Synthesis of Methods for Repair of Bridge Girders

Quarterly Progress Report

For the period ending November 30, 2019

Submitted by:

PI- Mohamed Moustafa

Graduate Student- Azin Ghaffary

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of Nevada, Reno

Submitted to:

ABC-UTC

Florida International University

Miami, FL

December 2019

1

1. PROJECT ABSTRACT

Many bridges in the United States are aging and due for repair or strengthening. Corrosion of

prestressed girder ends is a prevalent problem that significantly reduces the flexural and/or shear

load bearing capacity of the girders, thus resulting in an overall reduction in the bridge load bearing

capacity. Moreover, over-height vehicles continue to collide and impact bridge girders around the

country, which compromise the flexural capacity of bridge girders. Several research studies and

state DOTs initiatives looked into innovative repair and strengthening methods for girders end

zones and/or mid span impacts. The goal of this project is to synthesize the available literature on

bridge girders repair methods with focus on prestressed girders and end zones damage. The

synthesis will summarize and compare the design and application procedure of different methods

to provide a guide or catalog for bridge engineers working on girders end repair.

2. RESEARCH PLAN

2.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Corrosion is a prevalent problem affecting prestressed and reinforced concrete girder ends and

often leads to a significant reduction in the load bearing capacity of the girders. Moreover, over-

height vehicles continue to collide and impact bridge girders, which compromise the flexural

capacity of bridge girders. Several research studies and state DOTs initiatives looked into

innovative repair and strengthening methods for girders. Figure 1 shows a case study from

Minnesota (Shield 2018) where a prestressed girder end damage is shown and the procedure for

repairing is illustrated as well. In this case, shotcrete was used with additional epoxy-coated

reinforcement.

Other methods that use different techniques or different materials such as fiber reinforced polymers

(FRP) (Andrawes et al. (2018)) or recently, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) are available

as well (Zmetra et al. (2017)). Some of the methods were only applied in a laboratory environment

to test the method, and others have been well implemented and steered by dedicated design

guidelines, which in most cases, cover only one single method of repair. For example, Pantelides

et al. (2010) developed methods and design guidelines for repair and retrofit of bridge girders

suffering (1) shear strength deficiencies related to end cracking and (2) flexural strength

deficiencies related to vehicular collision. Scaled test specimens were fabricated and subjected to

cyclic loading in order to instigate damage similar to that caused by end cracking and vehicular

collision. Subsequently, the damaged specimens were repaired with external post-tensioned carbon

fiber rods and re-tested to failure. In their report, Pantelides et al. (2010) presented the data from

the tests and design guidelines for the use of external post-tensioned carbon fiber rods for repair

applications. Similar studies and guidelines often focus on only one specific repair approach used

in their area. The goal of this project is to synthesize the available literature on bridge girders repair

methods used in different states and internationally, and eventually provide a comprehensive

guideline for such repair requirements.

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Figure 1. Reinforced shotcrete repair of prestressed bridge girder ends in Minnesota (Photos

adopted from Shield 2018)

2.2. RESEARCH APPROACH AND OBJECTIVES

As presented above, there are different studies and methods that could be used for girders repair

and strengthening. Thus, the goal of this project is to collect all the available information from

research studies and DOT practices and synthesize this information for a comprehensive summary

of the methods and application procedure and guidelines. The study will focus on prestressed

girders and end zones damage repair methods. However, information from other repair

applications such as for steel girders (e.g. Zmetra et al. 2017 previously discussed) or repair at

locations other than end zones will be collected and summarized if needed to inform and direct the

study.

The research team will look into different ways of collecting, organizing, and presenting the state-

of-the-art and state-of-practice as related to prestressed girders repair methods. Research

experimental and analytical or computational work versus field applications is one approach.

Reaching out to different states to collect available designers’ memos for repair methods of girder

ends or current practices is another approach. For example, repair methods can use conventional

concrete, high strength grout, FRP, UHPC, shotcrete, etc. Therefore, the different approaches for

collecting and organizing the information will ensure that all the available information will be

accessed and considered in the synthesis. This study will also consider coordination with ISU, one

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of the ABC-UTC partner universities, to include the significant work researchers at ISU have done

in this area. Coordination with other partner universities and reaching out for community input for

some of the recent work that is still ongoing and has not been yet published will be sought through

events such as Research Day hosted by the ABC-UTC or similar avenues.

