syntax: the sentence patterns of language richard ortega
TRANSCRIPT
Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical
Well-formed or grammatical sentence: a sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax.
Ill-formed or ungrammatical sentence: a sequence of words that violate the rules of syntax
Grammatical or Ungrammatical:
1. The boy found the ball
2. The boy found quickly
3. The boy found in the house
4. The boy found the ball in the house
5. Disa slept the baby
6. Disa slept soundly
Find: Transitive verb (with object)
Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)
THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
noun: (abbrev. n.) names a person, place, thing, or idea
verb: (abbrev. v.) expresses action, condition, or state of being
adjective: (abbrev. adj.) describes, modifies, or limits nouns and pronounsadverb: (abbrev. adv.) describes, modifies, or limits a verb, adj. or other adv.
pronoun: (abbrev. prn.) substitutes for a noun and functions as one
preposition: (abbrev. p.) relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentenceconjunction: (abbrev. con.) links words, phrases and clauses
interjection: (abbrev. int.) expresses a strong emotion or commands attention
Vocabulary words
function words
Identify the part of speech for each of the following:
like
tired
but
I
dude,
really
dig
grammar
Wow!
prep.
adj.
n.
conj.
interject.
prn.
adv.
v.
n.
baby
A part of speech is always determined by its function in the sentence
Jim and Sara to play video games.love
The mother gave her infant food.
A dictionary can be a good friend, when in doubt
Syntactic Categories (1)
Lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Adverb (Adv)
Examples moisture, policy melt, remain good, intelligent to, near slowly, now
Syntactic Categories (2)
Non-lexical categories Determiner (Det) Conjunction (Conj) Complementizer (Comp)
Examples the, this and, or that (clause)
Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
Det / N / Adv / V
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Adv / V / Adv / A
Phrases NP : Noun Phrase
The car, a clever student VP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitar PP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth AP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain
Phrase Structure Rules NP (Det) N (PP) PP P NP
The bus (NP)
The
NDet
bus
The bus in the yard
NP
The
NDet
bus
PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
yard
Phrase Structure Rules VP V (NP) (PP) S NP (Aux) VP
took the money (VP)
took
NPV
took the money from the bank
VP
took
NPV PP
from
NPP
the
Det N
bank
the
Det N
money
the
Det N
money
Draw the tree diagram.
1. repaired the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. cast a spell on the broomstick
The main structure rules
1. S NP (Aux) VP
2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP)
4. PP P NP
5. AP Adj (PP) N
6. CP Comp S
Example (1)
The old tree swayed in the wind
old
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
windThe
N
swayed
S
NP VP
Det Adj
tree
Example (2)The children put the toy in the box
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy