72

3.5.1. ............................................... 73

3.5.2. ................................................................................................ 75

3.5.3. ................................................................................... 75

3.5.4. ................................................................................................................................. 75

3.5.5. ........................................................................... 76

3.6. ............................................................ 76

3.6.1. ................................................................................................................. 76

3.6.2. & ...... 77

3.6.3. ................................. 77

3.6.4. & ........................................................... 78

3.6.5. .................................................................................................... 79

4

................................................................................ 814.1. ....................................... 82

4.1.1. ................................................................... 82

4.1.2. ......................................................................................................... 84

4.1.3. ................................................................................. 85

4.1.4. .................................................................................. 86

4.2. ........................................................... 87

4.2.1. , ...................................... ............................................................................................ 88

4.2.2. .......................................................... 894.2.3. ...................................................................................... 90

4.2.4. , ........................................ ......................................................... 93

4.3. ............................................ 94

4.3.1. / ............................................. 95

4.3.2. ............................................... -/ ....................................................................... 96

4.3.3. .......................................................... ................................................. 98

4.4. ................................................. 99


8/158

7

4.4.1. .......................... ................................. 100

4.4.2. ........................................................................ 101

4.4.3. ........................................................................................... 104

4.4.4. ............................................................................. 105

4.5. ................................................................ 106

4.5.1. ............................................................................................................... 106

4.5.2. ......................................................................... 106

4.5.3. .... 107

4.5.4. ....................................................................... 108

5

........................................ .................................................................................................................. 111

5.1. ................................................................................................................................ 1125.1.1. ........................................................................................................................... 112

5.1.2. .......................................................................................... 112

5.1.3. ...................................................................................................... 114

5.1.4. .................................................................................................. 117

5.1.5. .................................................................................................. 117

5.1.6. .................................................. 118

5.2. , , .................................................. 118

5.2.1. ...................................................................... 119

5.2.2. ............................................................................ 1195.2.3. .............................................................................. 120

5.2.4. .................................................................................................. 120

5.2.5. ........................................................................................................................ 122

5.3 / ............................................................... 122

5.4. ........................................................................ 124

5.5 .................................................................................................... 127

5.6. ..................................................................................... 128

5.6.2. .......................................................................................................................... 130

5.7. .................................... 1305.7.1. ............................................................................................................... 130

5.7.2. .................................................................................................. 131

5.7.3. ............................. 132

6

.................................................................................................................................. 135

6.1. ........................................................................................................................... 135

6.2. .............................................. ................................................................................... 135


9/158

8

6.3. ...........136

6.4. ..................................................................................................................... 137

6.5. .......................................................................................................... 138

7

........................................................................................................................................ 1417.1. .................................................................................................................................... 141

7.2. .................................................................................................................................... 141

7.3. ....................................................................................................................................... 142

.................................................................................................................... 143

.................................................................................................................................... 145


10/158

9

1. ................................................1999 2009 ..................................................................................38

2. - 15-64 ........................................... , 2009 ...................................................................................................41

3. ........................................................48

1. ..........................................................................................27

2. ............................................................................................................29

3. -27...........................................................................( ) - : Eurostat, 2010 ..................................37

4. 2007 ( 100 ) .......................................39

5. 2005 2007 ............39

6. (-27), 2000-09 ........................40

7. .......................................................

(% (APS) 2010 GEM) ........43 8. 2010......................................

(% (APS) 2010 GEM) ........43

9. .....................................(% (APS) 2010 GEM) ........44

10. ...................46

11. ........................................82

12. mentoring ......................................................113


11/158

10

1. : , ..... 57 2. , ....................................................................... 58 3. (Nuits de l Orientation), ...................................................... 60

4. , ..................................................................... 62 5. , ..................................................................... 62 6. Cramlington, .................................................. 64 7. , ................................................................ 65 8. .................................................................................................. 66 9. Dikvllalkozs - versenyrl ( ) - .... 67 10. , ............................................................... 69 11. , ............................................................ 70 12. - ........................................................................ 71 13. ...............................

, .......................................................... 73

14. , ................ 76 15. Newcastle, .................................................... 83 16. ............ 84 17. , .................................................. 86 18. Hec-Ulg, , ....................................... 88 19. :

(Grnderskolen), ...................................................................................... 90 20. Laurea, ................................. 91 21. Queens, , .............................................. 92 22. , ................................................................ 95

23. , Cambridge, ................................................................................ 97 24.

, 121 ............................ 99 25. ,

Newcastle .................................................................................. 100 26. TOP, Twente, ....................................... 102 27. Qubis Ltd, Queen .......................................................... 103 28. , , ................ 105 29. Mentor EGET Fretag ( ) .................. 114 30. NetMentor, ......................................................................................... 117 31. ............................................................................ 121 32. i2b & GO! Businessplan-Wettbewerb .................................................................... 121 33. , ........................................................ 123 34. (Yrittjtesti), ......................................................... 125 35. -, ................................................................ 126 36. Biocant, .......................................................... 127 37.

EQUAL ......................................... 129


12/158

11

, . - (Mittelstdtand Cerri, 2008a; Volkmann et al., 2009). -, , , ( , 2004)1. , - , (Volkmann et al., 2009, .42).

