syntax muah
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study, problem of the study,
objective of the study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study,
and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
Nowadays, there are many kinds of media used to inform news,
announcement, and report in this world, such as television, radio, internet (electric
media), newspaper, magazine, news week, journals (written media) and etc.
Almost all people in the world access their needed information from those media.
Therefore, media is important to overspread information to all over the world.
One of the media is magazine. Magazine is one of written media which is
usually published periodically. It is different from other written media such as
newspaper or journal. Commonly, the content of magazine is more specific than
newspaper. It focused in one main topic or problem such as sport, politic, society,
music, religion and etc. This is different from the content of newspaper which
discusses more general topics or problems. By reading magazine, we can
understand more about one topic which can bridge the researcher to analyze more
specific cases. Therefore, magazine is interesting to analyze.
In many cases, the written works such as magazine only pay more
attention on the meaning of the utterances and put outside how the language
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structure is used. That is important to know because it influences the readers in
interpreting the written works itself. Studying language on written form is very
important and was recommended by our prophet Muhammad SAW. As
mentioned in the following hadiths:
عه صيذ ته ثاتت قال: امشوي سسىل هللا صم هللا عهيً و سهم: فتعهمت نً كتاب يهىد,وقال: اوي وهللا ماامىى
نً اراكتة انيً يهىد عهي كتاتي. فتعهمتً, فهم مشتي االوصف شهش, حتي حذقتً, فكىت اكتة نً اراكتة,واقش ا
)سواي انتشمزي(
“From Zaid bin Tsabit, He said: Rasulullah SAW recommended me to study the
holly book of Jews (in Suryani language) for him. He said, “In the name of Allah,
the Jews have not believed in my book (Al Qur‟an)”. Then I studied and mastered
it (Suryani language) well in half of moth; I wrote for him if he wanted to send a
message and I read for the message came for him (from the Jews and others in
Suryani language)”. ((Narrated by;Turmudzi ) (Al Albani, 2007:655)).
The hadith above teaches us that studying language on written forms is
very important in order to know and understand well the content of book, letter or
written works even though it is written in other language such as English.
Therefore, the readers have to know the formulation of the words. To have good
understanding about formulation of the words, we have to do syntactic structures
analysis which discussed in syntax study.
Syntax is a branch of linguistic studies which discuss about construction of
word or sentence. Although syntax is rarely used in this new ages as a research,
but the function of syntax is very important. Through syntax we can understand a
sentence by identifying function of each word. Syntax means the arrangement of
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words and phrases to create well-formed sentences (Hornby: 1986). In addition,
syntactic structure is a combination of no more than two lexical words, with or
without function words. Radford (1997:1) also states that syntax is concerned with
the ways in which words can be combined together in the forms of phrases and
sentences. In addition, Yule (1985:80), in studying syntax, there will be an effort
to produce an accurate analysis of the ordering “arrangement” of the elements in
the linier structure of sentence.
Beside the definitions above, another definition proposed by Francis
(1958: 291), he states that study them, would soon discover that they are not all
alike either in the parts of speech that make them up or in the structural meanings
that they convey. In addition, Francis (1958: 293) also explains that by studying
syntax, the students can sketch the main outlines and provide with a framework of
ideas and a basic terminology, so that they may pursue their own studies of
grammar with assurance and efficiency. If we have understood well about syntax,
we can use language well especially in written works.
In addition, in the process of writing, the writer usually use strategy to show
himself positively and the contrary negatively with politic manipulation by
employing syntactic strategy (sentence construction) such as application of
pronoun, structure of word arrangement, disposition of clause, application of
complex sentence and so on (Sobur, 2004: 80). Therefore, it is interesting and
necessary to investigate and analyze the syntactic structures in written works such
as magazine.
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To do a study on syntax means we are ready to do syntactic structures
analysis. There are two types and ways in syntactic analysis that are used to
analyze sentences, they are; tree diagram and Chinese boxes while two ways are
surface structure and deep structure. Francis (1958: 292) divides the syntactic
structures into four principal groups based on their structural meaning. This theory
analyzed sentence founded on surface structure. Surface structure means the
structure corresponds with the actual form of a sentence. Those four basic types of
syntactic structures are; (1) Structure of modification; their two component parts
are a head and a modifier, (2) Structure of predication; their two components are
a subject and a predicate, (3) Structure of complementation; their two
components are a verbal element and a complement, and (4) Structure of
coordination; consisting of equivalent grammatical units joined often but not
always by a special kind of function word.
In doing syntactic analysis, Francis (1958:293-294) proposes Chinese
Boxes system to analyze the syntactic structures. In this system, the syntactic
structure is analyzed by diagramming the sentence using a binary system boxing
into its parts. Most system of diagramming in common use depends on
rearranging the words and word groups of the structure being diagrammed in
order to place them in a geometric pattern which reveals their logical relationship.
In this case, every structure may be divided into its immediate
constituents. Then, may in turn be divided and subdivided until the ultimate
constituents are reached. This is graphically indicated by enclosing each ultimate
constituent in a box and drawing larger and larger boxes around the immediate
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constituents of each of the increasingly complex structures into which they
combine. In conclusion, the result of this theory is something like famous as
“Chinese boxes” that fit one within another (Francis, 1958:293-294).
This research, analyzes headlines that found in FourFourTwo magazine
website as the object of his research. FourFourTwo magazine website is a football
website that is published by Haymarket, located in UK & Ireland (Richardson,
2007). As the one of football information centers, FourFourTwo discusses
extensively about football and everything related with football.
Headline is worth investigating because word or sentence used is simple
but it is capable to attract the reader to read more and more. Samuel (2004)
explains headline as a phrase that identifies the sections of magazine or
newspaper. It comes from the words that author select to label the writing.
Headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the
article below it.
“Headlines are written in much larger type size than the article text, and
often in a different font entirely. Headlines are often in sentence case,
although title case is often used in the USA. Headline conventions include
normally using present tense even when discussing events that happened in
the recent past; omitting forms of the verb "to be" in certain contexts; and
removing short articles like "a" and "the". Most newspapers feature a very
large headline on their front page, dramatically describing the biggest
news of the day. Words chosen for headlines are often short, giving rise to
headlines. A headline may also be followed by a smaller secondary
headline, often called subhead or "deck head", which gives more
information. A number of newspapers use humor, puns, alliteration or
other wordplay devices in their headlines. Equally, the need to keep
headlines brief occasionally leads to unintentional double meanings, if not
double intenders. For example, if the story is about the president of Iraq
trying to acquire weapons, the headline might be IRAQI HEAD SEEKS
ARMS, or if some agricultural legislation is defeated in the United States
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House of Representatives, the title could read FARMER BILL DIES IN
HOUSE. (Harold Evans: 1974)
The data which are taken from FourFourTwo magazine website are in the
sentences form. Therefore, the researcher focuses the analysis on syntactic
structures found in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website published on 11
June until 11 July 2010 because the language used is interesting and there are
many football idiom or term that the researcher believe it uncommonly used in
general society. The headlines are not written fully in a long sentence but it is
capable to attract the readers to read more and more. Besides that, its content is
still up to date because it discuss about world cup 2010 in South Africa as the
biggest football competition in the world. All people in over the world
enthusiastic to receive this four yearly agenda. All in all, by identifying the
languages used in those headlines, we can find another term or vocabulary that
uncommonly used in our daily life even they are not written fully in a long
sentence.
There are some previous studies investigating syntactic structure. Khusnah
(2008) discusses the structure of modification used in some of Emily Dickin‟s
poems. In her research, she only analyzed the structure of modification and
analyzed them by using Chinese Boxes system. In addition, she doesn‟t find the
structure of modification in form of preposition phrase and function word. Then,
Rosydah (2007) researched syntactical analysis on Anggun‟s songs. She
investigated four basic structures in some lyrics of Anggun‟s songs and analyzed
those lyrics by using Chinese Boxes. In her research, she found all kinds of
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syntactic structure proposed by Francis. Faricha (2007) analyzed syntactic
structure on the translation of Surah Abbasa in the holy Quran. She analyzed the
syntactic structures of the sentences formed of the verse in the first segment of
Surah Abasa by using Chinese boxes which proposed by Francis.
From the previous studies above, this research is different from those
studies. When the data which is used in previous study, song and poem, is more
focused on the beautiful of word and sentence, in this research the data which is
used is more focused on how the sentence is able to persuade the reader to read all
content of the article. Based on description above the researcher is interested in
analyzing the syntactic structure which is used in headlines of FourFourTwo
Magazine official website. Therefore, the writer determines to choose the research
under the title: The Structure of Sentence Used in Headlines of FourFourTwo
Magazine Website.
