Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Gateway to SpaceFall 2012

Design Document

Team Honey BadgerR.A.H.D.

Written by: Josh Whipkey, Karyn Perdue, Logan Harrop, Annie Kelly, Kyle Daniels, Jason Leng, Gabe Frank, Zach McConnel

Friday November 16, 2012Revision C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Revision Log

Revision Description DateA/B Conceptual and Preliminary

Design Review10/22/12

C Critical Design Review 11/16/12D Analysis and Final Report 12/8/12

Table of Contents

1.0 Mission Overview.........................................................................................................3

2.0 Requirements Flow Down............................................................................................3

3.0 Design...........................................................................................................................5

4.0 Management .................................................................................................................8

5.0 Budget...........................................................................................................................9

6.0 Test Plan and Results..................................................................................................10

7.0 Expected Results.........................................................................................................13

8.0 Launch and Recovery………………..………………………………………………14

Team Honey Badger 2Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

1.0 Mission Statement and Overview

The mission of Radiation and High Definition (R.A.H.D) is to ascend to approximately 30km via balloon, while collecting gamma radiation data through the utilization of a geiger counter. This data will confirm that ionizing radiation increases as a function of altitude due to the dissipation of atmosphere. We chose to measure gamma radiation because it penetrates matter more easily than alpha and beta radiation because it is composed of photons (massless and chargeless). Onboard R.A.H.D. will also be an optical dust sensor, which will measure dust particle composition in the atmosphere. Simultaneously, R.A.H.D. will be recording 2D high definition video with a GoPro HD Hero 2 Outdoor Edition for utilization in a public outreach project that Team Honey Badger will conduct in order to interest aspiring students in science, technology, engineering and math (S.T.E.M).

Objectives: Measure and record the trends of gamma radiation during the ascent. Measure and record particle dust composition of the atmosphere during the

ascent. Produce 2D high definition video for use with outreach. Measure environmental factors: temperature, pressure, and humidity. Collect acceleration engineering data. Meet all RFP requirements.

While the balloon satellite is at 30 km, it will be above ninety percent of the Earth’s atmosphere and will be able to read the amount of radiation entering the Earth’s atmosphere. Radiation from space can alter atoms and molecules, which can cause damage to living cells. We will study the recorded levels of gamma radiation in conjunction with the altitudes, in order to prove our hypothesis correct. We plan to find that the radiation levels will increase as the altitude increases,2 proving that depletion of the atmosphere leads to a greater exposure of radiation to Earth’s living organisms. The atmosphere’s gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone) absorb and/or reflect many radiation waves. Therefore, it is difficult to study radiation from the ground since most of it does not reach us.1 Using a Geiger counter, the satellite will track and record the varying intensity of gamma radiation in the atmosphere during the ascent until R.A.H.D. reaches maximum altitude. The Geiger counter will record the number of ionizing particles which it will come in contact with. The counter works off a standard Geiger tube. The tube functions as the cathode, while a wire going through the center of the tube functions as the anode. The tube has a potential voltage difference of 100V+. When ionizing radiation enters the tube, inert gas molecules are ionized into positively charged atoms and single electrons. The flow of these atoms and electrons through the cathode and anode is measured and outputted to the Arduino4.

During the ascent, we plan to find that atmospheric dust composition increases as a function of altitude. We will be testing this prediction via an optical dust sensor. The sensor has an infrared emitting diode in one corner, with a photo-transistor in the corner diagonal to the diode.3 The transistor measures light-reflecting dust as it passes through

Team Honey Badger 3Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

the radiation path. The dust sensor can distinguish between different types of dust, such as cigarette smoke and standard house dust, by measuring the difference of the pulse patterns of the device’s voltage outputs.

R.A.H.D will record high definition video with audio through the implementation of a GoPro HD Hero 2 Outdoor Edition system. By recording this video, Team Honey Badger hopes to procure a full flight time lapse that can be broken down into shorter clips and still shots. This will be incorporated into a public outreach effort that the team will conduct in order to spark the interest of young students in science, technology, engineering, and math (S.T.E.M.).

