Sylvia Plath 1

Sylvia Plath

Sylvia PlathPlath in 1957

Born October 27, 1932Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Died February 11, 1963 (aged 30)London, England, United Kingdom

Resting place Heptonstall Church, West Yorkshire, England, UK

Pen name Victoria Lucas

Occupation Poet, novelist and short story writer

Language English

Nationality American

Education BA summa cum laude, with highest honors in English

Alma mater Smith College,Newnham College, Cambridge

Period 1960–1963

Genres Poetry, Fiction

Literary movement Confessional poetry

Notable work(s) The Bell Jar and Ariel

Notable award(s) Fulbright scholarshipGlascock Prize1955Pulitzer Prize for Poetry1982 The Collected Poems

Spouse(s) Ted Hughes (1956–1963, her death)

Children Frieda HughesNicholas Hughes

Signature

Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist and short story writer. Born inBoston, Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College, Cambridge, before receiving acclaim asa professional poet and writer. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956 and they lived together first in theUnited States and then England, having two children together, Frieda and Nicholas. Plath suffered from depressionfor much of her adult life,[1] and in 1963 she committed suicide.[2] Controversy continues to surround the events ofher life and death, as well as her writing and legacy.Plath is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and is best known for her two publishedcollections, The Colossus and Other Poems and Ariel. In 1982, she won a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for TheCollected Poems. She also wrote The Bell Jar, a semi-autobiographical novel published shortly before her death.[3]

Sylvia Plath 2

Life and career

Early lifePlath was born on October 27, 1932, in the Massachusetts Memorial Hospital, in Boston's Jamaica Plainneighborhood.[4] Her mother, Aurelia Schober Plath (1906–1994), was a first-generation American of Austriandescent, and her father, Otto Plath (1885–1940), was from Grabow, Germany.[5] Plath's father was an entomologistand was professor of biology and German at Boston University; he also authored a book about bumblebees. Plath'smother was approximately twenty-one years younger than her husband. They met while she was earning her master'sdegree in teaching and took one of his courses. Otto had become alienated from his family after choosing not tobecome a Lutheran minister, as his grandparents had intended him to be.[6]

On April 27, 1935, Plath's brother Warren was born and in 1936 the family moved from 24 Prince Street in JamaicaPlain, Massachusetts, to 92 Johnson Avenue, Winthrop, Massachusetts. Plath's mother, Aurelia, had grown up inWinthrop, and her maternal grandparents, the Schobers, had lived in a section of the town called Point Shirley, alocation mentioned in Plath's poetry. While living in Winthrop, eight-year-old Plath published her first poem in theBoston Herald's children's section.[7] In addition to writing, she showed early promise as an artist, winning an awardfor her paintings from The Scholastic Art & Writing Awards in 1947.[8]

Otto Plath died on November 5, 1940, a week and a half after Plath's eighth birthday, of complications following theamputation of a foot due to untreated diabetes. He had become ill shortly after a close friend died of lung cancer.Comparing the similarities between his friend's symptoms and his own, Otto became convinced that he, too, had lungcancer and did not seek treatment until his diabetes had progressed too far. Raised as a Unitarian Christian, Plathexperienced a loss of faith after her father's death, and remained ambivalent about religion throughout her life.[9] Hewas buried in Winthrop Cemetery; visiting her father's grave prompted Plath to write the poem Electra on AzaleaPath. After his death, Aurelia Plath moved her children and her parents to 26 Elmwood Road, Wellesley,Massachusetts in 1942. In one of her last prose pieces, Plath commented that her first nine years "sealed themselvesoff like a ship in a bottle—beautiful inaccessible, obsolete, a fine, white flying myth".[10] Plath attended BradfordSenior High School (now Wellesley High School) in Wellesley, graduating in 1950.

College years

Smith College, in Northampton, Massachusetts

In 1950, Plath attended Smith College and excelled academically. Shewrote to her mother, "The world is splitting open at my feet like a ripe,juicy watermelon."[11] She edited The Smith Review and during thesummer after her third year of college Plath was awarded a covetedposition as guest editor at Mademoiselle magazine, during which shespent a month in New York City. The experience was not what she hadhoped it would be, and it began a downward spiral. She was furious atnot being at a meeting the editor had arranged with Welsh poet DylanThomas—a writer whom she loved, said one of her boyfriends, "morethan life itself". She hung around the White Horse bar and the ChelseaHotel for two days hoping to meet Thomas, but he was already on his

way home. A few weeks later she was to slash her legs to see if she had enough courage to commit suicide.[12] Manyof the events that took place during that summer were later used as inspiration for her novel The Bell Jar.[13] Duringthis time she was refused admission to the Harvard writing seminar. Following electroconvulsive therapy fordepression, Plath made her first medically documented suicide attempt in late August 1953 by crawling under herhouse and taking her mother's sleeping pills.[14] She survived this first suicide attempt after lying unfound in a crawl

Sylvia Plath 3

space for three days, later writing that she "blissfully succumbed to the whirling blackness that I honestly believedwas eternal oblivion." She spent the next six months in psychiatric care, receiving more electric and insulin shocktreatment under the care of Dr. Ruth Beuscher. Her stay at McLean Hospital and her Smith scholarship were paid forby Olive Higgins Prouty, who had successfully recovered from a mental breakdown herself. Plath seemed to make agood recovery and returned to college. In January 1955, she submitted her thesis The Magic Mirror: A Study of theDouble in Two of Dostoyevsky's Novels and in June, graduated from Smith with highest honors.She obtained a Fulbright scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge, in England, where she continued activelywriting poetry and publishing her work in the student newspaper Varsity. At Newnham, she studied with DorotheaKrook, whom she held in high regard.[15] She spent her first year winter and spring holidays traveling aroundEurope.