1990 . , - () . - Cedefop .

:

- () (),

, E,

, .

- (), , - .

. . - : -

(), () , , 26 . , , : .

1 : , , .


13/158

12

-. (, 2009). , , -

/ , , ( , 2003). Eurostat -, , , . , ( ) .

2000 ,

. 2020 , -, , . - . , , - .

, , - . , - .

: , .

10 : - 1,7 2009 1999 ( 28,9 - 1999 30,6 2009). , . -, : .

, - .

, ( , 21% 1999 28% 2009, (LabourForce Survey -LFS). , (30%).

AEEK. - () . , ,

.


14/158

13

, -. , - . , , .

. - . , . , , -, .

,

, - - . ad-hoc, - . , - . , , - .

, , , - - , -

. -. , , .

- , . , , , - , .

- . , , , .

- . , , . - , , - , . ,

/ .


15/158

14

. . , -

. , - , .

- ( ) , - . / , .

. ,

- . - , . , .

. , -. - , - .

- , , . , . - .

, , (), . , , .

- , . :

: , - ,

, , , ,

, , .


16/158

15

-

, . , - , -.

, , .

, . , , . - , . - .

. .

(.. ) E -, , , .

peer-to-peer ( ) (.. , - ). . .

, - . . - , , .

, - . , . -, , , : , , .

- - - .

.


17/158

16

- , , , / .

/ . -

. , , , : - /.

-. , , . , , , , , , .

, , , - . , , . / .

- , ,

. , . / .

() , , - . -, , , . ,

, ,, . - , .

, , . --/, . - . -

, /.


18/158

17

/ - .

Mentoring , . , , -. , , - . mentoring , , . mentoring . , ad hoc .

- , .. . (peer-to-peer) , ..

, : - . mentoring - , . - -

.

, - mentoring.

- . mentoring . - , ( ), ( ) .

- ( ), 10 . mentoring , - . mentoring , , .

, -- , . , -

-- . ,


19/158

18

, - , .

. , . , , --, , , . / () .

, , . -

- . , . , , .

, , , . : , . -

, - /. , , .

, . . ,

, , . : , , , .

. (.., ) (.. , -, ..). , , , ,

(2006).


20/158

19

, , E .

E , ,

- . . - .

-. ( - ) . ,

, . - , / , , . , 80% , .

. , -

, - , .

-, - . , . , -- , / E ,

. - . . .

- . , - - .

, / . .

, -


21/158

20

, - .

. , , , - , , , 2020. , -, .

-, ,

. - E. / . (.. Nuits de lOrientation E ). - - . , . , Ja-Ye (Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise) EuroPEN (EuropeanOrganization for Packaging and the Environment) -

.

- . - / , , . , ad-hoc : -

. , .

, - - E ( ). , - . .


22/158

21

, , - . , , mentoring .

,

, . . , -, , , (Volkmann et al., 2009). , , . - , .

, , , , :

, ,

, , ,

-, , , -, E , ,

( ) - / .

2008 - , : -

.

, , - : , , -, , . - .

-

.


23/158

22

, - , , : , ,. , - -, - . , - / , .

, , - . , - , .

, - , . , , . - . .

, ,

. - . , , . - , - .

2008 , () . .

mentoring - . , , , - .

- . , , 2008 : - ,

.


24/158

23

, , , . , . -, , , , / . , / - .


25/158

24


26/158

25

1

1.1. : , , - - (European Commission, 2003, McCoshan et al., 2010). , , - ,

. , - , - (Herrman et al., 2008). , , (European Commission, 2003).

. - (Mittelstdtand Cerri, 2008a; Volkmann et al., 2009). - -, . , , -, (European Commission,2004b). , , / . - , , , (Volkmann et al., 2009, p. 42).

: . (St-Jean and Audet, 2008; Wikholm et al., 2005). - , , . , . , .

, - (Martinez et al., 2010). , ,

,


27/158

26

. , -, , . , , , ( -), (European Commission, 2006b).

, . , (McCoshan et al., 2010). - , - , - . , : ( )

(.. , ) , -. , , . , -, . - .

H Cedefop -

. 1990 - . ( ), , - . , . 2008 - (Councilof the European Union, 2008b). - ,

, - . , , .

:

,

,

, .


28/158

27

1.

, -

- - ( )

- -

- (), , - .

1.2.

1.2.1.

-. - (OECD, 2009b). , Richard Cantillon, Jean Baptiste Say, Alfred Marshall Joseph Schumpeter (OECD,2009b, p. 8.):

( ) , , ,

, -, ,

.

. - , / , (European Commission,2003, p. 6).

., (Eurostat) - : , -, 2:

- ,

- .

, -

2 Eurostat -, :http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/employment_unemployment_lfs/methodology/ [ 03.09.2010].


29/158

28

, . . , ( ) .

( ) - (, ). ( , - ) .

1.2.2.

. - , ,

. , , (Martinez et al., 2010, p. 11). , , :

,

,

,

.

1.2.3.

() (ISCED 3). (E) (ISCED 5 6), () (.. ).