1.2 Problem of the Study
Based on the explanation of background above, this research focuses on
answering the problem that is how syntactic structures are used in headlines of
Four-Four Two Magazine website?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is aimed to answer the problem of the study that is to
describe the syntactic structures used in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine
website.
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1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this research is FourFourTwo magazine website. Then, this
research is focuses on syntactic structures analysis of the headlines found in
FourFourTwo magazine website. This official website consists of articles,
advertisement, headlines, and dialog columns. However, the researcher focuses on
headlines in this magazine‟s site.
The data which are taken from FourFourTwo magazine official website is
in the sentences form. Therefore, the researcher limited the analysis on syntactic
structures found in 31 headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website that published
on June and July 2010 because the language used is interesting and there are many
football idiom or term that the researcher believe it uncommon used in daily
conversation. Besides that, its content is still up to date because it discusses about
world cup 2010 in South Africa as the biggest football competition in the world.
1.5 Significance of the study
This study is supposed to give theoretical and practical contribution in
syntactic studies, especially in analyzing syntactic structures used in headlines of
magazine or other written works.
Theoretically, this study is expected to give meaningful contributions,
especially in term of syntactic structure of headlines in a magazine website. We
are easier to know the headline purpose and its content through the function of
each word by syntactical analyzing. Then, it will give us deeper understanding in
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specific branch of linguistics and give clarification to the linguistic organization of
the headlines and the function of those languages in those headlines.
Furthermore, because this research analyzes headlines which talk about
football, it is expected to give the readers new information about the syntactical
structure which is uncommonly used by the people.
Practically, the researcher hopes that the results provide the useful
information for other researchers who are interested in investigating other written
works which have similar topic, especially in analyzing syntactic structure.
Hopefully, this research also means to increase the reader‟s understanding about
syntactical structure, especially about headline which discuss about football
because not many researcher which adapt football theme as their research.
1.6 Operational Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the key term used, the
researcher defines some terms as the following:
1. Syntactic structure; The principles of arrangement of the construction
formed by the process of derivation and inflection (word) into larger
constructions of various kinds. (Gleason, 1961: 128).
2. Structure of modification; structure that consist two component parts
are head and modifier.
3. Structure of predication; structure that consist two components are
subject and predicate.
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4. Structure of complementation; structure have two components are
verbal element and complement.
5. Structure of coordination; structure that consist of equivalent
grammatical units joined by a special kind of function words.
6. Headline: Headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article,
indicating the nature of the article below it.
7. Chinese Box: Chinese box is a binary system which is conducted by
Nelson W. Francis as a media in doing syntactical analysis
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Focusing on syntactical structure analysis on headlines of FourFourTwo
magazine website, it is important to review the related literature of study. The
review consists of syntax, sentence, syntactic structures, headline, biography of
FourFourTwo magazine, and previous study.
2.1 Syntax
In linguistics, the study on the sentence structure namely „Syntax‟.
Mathew (1981) defines that the term „syntax‟ comes from Greek word and it
literally means „a setting out together‟ or „arrangement‟. In studying syntax, there
will be an effort to produce an accurate analysis in „arrangement‟ of the elements
in the linear structure of the sentence (Yule, 1985:80). Crystal (1987:94) also
defines Syntax as the way in which words arranged to show relationships of
meaning within (and sometimes between) sentence.
In another definition, Radford (1997:1) also states that Syntax is
concerned with the ways in which words can be combined together into form
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phrases and sentences. Syntax or syntactic analysis is defined as determining the
relevant component parts of a sentence and describing these parts grammatically.
The component parts of a sentence called constituent. On the other hand, syntax
involves the closely related tasks of: breaking down the sentence into its
constituents and assigning some grammatical label to each constituent (or
grammatical category) it is, and what grammatical function it has (Wekker and
Haegeman, 1989:5).
From all the definitions above, it can be concluded that syntax is a branch
of linguistics that studies the rules, or "patterned relations” that govern the way
words combine to form phrases and phrases combine to form sentences.
2.2 Sentence
Sentence is the main component in syntax study. Oftentimes we find the
expression say that syntax is a branch of linguistic that studies about sentence or
sentence structure. Based on Oxford dictionary, the definition sentence is a set of
words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually containing a subject
and a verb. Frank (1972: 220) states that sentence are a full predication containing
a subject plus a predicate with a finite verb.
Sentences are generally classified in two ways, one by types and by the
number of formal predications.
2.2.1 The classifications by types are:
1. Declarative sentences (Statement)
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In a declarative sentence the subject and predicate have normal word
order. The sentence ends with a period (called full stop in British
English) in writing and a drop in pitch in speech.
Example: The child ate his dinner.
2. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)
In an interrogative sentence the subject and auxiliary are often reserved.
The sentence ends with a question mark (or, interrogation point) in
writing.
Example: Did the child eat his dinner?
3. Imperative sentences (Requests, Commands)
In an imperative sentence only the predicate is expressed. The simple
form of the verb is used, regardless of person or tense. The imperative
sentence ends with a period in writing.
Example: Eat your dinner.
4. Exclamatory sentences (Exclamations)
The exclamatory phrase is followed by the subject and the balance of
the predicate. In writing the exclamatory sentence ends with an
exclamation mark (or, exclamation point). Sometimes a period is used
to lessen the force of the exclamation.
Example: What a good dinner that was!
2.2.2 The classification of sentences by number of full predications
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This classification is based on the number and kind of clauses within a
sentence.
1. Simple sentence
Such sentences have only one full predication in the form of an
independent clause.
Example: The man stole the jewelry.
2. Compound sentences
Such sentences have two or more full predication in the form of
independent clauses.
Example: The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home.
3. Complex sentences
Such sentences also have two or more full predications. One of these is
an independent clause or main clause that is similar to the form of the
simple sentence, and one or more of these are independent clauses (or,
subordinate clauses).
Example: the man who stole the jewelry hid it in his home.
4. Compound-Complex sentences
Compound-Complex sentences contain two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
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Example: the man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home until he
could safely get out of town.
2. 3 Syntactic Structures
A syntactic structure is combinations of no more than two lexical words,
with or without function words. It is a group of the words or sequences of the
words in a given language that can replace one another in any sentence of the
language without affecting grammatically. Francis (1958:292) classifies the
syntactic structure into four basic types. Those are 1) Structure of modification, 2)
Structure of predication, 3) Structure of complementation, and 4) Structure of
coordination. In analyzing the four syntactic structures, we use boxes and
symbols →, P, and C.
2.3.1 Structure of modification
Structure of modification is structure which has two components part;
they are head and a modifier. Structure of modification has meaning serves
to broaden, qualify, select, change, describe, or in some other way affect the
meaning of the head. The immediate constituent of structure of modification
is called “head” and “modifier”. In syntactic structure analysis, structure of
modification is represented by symbols (→) that points from the modifier
toward the head.
head modifier modifier head
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bad girl
Since the prime position in such structures is occupied by the
head, we shall classify them according to the part of speech to which the
head belong.
2.3.1.1 Noun As head
Nouns appear very frequently as heads of structures of modification.
The modifier of the noun can be:
a. Adjective as modifier of Noun
The most common noun modifier is an adjective, and directly
place before the noun.
For Example:
Bad (adjective) is modifier and girl (Noun) is head.
b. Noun as modifier of Noun
Noun can be a modifier of other nouns. These nouns come
before the noun they modify.
For Example:
car key
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Key (N) as a head and car (N) as a modifier.
In this case Noun as modifier is divided into two, they are:
1) Possessive construction is noun in which the modifying
noun has the possessive inflection {„s}
For example:
Boy‟s (N has the possessive inflection {-s}) as modifier
and teacher (N) as head.
2) Possessive construction is noun in which the modifying
noun has the possessive inflection {„s} may be substituted
by „of‟ construction.
For example:
Teacher of boy
Teacher (N) is head and „of boy‟ („of‟ construction‟) as
modifier.
3) Noun Adjunct is noun in which it appears in the base form
or with the plural inflection {-es}
Boy’s teacher
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For example:
Boy (N in which it appears in the base form) as modifier and
teacher (N) as head.
c. Verb as modifier of Noun
When verb function as modifiers of nouns, they are nearly
always marked in one of three ways:
By the present participle inflection {-ing1}
For example:
Sleeping (V which present participle inflection {-ing1}) as
modifier and child (N) as head.