2.2.1. SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES

The project objective will be achieved through a series of tasks as follows:

Task 1 – Conduct comprehensive literature search on girders end repair methods

Task 2 – Categorize all the available information based on material of repair, method of

application, etc.

Task 3 – Collect case studies of shear and flexural repair from the literature

Task 4 – Synthesize results from previous tasks in a final report and provide guidelines on

selection of best repair method

2.2.2. DETAILED WORK PLAN

A detailed description of the proposed research tasks is presented in this section.

Task 1 – Conduct comprehensive literature search on girders end repair methods:

Comprehensive search was conducted to collect a list of 236 articles, reports, presentations,

webpages, or videos on girder repair methods. This was done mainly for reinforced concrete

bridges.

Task 2 – Categorize all the available information based on material of repair, method of

application, etc:

The literature found in Task one were looked at carefully for (1) the specific girder deficiency

concern(s) they addressed and for (2) the repair material utilized.

Task 3 - Collect case studies of shear and flexural repair from the literature:

The main concerns seen in the literature were regarding the shear and flexural deficiencies of the

girders. In task 3, the repair case studies found in the literature for both shear and flexural repair

are collected. This information is reported in Table 1 and Table 2 of appendix 1.

2.3. ANTICIPATED RESEARCH RESULTS AND DELIVERABLES

Based on the classification of the literature in Appendix 1, the following outline has been created

for the final report of this project:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Repair materials

2.1. Fiber Reinforced Composites

2.1.1. Polymeric composites

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2.1.2. Cement based composites

2.1.3. Hybrid fiber reinforced composites CFRP Rod Panel (CRP)

2.2. Steel

2.3. Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)

2.4. Ferrocement

2.5. Shotcrete

2.6. Coatings and Sealers

3. Repair process

3.1. Steel and Fiber-Reinforced composite repair methods

3.1.1. Surface preparation

3.1.2. Application of the repair material

3.1.2.1. Externally bonded (EB) technique

3.1.2.2. Near Surface Mounted (NSM) technique

3.1.2.3. Embedded reinforcement

3.1.3. Post-tensioning of the repair material (optional)

3.1.4. Anchorage system

3.2. Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)

3.3. Shotcrete

3.4. Strand Splicing

4. Repair applications

4.1. Shear strengthening

4.2. Flexural strengthening

4.3. Serviceability Performance

4.3.1. Fatigue

4.3.2. Corrosion

4.4. Fire performance

5. Recommendations

6. References

The literature in different categories are being studied carefully, and a draft of the report with

the above outline is being populated using the obtained information.

At the end of this stage, we expect to gain the understanding required for judging each

methodology compared to others and to provide in chapter five of the final report.

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2.4. APPLICABILITY OF RESULTS TO PRACTICE

The results from this project are expected to benefit different states DOTs where girders repair and

maintenance is a common issue.

3. PROJECT TIMELINE AND PROGRESS

The remaining of the study will be conducted over a period of 3 months following the schedule

in Table 1. The milestones are marked on the schedule.

Table 1. Project guideline and progress

Tasks Year 1

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1. Comprehensive literature search X

2. Categorizing the information X

3. Collecting repair case studies X

4. Final report and guideline 70%

Completed work In progress Remaining

4. REFERENCES

1. Andrawes, B., I. Shaw, H. Zhao (2018). “Repair & strengthening of distressed/damaged ends

of prestressed beams with FRP composites”, Research Report No. FHWA-ICT-18-001.

2. Shield, C. and P. Bergson (2018). "BR27568–Experimental Shear Capacity Comparison

Between Repaired and Unrepaired Girder Ends."

3. Pantelides, C., L. Reaveley, C. Burningham. (2010). “Repair pf prestressed concrete girder ends

and girder collision repair”, Report No. UT-10.04.

4. Zmetra, K.M., K. McMullen, A. Zaghi, K. Wille. (2017). “Experimental study of UHPC repair

for corrosion-damaged steel girder ends”, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 22(8):04017037

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APPENDIX 1

Table 1. List of different shear repair approaches used in the literature from year 2018 and older

Literature

No. Author

Repair approach

1 (Pilarski 2018, Shield

and Bergson 2018) Shotcreting

2 (Andrawes, Shaw et al.