1.2.4.

() , -, , , . ELGPN (Sultana,2009) : , , , , .

1.2.5. ()

. , ( , 2004). , -, ,

.


30/158

29

:

. : - , , , - , (),

- ,

. : , , , ( )

, , .

1.3.

, - . , ( 2).

2.

, - , , (PES).. o ( E)

Mentoring , -, , , , - , , , , , - (.. , - ) ,


31/158

30

1.4. - , . , , . , :

, - , , - () (E).

, , - , . 250 .

-. - -

E, - / . , . , - 71 .

, : 26 . : , , . - 10 : , , , , , -, , , . , :

,

,

(PES) ,

/ ,

,

,

,

-

- , Erasmus .

E, . -


32/158

31

3(ELGPN) Euroguidance4 . email 112 ELGPN 66 Euroguidance. 43 . ( ).

- . .

3 , . - 2007-2010 ( http://ktl.jyu.fi/ktl/elgpn[30.9.2010])

4 Euroguidance -. , . ( http://www.euroguidance.net/ [30.9.2010])


33/158

32


34/158

33

2

, , . :

,

, ,

,

, - ,

, E,

.

2.1. , , - . , , , . , -, .

, , .

2.1.1.

1997 BEST, , -. - (Rodrguez, 2009).

2000,

(European Council, 2000). , . .

- , . , , 2000 . . - ... ,


35/158

34

(EuropeanCommission, 2000).

2004, , , (European Commission, 2004).

, : - , . , , , . -.

- , -.

, , , - (EuropeanCommission, 2006b). - , , . , - , - , (European Commission, 2004b). , - -

, . - , , , , . (European Commission,2006b 2006c). , 2006, , - , .

(European Commission, 2008b), , - , - .

- , . 2008 -, , (European Commission, 2008b). (European Commission, 2009a)

, ,


36/158

35

-.

2009 - ( 2020) - , , , (Council of the

European Union, 2009). - ., , , .

, (Council of the EuropeanUnion, 2009). , . , ,

/ . , . , . , , , , , - .

( 2020) , ,

(Cedefop, 2010). (European Commission, 2010d) - , Erasmus, , Marie Curie, Erasmus .

E , , -. ... , -

(European Commission, 2010c, p.10). Bruges (2010) - , , , , . E, , - . , - , (European Commission, 2006b).

, 2020


37/158

36

, , . , - (European Commission, 2010b).

2.1.2.

( - ) - , , . -, , -. , ( - ) .

, - - . , 2004 , (Councilof the European Union, 2004) .

2008 , - (Council of the European Union, 2008b). , ,

- . , , - .

, 2004 : , , , , , (International Labour Organisation, 2004). - (European Commission, 2010e),

, , -.

E , . , 2006, - - - - , (Council of the European Union, 2006). . ,

2009


38/158

37

2020, 46 , , , , (European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education, 2009).

2.2. H , - - . , , - , (EuropeanCommission, 2003, European Commission, 2004a, Volkmann et al, 2010).

2.2.1.

- . ( ) . Eurostat (2010), 30 2009, 1999 (. 3). - (5 .), (4 .) (3,6 ).

3. -27 ( ) -

: Eurostat, 2010

28.9

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

21.6

20.5

29.0

21.8

20.7

29.3

22.3

21.2

30.2

23.5

22.3

31.0

24.1

23.0

30.6

23.7

22.5EU-27

EU-15

EU-12

: ) - -

,

)

, , .

, . - , , .

, .


39/158

38

2009, , , - 7% 32% (Bosma Levie, 2009) - 7% 31% (Kelley et al., 2010)5. 15 (2009) 16 (2010) , (2009) (2010) , 32% 31% . 2010 (7%), 8%.

3, 6% - 1999 2009. , 133% - 10- , 39% (. 1). , . , 35%.

1. 1999 2009

(% 1999 2009) ( 2%)

(-39%), (-26%), (-20%), (-12%), (-10%),

(-10%), (-9%), (-8%), (-4%)

( + / -2%) (1%), BE (2%), (2%)

( 2%) (4%), (4%), (5%), IT (6%), (8%), (9%), (9%), (10%), ( 12%), A (13%), (15%), (15%), (15%),

(19%), M (25%), (35%), (133% ): Eurostat, 2010.

-27, 80% - . , (91-92%), (56%), - 63%. ( Gallup, 2009).

- . - , , , , (European Commission, 2003,. Volkmann et al,2009). , - ,

.

5 : 15 2009 16 2010: , , ,, , , ( 2009), , ( 2010), , ( 2009),, , ( 2010), , , ( 2010) .


40/158

39

4. 2007 ( 100 )

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

EE KY

.

: Eurostat, 2007. : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=bd_9b_size_

cl&lang=en[5.3.2011]

4, ( ) 25% 3% . , , , . , ( ), , , (. 5).

5. 2005 2007

100

80

60

40

20

0

Y A O IT I B

2004-06, - 2003-05.

: Eurostat, 2007. : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=bd_9b_size_

cl&lang=en [5.3.2011]

2.2.2.

(European Commission, 2003). - -. , - . 94%


41/158

40

(Tillvxtverket , 2009).