Career and marriage

Plath's stay at McLean Hospital inspired hernovel The Bell Jar

In a 1961 BBC interview (now held by the British Library SoundArchive),[16] Plath describes how she met Ted Hughes:

I happened to be at Cambridge. I was sent there by the[US] government on a government grant. And I'd readsome of Ted's poems in this magazine and I was veryimpressed and I wanted to meet him. I went to this littlecelebration and that's actually where we met... Then wesaw a great deal of each other. Ted came back toCambridge and suddenly we found ourselves gettingmarried a few months later... We kept writing poems toeach other. Then it just grew out of that, I guess, a feelingthat we both were writing so much and having such a fine time doing it, we decided that this shouldkeep on.

Plath described Hughes as "a singer, story-teller, lion and world-wanderer" with "a voice like the thunder of God".Nights, I squat in the cornucopia

Of your left ear, out of the wind,

Counting the red stars and those of plum-color.

The sun rises under the pillar of your tongue.

My hours are married to shadow.

No longer do I listen for the scrape of a keel

On the blank stones of the landing.

from "The Colossus",The Colossus and Other Poems, 1960

The couple married on June 16, 1956, at St George the Martyr Holborn in the London Borough of Camden with Plath's mother in attendance, and spent their honeymoon in Benidorm. Plath returned to Newnham in October to begin her second year. During this time, they both became deeply interested in astrology and the supernatural, using Ouija boards. In early 1957, Plath and Hughes moved to the United States and from September 1957 Plath taught at Smith College, her alma mater. She found it difficult to both teach and have enough time and energy to write[] and in the middle of 1958, the couple moved to Boston. Plath took a job as a receptionist in the psychiatric unit of Massachusetts General Hospital and in the evening took creative writing seminars given by poet Robert Lowell (also attended by the writers Anne Sexton and George Starbuck). Both Lowell and Sexton encouraged Plath to write from her experience and she did so. She openly discussed her depression with Lowell and her suicide attempts with

Sylvia Plath 4

Sexton, who led her to write from a more female perspective. Plath began to conceive of herself as a more serious,focused poet and short-story writer. At this time Plath and Hughes first met the poet W. S. Merwin, who admiredtheir work and was to remain a lifelong friend.[17] Plath resumed psychoanalytic treatment in December, workingwith Ruth Beuscher.

Chalcot Square, near Primrose Hill in London,Plath and Hughes' home from 1959

Plath and Hughes travelled across Canada and the United States,staying at the Yaddo artist colony in New York State in late 1959.Plath says that it was here that she learned "to be true to my ownweirdnesses", but she remained anxious about writing confessionally,from deeply personal and private material.[18] The couple moved backto the United Kingdom in December 1959 and[19] lived in London at 3Chalcot Square, near the Primrose Hill area of Regent's Park, where anEnglish Heritage plaque records Plath's residence.[20] Their daughterFrieda was born on 1 April 1960 and in October, Plath published herfirst collection of poetry, The Colossus. In February 1961, Plath'ssecond pregnancy ended in miscarriage; several of her poems,including "Parliament Hill Fields", address this event.[21] In August shefinished her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar and immediately after this, the family moved to Court Greenin the small market town of North Tawton in Devon. Nicholas was born in January 1962. In mid-1962, Hughesbegan to keep bees, which would be the subject of many Plath poems.

In 1961, the couple rented their flat at Chalcot Square to Assia and David Wevill. Hughes was immediately struckwith the beautiful Assia, as she was with him.[22] In June 1962, Plath had had a car accident which she described asone of many suicide attempts. In July 1962, Plath discovered Hughes had been having an affair with Assia Wevilland in September the couple separated.Beginning in October 1962, Plath experienced a great burst of creativity and wrote most of the poems on which herreputation now rests, writing at least 26 of the poems of her posthumous collection Ariel during the final months ofher life.[23][24] In December 1962, she returned alone to London with their children, and rented, on a five-year lease,a flat at 23 Fitzroy Road—only a few streets from the Chalcot Square flat. William Butler Yeats once lived in thehouse, which bears an English Heritage blue plaque for the Irish poet. Plath was pleased by this fact and consideredit a good omen.The northern winter of 1962–63 was one of the coldest in 100 years; the pipes froze, the children—now two yearsold and nine months—were often sick, and the house had no telephone.[25] Her depression returned but shecompleted the rest of her poetry collection which would be published after her death (1965 in the UK, 1966 in theUS). Her only novel, The Bell Jar, came out in January 1963, published under the pen name Victoria Lucas, and wasmet with critical indifference.[26]

Sylvia Plath 5

23 Fitzroy Road, near Primrose Hill,London, where Plath committed

suicide

Death

Dr. John Horder, a close friend who lived near Plath, prescribed herantidepressants a few days before her death. Knowing she was at risk alone withtwo young children, he says he visited her daily and made strenuous efforts tohave her admitted to a hospital and when that failed, he arranged for a live-innurse. Commentators have argued that because anti-depressants may take up tothree weeks to take effect, her prescription from Horder would not necessarilyhave helped. Others say that Plath's American doctor had warned her never againto take the anti-depressant drug which she found worsened her depression but Dr.Horder had prescribed it under a proprietary name which she did not recognize.

