syllabus content e) evolution occurs via natural selection: ■ individual organisms within a...
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Syllabus contente) Evolution occurs via natural selection: ■ individual organisms within a particular species may show a wide range of variation because of differences in their genes ■ individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully ■ the genes that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.f) Where new forms of a gene result from mutation there may be relatively rapid change in a species if the environment changes
How does natural selection work? Read p126
• It works by selecting the organisms best adapted to a particular habitat
• Do newspaper activity
Natural selection – key points
• Mutation in DNA changes genes• Individual organisms in a species show a range of
variation because of differences in their genes • Individuals best adapted to their environment are
more likely to survive and breed• Pass on their successful genes to their offspring• Successful genes are in a larger proportion of the
next generation
What is mutation? List key facts – page 126
• A mutation is a change in the genetic material (DNA)
• The result is a new form of a gene• Mutations occur quite naturally• Mutations introduce variety• In terms of survival, mutations can be very
important as can produce an adaptation that makes an organism better suited to its environment
Natural selection in action
Where new forms of a gene result from mutation there may be relatively rapid change in a species if the environment changes
Modern Example 1 -Evolving oysters text p.127copy and complete with the main stages in natural selection
A disease killed most of the Oysters in Malpeque Bay, Canada
Key word: mutation
Key idea: survive to breed
Malpeque Bay Oysters answersA disease killed most of the oysters in Malpeque Bay, Canada
Fortunately a few of the shellfish (oysters) carried a mutation in their genes which made them resistant to the disease. (better adapted)
The organisms with the mutation were the only ones to survive and breed passing on their successful genes to the next generation.
Repeated over generations. So the successful gene is now common in the population.
How did the environment change??
Example 2 - The peppered moth
• The peppered moth is a common insect in Britain with two forms: the dark form and the light form.
• The light form has small black specks just like it has been dusted with pepper. This is variation.
300 years ago most peppered moths were the light form.
After the industrial revolution the dark form became commonest in city areas.
E-chalk animation
Evesham highechalk
Natural selection of dark form in industrial areas
Dark moths more likely to survive to breed- Passing on genes to offspring
Repeated over generationsPopulation contains more dark ans less light moths
Dark moth less likely to be seen and eaten by bird predators- Better adapted to environment
Tree surfaces are dark because of air pollutionPale lichens are killed by sulphur dioxide
Natural selection of light form in clean areas
Light moths more likely to survive to breed- Passing on light genes to offspring
Repeated over generationsPopulation contains a larger proportion of lighter moths
Light moth less likely to be seen and eaten by bird predators-better adapted to the environment
Tree surfaces are pale.Pale lichens grow on the tree bark.
Due to natural variation, the ancestors of modern giraffes would have had necks of different length.
How does Darwin’s theory explain a giraffe’s long neck?Example 3 -How the giraffe got its neck
As a result, the long-necked giraffes were more likely to be healthy and live to produce more high-quality offspring.
This, in turn, would increase the chances of their long-necked characteristic (an adaptive trait) being passed on to future generations.
Giraffes with longer necks would have been able to reach more food than those with shorter necks.