. Eurostat (2010), 2009 70% , 30% . -, 40% , .

(38%) (37%). -, , 19% 17% . 1999.

- . - , : 39% 51% (The Gallup Organization, 2009).

, -. , ,

(Schrr, 2006). (GHK Technopolis, 2008). , , (Allen et al., 2008). , - , , (The Gallup Organization, 2009). . , , (Graham, 2005) (GHK Technopolis, 2008).

. (28%) (. 6). 32% 2000. , , 2000, 2009 , .

6. (-27), 2000-09

2000

2009

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

36 43 21

27 46 28

: Eurostat, 2010.


42/158

41

(Volkmann et al., 2009). , , (). - , , , -, ( ).

, ( CEEDR, 2000). , , - (. 2). , , -, , , , , , , , . , , , ,, .

2. - 15-64 ,2009

8,4% 9,4% 7,2% 8,5%

12,3% 14,5% 6,5% ..

8,6% .. 6,6% 6,5%

17,1% 10.5% 12,4% ..

15,6% 22,7% 11,6% 11,6% 7,3% 11,1% 6,0% 7,0%

7.5.% 7,0% 11,5% ..

10,2% 13,4% 14,5% 12.6%

8,5% 11,2% 7,2% ..

25,8% 10,4% 8,3% 9,1%

10.8% 15,4% 15,6% 10,4%

10,4% .. 8,4% 10,6%

14,0% 9,4% 12.0% 14,7%

22,6% 15,6.%

: Cedefop, Eurostat, , 8

2011. , .

- . , , , , (Triodos Facet, 2008).


43/158

42

. , - ( ) , (Allen et al., 2008).

-, , - , - (Allen et l., 2008).

2.3. , , - . , , , - , (Volkmann et al., 2009). - ,

(European Commission, 2004b). , , .

20096 : (49%) - (45%) (The Gallup Organization, 2009). - 2004. (50% 2009)7 .

28

, . 2007, 30% - - , 3% 2004. , : 2007, 28% -15 - 40% 10 - (10).

-25 - - . (51%) 15-24 - (The Gallup Organization, 2007). NKM10 62% 15-24

. , -25, 55 , - (13%).

GEM8 - (Kelley et al, 2010).

6 2007 - (The Gallup Organization, 2007). , 20674 9 16 2007.

7 2009 -27, -25, ( - 2004 2007).

8 (GEM) - . : http:// www.gemconsortium.org/ [2.2.2011].


44/158

43

GEM 2010, 59% - (. 7). , . (46%), , , 51 52%., -- (85%). , , 69% , - .

7. (%

(APS) 2010 GEM)

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00

: Kelley et al, 2010.

GEM - ( 8). , . . (51%), .

8. 2010 (% -

(APS) 2010 GEM)

0

1009080706050403020100



45/158

44

-. (. 9) (Kelley et al, 2010). , (71%), , ( 61%), (35%) (38%).

9. (% -

(APS) 2010 GEM)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

100

0


, - (The GallupOrganization, 2007). , 32% - 2009, . , , (, ,, , ). , - , -. 2000, 33% 45% - 27% -- (European Commission, 2003, p. 7) .

, . ,

.

2.4. . 40% (Allen et al, 2008; Bosma and Levie, 2009). (58%), (52%) (50%) . , .

, -

.


46/158

45

(30%) (Allen et al., 2008;Bosma and Levie, 2009). , . (15%) (16%), - , (49%).

(35%) , . (25%), (25%) (26%), (45%), (45%) (47%). , , 2010 - . . (76%), (72%) (62%). (Kelleyet al., 2010).

(

) 9

. , , , ( 17-19%) (Martinez et al., 2010). , (21-22%) , , -, (25-29%). , (33% , 36% 49% ). , 8% .

2.5.

2.5.1.

, - . .

, Junior Achievement (JA-YE) (Volkmann et al., 2009, p. 19). 1945 (Mitra and Manimala, 2008, p. 46), MBA 1947, (Katz, 2003). (. 10)

. - . , .

9 15 : , , , , , , ,, , , , , , .


47/158

46

10.

2. & -

1. :

3.

:

4.

: Volkmann et al., 2009.

1970 , . , --

. , - .

, , , ., , -, . , , -, , (Volkmann et al., 2009, p.

10; European Commission, 2004b; Martnezet al., 2010; Rodrguez, 2009). , , .

, - . - , .. , -, , , (EuropeanCommission, 2004b; European Commission, 2006b; McCoshan et al., 2010, p. ii, Rodrguez, 2009). , -

.


48/158

47

- , . . , - , (European Commission, 2004b, p. 6). - . , , , , , , , - .

, :

/ / , ,

, / , ,

, - , , - ,

.

, - (ad hoc). - (European Commission, 2004b; McCoshan et al., 2010). , , . -

- (European Commission, 2004b; European Commission, 2006b;Mendibil, 2006) (McCoshan et al., 2010, p. ii). , , Ja-Ye10, Europen11 Jade12, , - , , . , , -, , . ,

(European Commission, 2004b).