By the past participle inflection {-ed2} or
Baked (V which is the form of the past participle inflection {-
ed2}) as modifier and meat (N) as head.
By the infinitive marker to
Boy teacher
sleeping child
Baked meat
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Coffee to drink
Coffee (N) as head and to drink (Verb which followed by
infinitive marker to) as modifier.
d. Adverb as modifier of Noun
Adverb always comes immediately after the noun which is the
head.
For example:
The grandmother over there
The grandmother (N) as head and over there (Adv) as modifier.
Prepositional Phrases as modifier of Noun
In prepositional phrase‟s simple form, consist of a function
word of the class called preposition and a lexical word usually
noun, customarily called its object.
A room in the office
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A room (N) as head and in the office as modifier.
2.3.1.2 Verb as Head
It is a phrase whose head is a verb. Some modifiers for verb
are
a. Adverb as modifier of verb
The common position of an adverb modifying a verb is
immediately after it. All adverbs may take this position.
For example:
Walks (V) as head and slowly (
b. Noun as modifier of verb
Nouns may function as modifiers of verbs. Usually they follow
the verb and may have noun determiners.
For example:
Run a kilometer
Run (V) as head and a kilometer (N) as modifier.
c. Adjectives as modifier of verb
walks slowly
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The resulting structures make up a restricted list of stereotyped
expression.
For example:
Eat (V) as head and together (Adj) as modifier.
d. Verb as modifier of verb
For example:
Comes (V) as head and crying (V) as modifier
e. Prepositional Phrase as modifier of verb
For example:
Stay in the hotel
Stay (V) as and in the hotel (Prepositional phrase) as modifier
2.3.1.3 Adjective as Head
It is a phrase whose head is an adjective. The modifiers are:
eat together
comes crying
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a. Noun as modifier of adjective
For example:
b. Adjective as modifier of adjective
For example:
c. Adverb as modifier of adjective
For example:
d. Verb as modifier of adjective
For example:
e. Qualifier as modifier of adjective
For example:
skin dry
Sunny color
poor Slowly
freezing cold
very handsome
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4. Adverb as head
It is phrase whose head is adverb. The modifiers can:
a. Adverb
For example:
a. Noun
For example:
Several ways down
b. Prepositional phrase
For example:
Outside in the cold
c. Qualifier
For example:
sleep away
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So slowly
Besides those four kinds of phrases, Francis (1958:323-
325) adds the function word as head. Although it rarely occurs, but
in fact, some phrases can be identified as function word phrases
where the head of the structure is a function word.
Some function words as head of the structure are:
a. Prepositional phrase
In the prepositional phrase, the head is not just the preposition but
the whole phrase. Some modifiers can be qualifier, adverbs, or
certain nouns.
Qualifiers
For example:
Almost top the mountain
Adverb
For example:
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A bit beneath the sea
Certain nouns
For example:
A long way base ingratitude
b. Noun determiner
Some modifiers can be qualifiers, adverb, or even prepositional
phrases.
Qualifiers
For example:
Very many cakes
Adverb
For example:
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Almost every girl
Prepositional phrases
For example:
More than enough food
2.3.2 Structure of predication
The two immediate constituents of structure of predication are
subject and predicate this structure is indicated by a capital “P” which
refers to the subject and its front facing the predicate.
Subject P predicate Predicate q Subject
2.3.2.1 Subject
Some Subjects are:
1. Nouns and Nouns head of structure of modification
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Susan P eats potato
2. Structure of modification where the head are adjectives, adverbs,
or verbs
For example:
Adjective as head:
Missing your family P is a bad thing
Adverb as head
Yesterday P is too hard
Verb (infinitive) as head
To err P is human
(Present participle) as head
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Sleeping here P is comfort
3. Prepositional phrase
For example:
To mecca P is an amazing journey
4. Structure of Complementation
For example:
Diving ocean P is my dream
5. Structure of Coordination
For example:
You and me P is a couple
6. Structure of predication (included clause)
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For Example:
Whatever is, P is true
2.3.2.2 Predicate
The predicate is the structure that follows the subjects. It
always has a verb or verb-phrase in key position.
1. Verb as predicate
For example:
He P goes
2. Structure of modification as predicate
For example:
The boy P comes from west
3. Structure of complementation as predicate
For example:
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The wind P was breeze
4. Structure of coordination as predicate
For example:
They P played and laughed
2.3.3 Structure of Complementation
It has two immediate constituents a verbal element and a
complement. The verbal element may be a simple verb or any
structure that has a verb in key position. It is represented by capital
“C” with its back to the verb element.
Verbal element C Complement
Complement C verbal element
Figure 2.4.3.1 Structure of complementation
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These following are the illustration of structure of
complementation:
a. Simple verb as the verbal element
For example:
VE
We are reading C the new magazine
b. Infinitive
For example:
VE
A rose to be C a love sign
c. Structure of modification as the verbal element
For example:
VE
I never in my life know C you
d. Structure of coordination as the verbal element
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For example:
VE
My mother love and cared of C me and my sister
2.3.3.1 Verbal Element
Types of verbal elements based on the types of
structure in which they found and by certain other formal
indications are:
1. Linking verbs
These are verbs that are thought of as a structural link
between subject and complement. It never occurs
without a complement or has no passive.
For example: Become, seem, remain, look, sound, smell.
2. Transitive verbs
It is verbs that always has a complement when in the
active and have a passive form.
For example: “The man sold his house.”
3. Be (as a full verb, not an auxiliary)
For example: “it is here”.
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2.3.3.2 Complement
Complements are appearing in structure of
complementation. Based on types of verbal elements which
have their own kind of complement, there are two kinds of
complements.
2.3.3.2.1 Subjective complements
These are complements which are appearing with
linking verbs. It may be single words, with or without
related function words or they may be structures of
varying degrees of complexity, containing all sorts of
structures within them. Some various kinds of simple
subjective complement based on Francis‟ book (1958:
346-348) are:
a. Noun
For example: “The man is a police.”
b. Function noun
For example: “Ripeness is all.”
c. Adjective
For example: “The cookie is delicious.”
d. Adverb
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For example: “The day he found him was
yesterday.”
e. Verb
Infinitive
For example: “her obsession is to write.”
Present participle
For example: “my trade is reading.”
Past participle
For example: “This meat is burned.”
f. Prepositional phrase
For example: “The train is on time.”
Some various kinds of complex structures function
as subjective complements are:
a. Structures of modification
For example: “His dream is to life peacefully to
village.”
b. Structures of coordination
For example: “The girl was mature, clever and
beautiful.”
c. Structures of complementation
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For example: “my hobby is cooking.”
d. Structure of predication
For example: “The problem is that she does not
want to do it.”
2.3.3.3 Objects
It is happened if there are complements appearing
with transitive verbs.
2.3.3.3.1 Direct Object (DO)
These are complements which are appearing with a
transitive verb. The direct object can be noun,
pronoun, function noun, verb (infinitive and present
participle) or even various more complex structures.
Francis (1958: 348-349) determines some single-
word as direct object. They are:
a. Noun
For example: “He finds sadness.‟‟
b. Pronoun
For example; “I touch her.”
c. Function noun
For example: “she gives some.”
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d. Verb
Infinitive
For example: “I was here to meet you.”
Present participle
For example: “I love cooking.”
e. Adverb
For example: “The baby wants out.”
Some various more complex structures function as
direct objects are:
a. Structures of Modification
For example: “I like swim in the sea.”
b. Structures Coordination
For example: “my sister needs a new bag and
pencil case.”
c. Structures of Complementation
For example: “The dog dislike to drink coffee.”
d. Structures of predication
For example: “I guess my mother is here.”
2.3.3.3.2 Indirect Object (IO)
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The indirect object or objective complement is the
second object that appears after the object of
transitive verb. But, structures of this sort are thus
potentially ambiguous. The indirect objects are
always nouns, noun-headed structures of
modification or structures of coordination with noun
constituents. Based on Francis view (1958: 349-352)
a. Noun
For example: “she gives him a jacket.”
b. Function noun
For example: “We gave each a present.”
c. Pronoun
For example: “my mother sold me a necklace.”
d. Structure of modification
For example: “She gives hungry beggar bread.”
e. Structure of coordination
For example: “They give their aunt and uncle a
radio,”
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2.3.3.4 Objective complement
Certain complements consisting of two objects do
not fit the indirect and direct object pattern. If a
complement consisting of two objects do not meet the
requirement for the indirect + direct object structure. Its
second object is objective complements may be nouns,
adjectives, adverbs, verbs (in past participle form),
preposition phrase, structure of modification or structure
of coordination.
