synop&c(and(orographic(control(of( observed(drop(size ...houze/presentations/160628burli… ·...

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Synop&c and Orographic Control of Observed Drop Size Distribu&ons (DSDs) during the OLYMPEX Field Campaign Joe Zagrodnik Lynn McMurdie, Robert A. Houze University of Washington—Department of Atmospheric Sciences 17 th Conference on Mountain Meteorology 28 July 2016 NASA grants: NNX13AG71G, NNX15AL38G, and NNX16AD75G NSF grant: AGS1503155

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Page 1: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

Synop&c  and  Orographic  Control  of  Observed  Drop  Size  Distribu&ons  (DSDs)  during  the  OLYMPEX  Field  

Campaign  

Joe  Zagrodnik  Lynn  McMurdie,  Robert  A.  Houze  

 University  of  Washington—Department  of  Atmospheric  Sciences  

 17th  Conference  on  Mountain  Meteorology  

28  July  2016  

NASA  grants:  NNX13AG71G,  NNX15AL38G,  and  NNX16AD75G            NSF  grant:  AGS-­‐1503155  

Page 2: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

OLYMPEX  Precipita&on  Totals  

Seed  Orchard  

CRN  Site  540m  

280m  

1020m  85m  

10  km  

Quinault  HW  x

180m  115m  

640m  

65m  

375m  

Graves  Creek  

375m  

Page 3: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

Nov  12-­‐13:  Widespread  extreme  rainfall  totals  

Highest  totals  (>300  mm)  at  lower-­‐eleva&on  sites  near  Lake  Quinault    Up  to  4  &mes  more  than  the  coast!  

Rain  Shadow  

175-­‐275  mm  farther  up  Quinault  Valley  and  in  Wynoochee  high  terrain  

Page 4: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

Nov  13  0600  UTC  500  hPa  Height  (contours),  Vor&city  (colors)  

L  

H  

850  hPa  Temp(colors),  Height  (contours)  

“Westerly  Atmospheric  River”  

Page 5: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

NPOL  Sounding  0600  UTC  13-­‐Nov  

45  kt  wind  at  925  hPa      

Page 6: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

Nov  12-­‐13    Rain  rates  

~18  hour  period  of  orographic  enhancement    

More  rain  at  low-­‐eleva&on  CRN  site  compared  with  interior/higher  eleva&on  sites  

Max  orographic  enhancement  

Page 7: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

 Weaker  bright  band    

No  data  (power  outage)  

Near-­‐surface  dBZ  remains  constant  

“Pre-­‐warm  frontal”  

“Warm  Sector”  

Big  drops  falling  fast  

Page 8: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

Orographic  enhancement  associated  with  large  quan&&es  of    <  1.5  mm  drops            

Max  orographic  enhancement  

These  small-­‐medium  sized  drops  are  responsible  for  the  majority  of  the  increase  in  rain  rate    

Time  (UTC)  

Rain  Rate  (m

m/h)  

Diam

eter  (m

m)  

Drop

s  per  m

3  mm

-­‐1  

Drop

 Diameter  bin  (m

m)  

Page 9: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

CRN  

NPOL  RHI  13-­‐Nov  02:12  UTC  50°  Azimuth  

       

NPOL  

Reflec&vity  

Velocity  

Low-­‐level  jet  is  within  1  km  of  the  surface  near  NPOL  and  starts  liping  around  20  km  from  radar  (white  arrow).    Drop  forma&on  +  growth  occurs  below  mel&ng  level  ahead  of  high  terrain.    Jet  liping  decreases  50-­‐60  km  from  radar.          

Graves  

NPOL  

Quinault  HW  

Mountain  

Page 10: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

10-­‐13  UTC,  medium-­‐to-­‐large  sized  drops  account  for  the  increase  in  rain  rate!        

Max  orographic  enhancement  SNOW  

SNOW  

Page 11: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

DOW  RHI  13-­‐Nov  

02:04  UTC  65°  Azimuth  

DOW  RHI  13-­‐Nov  

11:14  UTC  65°  Azimuth  

Graves  

DOW  

Quinault  HW  

Enhancement  later  in  event  at  Quinault  HW  possibly  related  to  evolu&on  of  low  to  mid  level  jet.  Appreciable  shear  is  observed  between  upper  and  lower  layers.  

Weaker  low-­‐level  flow  

Deeper,  stronger  jet  

Reflec&vity   Velocity  

CRN    

Page 12: Synop&c(and(Orographic(Control(of( Observed(Drop(Size ...houze/PRESENTATIONS/160628Burli… · Summary(of(Nov(12[13(Case:(• Impressive(rainfall(totals(came(from(predominately(warm(orographic(enhancement

Summary  of  Nov  12-­‐13  Case:  •  Impressive  rainfall  totals  came  from  predominately  warm  orographic  enhancement  (rapid  growth  and  fallout  of  small  rain  drops).  

•  Warm  enhancement  processes  dominated:  – Within  the  warm  sector  of  this  AR  event  – During  the  period  of  highest  rain  rates  (at  CRN)  – At  rela&vely  low  eleva&ons    – When  the  low-­‐level  jet  lips  below  the  mel&ng  level  

•  Cold  precipita&on  was  also  present  throughout  the  event  (evidenced  by  a  bright  band).  One  period  of  likely  cold  enhancement  (at  Quinault  HW)  when  LLJ  was  the  strongest  and  near/above  the  bright  band.