symptoms of diabetes mellitus.docx

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Symptoms Of Diabetes Mellitus

Most of the times Diabetes is asymptomatic, however It is very important to diagnose as early aspossible to prevent early and late complications of Diabetes. This is only possible, if you have

some knowledge about common symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus.

Glucose is an important source of energy for cells of our body.

Glucose enters the cells and metabolized to provide energy.

How does glucose enter in cells? It enters the cells with help of Insulin. Insulin is a hormoneproduced by Pancreas. Suppose there is no insulin, or insulin production is decreased. Obviously,

Glucose level in blood will increase and we will have a condition what we call as Diabetes

Mellitus.

There are many symptoms of diabetes but we will focus here on most common symptoms of

Diabetes. Here is list of these symptoms.

Increased Thirst

Frequent urination

Fatigue and weakness

Blurred vision

Abdominal pains

Nausea and vomiting

Sudden weight loss or gain

Skin infections like abscess, pimples

Impotence

Fluid retention (especially in legs and feet)

Chronic itching

Poor healing of skin wounds

Decreased tolerance to cold

Increased heart rate


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Dry scaly skin

Numbness of fingers and toes

Extreme hunger pangs

Hot and sweaty with clammy perspiration

Heart tremors and palpitations

Apprehensive with no obvious reason

Nervousness

Disoriented, confused, inability to concentrate

Frequent headaches, dizziness

Mood changes.

How will we relate these symptoms with Diabetes. Remember, most of symptoms are directlyrelated to higher levels of Glucose in Blood.

Increased Thirst and Urination

Two symptoms that occur in many people with the disease are increased thirst and frequent

urination. Increased levels of glucose in blood leads to increase excretion of glucose by the

kidneys.

Glucose will take more and more water with it, so a diabetic patient will suffer frequent urination

which will in turn lead to increased thirst. To quench your thirst, you drink a lot of water andother beverages, and that leads to more frequent urination.

There is also another condition Diabetes Insipidus, disease of the pituitary gland in brain, where

we also see increase thirst and urination trends.

Extreme hunger, fatigue and weight loss:

Fatigue and weight loss are also related with hyperglycemia. Without insulin like Type 1Diabetes Mellitus, or Decreased Insulin like Type 2 diabetes, Glucose can not enter in cells

which is the main source of energy for cells, so cells will lake this energy and the patient will

suffer weight loss and fatigue.


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Headaches, dizziness, irritability:

Your brain needs a constant supply of energy, if your brain cells don't receive enough energy, webecome tired; most tired people tend to be less tolerant and more irritable!

Dry itchy skin:

Normal skin cells require gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) which our body makes via a complex

metabolic process. In older people and diabetics, this process is impaired and not enough GLA isproduced; this results is chronic, severely dry and itchy skin and condition is aggravated by

soaps, hot baths, detergents, environmental conditions; it is usually worse during the winter

months and most commonly affects legs, feet, and hands but can affect other areas of the body as

well.

Blurred vision Blurred vision:

Diabetes can also affect your eyes as well. Again the cause is High Glucose Levels. High glucose

in blood vessels increases the process of atherosclerosis resulting in a thickening of blood

vessels.

Chronically high levels of glucose damage blood vessels in different organs of the body, usually

starting with the retina of the eye and the kidneys and heart; eventually some blood vessels arelost and remaining ones become leaky which allow blood and fat to seep out of damaged blood

vessels. This makes the retina bleed and swell which causes blurred vision.

Over a period of years diabetes can also cause new blood vessels to form in the retina of the eye,

as well as damage old vessels. For most people this causes only mild vision problems. But for

others, the effects may be much more serious. In some cases, diabetes can also lead tototal blindness.

Tingling - burning pain in the feet:

Another important symptom of Diabetes. It may sometimes be the very first symptom ofdiabetes.

Our hands and feet are supplied by Neurons that due to diabetes blood vessels become thick,

similary is the case with neurons, blood supply to these neurons decreases due to thickening ofblood vessels which leads to degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers (Neurons) throughout the

body which commonly leads to a lack of feeling in the feet, advances up the legs and then the


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hands and is the most common reason for lower limb amputations. It can also be very painful. If

there is Loss of motor nerve fibers it leads to muscular weakness.

A loss of sensory nerve fibers leads to loss of feeling and numbness in hands and feet. Loss of

autonomic fibers cause the loss of functions not normally under conscious control like digestion,

heartbeat, blood pressure, and sweating. Neuropathy symptoms tingling, burning, aching,prickling, sharp jabs of needle like pain can also be caused by nerves that are damaged or are

healing.

Slow healing sores or frequent infections:

Bacteria love high glucose, Diabetes affects your body's ability to heal and fight infection.

Urinary track infections andvaginal yeast infectionscan be a particular problem for women.

Diagnose your diabetes as early as possible to keep yourself away from complex complicationsof diabetes Mellitus.

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Liver Disease: Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Column written by: Dr. Fleming, Sherwood Animal Clinic (Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada)

This topic is as big as the states of Alaska and Texas combined. I really cannot do it justice in a

short essay, but I think it deserves some mention, if only to give the pet owner someunderstanding as to the difficulties involved when a veterinarian is faced with a case of possible

liver failure.

If you asked ten people on the street what they knew about "liver", I would bet that the only

consistent answer you would get is that it tastes really bad unless the cook really knows his stuff.

The best description of the liver I can give you is that this organ is the main industrial centre ofthe body. The liver processes raw materials, manufactures the building blocks of the body,

recycles the old to make new, and detoxifies the industrial waste of the body. In short the liver is

involved in just about every biochemical process required to run e body. As a result of this

relationship, liver disease can affect just about any other part of the body and thus the symptomsof liver disease are typically unpredictable and non- specific. Furthermore, because the liver acts

as a "biochemical cross roads" for the body, it is affected by a wide range of diseases, including

viral and bacterial infections, degenerative and neoplastic disease, and toxic insults. It is

estimated that three per cent of all disease seen by veterinarians is liver based.