2.3.4 Structure of coordination
A structure of coordination consists of two or more syntactically
equivalent units joining in a structure which functions as a single unit.
The joining is called by coordinators. These following are some
coordinators (Francis, 1958:355):
And, but, nor, not, or, rather than, as well as, together with, along with,
not (only), but (also), either…or, neither…nor, both…and.
In the structure of coordination, the structure is indicated by
parallel lines “==” to connect the constituents:
Government of the people by the people for the people
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2.3.4.1 Elliptical Structure of Coordination
If there are two components which are not syntactically equivalent
and it is assumed to make simpler by assuming an imaginary or
omitted repetition.
DO
I love baked meat not fried meat
2.3.4.2 Split Structure of Coordination
It happens when the coordinators of the middle group, such as
„rather than‟ split and inverted structure
For example:
Rather than starve he chose to eat insects
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2.3.4.3 Correlative Structure of coordination
In the usual structure of coordination in which one of these appears,
the first constituent comes between the two parts of the correlatives
and the second constituent comes immediately after the second
part.
For example:
I take not carrot but tomato
Correlative structure of coordination
2.4 Chinese Boxes System
In conducting syntactic structure analysis, representing graphically of the
various structures that are encompassed in English syntax is necessary. It usually
uses a simple system of diagramming sentence into elements and parts. Francis
(1958: 293) recognizes a system of diagramming structures into its elements and
parts by dividing into its immediate constituents (often abbreviated IC‟s by
linguists) and subdividing it until the ultimate constituents (in grammar, the
„words‟). This media of analysis results something like „Chinese Boxes‟ that
appropriate one within another. It is graphically indicated by enclosing each
ultimate constituent in a box and drawing larger and larger boxes around the
41
immediate constituents of each of the increasingly complex structures into which
they combine. Every box except those which contain a single word (ultimate
constituent) contains just two smaller boxes. It is kind of twofold or binary
structure in the grammatical organization in English. Because of it, virtually any
English structure may be divided into two immediate constituents, each of which
may be divided into two again until the ultimate grammatical units.
The four different structures are identified by placing simple symbols
between two immediate constituents. An arrow „ „ indicates modification, a
capital „P‟ indicates predication, a capital „C‟ indicates complementation, and a
parallel „==‟ indicates coordination.
2.5 FourFourTwo Magazine Website
In this research, the researcher employs headlines of FourFourTwo
magazine website as the object of his research. Richardson (2007), states that
FourFourTwo is a football magazine published by Haymarket, which located in
UK & Ireland. It takes its name from the football formation of the same name, 4-
4-2, which is considered to be a basic, trustworthy and standard formation in
English football; it is almost certainly the most popular formation for 11-a-side
matches.
The headlines are published every day. We will not find the same headline
every day because FourFourTwo magazine website always shows the up to date
news of football such as news of football players, some leagues in many
countries, and everything about football. The language used in this magazine
42
website is a standard of British English. Therefore, it is not too difficult to
understand it content for the readers. On the other hand, the language used is also
attractive language style. Most of the headlines are written not more than ten
words, but the meaning and the syntactic structure is not too easy to understand
before we are going to do syntactic structure analysis. All in all, this magazine
website is very interesting to be analyzed especially by using syntactical
approach.
2.6 Previous Study
There are many previous studies investigating syntactic structure. Khusnah
(2008) discusses the structure of modification used in some of Emily Dickin‟s
poems. In her research, she only analyzed the structure of modification. As the
result, she doesn‟t find the structure of modification in form of preposition phrase
and function word. Then, Rosydah (2007) researched syntactical analysis on
Anggun‟s songs. She investigated four basic structures in some lyrics of Anggun‟s
songs and analyzed those lyrics by using Chinese Boxes. In this research, she
found all kinds of syntactic structure proposed by Francis. Faricha (2007)
analyzed syntactic structure on the translation of Surah Abbasa in the holy Quran.
She analyzed the syntactic structures of the sentences formed of the verse in the
first segment of Surah Abasa by using Chinese boxes which proposed by Francis.
From the previous studies above, I can conclude that the previous
researchers focusing their research on the beautiful of word or sentence that are
used in songs and poems. Therefore, I focused my research on magazine language
43
especially football magazine that language used is more focused on the sentences
or phrases are able to persuade the reader in reading the magazine. Based on
description above the researcher is interested in analyzing the syntactic structure
which is used in headlines of FourFourTwo Magazine Website.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter presents the research method used in the study consisting of
the research design, data source, research instrument, data collection, and data
analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This research employs descriptive qualitative method which has a purpose
to result the findings from field research. Descriptive means that in this study
describes the syntactic structures used in the data which taken from FourFourTwo
magazine website.
Theoretically this study is considered as a qualitative research because it
tries to look at how the syntactic structures used in headlines of FourFourTwo
magazine website.
This study is classified as a descriptive qualitative method, since the data
are in the form of words or utterances rather than numbers. In addition, the data
were described descriptively based on the Francis‟s theory of syntactic structures,
how syntactic structures were found in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine
website. This method was especially chosen since the accurate results from
45
analysis the data should be gained. Therefore, this research used descriptive
qualitative design, in which the data were analyzed and interpreted based on the
Francis‟s theory of syntactic structures with syntactical analysis approach.
3.2 Data Sources
The data source of this research is FourFourTwo Magazine website. Then,
the data of this research are in the form of headline which is consisting of phrases,
noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and sentences. The data are taken
from the official website of FourFourTwo magazine;
http://fourfourtwo.com/news/region/worldcup2010.aspx.
3.3 Research Instrument
As previously noted, this study is a qualitative in nature, so in conducting
this study the researcher as the main instrument to investigate, to collect, and to
analyze the data. Field notes present the data that will later be analyzed to provide
a rounded picture of research.
3.3 Data Collection
In collecting the data of this study, the textual observation is used because
the data of this study are headlines that taken from FourFourTwo magazine
website in the written form. In collecting the data, the researcher took one football
news headline every day which is published on June 11th
to July 11th
2010. The
data are obtained by browsing the headlines in the official website of the
magazine.
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3.4 Data analysis
In data analysis, the researcher does some steps. Firstly, the researcher
read carefully the finding data to find their meaning, especially the meaning of
difficult term and word in order to facilitate the researcher in identifying their
syntactic structures. Then, after finding their meaning, the researcher investigates
their syntactic structure. In this step, the researcher employs Chinese Boxes to
classify their syntactic structure. Next, after categorizing each word or phrase in
their syntactic structure, the researcher explains the whole structure that is found
in the data by describing their function and position in their syntactic structure in
detail. Finally, the researcher makes conclusion of the analysis that gives detail
description related to syntactic structures.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the analysis of datum findings of the research
according to the theoretical framework listed in the preceding chapter. This
chapter also includes the interpretation of the findings within each section. The
findings are discussed based on the appearance of the data in the headlines of
FourFourTwo magazine website which is followed by the discussion based on the
analysis of data findings to illuminate the research concerned.
4.1 Data Presentation
Before analyzing the data, the researcher collected the data by selecting
data sources, news headlines in FourFourTwo magazine website especially the
news of World Cup 2010. In this research, the researcher took thirty one
headlines that published every day when the World Cup is being held. The
following are the data of this research:
1. Wave on the wane as fans blow vuvuzela
2. Melo prefers flowers to red cards
3. Players defend Green, but problems deepen
4. Agger credited with own goal
5. FIFA gives Drogba green light to play
6. Ivory Coast ready to dance with Samba Boys
7. Higuain hits hat-trick for Argentina
8. Adidas dismiss talk of Germany ball advantage
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9. FIFA rejects Ronaldo yellow card appeal
10. France fans: Les Bleus have reached rock bottom
11. Maradona: Fabiano goal not Hand of God
12. Kaka revival on hold after red card
13. Geeks give Jabulani wind tunnel workout
14. Low: Young guns can cope with pressure
15. Kahn: Foreign imports stifling English keepers
16. Penalty takers should beware steely stares
17. Germans party after thrashing England
18. Messi goal drought no problem for Argentina
19. Burglars bag replica World Cups in FIFA raid
20. Villa rallies behind strike partner Torres
21. Nakamura quits Japan on 98 caps
22. Ghana hopes die with single kick
23. Uruguayans celebrate hands of Suarez
24. Spain to keep faith with attacking style
25. Casillas: Semi-final Spain‟s biggest ever match
26. Germany better than at Euro 2008
27. Midfield mastery behind success
28. Puyol”s winning goal “made in Barcelona”
29. Golden boot chasers to go hell for leather
30. Van Bronckhorst hoping for fairytale finale
31. Forlan wins Golden Ball
4.2 Research Findings
This research analyzes structure of sentence used by employing
syntactic structures analysis that is proposed by Francis. In his theory,
Francis (1958: 292) divides the syntactic structures into four principal
groups based on their structural meaning. They are structure of
49
modification, structure of predication, structure of complementation, and structure
of coordination. All data on sentence structure are displayed below:
Datum 1: Wave on the wane as fans blow vuvuzela
The main structure of this sentence is structure of modification. It is
known from the existence of an arrow between two split boxes that divides the
sentence into two clauses. In this case, phrase “Wave on the wane” functioned as
the head, and phrase “as fans blow vuvuzela” functioned as the modifier of the
structure.