2018)

CFRP and GFRP U-wraps + longitudinal strips as

anchorage or NSM FRP bars on the girder web

3 (Shaw and Andrawes

2017)

CFRP and GFRP U-wraps + longitudinal strips as

anchorage

4 (Tetta, Koutas et al.

2016)

Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets with textile-

base fan shaped anchors

5 (Raicic, Ibell et al. 2016) Deep embedment with FRP/steel bars

6 (Qapo, Dirar et al. 2016) Embedded FRP bars

7 (Michels, Staśkiewicz et

al. 2016) Discontinuous complete wraps with CFRP strips

8 (Foster, Brindley et al.

2016)

Continuous CFRP U-wraps with and without

anchorage

9 (Abdalla, Abu-Obeidah

et al. 2016) Side bonded Aluminum alloys (vertical and oblique)

10 (Qapo, Dirar et al. 2015) EB CFRP discontinuous vertical U-wraps on the

girder end regions

11 (El-Saikaly and Chaallal

2015)

Two EB CFRP L-shaped laminates embedded into the

girder flange

12 (El-Saikaly and Chaallal

2015) Continuous CFRP U-wraps

13 (Qin, Dirar et al. 2014) Continuous CFRP U-wraps, embedded CFRP rods

14 (Farghal 2014) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps/side bonded

sheets

7

15 (El-Saikaly, Godat et al.

2014)

Discontinuous CFRP L-strips + CFRP ropes

embedded into the top of the girder web as anchorage

16 (Baggio, Soudki et al.

2014)

CFRP and GFRP and FRCM vertical discontinuous

full depth and partial depth U-wraps

17 (Choo, Peiris et al. 2013)

CFRP longitudinal fabric EB on the I-girder’s soffit,

web, and sides + discontinuous vertical CFRP U-

wraps

18 (Cerullo, Sennah et al.

2013)

Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps + longitudinal

CFRP strips

19 (Bae, Murphy et al.

2013) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps

20 (Azimi and Sennah 2013) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps + longitudinal

CFRP strips

21 (Ramseyer and Kang

2012) CFRP and GFRP continuous U-wraps

22 (Murphy, Belarbi et al.

2012)

CFRP discontinuous vertical and inclined U-wraps +

horizontal CFRP straps as anchors or continuous

anchor bolts or discontinuous anchor bolts

23 (Kang and Ary 2012) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps

24 (Goebel, Johnson et al.

2012) NSM CFRP bars on the girder web

25 (Dong, Wang et al. 2012)

EB discontinuous vertical and inclined CFRP or

GFRP sheets on the girder web + horizontal CFRP or

GFRP sheets

26 (Dirar, Lees et al. 2012) Continuous CFRP U-wraps

27 (Dirar, Lees et al. 2012) Continuous CFRP U-wraps

28 (Dias and Barros 2012) NSM vertical or inclined CFRP laminates on the

girder web

29 (Belarbi, Bae et al. 2012) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps + horizontal

CFRP strips or discontinuous mechanical anchorage

30 (Bae and Belarbi 2012) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps + horizontal

CFRP strips or discontinuous mechanical anchorage

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31 (You, Ayoub et al. 2011)

Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps + horizontal

CFRP strips or discontinuous or continuous

mechanical anchorage

32 (Rteil and Soudki 2011) Continuous and discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps

+ longitudinal CFRP strips

33 (Petty, Barr et al. 2011)

Discontinuous vertical or inclined CFRP U-wraps +

horizontal CFRP strips as anchorage or embedment

of the vertical CFRP laminates along the bottom and

top web-to-flange connection as anchorage

34 (Panda, Bhattacharyya et

al. 2011) Externally side bonded GFRP sheets

35 (Mofidi and Chaallal

2011) Discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps

37 Pantelides, Reaveley et

al. (2010) side bonded external post-tensioned carbon fiber rods

38 Chaallal, Boussaha et al.

(2010) CFRP continuous U-wrap wo anchorage

39 Islam (2009) NSM CFRP bars, vertical

40 Higgins, Howell et al.

(2009)

discontinuous EB CFRP U-wraps, vertical, wo

anchorage - discontinuous NSM vertical FRP strips

41 Higgins, Dawson et al.

(2009) discontinuous CFRP U-wraps wo anchorage, vertical

42 Galal and Mofidi (2009) continuous CFRP U-wraps with mechanical

anchorage

43 Durham, Heymsfield et

al. (2009)

