SYLLABUS ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 2.0

ELECTIVES PROGRAM

Term III

Elective PS2220

Peace Operations

U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE, CARLISLE, PA 17013-5050

14 April – 20 May 2020

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CSWC-DPK 6 April 2020 MEMORANDUM FOR SEE DISTRIBUTION SUBJECT: Syllabus, “Peace Operations” Academic Year 2020 This document is prepared solely for use by the staff, faculty, and students of the U.S. Army War College. It is not for general distribution, but may be released to officials within the Department of Defense. However, any release to persons outside the Department of Defense, or any quotation or extract for publication, is prohibited without specific permission from the Commandant, U.S. Army War College, in each instance. SCOT N. STOREY COL, CA Director, PKSOI DISTRIBUTION: U3 25 PKSOI 40

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PS2220 Peace Operations

SECTION I

ELECTIVE DESCRIPTION 1. OBJECTIVES. Peace operations are normally conducted or sanctioned by international organizations and are intended to contain conflict and shape an environment to support post-conflict reconciliation and recovery. Peace operations include peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peace building, peacemaking, and conflict prevention. They are important components of U.S. national security strategy and are often a priority of international partners. The objectives of this course include: a. Understand the principles of peace operations and the challenges confronting them. b. Understand legal, political, strategic, policy, moral, ethical, and inter-organizational implications of peace operations. c. Understand planning, operational, and logistical considerations for peace operations. d. Evaluate past and current peace operations and reform initiatives. 2. SCOPE. PS2220 analyzes peace operations and the challenges confronting the international organizations that conduct them. It examines peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peace building, peacemaking, and conflict prevention and looks at how international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, African Union, and European Union approach integrated strategic assessment, mission design and planning, and execution. The course will include an immersive case study of historical and current peace operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). 3. PREREQUISITE. None. 4. METHODOLOGY. Modified Socratic. Pertinent issues and concepts will be analyzed through seminar discussion, student presentations, guest presentations related to a contemporary scenario and a senior-level panel discussion. Because of current restrictions, this course is being prepared to teach online; however, should the situation change and classrooms re-open, the course will adjust accordingly. The seminar will include discussions with invited guest experts.

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5. ELECTIVE REQUIREMENTS. Each student is expected to:

a. Complete assigned readings according to the syllabus and as assigned in class.

b. Participate in seminar discussions and after each lesson write a 250-word

observation of one concept presented during the lesson that is particularly meaningful (an example might be: During the Performance Lesson, personnel evaluations in UN missions are discussed. This is a concept that resonates). These observation reports are due before the next class, except Lesson 10 which is due on 22 May).

c. Make a 5-minute presentation to the class with a supporting 1,000 word paper

(4-5 pages). d. Actively participate in a panel discussion comprised of senior peace operations

experts (Ambassador-level). 6. COURSE RELATIONSHIP TO ACADEMIC PROGRAM. This course addresses strategic, policy, and operational considerations regarding peace operations. It supports program themes including JIIM, whole-of-government coordination, strategic communication, irregular warfare, and building partnership capacity. 7. DETAILED PROGRAM.

a. The planning calendar on page 4 portrays the class schedule. b. Specific requirements for each lesson are provided in Section II, Individual

Lessons.

c. Course Readings. All course readings are available electronically PKSOI’s website: http://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/index.cfm/resources/ps2220-peace-operations/

d. Classes will meet during A period via ZOOM. e. Observations will be emailed to the course directors.

8. FACULTY. Faculty organization for this course is as follows: PKSOI Course Director Dr. Karen Finkenbinder Office: Room 205, Upton Hall

Phone: 717.245.3409 karen.finkenbinder@armywarcollege.edu

Assistant Course Director COL Caio Valeriani Diniz (Brazil) Office: Room 206, Upton Hall Phone: 717-245-7764 Caio.v.diniz.fm@mail.mil

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9. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. PS2220 supports proficiency in the four knowledge domains imbedded in the USAWC Institutional Learning Objectives (Theory of War and Peace; U.S. National Security Policy, Processes, and Management; Military Strategy and Unified Theater Operations; and Command and Leadership). It also supports USAWC Program Learning Objectives (PLOs) and Joint Professional Military Education (JPME II) Learning Areas.

a. Program Learning Objectives (1) Evaluate theories of war and strategy and processes of policy

formulation, then apply them to the great problems of national security. (2) Analyze, adapt, and develop military processes, organizations, and

capabilities to achieve national defense objectives. (3) Apply strategic and operational art to create effective strategies and

plans toward the application of the military instrument of power in pursuit of national security aims.