The head of the structure is also in a form of structure of modification.
Here I found two structures of modification. The first is found in phrase “wave on
the wane”. In this case, “wave” (N) functioned as the head and phrase “on the
wane” functioned as the modifier of the structure. Furthermore, the second
structure of modification found in phrase “on the wane”. In this case, “on the”
functioned as a modifier and “wane” (N) functioned as a head of the structure.
Then, in the modifier of the structure or in the second split clauses, I
identify another structure, they are; structure of predication and structure of
complementation. In this case, the noun phrase “as fans” functioned as a subject
50
of the sentence. Then, “blow” (V) functioned as a predicate, and
“vuvuzela” (N) functioned as a complement of the sentence.
Datum 2: Melo prefers flowers to red cards
The main structure of this sentence is structure of predication. This
structure is signed by the existence of subject and predicate in a sentence.
The subject of the structure is word “Melo” (N), and then word “prefers”
(V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. The word “prefers” (V)
actually in a type of adverb, but in this sentence, its function changes to be
a verb. That is known from the additional suffix “s” identifying it as a
verb.
The second structure that is identified is structure of complementation.
Phrase “flowers to red cards” functioned as a complement of the sentence.
Actually, the words “prefer” and “to” are unity idiom but they are separated by
the word “flower”. Further to this, in the structure of complementation I identify
one structure of modification that found in noun phrase “red cards”. In this case,
word “red” (N) functioned as a modifier and then, word “cards” (N) functioned
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as the head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is noun
as head and noun as modifier.
Datum 3: Players defend Green, but problems deepen
The main structure of the sentence above is structure of predication. As
previously noted, the structure of predication is signed by the existence of subject
and predicate in a sentence. So, the subject of the structure is word “players” (N),
and then the predicate of the sentence is word “defend” (V). In the structure of
predication, I identify one structure of complementation, one structure of
coordination, and one structure of modification.
The structure of complementation is identified in phrase “Green, but
problems deepen”, this phrase functioned as a complement of the predicate
“defend” (V). Then, in this structure I identify structure of coordination and
structure of modification. Structure of coordination is identified by the existence
of coordinator “but” in the sentence. In addition, this function word play role as a
coordinator of two structures that appears before and after.
The last identified structure is structure of modification. This structure is
identified in phrase “problems deepen”. In this case, “problems” (N) functioned
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as a head and “deepen” (Adverb) functioned as a modifier of the structure.
So, the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and adverb as
a modifier.
Datum 4: Agger credited with own goal
The structure of complementation is the main structure of this sentence.
The noun “Agger” functioned as a linking verb subject of the sentence, and then
phrase “credited with own goal” functioned as a complement of the sentence. The
structure of complementation is structure of modification. There are two structures
of modification that found in the structure of complementation.
The first structure of modification is identified in phrase “credited with
own goal”. In this case, the head of the structure is word “credited” and the
modifier is noun phrase “with own goal”. Then the second structure of
modification is identified in noun phrase “own goal”. In this case, word “own”
(N) functioned as the modifier and word “goal” (N) functioned as the head of the
structure. So, the type of the structures of modification used in this sentence are 1)
verb as modifier-noun phrase as head and noun as head-noun as modifier of the
structure.
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Datum 5: FIFA gives Drogba green light to play
The structure of predication is identified as the main structure of the
sentence above. It is signed by the existence of capital “P” in the beginning of the
structure. Word “FIFA” (N) functioned as a subject of the structure, and then
word “gives” (V) functioned as a predicate of the structure.
Furthermore, the structures of complementation are found in the structure
of predication. The first structure of complementation is in phrase “gives Drogba
green light to play”. A simple verbal element “gives” as a predicate of the noun
complement “Drogba green light to play”. The second structure of
complementation here is in phrase “Drogba green light to play”. The structure of
modification is a complement of the structure of complementation before. Phrase
“green light to play” is identified as structure of modification and functioned as
complement of the structure of complementation. It means that in the structure of
predication there is structure of complementation, and then in the structure of
complementation there is structure of modification.
As previous noted there is structure of modification in the structure of
complementation. In this case, I identify two structures of modification that found
54
in phrase “green light to play”. The first structure of modification is in phrase
“green light to play”. Phrase “green light” functioned as the head and “to play”
functioned as the modifier of the structure. Then, the second structure of
modification is in phrase “green light”. In this case, word “green” (N) functioned
as the modifier and word “light” (N) functioned as the head of the structure.
Datum 6: Ivory Coast ready to dance with Samba Boys
In this sentence, I identify three kinds of syntactic structure. The
Structure of predication is the main structure of the sentence. Word “Ivory
Coast” (N) functioned as the subject of the structure and “ready” (V)
functioned as a predicate of the structure. Then, in the structure of
predication I find two kinds of other structure. They are structure of
complementation and structure of modification. The phrase “to dance
with Samba Boys” functioned as a complement of the sentence.
Then in the complementation, I identify two structures of
modification. The first structure of modification is found in phrase “to
dance with Samba Boys”. In this case, phrase “to dance” functioned as a
55
head of the structure and phrase “with Samba Boys” functioned as a modifier of
the structure. Then the second structure of modification is found in phrase “with
Samba Boys”. The noun phrase “with Samba” is a modifier and noun “Boys”
functioned as a head of the structure.
Datum 7: Higuain hits hat-trick for Argentina
Structure of predication is the main structure of the sentence. The word
“Higuain” (N) functioned as a subject and phrase “hits hat-trick for Argentina”
functioned as predicate and complement of the subject. In this case, verb “hits”
playing role as a predicate of the sentence. Afterward, noun phrase “hat-trick for
Argentina” playing role as a complement of the sentence.
In the structure of complementation, I found one structure of modification.
This structure found in phrase “hat-trick for Argentina”. In this structure, noun
phrase “hat-trick” playing role as a head, and phrase “for Argentina” playing role
as a modifier of the structure. All in all, the type of structure of modification used
in the sentence is noun phrase as head and noun phrase as modifier.
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Datum 8: Adidas dismiss talk of Germany ball advantage
The main structure of the sentence above is structure of
predication. In this sentence, “Adidas” (N) functioned as a subject of the
sentence. And then, “dismiss” (V) is a predicate of the sentence. In the
structure of predication, I found structure of complementation and
structure of modification. Noun phrase “talk of Germany ball advantage”
is a complement of the sentence.
Then, in the structure of complementation I found three structures
of modification. The first structure of modification is found in phrase “talk
of Germany ball advantage”. In this case, “talk” (N) is a head of the
structure and phrase “of Germany ball advantage” is a modifier of the
structure. The second structure of modification is found in phrase “of
Germany ball advantage”. The head of this structure is phrase “ball
advantage” and the modifier is phrase “of Germany” (of construction).
The third structure of modification is in phrase “ball advantage”. In this
case, “ball” (N) functioned as a modifier and “advantage” (N) as a head
of the structure.
57
In conclusion, the type of the first structure of modification is noun as
head and noun phrase as a modifier. Then, the type of the second structure of
modification above is noun phrase and of construction noun. And then, the type of
third structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier of the
structure.
Datum 9: FIFA rejects Ronaldo yellow card appeal
The main structure of the sentence above is structure of predication. It is
known by the existence of a subject and a predicate in the sentence. In this
sentence, “FIFA” (N) is a subject and “rejects” (V) is the predicate of the
sentence. After finding subject and predicate, I identify one structure of
complementation and three structures of modification. The structure of
complementation here functioned as complement of the subject and predicate
appear before. So, noun phrase “Ronaldo yellow card appeal” functioned as a
complement of the sentence.