The nurse was due to arrive at nine o'clock the morning of 11 February 1963 tohelp Plath with the care of her children. Upon arrival, she could not get into theflat, but eventually gained access with the help of a workman, CharlesLangridge. They found Plath dead of carbon monoxide poisoning in the kitchen,with her head in the oven, having sealed the rooms between herself and her

sleeping children with wet towels and cloths.[27] At approximately 4:30 am, Plath had placed her head in the oven,with the gas turned on. She was 30.

It has been suggested that Plath had not intended to kill herself. That morning she asked her downstairs neighbor, aMr. Thomas, what time he would be leaving. She also left a note reading "Call Dr. Horder", including the doctor'sphone number. Therefore, it is argued Plath turned on the gas at a time when Mr. Thomas would have been able tosee the note.[28] However, in her biography Giving Up: The Last Days of Sylvia Plath, Plath's best friend, JillianBecker wrote, "According to Mr. Goodchild, a police officer attached to the coroner's office ... [Plath] had thrust herhead far into the gas oven... [and] had really meant to die." Dr. Horder also believed her intention was clear. Hestated that "No one who saw the care with which the kitchen was prepared could have interpreted her action asanything but an irrational compulsion." Plath had described the quality of her despair as "owl's talons clenching myheart." In his 1971 book on suicide, friend and critic Al Alvarez claimed that Plath's suicide was an unanswered cryfor help.[29]

Sylvia Plath 6

Following death

Plath's grave at Heptonstall church, WestYorkshire

An inquiry on the day following Plath's death gave a ruling of suicide.Hughes was devastated; they had been separated five months. In a letter to anold friend of Plath's from Smith College, he wrote, "That's the end of my life.The rest is posthumous."[30] Plath's gravestone, in Heptonstall's parishchurchyard of St Thomas the Apostle, bears the inscription that Hughes chosefor her:[31] "Even amidst fierce flames the golden lotus can be planted."Biographers variously attribute the source of the quote to the 16th-centuryBuddhist novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en[32][33] or to theHindu text, the Bhagavad Gita.

The gravestone has been repeatedly vandalized by those aggrieved that"Hughes" is written on the stone; they have attempted to chisel it off, leavingonly the name "Sylvia Plath."[34] When Hughes' partner Assia Wevill killedherself and their four-year-old daughter Shura in 1969, this practiceintensified. After each defacement, Hughes had the damaged stone removed,sometimes leaving the site unmarked during repair. Outraged mournersaccused Hughes in the media of dishonoring her name by removing thestone.[35] Wevill's death led to claims that Hughes had been abusive to bothPlath and Wevill.[] In 1970, radical feminist poet Robin Morgan published the poem "Arraignment", in which sheopenly accused Hughes of the battery and murder of Plath;[36] other radical feminists threatened to kill him in Plath'sname.[]

In 1989, with Hughes under public attack, a battle raged in the letters pages of The Guardian and The Independent.In The Guardian on April 20, 1989, Hughes wrote the article "The Place Where Sylvia Plath Should Rest in Peace":"In the years soon after [Plath's] death, when scholars approached me, I tried to take their apparently serious concernfor the truth about Sylvia Plath seriously. But I learned my lesson early. [...] If I tried too hard to tell them exactlyhow something happened, in the hope of correcting some fantasy, I was quite likely to be accused of trying tosuppress Free Speech. In general, my refusal to have anything to do with the Plath Fantasia has been regarded as anattempt to suppress Free Speech [...] The Fantasia about Sylvia Plath is more needed than the facts. Where thatleaves respect for the truth of her life (and of mine), or for her memory, or for the literary tradition, I do notknow."[37]

On March 16, 2009, Nicholas Hughes, the son of Plath and Hughes, hanged himself at his home in Alaska, followinga history of depression.[38][39]

WorksPlath wrote poetry from the age of eight, her first poem appearing in the Boston Traveller. By the time she arrived atSmith College she had written over fifty short stories and published in a raft of magazines.[40] At Smith she majoredin English and won all the major prizes in writing and scholarship. She edited the college magazine Mademoiselleand on her graduation in 1955, she won the Glascock Prize for Two Lovers and a Beachcomber by the Real Sea.Later at Newnham, Cambridge, she wrote for the Varsity magazine. By the time Heinemann published her firstcollection, The Colossus and other poems in the UK in late 1960, Plath had been short-listed several times in theYale Younger Poets book competition and had had work printed in Harper's, The Spectator and the Times LiterarySupplement. All the poems in The Colossus had already been printed in major US and British journals and she had acontract with The New Yorker.[41] It was however her 1965 collection Ariel, published posthumously, on whichPlath's reputation essentially rests.

Sylvia Plath 7

In 1971, the volumes Winter Trees and Crossing the Water were published in the UK, including nine previouslyunseen poems from the original manuscript of Ariel. Writing in New Statesman, fellow poet Peter Porter wrote:

"Crossing the Water is full of perfectly realised works. Its most striking impression is of a front-rankartist in the process of discovering her true power. Such is Plath's control that the book possesses asingularity and certainty which should make it as celebrated as The Colossus or Ariel.[42]

The Collected Poems, published in 1981, edited and introduced by Ted Hughes, contained poetry written from 1956until her death. Plath was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry, the first poet to win the prize posthumously. In 2006Anna Journey, then a graduate student at Virginia Commonwealth University, discovered a previously unpublishedsonnet written by Plath entitled Ennui. The poem, composed during Plath's early years at Smith College, is publishedin Blackbird, the online journal.[43]

And I

Am the arrow,

The dew that flies

Suicidal, at one with the drive

Into the red

Eye, the cauldron of morning.

from the poem Ariel, October 12, 1962[44]

According to Hughes, Plath left behind "some 130 [typed] pages of another novel, provisionally titled DoubleExposure. That manuscript disappeared somewhere around 1970."