Side bonded vertical and diagonal discontinuous EB

CFRP strips, no anchorage

44 Wang, Lee et al. (2007) EB CFRP plates at the soffit + discontinuous EB

GFRP U-wraps

45 Simpson, Jim et al.

(2006) side bonded CFRP strips diagonally oriented

46 Higgins, Williams et al.

(2006) discontinuous CFRP U-wraps, Four strips of EB

longitudinal CFRP on the two sides of the girder web

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+ two strips of longitudinal EB CFRP at the center of

the top flange

47 Bousselham and Chaallal

(2006) continuous CFRP U-wraps wo anchorage

48 Tabatabai (2005) FRP wrap

49 Masoud, Soudki et al.

(2005)

For rectangular girders: discontinuous GFRP U-wraps

+ longitudinal GFRP strips as anchorage -

discontinuous GFRP U-wraps + longitudinal GFRP

strips as anchorage + longitudinal CFRP straps for

flexural strengthening

50 Czaderski and Motavalli

(2004) EB prefabricated CFRP L-shaped plates

51 Phillips (2004) For T-girders: 45o oriented NSM bars with or

without anchorage.

52 Nanni, Ludovico et al.

(2004)

For T-girders: precured CFRP laminate on the girder

soffit + CFRP U-wraps at both ends at the longitudinal

CFRP termination points + discontinuous inclined

NSM CFRP bars on both sides of the girder web

53 Manos, Stavroy et al.

(2004)

For rectangular beams: continuous CFRP full wraps

for shear repair – for flexural repair: EB CFRP sheets

on the girder soffit + continuous CFRP full wraps

54 Chaallal, Shahawy et al.

(2002)

T-girders: continuous CFRP U wraps around the

girder stem

55 Barnes, Baglin et al.

(2001)

Rectangular girders: steel plate on girder sides,

bolted or using adhesive

56 Hag-Elsafi, Alampalli et

al. (2001)

T-girder: EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps + discontinuous CFRP

strips under the deck in between the girders

57 Deniaud and Cheng

(2001) T-girder: discontinuous CFRP U-wraps, vertical

58 Hutchinson (2000)

I girders: CFRP U-wraps, vertical or diagonal, with

or without anchorage. The anchorage is longitudinal

CFRP strips on the girder web.

10

59 Kachlakev and McCurry

(2000)

EB CFRP on the girder soffit slightly wrapped up to

the sides for flexural repair – continuous GFRP U-

wraps for shear repair – combination of the two for

both shear and flexural repair

60 Naaman (1999)

rectangular girders: continuous CFRP U-wraps with

or without EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit –

discontinuous side bonded CFRP strips with or

without EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

61 Hutchinson and Rizkalla

(1999)

I girders: CFRP laminate strips on the girder soffit +

CFRP U-wraps (vertical or diagonally oriented) with

or without anchorage. Anchorage used here is a wide

longitudinal sheet on top of the U-wraps

62 Norris, Saadatmanesh et

al. (1997)

Rectangular beams: continuous CFRP U-wraps – EB

CFRP sheet on the girder soffit +CFRP continuous U-

wrap at a distance at both ends of the girder

Table 2. List of different flexural repair approaches used in the literature from year 2019 and older

Literature

No.

Author Repair approach

1 (Shen, Zeng et al. 2019) EB BFRP sheets on the soffit + EB discontinuous

CFRP U-wraps

2 (Lee, Jung et al. 2019) Post-tensioned NSM CFRP rods with mechanical

anchorage at the ends

3 (Dias-da-Costa, Neves et al.

2019)

EB CFRP laminates on the soffit anchored to the

beam ends with steel plates

4 (Banjara and

Ramanjaneyulu 2019) EB CFRP fabric on the soffit

5 (Yang and Wang 2018) NSM CFRP strips

6 (Peiris and Harik 2018) CRP panels (hybrid composites) on the girder

soffit

7 (Murthy, Karihaloo et al.

2018) UHPFRC (hybrid composites) on the girder soffit

11

8 (Lee, Jung et al. 2018) NSM CFRP bar on the girder soffit

9 (Kabir, Subhani et al. 2018) EB CFRP laminate on the girder soffit + CFRP

U-wraps at the girder ends and midspan

10 (Jawdhari, Harik et al.