Furthermore, there are three structures of modification found in the
sentence. The first structure of modification is in phrase “Ronaldo yellow card
appeal”. In this case, noun phrase “Ronaldo yellow card” functioned as a head of
58
the structure and then “appeal” (N) as a modifier of the structure. The
second structure of modification identified in phrase “Ronaldo yellow
card”. In this case, noun phrase “yellow card” functioned as a head and
“Ronaldo” (N) as a modifier of the structure. Then the last structure of
modification is found in noun phrase “yellow card”. In this case, “yellow”
(N) functioned as a modifier and “card” (N) functioned as a head of the
structure. So the type of structure of modification used is noun as head and
noun as modifier.
Datum 10: France fans: Les Bleus have reached rock bottom
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication.
Word “Les Blues” (N) functioned as subject of the sentence. Then, phrase
“have reached” functioned as predicate of the sentence. Furthermore, the
noun phrase “rock bottom” functioned as complement of the sentence. In
the structure of complementation, I identify structure of modification. It
means that the structure of complementation is structure of modification.
In this case, word “rock” (N) functioned as head and word “bottom” (N)
functioned as a modifier of the structure. So, the type of the previous
structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier.
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Datum 11: Maradona: Fabiano goal not Hand of God
I identify three kinds of structure in the sentence above. The main structure
is structure of predication. In this case, structure of modification is a subject of the
sentence. The noun phrase “Fabiano goal” is a construction of modification.
Word “Fabiano” (N) functioned as a modifier and “goal” (N) functioned as a
head of the structure. Furthermore, word “not” is functioned as a predicate of the
sentence.
Then, I also identify structure of complementation that appear after
structure of predication or predicate. The complement here is “Hand of God”.
This phrase constructed as modification construction. It means that the
complement of the sentence is structure of modification. In this case, “hand” (N)
functioned as a head and “of God” (N + of construction) functioned as a modifier
of the structure. The type of structure of modification used is noun as head and
noun (of construction) as modifier.
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Datum 12: Kaka revival on hold after red card
In this sentence, I find four structures of modification. The first structure
of modification found in sentence “Kaka revival on hold after red card”. In this
case, phrase “Kaka revival” functioned as a head and phrase “on hold after red
card” functioned as a modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of
modification found in the head of the first structure of modification “Kaka
revival”. In this case, word “Kaka” (N) functioned as modifier and word
“revival” (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of
modification is noun as head and noun as modifier.
The third structure of modification found in phrase “on hold after red
card”. In this case, phrase “on hold” functioned as head and phrase “after red
card” functioned as modifier of the structure. And then the last structure of
modification found in phrase “red card”. In this case, word “red” (N) functioned
as modifier and word “card” (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type
of this structure of modification is noun as modifier and noun as head of the
structure.
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Datum 13: Geeks give Jabulani wind tunnel workout
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word
“Geeks” (N) functioned as subject, and word “give” (V) functioned as predicate
of the sentence. Then, phrase “Jabulani wind tunnel workout the complement”
functioned as complement of the sentence.
In the structure of complementation, I found three structures of
modification. It means that the structure of complementation is in form of
structure of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase
“Jabulani wind tunnel workout”. In this case, “Jabulani” (N) functioned as head
and phrase “wind tunnel workout” functioned as modifier of the structure. The
second structure of modification found in phrase “wind tunnel workout”. In this
case, noun phrase “wind tunnel” functioned as a head and “workout” (N)
functioned as a modifier of the structure. The last structure of modification is
identified in noun phrase “wind tunnel”. In this case, the head of the structure is
“tunnel” (N), and the modifier is “wind” (N). So the type of structure of
modification used in the last structure of modification is noun as head and noun as
modifier.
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Datum 14: Low: Young guns can cope with pressure
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. In
this sentence, the structure of modification “young guns” functioned as
subject of the sentence. In this case, the head of the structure is “guns”
(N), and the modifier of the structure is “young” (Adjective).
Then, word “can” (modal aux) functioned as predicate and phrase
“cope with pressure” functioned as complement of the sentence. In the
structure of complementation, I identify one structure of modification. In
this case, “cope” (intransitive verb) functioned as a head and prepositional
phrase “with pressure” functioned as a modifier of the structure. So, the
type of structure of modification used is intransitive verb as head and
prepositional phrase as modifier.
63
Datum 15: Kahn: Foreign imports stifling English keepers
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. In this
sentence, the structure of modification “foreign imports” functioned as a subject
of the sentence. In this case, word “Foreign” (N) functioned as a head and word
"imports” (N) functioned as a modifier of the sentence. In addition, the type of
structure of modification above is noun as head and noun as modifier.
Furthermore, word “stifling” (adjective) functioned as a predicate of the
sentence. Then, structure of modification “English keepers” functioned as a
complement of the sentence. It means that the structure of complementation is
form of structure of modification. In this case, word “English” (N) functioned as
a modifier and word “keepers” functioned as a head of the structure. So, the type
of structure of modification above is noun as head and noun as modifier.
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Datum 16: Penalty takers should beware steely stares
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. In this
sentence, the structure of modification “Penalty takers” functioned as a subject of
the sentence. In this case, word “Penalty” (N) functioned as modifier and word
“takers” (N) functioned as head of the structure.
The predicate of sentence above is phrase “should beware”. The
predicate of the sentence is also in a form of structure of modification. In
this case, “should” (modal auxiliary) functioned as a modifier and
“beware” (intransitive verb) as a head of the structure. Then, structure of
modification “steely stares” functioned as a complement of the sentence.
In this case, “steely” (adjective) functioned as a modifier and “stares”
(noun) functioned as a head of the structure. So the type of structure of
modification used is and noun as head adjective as modifier of the
structure.
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Datum 17: Germans party after thrashing England
The main structure of sentence above is structure of modification. Noun
phrase “Germans party” functioned as head and phrase “after thrashing
England” functioned as modifier of the structure. In addition, the head of the
structure “Germans party” is form of structure of modification. In this case, word
“Germans” (N) functioned as modifier and word “party” (N) functioned as head
of the structure. So, the type of structure of modification used is noun as head and
noun as modifier.
Furthermore, in the modifier of the first structure of modification I find
structure of complementation. In this case, word “thrashing” is a verbal element
and word “England” (N) is a complement of the structure.
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Datum 18: Messi goal drought no problem for Argentina
The main structure of this sentence is structure of
complementation. Phrase “Messi goal drought” functioned as verbal
element and phrase “no problem for Argentina” functioned as
complement of the structure.
In the verbal element I find two structures of modification. The
first structure of modification is in phrase “Messi goal drought”. In this
case, word “Messi” (N) functioned as modifier and noun phrase “goal
drought” functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of structure of
modification used is noun as modifier and noun phrase as head. Then the
head of previous structure of modification is in a form of structure of
modification. In this case, word “goal” (N) functioned as head and word
“drought” (N) functioned as modifier of the structure. So, the type of
structure of modification used is noun as head and noun as modifier.
In the complement of the structure of complementation I also find
two structures of modification. The first structure of modification is in
phrase “no problem for Argentina”. In this case, noun phrase “no
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problem” functioned as head and noun phrase “for Argentina” functioned as
modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification is in noun
phrase “no problem”. In this case, word “no” (adjective) functioned as modifier
and word “problem” (N) functioned as head of the structure.
Datum 19: Burglars bag replica World Cups in FIFA raid
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word
“Burglar” functioned as subject and word “bag” (V) functioned as predicate of
the sentence. Then, phrase “replica world cups in FIFA raid” functioned as
complement of the sentence.
Furthermore, in the complement I identify four structures of modification.
The first structure of modification is in noun phrase “replica world cups”. Word
“replica” (N) functioned as head, and noun phrase “world cup” functioned as
modifier of the structure. Then, the second structure of modification found in
noun phrase “world cups”. Word “world” (N) functioned as modifier and word
“cup” (N) functioned as head of the structure. The third structure of modification
is in phrase “replica world cups in FIFA raid”. In this case, noun phrase “replica
world cups” functioned as head and noun phrase “in FIFA raid” functioned as
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modifier of the structure. The last structure of modification found in noun
phrase “FIFA raid”. Word “FIFA” (N) functioned as head and word
“raid” (N) functioned as modifier of the structure.