ReceptionThe Colossus received largely positive UK reviews, highlighting her voice as new and strong, individual andAmerican in tone. Peter Dickinson at Punch called the collection "a real find" and "exhilarating to read", full of"clean, easy verse". Bernard Bergonzi at the Manchester Guardian said the book was an "outstanding technicalaccomplishment" with a "virtuoso' quality". From the point of publication she became a presence on the poetryscene. The book went on to be published in America in 1962 to less glowing reviews. Whilst her craft was generallypraised, her writing was viewed as more derivative of other poets. Some later critics have described the first book assomewhat young, staid or conventional in comparison to the more free-flowing imagery and intensity of her laterwork.It was Hughes' publication of Ariel in 1965 that precipitated Plath's rise to fame. As soon as it was published criticsbegan to see the collection as the charting of Plath's increasing desperation or death wish. Her dramatic death becameher most famous aspect, and remains so. Time and Life both reviewed the slim volume of Ariel in the wake of herdeath. The critic at Time said: "Within a week of her death, intellectual London was hunched over copies of a strangeand terrible poem she had written during her last sick slide toward suicide. 'Daddy' was its title; its subject was hermorbid love-hatred of her father; its style was as brutal as a truncheon. What is more, 'Daddy' was merely the first jetof flame from a literary dragon who in the last months of her life breathed a burning river of bile across the literarylandscape. [...] In her most ferocious poems, 'Daddy' and 'Lady Lazarus,' fear, hate, love, death and the poet's ownidentity become fused at black heat with the figure of her father, and through him, with the guilt of the Germanexterminators and the suffering of their Jewish victims. They are poems, as Robert Lowell says in his preface toAriel, that 'play Russian roulette with six cartridges in the cylinder.'"[45][46]

Some in the feminist movement saw Plath as speaking for their experience, as a "symbol of blighted female genius". Writer Honor Moore describes Ariel as marking the beginning of a movement, Plath suddenly visible as "a woman on paper", certain and audacious. Moore says: "When Sylvia Plath’s Ariel was published in the United States in 1966, American women noticed. Not only women who ordinarily read poems, but housewives and mothers whose ambitions had awakened [...] Here was a woman, superbly trained in her craft, whose final poems uncompromisingly

Sylvia Plath 8

charted female rage, ambivalence, and grief, in a voice with which many women identified."[47]

The United States Postal Service introduced a postage stamp featuring Sylvia Plath in 2012.[48]

ThemesSylvia Plath's early poems exhibit what became her typical imagery, using personal and nature-based depictionsfeaturing, for example, the moon, blood, hospitals, fetuses, and skulls. They were mostly imitation exercises of poetsshe admired such as Dylan Thomas, W. B. Yeats and Marianne Moore. Late in 1959, when she and Hughes were atthe Yaddo writers' colony in New York State, she wrote the seven-part "Poem for a Birthday", echoing TheodoreRoethke's Lost Son sequence, though its theme is her own traumatic breakdown and suicide attempt at 21. After 1960her work moved into a more surreal landscape darkened by a sense of imprisonment and looming death,overshadowed by her father. The Colossus is shot through with themes of death, redemption and resurrection. AfterHughes left, Plath produced, in less than two months, the forty poems of rage, despair, love, and vengeance on whichher reputation mostly rests.Plath's landscape poetry, which she wrote throughout her life, has been described as "a rich and important area of herwork that is often overlooked ... some of the best of which was written about the Yorkshire moors." Her September1961 poem "Wuthering Heights" takes its title from the Emily Bronte novel, but its content and style is Plath's ownparticular vision of the Pennine landscape.The poems in Ariel mark a departure from her earlier work into a more personal arena of poetry. Robert Lowell'spoetry may have played a part in this shift as she cited Lowell's 1959 book Life Studies as a significant influence, inan interview just before her death.[49] Posthumously published in 1966, the impact of Ariel was dramatic, with itsdark and potentially autobiographical descriptions of mental illness in poems such as '"Tulips", "Daddy" and "LadyLazarus". Plath's work is often held within the genre of confessional poetry and the style of her work compared toother contemporaries, such as Robert Lowell and W.D. Snodgrass. Plath's close friend Al Alvarez, who has writtenabout her extensively, said of her later work: "Plath's case is complicated by the fact that, in her mature work, shedeliberately used the details of her everyday life as raw material for her art. A casual visitor or unexpected telephonecall, a cut, a bruise, a kitchen bowl, a candlestick—everything became usable, charged with meaning, transformed.Her poems are full of references and images that seem impenetrable at this distance, but which could mostly beexplained in footnotes by a scholar with full access to the details of her life."[50] Many of Plath's later poems dealwith what one critic calls the "domestic surreal" in which Plath takes every day elements of life and twists theimages, giving them an almost nightmarish quality.Plath's fellow confessional poet and friend Anne Sexton commented: "Sylvia and I would talk at length about ourfirst suicide, in detail and in depth—between the free potato chips. Suicide is, after all, the opposite of the poem.Sylvia and I often talked opposites. We talked death with burned-up intensity, both of us drawn to it like moths to anelectric lightbulb, sucking on it. She told the story of her first suicide in sweet and loving detail, and her descriptionin The Bell Jar is just that same story."[51] The confessional interpretation of Plath's work has led to some dismissingcertain aspects of her work as an exposition of sentimentalist melodrama; in 2010, for example, Theodore Dalrympleasserted that Plath had been the "patron saint of self-dramatization" and of self-pity. Revisionist critics such as TracyBrain have, however, argued against a tightly autobiographical interpretation of Plath's material.[52][53][54]

Love set you going like a fat gold watch.