2018)

CRP panels (hybrid composites) on the girder

soffit

11 (Gangi 2018) Strand splicing, CFRP and FRCM wrap around

the girder bulb

12 (Woo-tai Jung 2017) NSM CFRP rods

13 (Song and Hou 2017) Prestressed EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

14 (Pino, Nanni et al. 2017) Strand splicing and/or CFRP and FRCM wrap

around the girder bulb

15 (Pino, Akbari Hadad et al.

2017) FRCM EB on the girder soffit

16 (Maghsoudi and Maghsoudi

2017) EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

17 (Lee, Jung et al. 2017) Prestressed NSM CFRP bars

18 (Lee, Jung et al. 2017) Post-tensioned NSM CFRP bars

19 (Chen and Cheng 2017) EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

20 (Al-Saadi, Mohammed et al.

2017) NSM CFRP strips

21 (Al-Saadi, Mohammed et al.

2017) NSM CFRP strips

22 (Al-Saadi, Mohammed et al.

2017) NSM CFRP strips

23 (Pino 2016) Strand splicing, CFRP and FRCM wrap around

the girder bulb

24 (Peng, Zhang et al. 2016) Prestressed CFRP plates on the girder soffit

25 (Michels, Staśkiewicz et al.

2016)

Prestressed CFRP strips on the girder soffit +

discontinuous complete wraps with CFRP strips

12

26 (M.Mahal, B.Täljsten et al.

2016)

EB CFRP plates on the girder soffit + CFRP

wrap at the girder end, NSM CFRP bars on the

girder soffit

27 (Huang, Wang et al. 2016) EB prestressed CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

28 (Gao, Gu et al. 2016) Prestressed CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

29 (Charalambidi, Rousakis et

al. 2016)

EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit, NSM

CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

30 (Shen, Deng et al. 2015) EB BFRP sheets on the girder soffit +

discontinuous vertical CFRP U-wraps

31 (Pino and Nanni 2015) FRCM EB on the girder soffit

32 (Mosallam, Elsanadedy et

al. 2015) EB CFRP sandwich panels on the girder soffit

33 (Kim, Kang et al. 2015) Post-tensioned NSM CFRP strips on the girder

soffit

34 (Jones 2015) Strand splicing + FRCM on the girder bulb

35 (Kasan, Harries et al. 2014) EB CFRP fabric on the girder soffit + continuous

CFRP U-wrap around the girder bulb

36 (ElSafty, Graeff et al. 2014)

EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit +

continuous and discontinuous vertical CFRP U-

wraps

37 (Bigaud and Ali 2014) EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

38 (Babaeidarabad, Loreto et

al. 2014) EB FRCM fabrics on the girder soffit

39 (Wang, Dai et al. 2013) EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

40 (Choo, Peiris et al. 2013) EB SFRP sheets on the sides and bottom of the

girder

41 (Choo, Peiris et al. 2013)

CFRP longitudinal fabric EB on the I-girder’s

soffit, web, and sides + discontinuous vertical

CFRP U-wraps

42 (Oudah and El-Hacha 2012) NSM CFRP strips on the girder soffit

13

43 (Oudah and El-Hacha 2012) NSM CFRP strips on the girder soffit

44 (Hawileh 2012) NSM CFRP rods

45 (Graeff 2012) EB CFRP laminates and strips + continuous and

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps

46 (ElSafty and Graeff 2012) EB CFRP laminates and strips + continuous and

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps

47 (Oudah and El-Hacha 2011) Prestressed NSM CFRP strips

48 (El-Hacha and Gaafar 2011) Prestressed NSM CFRP bars

49 (Dong, Ansari et al. 2011) EB CFRP fabric to the girder soffit

50 (Davalos, Chen et al. 2011)

EB CFRP strips on the girder soffit alone, or with

CFRP U-wraps at the girder end, or with

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps along the girder

length

51 (Bullock, Barnes et al.