10 JA-YE Europe , 3,1 38 2009. : www. Ja-ye.org [03.09.2010].

11 Europen 5 500 42 . - , . - . : http://cms.europen.info/ [03.09.2010].

12 JADE - - - , . ( ) - , . , - . : http://www.jadenet.org/ [ 03.09.2010].


49/158

48

ad hoc , - . / . 2007, - . , , , , (Rodrguez, 2009). 2009, (.. , ) (McCoshan et al., 2010). , ( 3) . , (.. , , , , ).

3.

(), , , -, , , , -

, (), , , -, , ,

: McCoshan et al., 2010.

- , -, . : , , - , ( ),

, , , - . .

E, .

2.5.2.

- , , , , -, -

. , , , . .

, . , , , (European Commission, 2010a), , , , , ,, , , , , . , , . ( , ) ,

( ).


50/158

49

- , . , / .

( , , , , , , )(GHK, 2009). - . , . , - - .

( (), , ), - .

, .

(, , , , , , , ) (90-100%) - . , , 5-15% (.. ).

, , - (European Commission, 2006a). , - , , -

. , , , , (Onstenk, 2003). , - , , , . - mentoring, , , .

. . (European Commission, 2004b). , , -

, (EuropeanCommission, 2010a):

(.. ,

, ),

(.. , ),

(.. , ,

).

2.5.3. E

1945 .


51/158

50

. 1970, 1980 , 1990 (Volkmann et al., 2009).

, ,

( ). - , 1990 - . - , . , , (Potter, 2008).

, , - . Wilson (2004), 70 () 13 , 2000 2005. -, , - 1 1998 58 2008 (Achleitner et al, 2007, European Commission, 2008a). ,

2005 2008 . - 26 400 22 / , (Cooney Murray,2008). , ( ) , , (European Commission, 2008a).

E , . , ,

. 11 21 . , . , - .

, - , , , - . , , ,

. , , , , . - , .

. , 61% , 9% 1% ( , National Council for

13 , , , (. ..).


52/158

51

Graduate Entrepreneurship (NCGE), 2007). , , .

, ,

(European Commission, 2008, Potter,2008, p. 53). , - . , . , - 74% (Volkmann et al., 2009).

-, .

, , , , . Queens : 2000 - , .

(.. -, , , , , , , , ) . ,

(), (, , , ) (, , , ). - . , -, . (96 ) - , , .

(-, , ). , ( )

.

, - , (Volkmann et al., 2009). - (Volkmannet al., 2009).

, - , - (European Commission, 2008a, Potter, 2008).

.


53/158

52

2.6. 2000, . 2020, , -

, . - . , - , - .

, , - . , -. , : ad hoc /, , .

: , . , .

, - , - .

10 . , - . , : .

, - , . , . , (30%).

- : . .

, - . - .

, . :

: - , ,

, - , , ,


54/158

53

Queens, , , , - .

, - , -

. , /.

- . (3 4) . 5 , .


55/158

54


56/158

55

3

- , -. , , , (Volkmann et al., 2009).

, . -

, . , , - .

. . , , . , . 3.1 - . , . , , . 3.2.

3.3 - . , .

3.4 , : , . , - , .

, , - . - . 3.5 .

.


57/158

56

3.1. H , - . , , , , , , . -

, , . , , , . , . - .

, , , , , (European Commission, 2010a). ,

. - . :

,

,

.

3.1.1.

.

, - . , , - . , , , , , , , , . (.. -), , . / - , , .

, , -

. , , , . , - . , , . , , . , , , , - , .


58/158

57

- , -. , . - . , . , . - , / . .

. ( -

). , (enterprise encounter), , . - (. 1).

1. : ,

(CEBs) 1993 10 , . CEBs, ,

. , - . ( - ).

, , - . / / .

,

, -. , , .

3.1.2.

- - - . , , . Dynamo, - , .

, , -


59/158

58

(Arad Consulting,2007). 60 000 (. 2).

2. ,

Dynamo - . Dynamo - . , , -. . , . - - :

,

,

: ,, ,

- ,

.

, , .

, , . , -, Careers Wales ( , ) . - .

. - . , . 87 188 (104-226 ).

300 -

. . - , .

, - . - ,


60/158

59

. , , .

, - ,

. . , , - .

: Arad Consulting, 2007.

, - . - - (65%) - . (21%) . (8%) (6%) (Arad Consulting, 2007). . . , , .

, - . , , , . .

- . , .

, , . - (CCIs) (Nuits de lOrientation) 2007 ( 3). -

, . , . , , - , , , . , . , , - .


61/158

60

3. (Nuits de l Orientation),

(CCIs) -. - , , ,

. 2006, , - , . , . , , , - . , , . -

, , , .

. - .

( - , ). . : .

, . .

, -, - , , . (15 ) -, . ,

. - . 60 1.500 .

. - , . , , -.


62/158

61

, CCIs . , 30 600 5.000 . 3.000

(2007) 30.000 , (2009). 2010, 50.000 , 850 1.200 , - . - , -. 40% , 13% .

, - .

.

, (ACFCI) . , - . , .

. ( ) ,

. 20.000-30.000 CCIs. , . - . - . , , ,

.: ACFCI, 2006; ACFCI, 2009.