The liver has a double edged nature which, while being life preserving, makes diagnoses andtreatment of liver disease extremely difficult. The liver has a tremendous reserve capacity, which

means that it can easily perform it's duties with up to 70 to 80 per cent of the liver mass affected

by disease. While it certainly is a benefit that our liver can keep us alive despite an

overwhelming infection or a massive tumour, it also means that the disease is well advanced andpossibly untreatable before any symptoms are noted. We all know that disease is most easily

conquered early, but the very nature of the liver makes this an impossible task. One thing about

livers though: they are the only organ in the body which is capable of complete regeneration and

thus is we do manage to successfully treat the disease, there is a chance of complete recovery.

Because of the complexity of this topic, I am going to cover it using very abbreviated point form.I will try to skip over the experimental theories and the more esoteric points and keep to the meat

of the topic.
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Common Presenting Symptoms:

All, some, or only one of these signs may be present.

1. Intermittent recurrent abdominal or gastrointestinal upsets. loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea,

constipation.

2. Progressive depression or lethargy. does not want to play anymore or refuses to go for walks.

3. Swollen belly with a "fluid filled" look. This is also known as ascites and is actually fluid

accumulation in the belly due to circulation alterations in the abdomen.

4. Pale gray feces. Bile pigments are what gives poop it's characteristic brown colour and if the

liver is not processing bile properly, the feces will not get their colour.

5. Orange urine. The improper processing of bile results in the excretion of bilirubin in the urine

in high amounts, thus orange urine.

6. Jaundice, also known as icterus. Any pale or white skin or visible tissue takes on a yellow hue.

Again the biliary pigments are accumulating in the body because the liver is not processing them.

7. Rarely: bleeding problems. Many of the proteins required for proper blood clotting are createdin the liver. Remove these proteins and blood clotting decreases.

8. Hepatic encephalopathy, or severe neurological signs. behavioural changes, seizures, aimlesspacing or circling, head pressing. May be associated with meal time.

9. Pain associated with the abdomen. This is due to the stretching of the liver capsule. May benoted when the dog is lifted around the belly or when the veterinarian probes (palpates) the

abdomen. The veterinarian may also notice a swollen liver while palpating with some of the

more acute liver diseases.

10. Chronic weight loss or wasting. The liver processes all the building blocks. If it fails to

process, the body fails to maintain itself.

11. Increased water consumption and urination. Most likely due to dramatic shifts in serum and

kidney salt balances. May be behavioural too.

Points on notable symptoms:

1. Bile pigment processing. Bile is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. It is

primarily responsible for alkalizing the intestinal contents (acidic from the stomach),emulsifying

the dietary fat, and prevention of putrefaction of digestive material.


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Bilirubin, one of the bile pigments, is derived from the break down of hemoglobin, the oxygen

carrying molecule carried in our red blood cell. Bilirubin is quite toxic, but it usually binds to a

protein called albumin, which harmlessly carries it to the liver for detoxification and excretion.Albumin is made in the liver. Liver failure results in poor bilirubin processing and decreased

albumin manufacturing, which results in a dangerously high level of free floating bilirubin.

The liver excretes the bilirubin after binding it to an amino acid into the bile duct system.

Eventually the conjugated bilirubin enters the digestive tract, where the intestinal bacteria break

it down to a harmless product called urobilinogen. Urobilinogen, after complete digestion in theintestines, is brown, therefore the feces tend to be brown.

Jaundice, also known as icterus, results from the accumulation of conjugated and unconjugatedbilirubin in the body tissues. This becomes visible to the veterinarian, especially around the

whites of the eyes and on the pale areas of the gums.

2. Important biological functions:

a. hormone metabolism. The liver is both the target organ for many of the body's hormones andthe recycling centre for most of the hormones. Some of the symptoms stemming from liver

failure may mimic a major hormonal imbalance.

b. vitamin metabolism. Practically all the vitamins consumed in our diets are either directly

involved in liver function or require liver aided transformation to be used in the body. This

includes Vitamin C, the B vitamins, Vitamins A, D, E and K. Vitamin K is important to maintainblood clotting and requires hepatic transformation from the inactive form to the active form.

c. Red blood cell maintenance. In the mature dog the liver plays an active role in the removal of

aged or damaged red blood cells from circulation. It is also active in the metabolism ofhemoglobin and the storage of iron. Abnormalities in red blood cell structure is one of the

harbingers of liver disease. Anemia may be present in chronic liver disease.

d. Hemostasis or blood clotting ability. Most of the proteins involved in the creation of a

functional blood clot are made in the liver. The clotting system is an extremely complex,interlocking system ; remove some of the factors involved and you end up with a tendency to

bleed or hemophilia.

e. Carbohydrate and fat metabolism:

Sugars, or carbohydrates are the basic fuel of the body. The liver is the primary centre forprocessing of the sugars into the form immediately required. The liver is also responsible for the

destruction of insulin, the hormone directly involved with the cellular absorption of blood sugars.

Alterations in liver function often do not affect blood sugar levels until much of the liver hasbeen destroyed.

Fat metabolism is extremely complex due to the vast number of functions fat carries out in thebody. The liver sits at the centre of those many functions.


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Cholesterol is probably the most common fat based product in the body, being the major

component in the cell wall, the basis for the steroid hormones and bile pigments, and the

precursor of vitamin D. Any disease in fat metabolism can adversely affect the liver, and anydisease in the liver can result in problems in fat metabolism. An example of this is the "fatty liver

syndrome" we see in cats, whereas the rapid mobilization of fat stores during starvation results in

an overtaxed liver and eventually liver failure.