(4) Evaluate the nature, concepts, and components of strategic leadership and synthesize their responsible application.

(5) Apply critical and creative thinking to national security issues at the strategic level.

(6) Communicate clearly, persuasively, and candidly. b. JPME II Learning Areas.

• LA 1 (National Strategies). The course analyzes how to operationalize

broad guidance regarding peace operations contained in national security strategy documents (1b, 1c, 1e).

• LA 2 (Joint Warfare, Theater Strategy and Campaigning for Traditional and Irregular Warfare in a Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental and Multinational Environment). This course analyzes how to plan for multidimensional and integrated peace operations with military, civilian, and police components (2a, 2c, 2e, 2f).

• LA 3 (National and Joint Planning Systems and Processes for the Integration of JIIM Capabilities). The course examines relevant guidance that pertains to peace operations and US and UN integrated planning mechanisms (3a, 3c, 3d).

• LA 4 (Command, Control, and Coordination). The course analyzes multidimensional leadership and coordination challenges in peace operations (4a, 4b, 4c).

• LA 5 (Strategic Leadership and the Profession of Arms). Peace operations require strong mission leadership in a complex environment (5a, 5b, 5f).

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PLANNING CALENDAR PS2220 PEACE OPERATIONS

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020

1st Meeting 2nd Meeting 3rd Meeting 4th Meeting Date: 14 April 2020 Time: 0830-1130 Introduction to Peace Operations Professor Bill Flavin Dr. Karen Finkenbinder

Date: 16 April 2020 Time: 0830-1130 Mandating – Panel Mr. Christian Loubeau (UN) Mr. William Moeller (DOS) Mr. Pat Antonietti (OSD-SHA)

Date: 27 April 2020 Time: 0830-1130 The Mandate in DRC Ms. Cassandra Clark (DOS) LTG Santos Cruz (Brazil)

Date: 28 April 2020 Time: 1300-1600 Performance Guest Speakers SR UN Official* CHATHAM HOUSE RULES*

5th Meeting 6th Meeting 7th Meeting 8th Meeting Date: 30 April 2020 Time: 0830-1130 DRC – History of UN Operations Commandant (Ret) Leo Quinlan (Ireland)

Date: 11 May 2020 Time: 1300-1600 Evolving Peace Operations COL Valeriani Cross-cutting Issues LTC Shibasaki

Date: 13 May 2020 Time: 1300-1600 The Integrated Mission Ms. Nachama Rosen, DOS/INL; UN Police Advisor Stefan Schwarz (T)

Date: 15 May 2020 Time: 1300-1600 Peacebuilding Dr. Lisa Schirch, Tada Peace Institute Alliance for Peacebuilding

9th Meeting 10th Meeting SPECIAL Date: 19 May 2020 Time: 0830-1130 Presentations

Date: 20 May 2020 Time: 1300-1600 Senior Panel Dr. Bjorn Holmberg, Challenges; Ms. Victoria Holt, Stimson (former DAS for State IO); Mr. Alan Doss, Former SRSG, MONUC

Date: 28 May 2020 Time: 0800 International Peacekeepers Day You are cordially invited!

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SECTION II CLASS DESCRIPTIONS

Lesson 1 Introduction to Peace Operations Lesson 2 Mandating – Panel (Guest Speakers) Lesson 3 The Mandate in DRC (*Guest Speakers) Lesson 4 Performance in PKO (*Guest Speaker) Lesson 5 History of UN Operations (DRC) (Guest Speaker) Lesson 6 Evolving Peace Operations Crosscutting Issues Lesson 7 The Police Component (Guest Speaker) The Civilian Component Lesson 8 Peacebuilding (Guest Speaker)

Lesson 9 Student Presentations (Current Missions and Cross-cutting issues)

Lesson 10 Course Conclusion (High Level Panel)

*CHATHAM HOUSE RULES IN EFFECT FOR GUEST SPEAKER(S)

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Lesson 1 Introduction to Peace Operations

This session provides an overview of the course, including an explanation of administration, readings, presentations, and writing requirements. Discussion will then focus on the different types of peace operations (peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peace building, peacemaking, and conflict prevention) and the relationship between peace operations and other activities. The lesson will conclude with a discussion of U.S. interests and roles in peace operations. Lesson Outline:

• Course Overview • Peace Operations—definitions, concepts, and related activities • U.S. Interests and Roles

Required Readings a. JP 3-07.3, Peace Operations.