2011) CFRP fabric wrapped around the girder bulb

52 (Al-Rousan and Issa 2011) EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

53 Ray, Parish et al. (2010) EB CFRP sheets on the soffit + EB discontinuous

CFRP U-wraps

54 Pantelides, Reaveley et al.

(2010)

side bonded external post-tensioned carbon fiber

rods

55 Martinola, Meda et al.

(2010)

Three sided High Performance Fiber Reinforced

Concrete (HPFRC) jacketing

56 Di Ludovico, Prota et al.

(2010)

EB continuous CFRP soffit laminates +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps (around the girder

bulb)

57

Davalos, Chen et al. (2010)

and Davalos, Chen et al.

(2010)

EB CFRP sheets on the soffit + EB discontinuous

CFRP U-wraps

58 Al-Hammoud, Soudki et al.

(2010) EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

14

59 Rosenboom, Walter et al.

(2009)

EB CFRP and SFRP sheets on the soffit + EB

discontinuous CFRP and SFRP U-wraps

60 Pellegrino and Modena

(2009)

EB CFRP laminates on the soffit with mechanical

steel bolted plate anchors at both ends

61 Galal and Mofidi (2009) CFRP sheets (bonded or not bonded) to the girder

soffit + hybrid CFRP-steel anchorage system

62 Ekenel and Myers (2009) EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit

63 Badawi and Soudki (2009) NSM CFR rod at the girder soffit

64 Kim, Green et al. (2008) EB prestressed CFRP sheet on the girder soffit

65 Rosenboom and Rizkalla

(2008)

EB CFRP sheets on the soffit + EB discontinuous

CFRP U-wraps

66 Kim, Wight et al. (2008)

EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit + steel

anchors at both ends -

EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit + unanchored

CFRP U-wraps as end anchor -

EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit +

mechanically anchored CFRP U-wraps as end

anchor

67 Kim, Shi et al. (2008) prestressed CFRP sheets EB at the girder soffit

68 Rosenboom and Rizkalla

(2007)

CFRP soffit bonding + discontinuous CFRP U-

wraps

70 Rosenboom, Hassan et al.

(2007)

EB CFRP strips or sheets on the girder soffit +

CFRP U-wraps - NSM CFRP bars or strips on the

girder soffit

71 Badawi (2007) prestressed NSM CFRP rods

72 Larson, Rasheed et al.

(2007)

EB CFRP layer wrapped the girder soffit coming

up to the web sides a little + external

discontinuous CFRP stirrups

73 Gheorghiu, Labossiere et al.

(2007) EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

74 Czaderski and Motavalli

(2007) prestressed EB CFRP plates on the girder soffit

15

75 Aidoo, Harries et al. (2006)

EB CFRP strips on the girder soffit -

NSM CFRP strips on the girder soffit -

Hybrid strips are positioned, predrilled, and fixed

to the girder soffit using a commercially available

powder actuated fastener system

76 Wenwei and Guo (2006) EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

77 Toutanji, Zhao et al. (2006) EB CFRP sheets on the soffit using an inorganic

matrix + EB CFRP strips oriented at 45o

78 Toutanji, Zhao et al. (2006) EB CFRP sheets on the soffit using an inorganic

matrix + EB CFRP strips oriented at 45o

79 Rosenboom and Rizkalla

(2006)

EB CFRP strips or sheets on the girder soffit +

CFRP U-wraps - NSM CFRP bars or strips on the

girder soffit

80 Rizkalla, Rosenboom et al.

(2006)

For C-Channel girders: EB CFRP strips or sheets

on the girder soffit + CFRP U-wraps - NSM

CFRP bars or strips on the girder soffit

For I girders: EB CFRP strips or sheets on the

girder soffit + CFRP U-wraps

81 Rasheed, Larson et al.

(2006)

EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit, slightly

coming up to the sides

82 Nordin and Täljsten (2006) NSM CFRP quadratic rods on the girder soffit

83 MILLER (2006)

EB CFRP sheets on the soffit, and along the web

of the girder, and on top of the bottom flange +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps

84 Ekenel, Rizzo et al. (2006)

Rectangular beam: EB CFRP fabric on the

girder soffit wo anchors or with glass fiber

anchor spikes -

precured CFRP laminates externally bonded with

traditional epoxy or with mechanical fasteners

85 Dawood, Rosenboom et al.

(2006)

EB (ordinary and high modulus) CFRP sheets on

the girder soffit

87 Rosenboom and Rizkalla

(2005)