Protein synthesis:

The liver manufactures many of the proteins involved in the body functions. The major protein is

albumin, which is required for transport of many nutrients and toxins (i.e. bilirubin). Albumin is

also responsible for keeping the serum concentration constant, which is important with regards toserum fluid and salt balance. (also known as "oncotic pressure") Also synthesized in the liver is

the globulin series, which are responsible for numerous biochemical reactions throughout the

body. Elevations of select globulins may indicate a particular hepatic pathology.

The building blocks of proteins are the amino acids. The liver is also primarily involved inprocessing of dietary amino acids to modify them into required or useful forms.

Some of the amino acids require direct hepatic metabolism, while others can be used by the body

unchanged. Experimental efforts have been made to diagnose and track liver disease based onthe relative proportion of the various amino acids to each other. In liver failure the amino acids

requiring hepatic alterations prior to use should climb in concentration as compared to those

amino acids unaffected by the liver.

Important Liver Enzymes:

Traditionally the medical practitioner has measured the relative concentration of several enzymeswhich may indicate alterations in liver health. The following enzymes typically change values in

the face of liver failure:

Alanine Aminotransferase: ALT. Liver specific in the dog and cat. Cell damage will cause

elevations of A-LT due to leakage. The elevation of the enzyme correlates with the number ofcells damaged. Falling levels of ALT may indicate recovery or may indicate a failing number of

functional liver cells. Rapid increases in ALT may indicate an acute process, while slow

increases may indicate bile duct obstruction.

Aspartate Aminotransferase: AST, an enzyme seen in the liver, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle

and brain. The half life of the AST in the blood stream is much shorter than that of ALT,therefore the values of AST tend to drop more rapidly once liver function is resumed. ASTelevations and ALT elevations should parallel each other in liver disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase. This enzyme is present in many tissues, therefore it is not very specific inliver disease, but it appears very early in the progress of liver disease, therefore it is considered

quite sensitive. ALP tends to be slightly more specific in the cat, but not quite as sensitive. A

similar enzyme or isoenzyme is secreted as a result of high levels of cortisone, therefore an effort


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must be made to separate Cortisole induced ALP or CALP and normal ALP. Liver ALP is

released from the liver when many anticonvulsant drugs are administered to the dog. A similar

sensitivity has not been noted in the cat.. This must be taken into account when evaluating ALPlevels. ALP levels typically are greatly elevated in the young, growing animal and therefore a

veterinarian should not mistake any elevations as disease in a young animal.

Gamma Glutamyltransferase GGT: This enzyme is has it's highest concentration in the kidneys

and pancreas, but it is also found in the liver and other organs. The major proportion of GGT in

the serum seems to come from the liver. Elevations of GGT in disease seem to stem from newsynthesis rather than leakage, therefore the changes seen due to disease are not spectacular.

Large elevations of GGT are more commonly associated with pancreatitis and bile duct

obstruction.

Bile Acids:

These series of organic acids circulate almost entirely in the localized blood flow between the

intestines and the liver (a.k.a.: the Portal system). The flow is typically from the liver, into thebile duct system, then excretion into the intestines to aid digestion after a meal, to be re-

absorbed into the portal system and recycled by the liver. Very little of the bile acids escape formthe portal circulation system into the rest of the body. Leakage is considered abnormal and is a

sure sign of a liver abnormality. This is one of the most sensitive tests available to diagnose liver

disease. While the liver does actually manufacture this product, it has tremendous reservecapacity and can easily meet the bodies demand for bile acids despite severe disease. As a result

of this reserve, the bile acid levels do not typically drop due to liver disease.

Ammonia and Urea:

Ammonia is a by product of digestion of protein in food and the catabolism of nitrogen basedorganic materials in the body. Eighty per cent of ammonia is delivered to the liver and converted

to urea. In patients with liver insufficiency the ammonia is not detoxified to urea, but enters the

circulation to act as a central nervous system depressant.

In patients with a severely reduced liver function we may see a true intolerance of ammonia and

thus neurological signs after a heavy protein meal or we may see substantially reduced urealevels. This is a late sign in liver disease, only seen after 60 to 70 per cent of the liver function is

gone.

Ascites development:

This is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and results from several factors. Simplyput liver disease tends to alter the blood pressure in the portal system, the albumin and salt

concentration in the serum, the water retention in the body, the function of the surrounding

organs and the permeability of the portal vessels. As a result of all these factors, fluid tends tobuild up in the abdomen and the animal gets a big, swollen, fluid filled belly.

Electrolyte and Acid-Base disorders.


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Common side effect of liver disease due to a multiple of factors leading from metabolicdisorders. Enough said.

Gastrointestinal Ulceration and Hemorrhage:

Again a sequellae to liver disease which may confuse the veterinarian. He may think he istreating a simple ulcer and miss the liver disease.

Hepatic encephalopathy.

Simply described as severe neurological dysfunction due to advanced liver disease. Has beenlinked to the accumulation of biological toxins, including ammonia, alterations in the blood brain

barrier, alterations in the neuroreceptors in the brain, and decreased blood sugar.

Diagnosis of Liver Disease:

Having gone into such detail prior to this, I hope this section will be short and to the point. I hopemost of my statements here will naturally flow from points made above.

1. Examination, specifically noting signs which may indicate liver disease. Periodic ascites,

intolerance of a high protein diet, icterus, chronic weight loss, abnormally coloured feces orurine, bleeding disorders, chronic illness, and all that has been mentioned above. Sometimes

urinary crystals formed from the improperly metabolised proteins and amino acids may indicate

liver disease.