• Executive Summary (pp vii-xviii). • Chapter I—Overview (pp I-1 thru I-19).

b. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines (UN Capstone Doctrine), Peruse Chapters 1, 3, 4 & 5 c. Peruse the UN Charter located at https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html d. Peruse the UN website, “About the UN” at https://ww.un.org/en/about-un/ e. e-Guide to the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping & Field Support: A Resource for New Staff at Headquarters, January 2015, Overview of UN Peacekeeping, pp 37-52 f. Bill Flavin’s Recording: https://zoom.us/rec/share/vdZJPevJ-n1JTbfO40HlXpE5Iob5T6a8hHVNrvIKyUZvRPt0bPOn5-lj-9LVVsWu Access Password: PKSOI1!!

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Lesson 2 Mandating: Too hard, too soft, or just right

Peace operations are increasingly multi-dimensional, and are conducted in complex and often dangerous environments, and peacekeeping mandates usually transcend the relatively simple tasks associated with traditional peacekeeping. This class focuses on mandating. It looks at the evolution of mandates, the complexity of the process and analyzes the broad range of issues that confront contemporary peacekeeping missions. Lesson Outline:

• The Mandate Process • “Christmas Tree” mandates • Considerations • Case Study: DRC

Required Readings

a. Challenges Forum, Considerations for Mission Leadership in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (2010)

• Introduction, Chapter 1, Chapter 2 (pp 11-41).

b. UN Security Council Resolution 2502 (2019) MONUSCO c. UN DPKO and DFS, Protection of Civilians: Implementing Guidelines of Military

Components of United Nations Peacekeeping Missions (February 2015).

d. Review the UN charter at: https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html e. Alexandra Novosseloff and Lisa Sharland, Partners and Competitors: Forces Operating in Parallel to United Nations’ Peace Operations (International Peace Institute, November 2019).

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Lesson 3 Current Peace Operation: MONUSCO

This lesson focuses on one of the most complex of the current mission, specifically, MONUSCO, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The lesson opens with a class on the DRC mandate and its future. It is reinforced through the experiences of the recently departed and the recently arrived force commanders.

Required Readings

a. Challenges Forum, Considerations for Mission Leadership in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (2010).

• Introduction, Chapter 1, Chapter 2 (pp 11-41).

b. UN Security Council Resolution 2502 (2019) MONUSCO c. Lieutenant General (Retired) Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz, Improving the

Security of UN Peacekeepers: We need to change the way we are doing business. 19 December 2017.

d. Paul D. Williams,” Cruz Report: The Politics of Force and the United Nation’s Peacekeeping Tilemma,” IPI Global Observatory, (February 9, 2018).

e. Summary of the Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers.

f. UN Guidelines on the Use of Force (2017).

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Lesson 4 Performance

This lesson focuses on performance. It identifies the problems related to poor performance and efforts underway within the UN and outside the UN to improve performance and accountability. It lays out the current environment for remedial support and repatriation. And, it discusses current efforts to ameliorate Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) but peace operations personnel. A senior UN official is the guest speaker. Chatham House Rules are in effect for this lesson.

Required Readings

a. Watch the video, Strengthening Peacekeeping Uniformed Capabilities, Performance, and Protection at: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/2019-peacekeeping-ministerial-conference

b. At the above link, look to the right of the screen and select your country’s

statement and review. If you are U.S. or your country does not have a statement read David Hale’s Remarks at a UN Ministerial on Peacekeeping, March 29, 2019 (in the readings on the PKSOI website).

c. Report of the High Level Independent Panel in Peace Operations (HIPPO Report), Uniting our Strength for Peace: Politics, Partnerships, and People, 16 June 2015, pp 24-60.

d. ZHANG Jun, President of the UN Security Council, DRAFT Resolution S/2020/240, “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations,” 30 March 2020. e. UN Guidelines for Operational Readiness Preparation for Trooop Contributing Countries (TCC), December 2016.