. -. .

,

(. 4). ,


63/158

62

. -. , , , , ( ).

4. ,

Fryxellska Vsters - . . 11 16 , . , .

3.1.3. , . - . , , , , . , 50 . - , . 2008, 220 , 1 000 .

5. ,

(www.ue.no), - 14 15 . . , : , - . , , . , - .

. , . , , . , , - . , - , , . , ,

.


64/158

63

, , . (. 5).

,

, .

, , , , , , . 3.3 3.4.

3.2. , AEEK : , , , , -, . -

, , . - , -. , . ( -) . , - , .

-

, , . - . , - .

, (YSI) , (15-18 ) , . , , , , . ,

. , .

. Cramlington , , . . , . , , , . - ,

(. 6).


65/158

64

6. Cramlington,

Cramlington Northumberland 2300 . Ofsted ( ) .

, , , . , : - . , - . :

, , ,

,

, , ,

, , ,

DVD .

, , , .

- .

, , , .

. - . , . , . ,

- . .

- , . , - . 12-13 , .

, , .


66/158

65

-. , (.. Eccles et al., 1993) , , , , - , . 2.2, .

, Young Enterprise Norway - (- 7). , .

7. ,

- , YoungEnterprise Norway.

Young Enterprise , .

, , , , , . - . , .

, (.. Volkmann, 2009) , - .

, . , - AEEK , . , - . / .

3.3. , - , , . -

: , .

3.3.1.

- , , - , . Ja-Ye . 24- . , , ,

, -


67/158

66

. Ja-Ye 390 7800 , , , , , , , , , , , . 600 . 390 , 390 -, 13 .

. - , (. 3.4). , .

8.

24- ,

. - ( ) - .

, , . - .

, . ,

, 24 -, .

, - . , , .

, , . , . - , , . .

- . , , / .

- . , , , .

.


68/158

67

. , , . - - -.

3.3.2.

, -. , -. , , , (.. Ja-Ye) (.. ).

: - - ,

-. , . , , - .

. , , . , - ( ) . . ,

(Volkmann .., 2009). , - , .

, , 9.

9. Dikvllalkozs - versenyrl( ) -

, - . , , - .

, , , . - , , . .

: http://www.diakvallalkozas.hu/content.php?cid=cont_4b90e0c26462b2.30046887 [03.09.2010].

- . , , ,

15 19 .


69/158

68

, .

- - : , , (Volkmann et al, 2009.). .

3.3.3.

- -. Botkyrka , . . (.. ) , .

, ,

. - Roskilde . , ( ) (EuropeanCommission, 2010a). , , - . , .

, BYKO - . , -

(Jonsdottir, 2009).

3.4. - , 14. - , , .

, , , (European

Commission, 2005b). - - ( ) . , , - .

- (, ), , . , ( , , , ). -

14 , .


70/158

69

, (), , . , - - .

- (European Commission, 2005b). , , , -

-: , -, , , , , / .

, , , . - , -, , . . , (..

) (.. , ). , . , - . , - .

- 10. .

10. ,

(PTF) 1993, -, . , PTF 10 . 50 (20 ). - 20 78 .

- . PTF .

, , , , , . - , .

- . . ( ) ( , ..).


71/158

70

11. ,

2004, Groningen, ID Media . (KvK Startersspel) , , ,

, . 2005 - . , 80 5000 - .

: McCoshan et al., 2010.

, . - (.. ), - (.. , ) (European Commission, 2005b). , , - , .

- , - 15. , Ja-Ye Europe, 27 30 16. 2005, - JA-YE . EUROPEN International, . 5500 , (4864) 17.

2003-04, - , 1% -. 2%: , , , (EuropeanCommission, 2005b). , - 3% 15%. , - 30%: , . . 40% 50% .

,

- . , 20 78 (. 10). , -. . , 79 115 . , - 500 , 2000 6600 .

15 , 2.5.1.16 , , , , , , , , , , , -

, , , , , , , , , , , -, ,

17 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,


72/158

71

- , , . - - , , . , , - .

- - , () . , , - . 12.

12. -

,

. - :

: - , . .

: , - . - , ,

, .. - / .

: , , . Ja-Ye , .

: - , -

/ . : -

, , .

: , 2005.

- . ( ) - , .

, 14%


73/158

72

7% - (Young Enterprise ). 2009, Junior Achievement Worldwide (JA Worldwide) 281 . 18% - , 9,6% (Ja Worlwide, 2009).

H Ja-Ye 1238 , , -, , , , 15% - 20 29 85% (Ja-Ye Europe, 2007). 36% - .

. - - Young Enterprise 1980 7% 13% - (Ung Fretagsamhet, 2002) .

(Johansen and Clausen, 2009) - -

(.. , , ). . ( ) . , , .

3.5. -

(European Commission, 2010a,McCoshan, 2010, Volkmann et al., 2009). , - , (EuropeanCommission, 2010a). . - , ad-hoc , .

-,

- . - . , - - .

, , . -, - ,

, .


74/158

73

, .

, - - .

. , .

3.5.1.

