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Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II Kuniya Nasukawa Tohoku Gakuin University The 26th Lecture for the Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language Certificate Program, Graduate School of Languages and Cultures, Nagoya University, Japan. 30 May 2013

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Page 1: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Syllable structure in English,

Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II

Kuniya Nasukawa

Tohoku Gakuin University

The 26th Lecture for the Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language Certificate Program, Graduate School of Languages and Cultures,

Nagoya University, Japan.

30 May 2013

Page 2: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Introduction

2

Page 3: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Introduction 1 This paper will argue that • The foot/word structure of Kaqchikel (a K’iche’an

language of the Mayan family) is head-final

• while its syllable structure (consisting of a vowel and an onset) is head-initial.

3

Page 4: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Introduction 2

The reasoning for this depends on the followings: • a primary stress always appears in domain-final Vs.

• aspiration (which functions as a prosodic boundary

marker in Kaqchikel) always appears in domain-final Cs.

• domain-final Cs are immune to weakenig.

4

Page 5: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Roadmap

1. Head-dependency relations in phonological representation 2. Identifying the prosodic structure of Kaqchikel 3. Head-dependency relations and parametric settings controlling phonetic interpretation 4. Concluding remarks in relation to syntactic structure

5

Page 6: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Head-dependency relations in

phonological representation

6

Page 7: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

The English word ‘puppy’

(1)

7

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Reasoning for the structure in (1) (2) a. A primary stress always appears in the first V of the domain. b. Aspiration (the prosodic boundary marker of English: Nasukawa and Backley 2012) always appears in domain-initial Cs. c. Domain-initial Cs are immune to weakening. (Weakening typically takes place domain-finally and intervocalically.)

8

Page 9: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

The English word ‘pot’

(3)

Cf. Harris (1994, 1997), Harris & Gussmann (1998, 2002), Scheer (2004)

9

Page 10: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Harris (1994: 178)

(4) a. Directionality of dependency relations at the foot level: right-headed / left-headed b. Directionality of dependency relations at the syllable level: right-headed (universal)

10

Page 11: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Identifying the prosodic

structure of Kaqchikel

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Page 12: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Kaqchikel consonants

12

(5)

Symbols in square brackets are phonetically realized forms of symbols with diacritic ‘˳’.

Page 13: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Identifying strong positions

(6) a. V positions where a stress is assigned: domain-final Vs. b. C positions where a prosodic marker appears ([asp] in Kaqchikel): domain-final Cs. C. C positions which are immune to weakening: domain-final Cs.

13

Page 14: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

The distribution of ph~p (7)

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Page 15: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

The distribution of aspiration (C = obstruent) (8)

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Page 16: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

C alternations

(9)

16

Page 17: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Strong positions = Heads

(10)

17

Page 18: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

toph ‘crab, crayfish’

(11)

18

Page 19: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Head-dependency relations and

parametric settings controlling phonetic interpretation

19

Page 20: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Dependency relations and their phonetic manifestation 1

(cf. Takashi 2004, Nasukawa 2011) (12) a. Endocentric Dependency (the dependent is of the same type as its head): if , α β, then α≪β In endocentric dependency wherein α and β are the head and the dependent position, respectively, α strictly and immediately precedes β in phonetic interpretation.

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Page 21: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Dependency relations and their phonetic manifestation 2

(cf. Takashi 2004, Nasukawa 2011) (12) b. Exocentric Dependency (the dependent is of a different type from its head): if , α β, then α≫β In endocentric dependency wherein α and β are the head and the dependent position, respectively, α strictly and immediately follows β in phonetic interpretation.

21

Page 22: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

English

(13)

22

Page 23: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Kaqchikel

(14)

23

Page 24: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

English (15)

24

Page 25: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Kaqchikel (16)

25

Page 26: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Parametric settings of dependency relations

(17) English Kaqchikel a. Endocentric dependency: head-initial head-final b. Exocentric dependency: head-initial head-final

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Page 27: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

Concluding remarks

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Page 28: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

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• All data shown in this talk were collected in Guatemala in March 2011.

• There seems to be some correlation between the above phonological anomaly and the syntactically marked properties of Kaqchikel (e.g. VOS word order).

Page 29: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

References 1 • Ajsivinac Sian, Juan Esteban, Lolmay Pedro Oscar García Matzar y

Ixsu’m Antonieta Gonzáles Choc (2004). Variación dialectal del idioma Kaqchikel. Guatemala: Comunidad Lingüística Kaqchikel de la Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.

• Backley, Phillip and Kuniya Nasukawa (2009). Headship as melodic strength. In Kuniya Nasukawa and Phillip Backley (eds.), Strength Relations in Phonology, 47-77. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

• Cojtí, Macario Narciso (1988). Mapa de los idiomas de Guatemala y Belice. Guatemala: Piedra Santa.

• Cojtí Macario, Narciso and Margarita López (1990). Variación dialectal del idioma Kaqchikel. In Nora C. England and Stephen R. Elliott (eds.), Lecturas sobre la Lingüística Maya, 193-220. Guatemala: CIRMA.

• Harris, John (1994). English Sound Structure. Oxford: Blackwell. 29

Page 30: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

References 2 • Harris, John (1997). Licensing Inheritance: an integrated theory of

neutralisation. Phonology 14, 315-370. • Harris, John and Edmund Gussmann (1998). Final codas: why the

west was wrong. In Eugeniusz Cyran (ed.), Structure and Interpretation: Studies in Phonology, 139-162. Lublin: Folium.

• Harris, John and Edmund Gussmann (2002). Word-Final Onsets. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 14, 1-42. University College London (University of London).

• Heinze, Ivonne L. (2004). Kaqchikel and Spanish Language Contact: the Case of Bilingual Mayan Children. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas. [UMI microform: 3148868]

• Hendrick Krueger, Roberta Anne (1986). The Verbal Category System of Cakchiquel Mayan. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.

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Page 31: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

References 3 • Kaufman, Terrence (1975/1970). Proyecto de alfabetos y

ortografías para escribir las lenguas mayances. Guatemala: Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín.

• Kaye, Jonathan D. (1995). Derivation and Interfaces. In Jacques Durand and Francis Katamba (eds.), Frontiers of Phonology: Atoms, Structures, Derivations, 289‒332. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

• Nasukawa, Kuniya (2011). Representing phonology without precedence relations. English Linguistics 28, 278-300.

• Nasukawa, Kuniya and Phillip Backley (2012). Prosody controls melody. Phonological Studies 15, 11-18.

• Patal Majzul, Filiberto, Pedro Oscar Grcía Matzar y Carmelina Espantzay Serech (2000). Variación dialectal en Kaqchikel. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.

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Page 32: Syllable structure in English, Japanese and Kaqchikel Part II · 5/30/2013  · a different type from its head): if , α β, then α ≫ β In endocentric dependency wherein α and

References 4 • Robertson, John S. (1998). A Ch’olti’an explanation for Ch’orti’an

grammar: a postlude to the language of the Classic Maya. Mayab 11, 5-11. Madrid.

• Scheer, Tobias (2004). A Lateral Theory of Phonology Vol. 1: What is CVCV and Why Should It Be? Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

• Takahashi, Toyomi (2004). Syllable Theory without Syllables. Doctoral dissertation, University College London.

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