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Lesson 5 DRC – History of UN Operations

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a complicated environment. MONUSCO is the latest of a long history of UN and other external interventions. This lesson uses the 1961, Siege of Jadotville, a series of battles between the Irish UN unit and Katanga-loyal forces in September 1961 to identify the tensions between the strategic level in NY, the mission leadership, and the troop-contributing countries. Though the peacekeepers performed admirably, their performance was hidden by Ireland and the UN for almost 60 years. The guest speaker is Commandant (Ret.) Leo Quinlan, Advisor for the Netflix Movie, Siege of Jadotville.

Required Readings a. Read, Leo Quinlan, The Battle of Jadotville, Excerpts from Dad’s Notes, excerpts from the dairies of Commandant (Ret) Pat Quinlan, Ireland, the Commander of Company A, 35th Battalion (UN Service). b. Peruse the photos from the personal collection of Commandant (Ret.) Pat Quinlan. c. Doss, Alan. A Peacekeeper in Africa: Learning from UN Interventions in Other People’s Wars, London: Lynn Rienner Publishers, 2020. Part II Introduction and Chapters 5-8, pp 151-231.

Recommended

a. Watch the movie, The Siege of Jadotville, a Netflix Original Movie. Unfortunately, the movie is not available on DVD for borrowing. It must be watched on Netflix.

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Lesson 6 Peace Operations – Evolution/Cross-Cutting Issues

Peace Operations are much more complex than in past years. This lesson addresses peace operations functions and hwo they have evolved over time. It also looks at the cross-cutting issues. Lesson Outline:

• Peace Operations Evolution Overview • Protection of Civilians • The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) • Women, Peace, and Security • Discussion

Required Readings

a. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines (Capstone Doctrine).

• Chapters 2 b. United Nations Force Headquarters Handbook.

• Chapters 1 and 2 (pp 1-20). c. Review from Lesson 4: The “HIPPO Report.” d. Review from Lesson 3: “The Cruz Report” Executive Summary. e. United Nations Action for Peacekeeping (A4P), (Peruse report). f. United Nations, Policy on Integrated Assessment and Planning, 9 April 2013.

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Lesson 7 The Integrated Mission

This class will focus on the Police Component, as the component that most closely works with the Military Component and vice versa. Students will learn what activities the police do and how the military is allowed to support them and under what conditions. The last portion of the class will broadly discuss the Civilian Component.

Required Readings

a. Charles T. Hunt (2019) Rhetoric versus reality in the rise of policing in UN peace operations: ‘More blue, less green?’ Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73:6, 609-627.

b. United Nations, Integrated Assessment and Planning Handbook, 2013. (Section III (pp 69-119). c. UN Guidelines for Military Support to Public Order Management, 2016.

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Lesson 8 Peacebuilding

Peacebuilding, even more so than peacekeeping before it, constitutes a profound change in the way the United Nations is pursuing its core mandate of maintaining global peace and security. However, unlike peacekeeping, the UN has never been able to turn peacebuilding into a core concept and operational tool for the organization, reducing the impact of its interventions in fragile countries afflicted by armed conflicts. Under the general notion of peacebuilding, the UN has moved beyond its original mandate of helping prevent and end wars between member states and begun to intervene directly within member states to help them end armed intrastate conflicts and to rebuild their war-torn countries and collapsed institutions.

Required Readings a. Watch the video, “Peacebuilding Support Office: Explainer Video” found at www.un.org/peacebuilding/supportoffice. ~ 2 minutes. b. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 April 2016, A/RES/70/262. c. Resolution adopted by the Security Council on 27 April 2016, S/RES2282 (2016). d. Report of the Secretary General, Peacebuilding and sustaining peace. 18 January 2018. e. Peruse the Peacebuilding Initiative Notes.

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Lesson 9 Student Presentations (Supporting Papers)

Past and current UN missions can provide useful insight regarding the challenges and applicable lessons for modern peacekeeping. Additionally, the complexities of cross-cutting issues inform modern peacekeeping. Students will select a topic from the following list of missions and cross-cutting topics and will prepare a 5-minute presentation to inform their fellow students. Only one student can present on each topic. Additionally, students will prepare a supporting 1,000 word paper (+/- 10%). Topics

AMISOM (Somalia) (2007-Present) Child Soldiers Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) Genocide Internally Displaced Persons/Refugees MINUSCA (Central African Republic) (2014-Present) MINUSMA (Mali) (2013-Present) Peace Enforcement Peacemaking RAMSI (Solomon Islands) (2003-2017) Reconciliation Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) Technology in Peace Operations UNAMIR (Rwanda) (1993-1996) UNIFIL (Lebanon) (1978-Present) UNMIK (Kosovo) (1999-Present) UNMISS (S. Sudan) (2011-Present) UNPREDEP (Macedonia) (1995-1999) UNTAET (East Timor) (1999-2002) UNVMC (Colombia) (2017-Present) Women, Peace and Security (WPS)

Required Readings Individually determined, based on assigned cases.