Datum 20: Villa rallies behind strike partner Torres
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication.
Word “Villa” (N) functioned as subject and word “rallies” (V) functioned
as predicate of the sentence. Then, phrase “behind strike partner Torres”
functioned as complement of the sentence.
Furthermore, in the complement of sentence above I find two
structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in
noun phrase “behind strike partner”. In this case, noun phrase “behind
strike” functioned as modifier and word “partner” (N) functioned as head
of the structure. Then the second structure of modification found in the
modifier of the previous structure of modification “behind strike”. In this
case, word “behind” (N) functioned as modifier and word “strike” (N)
functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of the last structure of
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modification is noun as head and noun as modifier. In addition, word “Torres” (N)
functioned as direct object of the sentence.
Datum 21: Nakamura quits Japan on 98 caps
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word
“Nakamura” (N) functioned as subject and word “quits” (V) functioned as
predicate of the sentence. Then, phrase “Japan on 98 caps” functioned as
complement of the sentence.
In the structure of complementation, I find two structures of modification.
The first structure of modification found in phrase “Japan on 98 caps”. In this
case, word “Japan” (N) functioned as head and noun phrase “on 98 caps”
functioned as modifier of the structure. So the type of this structure of
modification is noun as head and noun phrase as modifier. The second structure of
modification found in noun phrase “98 caps”. In this case, “98”
(Nominal/number) functioned as modifier and “caps” (N) functioned as head of
the structure.
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Datum 22: Ghana hopes die with single kick
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication.
Word “Ghana” (N) functioned as subject and “hopes” (V) functioned as
predicate of the sentence. Then phrase “die with single kick” functioned as
complement of the sentence.
In the structure of complementation, I find two structures of
modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase “die with
single kick”. In this case, word “die” (intransitive verb) functioned as
head and noun phrase “die with single kick” functioned as modifier of the
structure. So the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and
noun phrase as modifier. The second structure of modification found in
noun phrase “single kick”. In this case, word “single” (N) functioned as
modifier and “kick” (N) functioned as head of the structure. So the type
structure of modification used is noun as head and noun as modifier.
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Datum 23: Uruguayans celebrate hands of Suarez
The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word
“Uruguayans” (N) functioned as subject and word “celebrate” (V) functioned as
predicate of the sentence. . Then phrase “hands of Suarez” functioned as
complement of the sentence.
In the structure of complementation, I find one structure of modification.
The structure of modification found in phrase “hands of Suarez”. In this case,
word “hands” (N) functioned as head and phrase “of Suarez” (of construction)
functioned as modifier of the structure. So the type of this structure of
modification is noun as head and noun phrase (of construction) as modifier.
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Datum 24: Spain to keep faith with attacking style
The main stricture of sentence above is structure of predication.
Word “Spain” (N) functioned as subject and word “to keep” (V)
functioned as predicate of the sentence. Ten phase “faith with attacking
style” functioned as complement of the sentence.
Furthermore, in the structure of complementation, I find two
structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in
phrase “faith with attacking style”. In this case, word “faith” (N)
functioned as head and noun phrase “with attacking style” functioned as
modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification found
in verb phrase “attacking style”. In this case, word “attacking” (V)
functioned as modifier and word “Style” (N) functioned as head of the
structure. So the type of structure of modification used is verb as modifier
and noun as head.
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Datum 25: Casillas: Semi-final Spain’s biggest ever match
The main structure sentence above is structure of complementation. In this
sentence, the word ”Semi Final” (N) functioned as object complement, and noun
phrase “Spain‟s biggest ever match” functioned as complement. The complement
itself consists of three structure of modification. The first structure of modification
found in phrase “Spain‟s biggest ever match”. In this case, word “Spain‟s”
functioned as head, and phrase “biggest ever match” functioned as modifier of the
structure. The second structure modification found in phrase “biggest ever
match”. In this case, word “biggest” (Adjective) functioned as head and phrase
“ever match” functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the last structure of
modification found in phrase “ever match”. In this case, word “ever” (V)
functioned as modifier and word “match” (N) functioned as head of the structure.
So, the type of this structure of modification is verb as modifier and noun as head.
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Datum 26: Germany better than at Euro 2008
I identify two kinds of structure in the sentence above. The main
structure is structure of complementation. The word “Germany”
functioned as subject, then there is a complement which is placed after
“Germany”. In this sentence, the complement is phrase “better than at
Euro 2008” consisting of two structures of modification. It means that the
structure of complementation is in form of structure of modification. The
first structure of modification found in phrase “better than at Euro 2008”.
In this case, word “better” functioned as head and phrase “than at Euro
2008” functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of
modification found in phrase “Euro 2008”. In this case, word “Euro” (N)
functioned as modifier and “2008” (Adverb) functioned as head of the
structure. So, the type of the last structure of modification is noun as
modifier and adverb as head.
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Datum 27: Midfield mastery behind success
In this sentence, all of structures found are in form of structure of
modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase “Midfield
mastery behind success”. In this case, phrase “Midfield mastery” functioned as
head and phrase “behind success” functioned as modifier of the structure. The
second structure of modification found in phrase “midfield mastery”. In this case,
word “Midfield” (N) functioned as head and word “mastery” (N) functioned as
modifier of the structure. Then the last structure of modification found in phrase
“behind success”. In this case, word “behind” (adverb) functioned as modifier
and word “success” (adjective) functioned as head of the structure.
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Datum 28: Puyol”s winning goal “made in Barcelona”
In this sentence, all of structures found are in form of structure of
modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase “Puyol‟s
winning goal “made in Barcelona” “. In this case, phrase “Puyol‟s
winning goal” functioned as head and phrase “made in Barcelona”
functioned as modifier of the structure. The second structure of
modification found in phrase “Puyol‟s winning goal”. In this case, word
“Puyol‟s” (N) functioned as modifier and noun phrase “winning goal”
functioned as head of the structure. The third structure of modification
found in phrase “winning goal”. In this case, word “winning” (adjective)
functioned as modifier and word “goal” (N) functioned as head of the
structure. Then the last structure of modification found in phrase “made in
Barcelona”. In this case, word “made” (V) functioned as head and phrase
“in Barcelona” functioned as modifier of the structure.
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Datum 29: Golden boot chasers to go hell for leather
There are three structures which are found in this sentence. The main
structure is structure of predication. Phrase “golden boot chasers” functioned as
subject and phrase “to go hell for leather” functioned as predicate of the sentence.
The subject consists of two structure of modification. The first structure of
modification is “golden boot” (N) as modifier and “chasers” (N) as head. Then,
the second structure of modification is “Golden” (N) as modifier and “boot” (N)
as head.
Then, the predicate consist of structure of complementation and structure
of modification. The structure of complementation is “to go” (V) as verbal
element and phrase “hell for leather” (N) as complement. Then, the structure of
modification found in phrase “hell for leather”. In this case, word “hell” (N)
functioned as head and “for leather” (N) as modifier of the structure.
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Datum 30: Van Bronckhorst hoping for fairytale finale
In the sentence above, there are three kinds of syntactic structure.
The main structure is structure of predication. Word “Van Bronckhorst”
(N) functioned as subject and word “hoping” (V) functioned as predicate
of the sentence. Then, noun phrase “for fairytale finale” functioned as
complement of the sentence. Word “hoping” (V) is also functioned as
verbal element and “for fairytale finale” (N) as complement. Then, the
last structure is structure of modification. The structure of modification
found in phrase “for fairytale finale”. In this case, word “fairytale”
(Adjective) functioned as modifier and “word “finale” (N) as head of the
structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is; adjective as
modifier and noun as head.
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Datum 31: Forlan wins Golden Ball
There are three kinds of syntactic structure that found in the sentence
above. They are structure of predication, structure of complementation, and
structure of modification. The main structure is structure of predication. Word
“Forlan” functioned as the subject and phrase “wins golden ball” functioned as
predicate of the sentence. Then, the second structure is structure of
complementation. Structure of complementation consists of “wins” (V) as verbal
element and “golden ball” (N) as complement of the sentence. Then, the last
structure is structure of modification. Structure of modification consist of
“golden” (N) as modifier and “ball” (N) as head of the structure.
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4.3 Summary of the Results of Analysis
The following is the conclusion of the results of analysis data.