/ (CPD). . - , , , , , , , . ,

(NSZI), , . , , - . - , - , -. ( ) .

Botkyrka : -

. , Botkyrka , , - .

13.

,

Botkyrka , Sdertlje. .

. - - , . 2006, - .

( ), . , - .

, ,

. -


75/158

74

, , . , - .

. , . , - , .

, . - . - , .

. - , . , , , , - , - (.. ).

, .

. , - .

, , . Botkyrka, :

. , , .

, - , ,

,

- , , , . , , , ,

.


76/158

75

, . , -. , .

3.5.2.

, - (CPD) . , . ( ), , , . , -, , -. , , . , .

, , . - . - Shell .

3.5.3.

- . , ( ). , -

- . , . , .

3.5.4.

. , - . ,

: , , , , , , , , (). , , , - . , .

(DEL) - , - . , . . () -


77/158

76

(. 14).

14. ,

(ACES)

Cepes Andaluca . , , - .

:

, CD-ROM ( - , , - ). : ) : , ) --

: , ) -: , ) ,) ) : -

, , .

-- . 5.000 .

3.5.5.

- . , , , , , , . 2007 , . , - . (Lyce professionnel), . - - (European Commission, 2010a).

3.6.

3.6.1.

-. , . -, . , -

-. ,


78/158

77

.

, - . , , ,

/ . , , , , . - .

.

3.6.2. &

-

.

- , -. , , ad-hoc .

/ , - , . ,

, , - , . , , - (Watts, 2009), - . , - , - .

, , . , . , - . - .

3.6.3.

- . & - .


79/158

78

& - . , - . , - , . , , - , -. , .

- & . , - , . .

, . , .

. , & . , , , .

3.6.4. &

. , -, . , .

- , - . /

- () , . , , .

, - , , . . , , & . ,

. -


80/158

79

, . - .

- , -

- . , . , , Ja-Ye EuroPEN .

, -. , , . , - . - -

. .

3.6.5.

, . ( ) ( ) . - -.

, . , -

- .


81/158

80


82/158

81

4

, . - , . () -

, .

- , . , , , . -, , . , .

: , . - , .

(. 11):

() : - . - , - . ,

() :

(i) - . ,

(ii) -

. ,


83/158

82

- . ,

() / : - .

11.

1. - .

2. () - -

, - -

( -

:

(4.1)

(4.2) (4.3)

(4.4)

4.1. - - (.. European Commission, 2006a; European Commission, 2008a; Herrman, 2008; Potter, 2008;Volkmann et al., 2009).

.

: - , , - , -, . 4.1.1.

4.1.1.

: -

.


84/158

83

, . - -, , , , - , . (. 1.4. ) , , - . , - .

, -. , - ,

(PES). , . , , - - .

15. Newcastle,

Newcastle (NU) Newcastle Tyne - . 18.000.

- . , Newcastle .

- (.. , -) (.., , , ) . - , -, -

, . , :

(.. )

(.. )

(.. , , - ).

10% ( 1.800 -) . ,

10% ( 180 )


85/158

84

. ( 18 ), - . , . - 1.000 , 800 . - . 80. , 25 30 . - .

, . Newcastle , (. 15). -. , - . - , . .

4.1.2.

-

. -. , : . . , .

16.

(Grnderskolen) . -

: , - - . ( , ).

. , -


86/158

85

. , 70-80% - .

, , .

, , .

, - -.

, . . - / .

. 10 100 . , . . , . ( ) .

-

. - Newcastle . - , - . , , , . . , 70-80% (. -

16).

4.1.3.

. , , , . - . , FREE Les Jeunes Enterprises 11 . , 500 , - (European Commission, 2008a).


87/158

86

, (. 17). - blogs, , . , ( , , .) .

17. ,

, , . - ( ). (Clubde Emprendedores). , 2006, . , .

, . , . Facebook, Tuenti, Club Blog, YouTube LinkedIn . , - -. . - -. , . , , , .

4.1.4.

. 2.3 . . E , - . (12 15) . - , .

, - .


88/158

87

, , . , - , - . - , ( ) (HSBC). , .

, (Rising Stars) - 2009. - -. , Nantes - . : (NIRAS Consultants et al., 2008.). ,

18

: 2009 , .

4.2. , , , , , , , , , / . , , , , - .

- . , , . , , -. , -

. , , .

- - , - :

18 2010. : http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/entrepreneurship/sme-week/index_en.htm [ 03.9.2010].


89/158

88

.

-. , (.. European Commission, 2008a; Herrmann et al., 2008; Volkmann et al., 2009).

, , - , . , , . - :

() ,

()

()

() .

4.2.1. , -

- . . -

, , - . , . - .

18. Hec-Ulg, ,

-, . Hec-Ulg

, . - , . - .

:

- -

-

- -


90/158

89

- / -

- -

-

- .

/ . , , - , -.

/ -. / , ,

. , ( ). - .

, , . 60 , - . - .

2005, 20 .

Bocconi , - (ASE) , -. Hec-ULg (. 18) , , . , .

-

-. , (McCoshan, 2010).

4.2.2.

. - , - ,

. -


91/158

90

, , . / / , , .