C-Channel girders: EB CFRP sheets or strips on

the girder soffit - NSM CFRP bars or strips on

the girder soffit

16

88 Quattlebaum, Harries et al.

(2005)

rectangular girders: EB CFRP strips on the

girder soffit - NSM CFRP strips on the girder

soffit - powder-actuated fastener-applied (PAF)

CFRP strips

89 Larson, Peterman et al.

(2005)

T-beams: CFRP sheet wrapped around the

girder soffit and slightly up to the web at both

sides + CFRP U-wraps

90 Gussenhoven and Brena

(2005)

Rectangular girder: EB CFRP sheet on the

girder soffit

91 Ekenel, Rizzo et al. (2005)

Rectangular girder: EB CFRP fabric on the

girder soffit wo anchors or with glass fiber

anchor spikes - precured CFRP laminates with

mechanical externally bonded with traditional

epoxy or with mechanical fasteners

92 Di Ludovico, Nanni et al.

(2005)

I girders: EB CFRP laminates on the girder

soffit + CFRP U-wraps around the girder bulb

93 Carolin, Täljsten et al.

(2005)

Rectangular girder: two EB CFRP strips on the

girder soffit – two NSM CFRP rods on the girder

soffit

94 Carmichael and Barnes

(2005) T girders: EB CFRP strips on the girder soffit

95 Calvin E Reed (2005)

T-girders: EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit

and coming up slightly on both sides of the girder

web

96 Brena, Benouaich et al.

(2005)

Rectangular beams: EB CFRP sheets on the

girder soffit + CFRP U-wraps, vertical, wo

anchorage, to avoid shear failure

97 Pham and Al-Mahaidi

(2004)

Rectangular beams: EB CFRP sheets on the

girder soffit

98 Aidoo (2004)

For rectangular girders: EB CFRP strips on the

girder soffit - NSM CFRP strips on the girder

soffit - powder-actuated fastener-applied (PAF)

CFRP strips

99 El-Hacha and Rizkalla

(2004)

NSM rebars or strips with CFRP U-wraps at both

ends

17

100 Ekenel, Stephen et al.

(2004)

Rectangular girders: CFRP laminates on the

girder soffit

101 Aidoo, Harries et al. (2004) T-girders: CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

102 Wipf, Klaiber et al. (2004)

For I girders: EB CFRP sheet on the girder

soffit, alone or in conjunction with transverse

continuous CFRP wraps around the bottom

flange

103 Ross, Boyd et al. (2004)

channel beams: GFRP wraps or GFRP spray

applied on the girder soffit, bottom of the flanges

and inside surfaces of the web

104 Rosenboom, Hassan et al.

(2004)

C-channel girders: EB CFRP strips or sheets on

the girder soffit + discontinuous CFRP U-wraps –

NSM CFRP bars or strips on the girder soffit

105 Reed and Peterman (2004)

T-girders: CFRP wraps on the girder soffit

slightly coming up on the web sides +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps along the girder

length or two CFRP U-wraps at both ends

106 Phillips (2004)

T-girders: CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

and slightly coming up on the web with or

without CFRP U-wraps

107 Pham and Al-Mahaidi

(2004)

rectangular beams: EB CFRP fabric on the

girder soffit

108 Nanni (2004) I girders: EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps

109 Manos, Stavroy et al. (2004)

rectangular beams: continuous CFRP full wraps

for shear repair – for flexural repair: EB CFRP

sheets on the girder soffit + continuous CFRP full

wraps

110 Heffernan and Erki (2004) rectangular beams: EB CFRP sheets on the

girder soffit

111 Hassan and Rizkalla (2004) T-girders: NSM CFRP bars on the girder soffit

112 Bank, Oliva et al. (2003)

Flexural repair: Rectangular girders: CFRP

strips on the girder soffit attached using

mechanical fasteners

18

113 Klaiber, Wipf et al. (2003) Impact damage, flexural repair: I girders:

strand splicing

114 Hassan and Rizkalla (2003) T-girders: NSM CFRP bars on the girder soffit

115 Alkhrdaji (2002) CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

116 Alkhrdaji (2002) c-channel girders: Discontinuous CFRP U-

wraps

117 Yang and Park (2002) Rectangular girders: Polymer Cementitious

Mortar and Cement Mortar in the tension zone

118 Rosenboom, Carneiro et al.

(2002)