2. Extensive blood work:

A complete blood count to check for anemia and blood cell abnormalities. A complete chemistry screen, including ALT, ALP, AST, bilirubin, glucose, urea, electrolyte levels,

albumin, globulin and bile acid levels. The bile acid levels should be checked on a empty

stomach and two hours after feeding. All these values , with the exception of the bile acids,

usually are included on a standard Small Animal Data Base Screen.

A complete urine analysis. Check urobilinogen levels, bilirubin levels, glucose levels, proteinlevels. Again all this is usually on a standard urinalysis panel.

Radiograph the abdomen. X rays can show increased liver size, decreased liver size liverabscesses, abnormal mineralization , and circulatory abnormalities (using special dyes)

Ultrasound the liver. Perfect technique for visualizing the circulation of the liver, the bile ductsystem, the density of the liver tissue, the size of the liver.

Biopsy of the liver. While this is a surgical technique, it is the ultimate for diagnoses, since itallows us to directly examine and test liver tissue, give an absolute diagnoses and hopefully a

final treatment regime. Biopsies can be taken by full laparotomy, where the surgeon actually

looks at the liver and removes a small piece, or they can be done by a biopsy needle guided by

ultrasound through the body wall. The liver will regenerate any piece removed, therefore liver

biopsy is usually a low risk procedure in capable hands.


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Specific Diseases of the Liver:

Infectious Hepatitis.

Typically caused by either an adenovirus or a herpes virus. Transferred from dog to dog by oral

contact and ingestion. Usually only causes a transient non specific illness characterised bylethargy vomiting, diarrhea and fever. Sometimes develops into a full blown case of severe

hepatitis with many of the symptoms previously noted. Treatment is geared to support while the

body fights off the bug. Prevention is by vaccination.

Another syndrome has been seen in England called Canine Acidophil hepatitis. Typical signs ofhepatitis are present, but the case may take a very chronic course, lasting over a period of years.

No specific viral organism has been identified, therefore no vaccine or treatment is available.

No specific virus causes hepatitis in cats, but the feline corona virus responsible for FelineInfectious Peritonitis will cause a hepatitis in some cases. Diagnoses by biopsy. No treatment.

Mediocre vaccine.

Several bacterial causes of hepatitis are known. Treatment is based on a proper diagnoses and

appropriate antibiotic use. There is good proof that the bacteria is a normal inhabitant of the liver

and only becomes a problem when the liver is injured form other causes. There are notableexceptions.

Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis are fungal infections seen in various parts ofthe country (usually associated with river systems) Difficult to treat.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection common in wildlife and transferable to domestic animals

and people through contaminated water. Dangerous, possible fatal, but the vaccine is quite goodfor prevention.

Tuberculosis is still around and is considered transmissible to humans.

Certain parasites will infect the liver. Typically the likelihood of parasitic infestation depends on

the area you live in. Diagnoses is often based on symptoms, fecal examination, and standard

diagnostic techniques for liver disease. Treatment is the use of appropriate parasiticides.

Liver Disease Secondary to other Disease:

Acute pancreatitis: the close proximity of the pancreas to the liver and the bile ducts results insome degree of hepatitis whenever there is a case of pancreatic inflammation. Treat the

pancreatitis and the liver disease will regress.

c bowel disease: the chronic inflammation of the bowel allows portal absorption of toxic

intestinal products and bacteria. treat the colitis.


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Shock, anemia, and congestive heart failure. All these result in severe loss of blood circulation to

the liver and lack of oxygen. The liver disease is rarely of primary concern as the primary causes

of the problem are most likely going to kill the animal prior to liver failure.

Abdominal trauma: tears, bruising, biliary leakage, hepatic bleeding. Correction of these

problems would require surgical intervention, assuming a timely diagnoses. Simple bruising ofthe liver will heal unaided, with only a transient increase in the hepatic enzymes.

Feline Hyperthyroidism: many of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hepatitis are the sameand in fact the hyperthyroidism will cause elevations in the liver enzymes. The thyroid level of

any cat presenting with symptoms suggestive of liver failure should be checked. The hepatitis

will resolve once the hyperthyroidism is treated.

Chronic Hepatitis:

Copper storage diseases in Beddlington terriers, Doberman pinschers, and West Highland white

terriers. These are all genetically inherited diseases which result in abnormal and toxic levels ofcopper to be stored in the liver. The course of the disease is variable, some presenting with acutehepatitis, many presenting in end stage cirrhosis of the liver. Diagnoses is based on liver biopsy.

Treatment requires the use of copper binding drugs, anti inflammatory to decrease liver

inflammation, dietary modification to limit copper uptake.

Chronic Active Hepatitis: In humans there is a chronic form of hepatitis characterised by chronic

elevation of liver enzymes and biopsy samples showing scarring and active inflammation. Theunderlying cause for this entity falls into one of three categories: viral induced, toxin induced,

and immune mediated. There is some question as to whether a similar syndrome exists in dogs.

There has been cases which did show chronic elevation of the liver enzymes over weeks to

months), symptoms characteristic of liver disease ill defined malaise), and a response of antiinflammatory treatment to limit the ongoing inflammation and scarring of the liver. At this time

recommendations for treatment are that moderate or intermittent disease should only receive

supportive therapy or basic nursing, while deteriorating chronic cases should receive steroidbased anti inflammatory. If the case shows poor response, biopsies should be referred to a

pathologist for evaluation in an attempt to find the underlying cause. In some cases it may be

necessary to use strong immune suppressant drugs to stop the destruction of the liver.

Leptospirosis associated chronic hepatitis: An example of bacterial infection leading to chronic

disease. Diagnoses by biopsy and identification of the pathogen. Treatment by antibiotics.