The midwife slapped your footsoles, and your bald cry

Took its place among the elements.

from Morning Song, Ariel, 1965[55]

Sylvia Plath 9

Journals and lettersPlath's letters were published in 1975, edited and selected by her mother Aurelia Plath. The collection, Letters Home:Correspondence 1950–1963, came out partly in response to the strong public reaction to the publication of The BellJar in America.[26] Plath had kept a diary from the age of 11 until her death, doing so until her suicide. Her adultdiaries, starting from her first year at Smith College in 1950, were first published in 1982 as The Journals of SylviaPlath, edited by Frances McCullough, with Ted Hughes as consulting editor. In 1982, when Smith College acquiredPlath's remaining journals, Hughes sealed two of them until February 11, 2013, the fiftieth anniversary of Plath'sdeath.[56]

During the last years of his life, Hughes began working on a fuller publication of Plath's journals. In 1998, shortlybefore his death, he unsealed the two journals, and passed the project onto his children by Plath, Frieda and Nicholas,who passed it on to Karen V. Kukil. Kukil finished her editing in December 1999, and in 2000 Anchor Bookspublished The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. More than half of the new volume contained newly releasedmaterial; The American author Joyce Carol Oates hailed the publication as a "genuine literary event". Hughes facedcriticism for his role in handling the journals: he claims to have destroyed Plath's last journal, which containedentries from the winter of 1962 up to her death. In the foreword of the 1982 version, he writes, "I destroyed [the lastof her journals] because I did not want her children to have to read it (in those days I regarded forgetfulness as anessential part of survival)."[57]

The Bell Jar

Plath's semi-autobiographical novel was published in 1963 and in the US in 1971, which her mother wished to block.Describing the compilation of the book to her mother, she wrote, "What I've done is to throw together events frommy own life, fictionalising to add colour- it's a pot boiler really, but I think it will show how isolated a person feelswhen he is suffering a breakdown.... I've tried to picture my world and the people in it as seen through the distortinglens of a bell jar".[58] She described her novel as "an autobiographical apprentice work which I had to write in orderto free myself from the past".[59] She dated a Yale senior named Dick Norton during her junior year. Norton, uponwhom the character of Buddy in The Bell Jar is based, contracted tuberculosis and was treated at the Ray BrookSanatorium near Saranac Lake. While visiting Norton, Plath broke her leg skiing, an incident that was fictionalizedin the novel.[60]

Hughes controversyAnd here you come, with a cup of tea

Wreathed in steam.

The blood jet is poetry,

There is no stopping it.

You hand me two children, two roses.

from Kindness, written 1 February 1963. Ariel

Sylvia Plath 10

Plath's marriage to British Poet Laureate TedHughes was tumultuous and is a matter of

persistent speculation

As Hughes and Plath were legally married at the time of her death,Hughes inherited the Plath estate, including all her written work.Hughes has been condemned from some quarters[61] for burning Plath'slast journal, saying he "did not want her children to have to read it."[]

He lost another journal and an unfinished novel and instructed that acollection of Plath's papers and journals should not be released until2013.[62] In the reams of literary criticism and biography publishedafter their deaths, after the release of new material, biopics, or anyold-new controversy, the debate over Plath's literary estate is very oftenreduced to black and white, that is, whose story the readers choose.[63]

Hughes has been accused of attempting to control the estate for hisown ends, although royalties from Plath's poetry were placed into atrust account for their two children, Frieda and Nicholas.[64][65]

Still the subject of speculation and opprobrium, Hughes publishedBirthday Letters in 1998, his own collection of 88 poems about hisrelationship with Plath. Hughes had published very little about his experience of the marriage and subsequent suicideand the book caused a sensation, being taken as his first explicit disclosure, topping best seller charts. It was notknown at the volume's release that Hughes was suffering from terminal cancer and would die later that year. It wenton to win the Forward Poetry Prize, the T. S. Eliot Prize for Poetry and the Whitbread Poetry Prize. The poems,written after her death, in some cases long after, are an account of a failure; they circle around a missing centre,trying to find a reason why Plath took her own life.[66]

Plath was portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow in the 2003 film Sylvia. Frieda Hughes, now a poet and painter, who wastwo years old when her mother died, was angered by the making of entertainment featuring her parents' lives. Sheaccused the "peanut crunching" public of wanting to be titillated by the family's tragedies.[67] In 2003 she publishedthe poem "My Mother" in Tatler:

Now they want to make a filmFor anyone lacking the abilityTo imagine the body, head in oven,Orphaning children[...] they thinkI should give them my mother's wordsTo fill the mouth of their monster,Their Sylvia Suicide Doll [68]

Sylvia Plath 11

List of works

Poetry collections• The Colossus and Other Poems (1960, William Heinemann)• Ariel (1965, Faber and Faber)• Three Women: A Monologue for Three Voices (1968, Turret)• Crossing the Water (1971)• Winter Trees (1971)• The Collected Poems (1981)• Selected Poems (1985)• Plath: Poems (1998)• Sylvia Plath Reads, Harper Audio (2000) (Audio)