C-channel girders: EB CFRP strips or sheets on

the girder soffit + discontinuous CFRP U-wraps –

NSM CFRP bars or strips on the girder soffit

119 Rizkalla and Hassan (2002) T-girders: NSM bars and strips and EB sheets

and strips on the girder soffit

120 Ghobarah, Ghorbel et al.

(2002)

rectangular beams: CFRP and GFRP

continuous and discontinuous, vertical and

oblique full wraps

121 Arduini, Napolitano et al.

(2002) T-girders: continuous CFRP U-wraps

122 Hag-Elsafi, Alampalli et al.

(2001)

T-girder: EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps + discontinuous

CFRP strips under the deck in between the

girders

123 El-Tawil, Ogunc et al.

(2001) T-girder: Continuous CFRP U-wraps

124 Deniaud and Cheng (2001) T-girder: discontinuous CFRP U-wraps, vertical

125 Wight, Green et al. (2001) Rectangular girders: EB CFRP sheets on the

girder soffit

126 White, Soudki et al. (2001) Rectangular girders: EB CFRP sheets on the

girder soffit

127 Tumialan, Huang et al.

(2001)

I girders: EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps around the girder

bottom bulb

19

128 Spadea, Swamy et al.

(2001)

Rectangular beams: CFRP plate on the girder

soffit with or without discontinuous CFRP U-

wraps as anchorage

129 Shahawy, Chaallal et al.

(2001)

T-girders: complete continuous CFRP U-wraps

or coming up only slightly on two sides of the

web

130 Senthilnath, Belarbi et al.

(2001)

Rectangular beams: CFRP sheets on the girder

soffit

131 Sebastian (2001) Rectangular beams: CFRP sheets on the girder

soffit

132 Schiebel, Parretti et al.

(2001)

I girder: EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit +

CFRP U-wraps around the girder bottom bulb

133 Rahimi and Hutchinson

(2001)

Rectangular beams: CFRP plates on the girder

soffit

134 Papakonstantinou, Petrou et

al. (2001)

Rectangular beams: GFRP sheets on the girder

soffit

135 Nanni, Huang et al. (2001)

EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit +

discontinuous CFRP U-wraps around the girder

bottom bulb

136 Masoud, Soudki et al.

(2001)

Rectangular girders: discontinuous CFRP U-

wraps with or without anchorage. With or

without CFRP sheets on the girder soffit.

Anchorage is longitudinal CFRP strips at the top

of the girder webs.

137 Lamanna, Bank et al. (2001) FRP strips bonded or attached using mechanical

powder-actuated fasteners to the girder soffit

138 Kachlakev and McCurry

(2000)

EB CFRP on the girder soffit slightly wrapped up

to the sides for flexural repair – continuous

GFRP U-wraps for shear repair – combination of

the two for both shear and flexural repair

139 Barnes and Mays (1999) Rectangular beams: CFRP plates on the girder

soffit

140 Naaman (1999) CFRP sheets on the girder soffit + two CFRP

wraps at both ends for anchorage

20

141 Erki and Meier (1999)

rectangular beams: EB CFRP laminates on the

girder soffit – steel plates attached to the sofut of

the girder

142 Garden and Hollaway

(1998)

Rectangular beams: EB CFRP plates on the

girder soffit

143 Tedesco and Stallings

(1998)

T-girders: EB CFRP plates on the girder soffit

with or without continuous CFRP or GFRP side

plates

144 Garden, Hollaway et al.

(1998)

Rectangular beams: EB CFRP plates on the

girder soffit

145 El-Hacha (1997) EB CFRP straps on the girder soffit - application

of post-tensioned CFRP cables to the girder soffit

146 Zobel, Carrasquillo et al.

(1997)

strand splicing – repair mortar – prepackaged

repair materials

147 Varastehpour and Hamelin

(1997) EB CFRP sheets on the girder soffit

148 Norris, Saadatmanesh et al.

(1997)

Rectangular beams: continuous CFRP U-wraps

– EB CFRP sheet on the girder soffit +CFRP

continuous U-wrap at a distance at both ends of

the girder

149 Heffernan (1997) EB CFRP laminates on the girder soffit

150 Picard, Massicotte et al.

(1995) EB composite material on the girder soffit

151 Saadatmanesh and Ehsani

(1991) EB GFRP plates on the girder soffit