SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

• 1-Disturbances of consciousness &orientation • a-Disorientation :loss of awareness of position

of the self in relation to space , time &persons• b-clouding of consciousness : patient react

incompletely to stimuli.• c-Stupor : patient is mute and immobile .• d-coma : patient does not respond even to

strong stimuli.

Disorders of attention

• 1- Distractibility : inability to focus attention• Seen in mania &anxiety.• 2-Hypervigilance:excessive attention and focus

on all external &internal stimuli• Seen in hypomania &obsessive persons.• 3- Inattention : blocking out only those things

that generate anxiety.

DISTURBANCES MEMORY

• Types of memory:• Sensory M. Short term memory• Long term memory:(explicit & implicit)• Disorders of memory:• 1-Amnesia(localized-anterograde-retrograde)• 2-Paramnesia(falsification-confabulation-de ja

vu-jamais vu phenomenons)

Disorders of affect and mood

• Affect disorders:• Appropriate affect - inappropriate affect• Blunted affect -flat affect• Labile affect• Mood disorders:• Depression - irritable mood• Labile mood -elevated mood• Euphoria -anhedonia• Others:• Anxiety - fear-phobia- panic• Ambivalence

DISTURBANCES OF THINKING

• Disorders in the form:• Loss of association{ vagueness, incoherence}• Derailment - irrelevance• Flight of ideas -clang association• Word salad -verbigeration • Blocking -circumstantiality• Preservation -echolalia• Neologism -stereotypy• Concrete thinking

DISTURBANCES OF THINKING

• Disorders in the contents:• Poverty of content :little information or obscure

phrases.• Preoccupation of thought :centering on particular

idea.• Overvalued ideas: unreasonable &sustained false

belief neither delusional or obsessional in nature.• Delusions: false fixed belief ,not consistent with

patient culture, personality & education.• Obsessional &compulsive symptoms:

DISTURBANCES OF THINKING• According to fixity:• Complete -partial• According to the onset:• Primary -secondary• Other delusional experiences:• Delusional mood -delusional memory• Delusional perception• According to systematization:

• Bizarre delusion -systematized delusion• According to relation with mood:

• Mood congruent -mood incongruent• According to other features:

• Shared delusion -encapsulated• Crystallized delusion

DISTURBANCES OF THINKING• According to theme of delusion:• Persecutory delusion• Delusion of reference• Delusion of grandeur• Delusion of control• Delusion of guilt• Delusion of poverty • Nihilistic delusion• Delusion of infidelity • Hypochondriacal (somatic )delusion

Obsessional and compulsive symptoms

• These are recurrent thought, impulses or images that enter the mind despite the patient resist it.

• Forms of obsessions:• Obsessional thoughts - ruminations• Obsessional doubts -impulses• Obsessional phobia• Compulsions(rituals):• Checking -cleaning• Counting -dressing

Disturbances of Speech

• Pressure of speech -poverty of speech• Dysartheria -stuttering• Aphasia(motor , sensory & nominal )• Disturbances of motor behavior:• Tics mannerisms stereotype• Negativism Echopraxia resistance• Catatonia(catalepsy , catatonic stupor ,rigidity,

posturing & waxy flexibility)

Disturbances of perception

• Hallucination -Illusion• Depersonalization -Derealization• Types of hallucination:• A-according to complexity• Elementary & complex• B-according to sensory modality:• Visual ,auditory ,tactile, olfactory, gustatory ,

hallucination of deep sensation , autoscopic H& reflex H.

Illusion

• Misperception of real external stimulus.• More common in organic mental disorders.• Depersonalization : subjective of being strange.• Derealization : subjective sense the environment

is strange & unreal.• These phenomena occur in: • Tiered healthy patients sleep ,sensory deprivation

-depressive disorder-temporal lobe epilepsy-schizophrenia-anxiety disorder.

Disturbances of intelligence

• 1-Mental retardation• 2-dementia• Disturbances of insight:• The ability of the patient to understand the

true cause and meaning of a situation.

Etiology of psychiatric illness

• Classification of causes: • 1- predisposing factors• 2-percipitating factors• 3-perpetuating factors• Approaches to etiology :• Biological psychodynamic• Sociocultural behavioral • biopsychosocial

Other factors related to psychiatric etiology

• 1-social factors 2-genetic• 3- life events 4-biochemical• 5-endocrionolgy 6-physiology• 7-Neuropathology 8-experimental &clinical psychology