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Course Conclusion

This class concludes with a senior panel that will provide relevant insights regarding the future of peace operations. Students should be prepared to discuss course concepts, challenges of peace operations, UN and AU institutional reform, and U.S. support to peace operations.

Readings

a. Holt, Victoria and Tobias Berkman. The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations. Washington, DC: Stimson Center, September 2006, pp 1-14; 179-200.

b. Holt, Victoria, Glyn Taylor and Max Kelly. Protecting Civilians in the Context of UN Peacekeeping Operations: Successes, Setbacks and Remaining Challenges. New York: The United Nations, 2009, Read the Executive Summary

c. Challenges Forum, Challenges Forum Consolidated Recommendations to

Advance the Action for Peacekeeping (A4P), 2020. d. Review: Doss, Alan. A Peacekeeper in Africa: Learning from UN Interventions

in Other People’s Wars, London: Lynn Rienner Publishers, 2020. Part II Introduction and Chapters 5-8, pp 151-231.

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Bibliography and Resources Challenges Forum. Considerations for Mission Leadership in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Stockholm: Edita Västra Aros AB, 2010 Doss, Alan. A Peacekeeper in Africa: Learning from UN Interventions in Other People’s Wars, London: Lynn Rienner Publishers, 2020 High-Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. Uniting Our Strengths for Peace—Politics, Partnership and People (“HIPPO Report”). New York: The United Nations, 16 June 2015. Holt, Victoria and Tobias Berkman. The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations. Washington, DC: Stimson Center, September 2006. Holt, Victoria, Glyn Taylor and Max Kelly. Protecting Civilians in the Context of UN Peacekeeping Operations: Successes, Setbacks and Remaining Challenges. New York: The United Nations, 2009. Hunt, Charles T. (2019) Rhetoric versus reality in the rise of policing in UN peace operations: ‘More blue, less green?’ Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73:6, 609-627 Lieutenant General (Retired) Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz, Improving the Security of UN Peacekeepers: We need to change the way we are doing business. 19 December 2017. Novosseloff, Alexandra and Lisa Sharland, Partners and Competitors: Forces Operating in Parallel to United Nations’ Peace Operations (International Peace Institute, November 2019). JP 3-07.3, Peace Operations United Nations, e-Guide to the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping & Field Support: A Resource for New Staff at Headquarters, January 2015 United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines (UN Capstone Doctrine), 2006. United Nations, Integrated Assessment and Planning Handbook, 2013 United Nations DPKO/DFS. The New Horizon Initiative: Progress Report No. 1. The United Nations, October 2010.

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United Nations DPKO/DFS. A New Partnership Agenda: Charting a New Horizon for UN Peacekeeping. New York: The United Nations, July 2009. UN DPKO and DFS, Protection of Civilians: Implementing Guidelines of Military Components of United Nations Peacekeeping Missions (February 2015). Williams, Paul D.,” Cruz Report: The Politics of Force and the United Nation’s Peacekeeping Tilemma,” IPI Global Observatory, (February 9, 2018). ZHANG Jun, President of the UN Security Council, DRAFT Resolution S/2020/240, “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations,” 30 March 2020

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Web Sites Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF) www.zif-berlin.org Challenges Forum www.challengesforum.org The Future of UN Peace Operations (International Peace Institute—IPI) www.futurepeaceoperations.org http://futurepeaceops.org/ppp/ Human Security Report Project www.humansecuritygateway.com/index.php International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centers (IAPTC) www.iaptc.org Institute for Security Studies www.issafrica.org Partnership for Effective Peacekeeping www.effectivepeacekeeping.org Providing for Peacekeeping www.providingforpeacekeeping.org Refugees International www.refugeesinternational.org Stimson Center Future of Peace Operations Project http://www.stimson.org/programs/future-of-peace-operations/ UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) www.un.org/en/peacekeeping UN Department of Political Affairs Peacemaker Website http://peacemaker.un.org/ United States Institute of Peace www.usip.org What’s In Blue? www.whatsinblue.org