Infectious Canine Hepatitis associated chronic hepatitis. Exposure to the virus responsible forICH leads to chronic active hepatitis due to an ongoing immune system malfunction. Diagnosesby biopsy and the use of special stains to demonstrate the viral antigens in the liver.

Lobular dissecting hepatitis: rare disease diagnoses by biopsy.


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Hepatoportalfibrosis: Disease primarily of the blood supply to the liver. Diagnosed by very

specialized radiograph techniques which measure and visualize the blood flow through the liver.

Biopsy critical for diagnosing location of lesion.

Toxic liver injury: Primary disease is caused by the ingestion , injection, or inhalation of a toxic

substance which adversely affects the liver. Due to the central nature of the liver with regards todetoxification of chemicals, it is no surprise that many are harmful to the liver. Factors

contributing to the disease are: females more susceptible, fatty diets more dangerous, continuous

exposure, high levels of exposure to toxins. Exposure results in death and inflammation of theliver cells, followed by replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous scarring. This can be a self

perpetuating cycle, resulting in cirrhosis of the liver.

Toxins include many common drugs, such as acetaminophen, ASA, anabolic steroids,

chemotherapy drugs, some antibiotics, glucocorticoids, anaesthetics, parasite control drugs, and

phenylbutazone. Some of the drug induced hepatitis is a predictable side effect of the drug, while

other incidences of hepatitis are considered an unpredicted or abnormal side effect of the drug.

This is difficult to diagnose unless there is a known exposure to the drug or toxin and theappropriate tests are taken. Biopsy will confirm liver destruction, inflammation, and fibrosis, but

it will not single out the causative agent.

Glucocorticoid Hepatopathy dogs seem abnormally sensitive to glucocorticoid drugs

("cortisone") and will develop typical lesions in the liver after multiple dose therapy or long termover production of intrinsic cortisone by the adrenal gland (Cushing's disease). Lesions are fairly

typical and the rare animal which shows liver associated symptoms during glucocorticoid

therapy will improve with the removal of the steroids. Liver associated lesions may take weeks

to months to heal.

Anticonvulsant associated hepatopathy; Phenobarbital, primidone, phentoin. May cause liverdisease in 6 to 15 % of all dogs on anti-convulsant therapy. Inflammation seems related to dose.Degree of disease is variable and unpredictable. Diagnoses based on history, symptoms,

laboratory tests, and biopsy. Treatment is removal of offending agent.

Cirrhosis: This is the end point of chronic, active hepatitis. The cycle is one of liver cell death

(due to insult, either toxic, viral, or immune mediated), followed by inflammation andscarification. The end requires all previously noted techniques. No treatment is possible and

ongoing palliative and dietary care is the only treatment option..

Noninflammatory Liver Diseases:

Portal vascular abnormalities Usually a portal-systemic shunt which allows blood to pass fromthe digestive tract directly into the general circulation without being detoxified by the liver first.

Usually a congenital defect restricted to young dogs and puppies, but can be the result of hepatic

cirrhosis. Symptoms are never consistent, but many dogs are young, malnourished, chronically

sick, poorly tolerant of toxins, drugs, and anaesthetics, and tending to eat strange items (pica).Diagnoses is based on physical exam, history, laboratory tests, and specialized X rays showing


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blood flow through the liver. Treatment is surgical correction of the circulatory abnormality to

force the blood into the liver prior to it entering the general circulation.

Hepatic Lipidosis Most common form of severe liver disease in cats. Most often seen in obese

cats suddenly subjected to dietary deprivation. May also be associated with diabetes mellitus,

drug injury and toxicity. Thedisease seems to result from the sudden mobilisation of the bodiesfat stores which quickly overwhelms the liver's ability to process the raw fat into useful nutrients.

The fat accumulates in the liver rapidly and causes acute liver failure. The end result is a

swollen, greasy liver which is fragile and yellow to see. The cats present with complete lack ofappetite and many signs of acute liver failure. Treatment is based on the provision of a highly

nutritious diet to provide the energy required to run the body, stop the ongoing mobilisation of

the fat stores, and drive the liver to decrease the fatty accumulation in the liver. Treatment is

difficult and a long process.

Hepatic Cancer (Neoplasm) Falls into two categories: primary or originally stemming from liver

tissue or secondary; originating in some other part of the body and spreading to the liver through

the circulation system.

Primary liver cancers can stem from exposure to toxins (oncogenic compounds) which attack theliver full strength, since the liver is the primary detoxification centre of

Secondary cancers may stem from any part of the body, but the liver is a favourite destination formetastatic cancer because of it's central function in the body and the micro- capillary network

which makes up the circulation passing through the liver.

Primary liver cancer is usually quite advanced prior to diagnoses and tends to metastasize to the

rest of the body very early in the course of the disease.

Keep in mind the liver can function with less than one third of it's volume still operating,

therefore liver cancer can be very advanced before any symptoms are noted.

Treatment is usually pointless, but would be based on diagnoses of the specific cancer and the

use of appropriate chemotherapy agents.

Basic Points for Treatment of Liver Disease

1. Removal of toxic agents. Identify and remove any drug or toxin which may potentially hurtthe liver.

2. Rest and confinement. This will help divert body resources to the healing process at the liver

and reduce discomfort caused by inflammation of the liver such as painful belly, nausea, malaise.

3. Dietary management: Extremely important. The goal is to provide all the necessary nutrients

which may be lost due to failure of liver processing without overtaxing the liver with regards toprocessing of dietary intake. High levels of top quality protein to provide the essential amino

acids in an easily digestible carrier which will not produce high levels of ammonia during


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digestion. Cottage cheese is good, meat tends to produce high levels of ammonia. High level

carbohydrates to drive the metabolism of the body, essential fatty acids not less than 6% of the

daily intake, and a good mineral and vitamin supplement. Force feeding may be necessary.