. , - . - . (.. ) - , (.. ). , (.. ). , 2010 4,6 . (16 LTL) - . ,

, HOPE. HOPE / Leiden, Delft Rotterdam.

(Grnderskolen) ( 16) - . (. 19).

19. : -

(Grnderskolen),

/. , . , - , , , . , (.. /) .

. 200919,

, 40% - . , .. , - . 94% . , 1999, , 150 2010.

4.2.3.

-

19 700 220 , 31%.


92/158

91

. Laurea . (. 20). - , . , , - . , . , . , - , , .

20. Laurea,

Laurea 20 - , 21. - Laurea . Laurea , , .

- (P2P). Laurea P2P - (Tradenomi) 2008. , Harvard MIT , . , .

. , , -, .

, . . , . , - .

P2P - .

( ) - . , , , . P2P - , . , , , .

20 : http://www.laurea.fi/ [26.05.2010].21 Laurea (ammattikorkeakoulu).

: .


93/158

92

P2P . , .

. , - P2P , Tradenomi. , . - , . . . . - .

, -

, . , , .

- . - , - . , P2P , , , -. - , .

, - Laurea. .

, . , - , . , , . -

, .

21. Queens, ,

To Queens 22. 1849 17.000 3.000 .

Queens -. 2000, 67 - , 11.000 . , - -, 2007-08,

22 Queens, . : http://www.qub.ac.uk/ [03.09.2010].


94/158

93

.

:

, .

, . . - .

. , -

. ., , . , , . , . -, - .

Queens

, , , .

Queens , -, . 2000, - , , , (. 21). . 2010, 11.000 . -, 2009 Queens , .

4.2.4. , -

, - , . , , , -


95/158

94

. , . , - , (www.businessplan.lu). Sogn og Fjordane REAL - . / , , , , , /.

- . , - , , . -, , , , , , , , , , , . , Gea -

, - , . - , , , , , . , (.. ).

, , , . 2006 2008, ISM OfficeInterActors,

, . -, . , (, , , , , ) , . , , .

4.3.

, . :() ( )

() - ()

() -.

, - .


96/158

95

. - (European Commission, 2006a, European Commission, 2008a, European Commission, 2010a, Potter,2008, Schoof, 2006).

4.3.1. /

/ E. , / (Volkmann et al., 2009). , ( ) , . , , , , . , -, .

E -

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . - . , , ideas2business i2b - . - .

22 , - (SSE Riga). , .

22. , (SSE Riga). . , , (Cesim), . 2010 1 200 202 -, 43 6 . 20 . .

. / / .

- CESIM-On-Service. , - . -, , , (&), , .. . -

.


97/158

96

-. - . , .

,

20 , , . , - . .

, -. , , - . Excitera,

. , . . - o Czech Head , (European Commission, 2008a).

4.3.2. -/

(Volkmann et al.,2009). (European Commission, 2008a,p. 24). , , 23. . , , , , (Vyakarnam, 2005) .

. , ., - . (. - 23). , , ,

23 , - , , (Bandura, 1986 and 1997, in Vyakarnam, 2005).


98/158

97

(Vyakarnam, 2005). Cambridge , , , .

23. , Cambridge,

-, Cambridge. , , .

- . , , .

, - .

. . , . - . , - . , . .

. 3-4 - , . 16 - . , - .

2002 2009, 22 1200 - . , - ( 41%), , ( 39%). , :

60 ( 2003). 5% ,

24% 73% (Vyakarnam Hartman, 2010),

20% 67% (Vyakarnam Hartman, 2010).


99/158

98

- , .

: Barakat and Hycla, 2009, Vyakarnam, 2005, Vyakarnam and Hartman, 2010.

4.3.3.

- . . , - , , , , - . ,

. , , / -, , , /, / (Edmondson, 2000). , , - . , , ( ).

, , , , -, , , , , .

. , , : , -. . , . , , . , - ( ), - ( ) (

). , - (business breakfasts) , - . , . , - .


100/158

99

24. -

,

(Club de Emprendedores), 17, .

- , . -. , - .

, .

2006, , 30 . , 750 2.100 , -

. 20 . -, . .

, . , , .

.

. , . , . , .

, (UNIVERZA na Primorskem) intranet . -, .

4.4. , (Volkmann et al., 2009). , , , - . , , -. (.. European Commission,2008a; Volkmann et al., 2009). ( ,), .

Cedefop - , ,

, .


101/158

100

:) , - , ) , - , , , , , (.. ).

, , . :

() -

()

()

()

4.4.1.

4.4.1.

, - . . ,

. -. , - , . - . - . .

25. , Newcastle , .

, , . , .

, -. -

. -


102/158

101

( ) , . , , .

-

(, , ) .

, -

. , , . , -

Newcastle - TEDCO. , . TEDCO - , : - .

. - ,

, . , . .

80 , 25-30 .

(.. Wuppertal) (.. Birmingham, Cambridge,

Lancaster Leeds) - . - , . -, Newcastle, . 25, , () - .

4.4.2.

, . , ( ) , . , -


103/158

102

, , - (Volkmann, et al., 2009). - .

syep entrepreneurship full

Documents