Collected prose and novels• The Bell Jar: A novel (1963), under the pseudonym "Victoria Lucas"• Letters Home: Correspondence 1950–1963 (1975)• Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams: Short Stories, Prose, and Diary Excerpts (1977)• The Journals of Sylvia Plath (1982)• The Magic Mirror (published 1989), Plath's Smith College senior thesis• The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath, edited by Karen V. Kukil (2000)

Children's books• The Bed Book (1976)• The It-Doesn't-Matter-Suit (1996)• Collected Children's Stories (UK, 2001)• Mrs. Cherry's Kitchen (2001)

Notes[1] "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum" by Brian Cooper, MD at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/

PMC539515/ )[2] Becker. (2003)[3] The Bell Jar. Harper Perennial Classics Edition. ISBN 0-06-093018-7 p xii. Introduction by Frances McCullough[4] Sally Brown and Clare L. Taylor, "Plath, Sylvia (1932–1963)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004[5] Kirk (2004) p2 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=NBlJYGHVESwC& pg=PA9& lpg=PA9& dq="otto+ plath"+ Grabow& source=bl&

ots=uNBbX0EEtn& sig=qH2tKwFIcYq-VhVNZcK8kyeppnc& hl=en& ei=U6xmTc-7DsiyhAfhoKDBDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=6& ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage& q="otto plath" Grabow& f=false)

[6][6] Kirk (2004) pxvi[7][7] Kirk (2004) p23[8][8] Kirk (2004) p32[9][9] Plath Helle (2007) p41-44[10] Plath, Sylvia Johnny Panic, p124).[11] Sally Brown Clare L. Taylor, "Plath , Sylvia (1932–1963)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; Oct

2009[12][12] Thomas, David N. (2008). Fatal Neglect: Who Killed Dylan Thomas?. page Seren. ISBN 978-1854114808, p.35[13][13] Wagner-Martin (1988) p108[14] Kibler, James E. Jr (1980) Dictionary of Literary Biography, 2nd, volume 6; American Novelists Since World War II. Bruccoli Clark

Layman Book, University of Georgia. The Gale Group pp. 259–264[15][15] Helle (2007) p44[16] Guardian Audio. Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes talk about their relationship 15 April 2010. Extract from BBC interview with Plath and

Hughes 1961. Now held in British Library Sound Archive (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ audio/ 2010/ apr/ 15/

Sylvia Plath 12

sylvia-plath-ted-hughes) Accessed 2010-07-09[17][17] Helle (2007)[18] Journals pp. 520–521[19][19] Kirk (2004) pxx[20] "Plaque: Sylvia Plath" at londonremembers.com (http:/ / www. londonremembers. com/ memorials/ sylvia-plath)[21][21] Kirk (2004) p85[22] Feinstein, Elaine (2001) Ted Hughes – The Life of a Poet pp120-124 Weidenfeld & Nicholson (http:/ / www. elainefeinstein. com/

TedHughes-Devon. shtml. )[23] Poetry Archive: Plath Biog (http:/ / www. poetryarchive. org/ poetryarchive/ singlePoet. do?poetId=7083) accessed 2010-07-09[24] Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath�a marriage examined. From The Contemporary Review. Essay by Richard Whittington-Egan 2005 (http:/ /

findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m2242/ is_1669_286/ ai_n13247735) accessed 2010-07-09[25] Gifford, Terry (2008). Ted Hughes. Routledge. p15 ISBN 0-415-31189-6[26][26] Kirk (2004) pxxi[27][27] Stevenson (1998) Mariner Books[28][28] Kirk (2004) p103[29] Al Alvarez, a poet, editor and literary champion of Hughes and Plath, spoke, in a BBC interview in March 2000, about his failure to

recognize Plath's depression. Alvarez says he regretted his inability to offer emotional support to Plath: "I failed her on that level. I was 30years old and stupid. What did I know about chronic clinical depression? [...] She kind of needed someone to take care of her. And that wasnot something I could do."

[30] Smith College. Plath papers. Series 6, Hughes. Plath archive.[31][31] Kirk (2004) p104[32] Carmody and Carmody (1996) Mysticism: Holiness East and West. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-508819-0[33] Cheng'en Wu, translated and abridged by Arthur Waley (1942) Monkey: Folk Novel of China. UNESCO collection, Chinese series. Grove

Press[34] Short news report on Plath's grave, featuring some of her poetry, at youtube.com (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=p1l_caV_bdk)[35] Badia, Janet and Jennifer Phegle. (2005). Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present.

University of Toronto Press. p252 ISBN 0-8020-8928-3.[36] Robin Morgan's Official website (http:/ / www. robinmorgan. us/ robin_morgan_bookDetails. asp?ProductID=21) Accessed 2010-07-09[37] Hughes, Ted. "The Place Where Sylvia Plath Should Rest in Peace". Guardian Article. April 20, 1989[38] " Son of poets Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes kills himself Guardian article 23 March 2009 (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2009/ mar/

23/ sylvia-plath-son-kills-himself) Accessed 2010-07-09[39] " Poet Plath's son takes own life 23 March 2009 BBC article (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ 7958876. stm) Accessed

2010-07-09.[40][40] Anne Stevenson "Plath, Sylvia" The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English. Oxford University Press[41][41] Wagner-Martin (1988) p2-5[42] Plath, Sylvia. The Colossus and Other Poems, Faber and Faber, 1977.[43] Two poems entitled Ennui (I) and Ennui (II) are listed in a partial catalogue of Plath's juvenilia in the Collected Poems. A note explains that

the texts of all but half a dozen of the many pieces listed are in the Sylvia Plath Archive of juvenilia in the Lilly Library at Indiana University.The rest are with the Sylvia Plath Estate.