4. Control of ascites and water retention. Reduce sodium intake. Diuretics will help in resistant

cases.

5. Control concurrent infections with antibiotics.

6. Deal with the concurrent medical problems as they crop up. Remember that the dog may

develop bleeding problems, malabsorption problems, and neurological problems. Each separateproblem has to be dealt with both individually and as a part of the whole disease entity.

Neurological symptoms such as coma need to be addressed aggressively with a combination of

therapies.

I realise that this is a long, possibly boring paper that is far from complete. I cannot emphasize

too strongly how difficult this topic is. I gleaned this information from a single source Textbookof Veterinary Internal Medicine edited by Stephen J.Ettinger 1989.

Symptoms

Symptoms may be very noticeable, but sometimes you can have the disease and not have anysymptoms.

Chest pain or discomfort (angina) is the most common symptom. You feel this pain when the

heart is not getting enough blood or oxygen. How bad the pain is varies from person to person.

It may feel heavy or like someone is squeezing your heart. You feel it under your breast bone(sternum), but also in your neck, arms, stomach, or upper back.

The pain usually occurs with activity or emotion, and goes away with rest or a medicine callednitroglycerin.

Other symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue with activity (exertion).Women, elderly people, and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms other thanchest pain, such as:

Fatigue Shortness of breath Weakness

See:Heart failurefor symptoms of heart failure
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/coronary-heart-disease/symptoms.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/coronary-heart-disease/symptoms.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-failure/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-failure/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-failure/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-failure/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/coronary-heart-disease/symptoms.html


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ymptoms

Common symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) include angina, shortness of breath(particularly during physical exertion), and rapid heartbeat. Sometimes patients with CAD have

few or no symptoms until they have heart attack or heart failure.

Angina

Angina is a symptom, not a disease. It is the primary symptom of coronary artery disease and, in

severe cases, of a heart attack. It is typically felt as chest pain and occurs as a consequence of a

condition called myocardial ischemia. Ischemia results when the heart muscle does not get asmuch blood (and, as a result, as much oxygen) as it needs for a given level of work. Angina is

usually referred to as one of two states:

Click the icon to see an image about angina.

Stable Angina(which is predictable) Unstable Angina(which is less predictable and a sign of a more serious situation)

Angina may be experienced in different ways and can be mild, moderate, or severe. The intensityof the pain does not always relate to the severity of the medical problem. Some people may feel a

crushing pain from mild ischemia, while others might feel only mild discomfort from severe

ischemia.

Click the icon to see an image of angina.

Stable Angina and Chest Pain

Stable Angina.Stable angina is predictable chest pain. Although less serious than unstableangina, it can be extremely painful or uncomfortable. It is usually relieved by rest and responds

well to medical treatment (typically nitroglycerin). Any event that increases oxygen demand can

cause an angina attack. Some typical triggers include:

Exercise Cold weather Emotional tension Large meals

Angina attacks can happen at any time during the day, but most occur between 6 a.m. and noon.
http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18054Stableangina.html','18054Stableangina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18054Stableangina.html','18054Stableangina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18048Angina.html','18048Angina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18048Angina.html','18048Angina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18048Angina.html','18048Angina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18054Stableangina.html','18054Stableangina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18048Angina.html','18048Angina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18054Stableangina.html','18054Stableangina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18048Angina.html','18048Angina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');http://pop_me_up2%28%27http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/18054Stableangina.html','18054Stableangina','width=470,height=520,scrollbars=yes,toolbars=no,resizable=yes');


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Specific symptoms that are more likely to indicate angina include:

Angina pain or discomfort is typically described by patients as fullness or tingling, squeezing,pressure, heavy, suffocating, or griplike. It is rarely described as stabbing or burning. Changing

one's position or breathing in and out does not affect the pain.

A typical angina attack lasts minutes. If it is more fleeting or lasts for hours, it is probably notangina.

Pain is usually in the chest under the breast bone. It often radiates to the neck, jaw, or leftshoulder and arm. Less commonly, patients report symptoms that radiate to the right arm or

back, or even to the upper abdomen.

Stable angina is usually relieved by rest or by taking nitroglycerin under the tongue.Other symptoms that may indicate angina or accompany the pain or pressure in the chest include:

Shortness of breath Nausea, vomiting, and cold sweats A feeling of indigestion or heartburn Unexplained fatigue after activity (more common in women) Dizziness or lightheadedness Palpitations

Unstable Angina and Acute Coronary Syndrome

Unstable angina is a much more serious situation and is often an intermediate stage betweenstable angina and a heart attack, in which an artery leading to the heart (a coronary artery)

becomes completely blocked. A patient is usually diagnosed with unstable angina under one ormore of the following conditions:

Pain awakens a patient or occurs during rest. A patient who has never experienced angina has severe or moderate pain during mild exertion

(walking two level blocks or climbing one flight of stairs).

Stable angina has progressed in severity and frequency within a 2-month period, andmedications are less effective in relieving its pain.

Fainting episode.Unstable angina is usually discussed as part of a condition called acute coronary syndrome

(ACS). ACS also includes people with a condition called NSTEMI (non ST-segment elevation

myocardial infarction) -- also referred to as non-Q wave heart attack. With NSTEMI, blood tests

suggest a developing heart attack. These conditions are less severe than heart attacks but may

develop into full-blown attacks without aggressive treatment.

Other Types of Angina

Prinzmetal's Angina. A third type of angina, called variant or Prinzmetal's angina, is caused by aspasm of a coronary artery. It almost always occurs when the patient is at rest. Irregular

heartbeats are common, but the pain is generally relieved immediately with standard treatment.