Datum 1: Wave on the wane as fans blow vuvuzela
a. Structure of modification
Head: structure of modification #2,
Modifier: structure of predication and structure of complementation
b. Structure of predication #1
Subject: noun plural
Predicate: verb
c. Structure of complementation #1
Verbal element: verb, Complement: noun
Datum 2: Melo prefers flowers to red cards
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun
Predicate: verb phrase, structure of modification
b. Structure of modification
Head: noun plural
Modifier: noun
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Datum 3: Players defend Green, but problems deepen
a. Structure of Predication
Subject: noun plural
Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, structure of
coordination, structure of modification.
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb
Complement: structure of coordination, structure of modification
c. Structure of coordination
Coordinator: “but”
d. Structure of modification
Head: noun plural
Modifier: transitive verb
Datum 4: Agger credited with own goal
a. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: transitive verb, structure of modification.
Complement: noun
b. Structure of modification
Head: transitive verb
Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification
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Datum 5: FIFA gives Drogba green light to play
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun phrase
Predicate: verb, structure of complementation #2, structure of
modification
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb
Complement: noun/noun phrase, structure of complementation,
structure of modification (2).
c. Structure of modification #1
Head: structure of modification, structure of complementation
Modifier: transitive verb
d. Structure of modification #2
Head: noun
Modifier: noun
Datum 6: Ivory Coast ready to dance with Samba Boys
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun
Predicate: adjective, structure of complementation, structure of
modification (2).
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: linking verb
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Complement: verb transitive, structure of modification (2).
c. Structure of modification #1
Head: transitive verb
Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification
d. Structure of modification #2
Head: plural noun
Modifier: noun
Datum 7: Higuain hits hat-trick for Argentina
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun
Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, structure of
modification.
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb
Complement: noun phrase, structure of modification
c. Structure of modification
Head: noun
Modifier: noun
Datum 8: Adidas dismiss talk of Germany ball advantage
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun
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Predicate: transitive verb, structure of complementation,
Structure of modification (3).
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: transitive verb
Complement: transitive verb, structure of modification (3), “of”
construction.
c. Structure of modification #1
Head: transitive verb, Modifier: structure of modification
d. Structure of modification #2
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification; Modifier: noun
e. Structure of modification #3
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
Datum 9: FIFA rejects Ronaldo yellow card appeal
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun
Predicate: transitive verb, structure of complementation, structure of
modification (3)
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: transitive verb
Complement: noun phrase, structure of modification
c. Structure of modification #1
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification
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Modifier: noun
d. Structure of modification #2
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification; Modifier: noun
e. Structure of modification #3
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
Datum 10: France fans: Les Bleus have reached rock bottom
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun,
Predicate: verb (III), structure of complementation,
structure of modification
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb (III)
Complement: structure of modification
c. Structure of modification
Head: noun, Modifier: adjective
Datum 11: Maradona: Fabiano goal not Hand of God
a. Structure of predication
Subject: structure of modification
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
Predicate: adverb, structure of complementation, structure of
modification
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b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: linking verb „not‟
Complement: noun, structure of modification (of construction)
c. Structure of modification
Head: noun, Modifier: noun „of‟ construction
Datum 12: Kaka revival on hold after red card
a. Structure of modification (4) #1
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification
Modifier: structure of modification
b. Structure of modification #2
Head: revival (noun), Modifier: Kaka (noun)
c. Structure of modification #3
Head: on hold (adjective), Modifier: noun phrase
d. Structure of modification #4
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
Datum 13: Geeks give Jabulani wind tunnel workout
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun
Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, structure of modification
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb „give‟, predicate
Complement: noun, structure of modification
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c. Structure of modification #1
Head: noun, Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification]
d. Structure of modification #2
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification, Modifier: noun
e. Structure of modification
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
Datum 14: Low: Young guns can cope with pressure
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun plural
Predicate: verb phrase, structure of complementation, Structure of
Modification.
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: can
Complement: verb phrase, structure of modification
c. Structure of modification
Head: verb, Modifier: noun phrase
Datum 15: Kahn: Foreign imports stifling English keepers
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun,
modifier: noun).
Predicate: transitive verb, structure of complementation, structure
of Modification.
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b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: transitive verb
Complement: noun phrase, structure of modification
c. Structure of modification
Head: noun plural, Modifier: noun
Datum 16: Penalty takers should beware steely stares
a. Structure of predication
Subject: noun phrase, structure of modification
Predicate: structure of modification (head: intransitive verb,
modifier: modal auxiliary), structure of complementation, structure
of modification.
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: structure of modification
Complement: structure of modification
c. Structure of modification
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
Datum 17: Germans party after thrashing England
a. Structure of modification #1
Head: structure of modification, Modifier: structure of complementation
b. Structure of modification #2
Head: noun, Modifier: noun
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c. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb phrase
Complement: noun
Datum 18: Messi goal drought no problem for Argentina
a. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: structure of modification (2)
Complement: structure of modification (2)
b. Structure of modification #1
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun,
modifier: noun)
Modifier: noun
c. Structure of modification #2
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: noun)
Modifier: noun phrase
Datum 19: Burglars bag replica World Cups in FIFA raid
a. Structure of predication
Subject: „Burglars‟ noun
Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, Structure of
modification (4)
b. Structure of complementation
Verbal element: verb
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Complement: noun phrase, Structure of modification
c. Structure of modification #1
Head: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier:
noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: oun))
Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun,
modifier: noun)
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
After analyzing the data using Chinese boxes, the writer would like to
draw some conclusions and give some suggestions dealing with what has been
discussed in chapter 4.
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the findings and discussion, the researcher found four kinds of
syntactic structures that are used in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website.
The four kinds of syntactic structures found based on the data are structure of
modification, structure of predication, structure of complementation, and structure
of coordination.
After analyzing the data, the next step is to draw conclusions of the
syntactical study concerning the sentence structure of headlines in FourFourTwo
magazine website related to the theory of syntax based on the theory of syntactic
structure using the Chinese boxes system proposed by Francis. It can be
concluded that from the all headlines used as the samples in this thesis, structure
of predication is the most frequently appears rather than another syntactic
structure.
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Moreover, in the findings and discussion of the previous chapter, the
researcher found that the sentence structures in headlines of FourFourTwo
magazine website consists of combination of predication and modification;
complementation and modification; predication-complementation-modification.
However, the researcher found the sentence that consists of four syntactic
structures. They are predication-complementation-coordination-modification. In
contrast, there are also several sentences that only consist of structure of
modification. In addition, the most frequently syntactic structure used in headlines
is combination of structure of predication-complementation and modification.
5.2 Suggestion
Considering the importance of understanding the sentence structure
especially in the study of syntax, there are some suggestions for next researcher.
For students who are willing to conduct a research on the same topic, it will
hopefully give a clear understanding in analyzing headlines using the syntactical
study.
It is also hoped that there are other students who will conduct study on
related topic from different angle, hoping that there will be new findings dealing
with syntactical study. Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis can be used as
reference for those who are interested in studying syntactical study.
5.2.1 Suggestion for the reader
In reading an English headline, the readers have to understand the
structure and the meaning of each word to understand what the article below it
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talking about. If we have understand well about the headline, we will easily to
know what the content of news or article even without reading fully all content of
the article below it, because the function of headline itself is to identify, to label,
and to indicate the nature of the article below it.
Therefore, the researcher expects that this study can be useful for the
readers, particularly for English students to find out some information as source
and increase their knowledge of linguistics study especially about syntactic
analysis.
5.2.3 Suggestion for the Lecturer
It expects to the lecturer of linguistics to be able to use various ways or
methods in lecturing all kinds of linguistics study. So, the teaching learning
process will be more interesting and the students will understand the subject more
easily. For example, the methods in teaching the syntax, strategies of
understanding all elements of syntactic structures perfectly and so on.
5.2.4 Suggestion for the librarian
In the process of doing research, the researcher finds the difficulty to get
the references and literatures in library of the State Islamic University Maulana
Malik Ibrahim of Malang related to the study. Therefore, it is necessary for library
of UIN MALIKI Malang to increase the collection and the references of the
library to fulfill the necessity of the students in doing the research, whether or not;
library is the main source of the references.
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Finally, the researcher realizes that no one is perfect in this word except
our great prophet Muhammad SAW and the researcher considers that this thesis is
far from perfection, the researcher really needs correction and suggestion from
those who have better understanding. As researcher, we should try to do the best
and avoid some mistakes and obstacles. However, Human beings are place of
blame and lying. Muhammad SAW says:
(االوسان محم انخطاوانىسيان )انحذ يث
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