[44] Guardian article Ariel 13 March 2008 (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2008/ mar/ 13/ poetry. sylviaplath4) Accessed 2010-07-09[45] Time magazine article. The Blood Jet Is Poetry. Friday, Jun. 10, 1966 (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,942057-1,00.

html) Accessed 2010-07-09[46] Plath has been criticized for her numerous and controversial allusions to the Holocaust. See The Boot in the Face: The Problem of the

Holocaust in the Poetry of Sylvia Plath (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 1208714)[47] Boston Review. Article by Honor Moore. March/April 2009. After Ariel: Celebrating the poetry of the women’s movement (http:/ /

bostonreview. net/ BR34. 2/ moore. php) Accessed 2010-07-09[48] Guardian (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2011/ sep/ 18/ sylviaplath-tedhughes)[49][49] Wagner-Martin (1988) p184[50][50] Alvarez (2007) p214[51] "The Paris Review Interviews:The Art of Poetry No. 15. Anne Sexton" Interview by Barbara Kevles. Issue 52, Summer 1971. (http:/ / www.

theparisreview. org/ viewinterview. php/ prmMID/ 4073) Accessed 2010-07-15[52][52] Brain, Tracy. The Other Sylvia Plath. Essex: Longman, 2001[53] Brain, Tracy. "Dangerous Confessions: The Problem of Reading Sylvia Plath Biographically." (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=aMUkBQ-3mnUC& pg=PA11& lpg=PA11& dq=dangerous+ confessions+ reading+ sylvia+ plath& source=bl&ots=rhy83_ED2d& sig=4XuJXepIrr-nnL_gNEZwcayZvoI& hl=en& ei=pacJTO-rIMP7lwfRzrCzDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&resnum=1& ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=dangerous confessions reading sylvia plath& f=false) Modern Confessional Writing: NewCritical Essays. Ed. Jo Gill.

[54] The Unraveling Archive: Essays on Sylvia Plath Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2007. Ed. Anita Helle.

Sylvia Plath 13

[55] Jeanette Winterson Website: Plath's Morning Song (http:/ / www. jeanettewinterson. com/ pages/ content/ index. asp?PageID=475) Accessed2010-07-09

[56][56] Kirk (2004) pxxii[57][57] Wagner-Martin (1988) p313[58] Plath Biographical Note 294-5. From Wagner-Martin (1988) p. 107[59] Plath Biographical Note 293. From Wagner-Martin (1988) p112[60] Taylor, Robert (1986). America's Magic Mountain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37905-9[61][61] Kirk (2004) p1[62] Guardian article 20 October 2003: Desperately seeking Sylvia (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ film/ 2003/ oct/ 20/ poetry. gender) Accessed

2010-07-09[63] Ted Hughes, the domestic tyrant ' Observer article. September 10, 2006 (http:/ / books. guardian. co. uk/ news/ articles/ 0,,1869090,00.

html). Accessed 2007-06-25[64] Gill, Jo (2006) The Cambridge companion to Sylvia Plath Cambridge University Press p9-10 ISBN 0-521-84496-7[65] Hughes, Frieda ed. (2004) Ariel: The Restored Edition, Faber and Faber pxvii[66] Guardian article. "The Happy Couple" 1 February 1998. (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 1998/ feb/ 01/ poetry. tedhughes) Accessed

2010-07-15[67] BBC article 3 February, 2003. Plath film angers daughter (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 2720021. stm) Accessed

2010-07-09[68] "Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum" by Brian Cooper, MD at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/

PMC539515/ )

References

Sources• Alexander, Paul. (1991). Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath. New York, NY: Da Capo Press. ISBN

0-306-81299-1.• Alvarez, Al. (2007). Risky Business: People, Pastimes, Poker and Books. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN

978-0-7475-8744-6.• Axelrod, Steven Gould. (1992). Sylvia Plath: The Wound and the Cure of Words. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins

University. ISBN 0-8018-4374-X.• Becker, Jillian. (2003). Giving Up: The Last Days of Sylvia Plath. New York, NY: St Martins Press. ISBN

0-312-31598-8.• Brain, Tracy. (2001). The Other Sylvia Plath. Essex: Longman. ISBN 0-582-32729-6.• Brain, Tracy. (2006). " Dangerous Confessions: The Problem of Reading Sylvia Plath Biographically (http:/ /

books. google. com/ books?id=aMUkBQ-3mnUC& pg=PA11& lpg=PA11& dq=dangerous+ confessions+reading+ sylvia+ plath& source=bl& ots=rhy83_ED2d& sig=4XuJXepIrr-nnL_gNEZwcayZvoI& hl=en&ei=pacJTO-rIMP7lwfRzrCzDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=dangerous confessions reading sylvia plath& f=false)." ModernConfessional Writing: New Critical Essays. Ed. Jo Gill. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33969-3.

• Butscher, Edward. (2003). Sylvia Plath: Method and Madness. Tucson, Ariz: Schaffner Press. ISBN0-9710598-2-9.

• Hayman, Ronald. (1991). The Death and Life of Sylvia Plath. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing. ISBN1-55972-068-9.