18/72


19/72

"A dog is the only thing on earth that will love you more than you love yourself." ~ Josh Billings

"Until one has loved an animal, a part of one's soul remains unawakened." ~ Anatole France

"Old age means realizing you will never own all the dogs you wanted to." ~ Joe Gores

"A canter is the cure for all evil." ~ Benjamin Disraeli

"Dogs have owners, cats have staff." ~ Anonymous

"Don't accept your dog's admiration as conclusive evidence that you are wonderful." ~ Ann

Landers

"In the beginning, God created man, but seeing him so feeble, He gave him the cat" ~ Warren

Eckstein

"A house is not a home without a pet." ~ Anonymous

"I love cats because I enjoy my home; and little by little, they become its visible soul." ~ JeanCocteau

"If having a soul means being able to feel love and loyalty and gratitude, then animals are better

off than a lot of humans" ~ James Herriot

"I think I could turn and live with animals, they are

so placid and self-contained,

I stand and look at them long and long." ~ Walt Whitman

"There is no psychiatrist in the world like a puppy licking your face." ~ Ben Williams

"A dog maybe a man's best friend but a horse made history..." ~ Anonymous

"No heaven will not ever Heaven be;Unless my cats are there to welcome me." ~ Anonymous

"Did you ever walk into a room and forget why you walked in?

I think that is how dogs spend their lives." ~ Sue Murphy

"To err is human, to forgive, canine" ~ Anonymous

"To err is human, to purr, feline" ~ Robert Byrne

"A horse gallops with his lungs,

Perseveres with his heart,And wins with his character." ~ Tesio


20/72

"A Horse! A Horse! my kingdom for a horse!" ~ Shakespeare

"All of the animals except for man know that the principle business of life is to enjoy it." ~Samuel Butler

"You can say any foolish thing to a dog, and the dog will give you a look that says, 'My God,you're right! I never would've thought of that!'" ~ Dave Barry

"There is nothing in which the birds differ more from man than the way in which they can build

and yet leave a landscape as it was before." ~ Robert Lynd

"The dog was created especially for children. He is the God of frolic." ~ Henry Ward Beecher

"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals aretreated." ~ Mahatma Gandhi

"The Cat. He walked by himself, and all places were alike to him." ~ Rudyard Kipling

"If I have any beliefs about immortality it is that certain dogs I know will go to heaven, and veryvery few people." ~ James Thurber

"A hen is only an egg's way of making another egg." ~ Samuel Butler

"I've met many thinkers and many cats, but the wisdom of cats is infinitely superior." ~

Hippolyte Taine

"Every boy should have two things: a dog, and a mother willing to let him have one" ~

Anonymous

"Love the animals: God has given them the rudiments of thought and joy untroubled" ~ Fyodor

Dostoyevsky

"A dog has lots of friends because he wags his tail and not his tongue." ~ Anonymous

"The dog represents all that is best in man." ~ Etienne Charlet

"The bird of paradise alights only upon the hand that does not grasp." ~ John Berry

"And God took a handful of southernly wind, blew His breath over it and created the horse." ~Bedouin Legend

"The average dog is a nicer person than the average person." ~ Andrew A. Rooney

"A bird does not sing because it has an answer. It sings because it has a song." ~ ChineseProverb


21/72

"Dogs come when they're called; cats take a message and get back to you later." ~ Mary Bly

"Animals are such agreeable friends - they ask no questions, they pass no criticisms." ~ GeorgeElliot

"The Trouble with a kitten isThat

Eventually it becomes a

Cat"~ Ogden Nash

"The greatest pleasure of a dog is that you may make a fool of yourself with him and not only

will he not scold you, but he will make a fool of himself, too." ~ Samuel Butler

"I care not for a man's religion whose dog and cat are not the better for it."~ Abraham Lincoln

"If a dog jumps in your lap, it is because he is fond of you; but if a cat does the same thing, it isbecause you lap is warmer." ~ Alfred North Whitehead

"...he will be our friend for always and always and always." ~ Rudyard Kipling

"The best thing about animals is that they don't talk much." ~ Thornton Wilder

"When I play with my cat, who knows whether she is not amusing herself with me more than I

with her." ~ Montaigne

Quotes About PetsQuotes tagged as "pets" (showing 1-50 of 86)

Owners of dogs will have noticed that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and

affection, they will think you are god. Whereas owners of cats are compelled to realize that, if you

provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they draw the conclusion that theyare

gods.

Christopher Hitchens,The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever

tags:affection,atheism,cats,dogs,food,god,pets,religion,shelter,water

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22/72

I would like to see anyone, prophet, king or God, convince a thousand cats to do the same thing at the

same time.

Neil Gaiman

tags:cats,chaos,cooperation,organization,persuasion,pets,willfullness

658 people liked it

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You know what I like most about people? Pets.Jarod Kintz,Who Moved My Choose?: An Amazing Way to Deal With Change by Deciding to Let

Indecision Into Your Life

tags:people,pets,relationships

577 people liked it

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I said hello to the poodle.Rick Riordan,The Lightning Thief

tags:humor,mythology,pets

533 people liked it

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23/72

imade myself a snowball

As perfect as can be.

I thought I'd keep it as a pet,

And let it sleep with me.

I made it some pajamas

And a pillow for it's head.

Then last night it ran away,

But first - It wet the bed.

Shel Silverstein

tags:childrens,pets

282 people liked it

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I tell you, that dragon's the most horrible animal I've ever met, but the way Hagrid goes on about it,

you'd think it was a fluffy little bunny rabbit.

J.K. Rowling,Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone

tags:pets

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24/72

Dogs are the leaders of the planet. If you see two life forms, one of them's making a poop, the other

one's carrying it for him, who would you assume is in charge.