• Helle, Anita (Ed). (2007). The Unraveling Archive: Essays on Sylvia Plath. Ann Arbor, MI: University ofMichigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06927-6.

• Hemphill, Stephanie. (2007). Your Own, Sylvia: A Verse Portrait of Sylvia Plath. New York, NY: Alfred A.Knopf. ISBN 0-375-83799-X.

• Kyle, Barry. (1976). Sylvia Plath: A Dramatic Portrait; Conceived and Adapted from Her Writings. London:Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10698-1.

• Kirk, Connie Ann. (2004). Sylvia Plath: A Biography. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33214-2.

Sylvia Plath 14

• Malcolm, Janet. (1995). The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. New York, NY: Vintage. ISBN0-679-75140-8.

• Middlebrook, Diane. (2003). Her Husband: Hughes and Plath—a Marriage. New York, NY: Viking. ISBN0-670-03187-9.

• Steinberg, Peter K. (2004). Sylvia Plath. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-7843-4.• Plath Helle, Anita. (2007). The Unraveling Archive: Essays on Sylvia Plath. Ann Arbor, MI: University of

Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06927-6.• Stevenson, Anne. (1989). Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath. Boston, MD: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN

0-395-45374-7.• Wagner, Erica. (2002). Ariel's Gift: Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and the Story of Birthday Letters. New York, NY:

W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-32301-3.• Wagner-Martin, Linda. (2003). Sylvia Plath: A Literary Life. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN

0-333-63114-5.• Wagner-Martin, Linda (Ed). (1988). Sylvia Plath (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00910-3.•• Plath, Sylvia, and Karen V. . Kukil. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. New York: Anchor, 2000. Print.

External links• Sylvia Plath (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Arts/ Literature/ Authors/ P/ Plath,_Sylvia/ / ) on the Open Directory

Project• Works by or about Sylvia Plath (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-32880) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)• A celebration, this is (http:/ / www. sylviaplath. info)• Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath collection (http:/ / voyager. library. uvic. ca/ vwebv/ holdingsInfo?bibId=2017999)

at University of Victoria, Special Collections• Plath profile from American Academy of Poets (http:/ / www. poets. org/ poet. php/ prmPID/ 11)• BBC (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ poetryseason/ poets/ sylvia_plath. shtml) profile and video. BBC archive (http:/ /

www. bbc. co. uk/ arts/ poetry/ outloud/ plath. shtml). Plath reading "Lady Lazarus" from Ariel (sound file)• Sylvia Plath drawings at The Mayor Gallery (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ culture/ culturepicturegalleries/

8846565/ Sylvia-Plath-drawings-at-The-Mayor-Gallery. html) The Daily Telegraph• Essays on Plath (http:/ / jco. usfca. edu/ onplath. html) by Joyce Carol Oates• Sylvia-Plath.org (http:/ / www. Sylvia-Plath. org)• On Sylvia Plath and Confessional Poetry (http:/ / www. theapplicant. org/ site/ 2013/ 02/ 16/

on-sylvia-plath-and-confessional-poetry/ ) by Arun Budhathoki

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsSylvia Plath  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590060430  Contributors: -js-, 15lsoucy, 17Drew, 213.253.40.xxx, 2D, 6afraidof7, 75pickup, A bit iffy, A8UDI, A930913,ACREW, AGK, AVand, Abeg92, AbsolutDan, Achowat, Acmilan10italia, Addshore, Ade1982, Adrianwagstaff, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Alansohn, Alex S, Alex.muller, All Hallow's Wraith,Allens, Alpha Quadrant (alt), Americus55, Anakin101, Andreathinks, Andrew Gray, Andrew Norman, Anna Lincoln, Antandrus, Antler century, Araceli.razo19, ArcadiaHouse, Arcadian,ArielGold, Arpitbhardwaj2010, Arrhythmia, Arthena, Ataru, Atomicnumber3, Audaciter, Audioweevil, Auntof6, Auricomnet, BBhounder, BD2412, BKred, BananaFiend, Bananastalktome,Bangheadbang, Bardnet, Bart133, Bascombe2, Bavius, Bearcat, Beginning, Belovedfreak, Ben davison, Bender235, Bentogoa, Bertandherb, Bethling, Bethphage, Bibliobrarian, Bibliomaniac15,BillFlis, Billybillybilly, BizarreLoveTriangle, Bjones, Blightsoot, Bloodlinebeats, BlueStarz, Bob.williams, Bobo192, Bodnotbod, Boing! 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Sylvia Plath signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sylvia_Plath_signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Vasyatka1File:Smith College.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Smith_College.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: MacAllenBrothers @flickr - http://www.flickr.com/photos/micahmacallen/File:Adminstration Building, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adminstration_Building,_McLean_Hospital,_Belmont_MA.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: John PhelanFile:Chalcot Square - geograph.org.uk - 1005457.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chalcot_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1005457.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic  Contributors: Kobac, OxymanFile:23 Fitzroy Road, London - Sylvia Plath - W.B. Yeats.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:23_Fitzroy_Road,_London_-_Sylvia_Plath_-_W.B._Yeats.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Anosmia @ flickr - http://www.flickr.com/photos/jenniferboyer/File:Grave of Sylvia Plath - geograph.org.uk - 412470.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grave_of_Sylvia_Plath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_412470.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic  Contributors: Man vyiFile:Ted-Hughes-March1993.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ted-Hughes-March1993.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:Maurilbert

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/