Jerry Seinfeld

tags:pets

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Until one has loved an animal, a part of one's soul remains unawakened.

Anatole France

tags:animals,love,pets

181 people liked it

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Such short little lives our pets have to spend with us, and they spend most of it waiting for us to come

home each day.

It is amazing how much love and laughter they bring into our lives and even how much closer we

become with each other because of them.

John Grogan,Marley and Me: Life and Love With the World's Worst Dog

tags:animals,dogs,love,pets

169 people liked it

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25/72

A dog reflects the family life. Whoever saw a frisky dog in a gloomy family, or a sad dog in a happy one?

Snarling people have snarling dogs, dangerous people have dangerous ones.Arthur Conan Doyle,The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes

tags:character,dogs,families,family,family-life,pets

159 people liked it

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No matter how close we are to another person, few human relationships are as free from strife,

disagreement, and frustration as is the relationship you have with a good dog. Few human beings give of

themselves to another as a dog gives of itself. I also suspect that we cherish dogs because their

unblemished souls make us wish - consciously or unconsciously - that we were as innocent as they are,

and make us yearn for a place where innocence is universal and where the meanness, the betrayals, and

the cruelties of this world are unknown.

Dean Koontz,A Big Little Life: A Memoir of a Joyful Dog

tags:dogs,love,pets,relationships

110 people liked it

like

Cats are connoisseurs of comfort.

James Herriot,James Herriot's Cat Stories

tags:cats,comfort,pets

87 people liked it
http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/6328890http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/6328890http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/6328890http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/characterhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/characterhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/characterhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familieshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familieshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familieshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familyhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familyhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familyhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/family-lifehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/family-lifehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/family-lifehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/217156-a-dog-reflects-the-family-life-whoever-saw-a-friskyhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/217156-a-dog-reflects-the-family-life-whoever-saw-a-friskyhttp://www.goodreads.com/user/newhttp://www.goodreads.com/user/newhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/5490573http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/5490573http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/5490573http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/lovehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/lovehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/lovehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/relationshipshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/relationshipshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/relationshipshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/192819-no-matter-how-close-we-are-to-another-person-fewhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/192819-no-matter-how-close-we-are-to-another-person-fewhttp://www.goodreads.com/user/newhttp://www.goodreads.com/user/newhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/917762http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/917762http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/917762http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/catshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/catshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/catshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/115209-cats-are-connoisseurs-of-comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/115209-cats-are-connoisseurs-of-comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/115209-cats-are-connoisseurs-of-comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/comforthttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/catshttp://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/917762http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/18062.James_Herriothttp://www.goodreads.com/user/newhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/192819-no-matter-how-close-we-are-to-another-person-fewhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/relationshipshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/lovehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/5490573http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/9355.Dean_Koontzhttp://www.goodreads.com/user/newhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/217156-a-dog-reflects-the-family-life-whoever-saw-a-friskyhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/petshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/family-lifehttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familyhttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/familieshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/dogshttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/characterhttp://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/6328890http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doyle


26/72

like

Few religions are definite about the size of Heaven, but on the planet Earth the Book of Revelation (ch.

XXI, v.16) gives it as a cube 12,000 furlongs on a side. This is somewhat less than

500,000,000,000,000,000,000 cubic feet. Even allowing that the Heavenly Host and other essential

services take up at least two thirds of this space, this leaves about one million cubic feet of space for

each human occupant- assuming that every creature that could be called human is allowed in, and the

the human race eventually totals a thousand times the numbers of humans alive up until now. This is

such a generous amount of space that it suggests that room has also been provided for some alien races

or - a happy thought - that pets are allowed.

Terry Pratchett,The Last Hero: A Discworld Fable

tags:heaven,pets

77 people liked it

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Sometimes losing a pet is more painful than losing a human because in the case of the pet, you were

not pretending to love it.

Amy Sedaris,Simple Times: Crafts for Poor People

tags:humor,pets

71 people liked it

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27/72

Ill never go hungry, because Im a pet owner and a meat eater. I used to own broccoli, but taking it for

a walk in the park didnt work out so well.

Jarod Kintz,This Book Has No Title

tags:animals,broccoli,hunger,hungry,meat,park,pet-owner,pets,walk

64 people liked it

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Our perfect companions never have fewer than four feet.

Colette

tags:animals,companions,friends,pets

57 people liked it

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Your pet is not your friend. It is your hostage.

Scott Dikkers,You Are Worthless: Depressing Nuggets of Wisdom Sure to Ruin Your Day

tags:pets

51 people liked it

like

Later, when his father left him, the boy cried over his pet, until eventually his father sent a servant to

take the body of the bird away and bury it. The boy never cried again, and he never forgot what he'd

learned: that to love is to destroy, and that to be loved is to be the one destroyed.

Cassandra Clare,City of Bones
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rk/quotes/19130471http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4157885.Jarod_Kintz


28/72

tags:loss,pets

49 people liked it

like

I love apricots. Theyre so fuzzy theyre furry. Theyre like little pets you can eat legally.

Jarod Kintz,This is the story my great-grandfather told my father, who then told my grandfather, who

then told me about how The Mythical Mr. Boo, Charles Manseur Fizzlebush Grissham III, better known as

Mr. Fizzlebush, and Orafoura are all in fact me...

tags:apricots,funny,furry,pets

49 people liked it

like

Monsters cannot be announced. One cannot say: 'Here are our monsters,' without immediately turning

the monsters into pets.

Jacques Derrida

tags:confusion,monsters,order,pets,tame,wild

43 people liked it

like

Cats are the lap-dancers of the animal world. Soon as you stop shelling out, they move on, find another

lap. They're furry little sociopaths. Pretty and slick -- in love with themselves. When's the last time you
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