Works Cited:1) Science Mission Directorate. "Introduction to The Electromagnetic Spectrum" Mission:Science. 2010.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 26 Sep. 2012 http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/01_intro.html

2) http://mysite.du.edu/~etuttle/weather/atmrad.htm. 29 May 2007.3) http://airqualityegg.wikispaces.com/file/view/SHARP+GP2Y1010AU0F+-+Dust+Sensor.pdf4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter

2.0 Requirements Flow Down

The Requirement Flow Down is made up of two different levels of requirements. The first level, Level 0, is made up of broad requirements for completing our mission. The next level, Level 1, branches off of level 0 and goes more in depth into the different individual tasks we must perform for a successful mission. By using two levels, we are able to provide both a very broad look at our mission followed by a very detailed and thorough description of the tasks we will perform.

LEVEL 0, MISSION OBJECTIVES

# Objective Origin

0.1 Reach 30 km altitude RFP0.2 Be ready to launch by 12/01/12 RFP0.3 Stay under weight and monetary budgets RFP0.4 Keep internal temperature above -10 C RFP0.5 Record atmospheric dust readings during entire flight MS0.6 Record environmental data during entire flight MS0.7 Record HD video during entire flight MS0.8 Record gamma radiation during entire flight MS0.9 Store all recorded data on SD card RFP0.10 R.A.H.D. must be able to fly again RFP0.11 Ensure safety of all team members RFP

LEVEL 1

1.1 Attach R.A.H.D. to centralized string on hydrogen balloon 0.11.2 Follow team schedule 0.2

Team Honey Badger 4Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

1.3 Follow plan for allotted budgets, and allow for setbacks 0.31.4 Use necessary insulation foam, tape, and heater 0.41.5 Utilize optical dust sensor 0.51.6 Utilize accelerometer, thermometers, pressure sensors 0.61.7 Utilize GoPro HD Hero 2 Outdoor Edition camera system 0.71.8 Utilize Geiger counter 0.81.9 Utilize two Arduino R3 microprocessors 0.91.10 Create sustainable hardware to endure flight conditions 0.101.11 Use common sense and follow all lab safety protocol 0.11

3.0 Design

Hardware:R.A.H.D’s mission will be to collect and record gamma radiation data and air quality data while simultaneously taking high definition video for outreach purposes. R.A.H.D. will also record all RFP mandated data. We acquired all hardware by November 13, 2012. We will be using a GoPro HD Hero 2 Outdoor Edition camera instead of the Canon camera given to each team because the Canon camera will not provide adequate footage for public outreach, one of our main mission objectives. Also, due to space constraints, there is not enough room for both cameras to be onboard. The HD Hero 2 Outdoor Edition camera was purchased directly from GoPro. The Geiger counter (SEN 10742), optical dust sensor (COM-09689), dust sensor mating connector housing (PRT-09690), and LED lights (COM-08860) were purchased from Sparkfun.

Functional Block Diagram:Block diagram 1 represents the independent GoPro Hero camera system. Block

diagram 2 represents the independent heater system. Block diagram 3 represents the main harness of our balloon satellite, containing the Arduino Uno.

System 1

System 2

Team Honey Badger 5Rev C

GOPRO CAMERA(Internal memory and power)

HEATER9V

9V

9V

SWITCH

LED

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

System 3

System 1’s primary function is to support the operation of a GoPro HD Hero 2 Outdoor Edition camera. The HD Hero 2 will record high definition video in 720p for the duration of the flight. The HD Hero 2 does not require power from an external source because it contains an internal, rechargeable lithium ion battery with a battery life estimated at 2 hr 30 min. It will be turned on shortly before launch via its own switch, and will continue recording until retrieval. The HD Hero 2 can store up to 4 hr 21 min of 720p video recording on an internal memory chip. Upon retrieval of R.A.H.D., the video file will be extracted from the HD Hero 2.

System 2’s primary function is to support the operation of a small, internal heater. Three 9V alkaline batteries will power the heater. A basic switch will turn the heater on at launch and off upon retrieval of R.A.H.D. The heater will run for the duration of the flight.

System 3’s primary function is to support the operation of two Arduino Uno microprocessors. The Arduinos will be programmed before launch using the Arduino computer program. The Arduinos will be on for the duration of the flight and will command the additional components attached to it. Two 9V batteries will power Arduino. Attached to the first Arduino will be a Geiger counter, a simple LED light, and a switch

Team Honey Badger 6Rev C

INTERNAL THERMOMETERHUMIDITY SENSOR

EXTERNAL THERMOMETER

ARDUINO

SWITCH 9VLED

ACCCELEROMETER

GEIGER COUNTER

9V

SD CARD

Optical Dust Sensor

ARDUINO2

SD CARDSWITCH LED

9V

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

connected to the power, along with and optical dust sensor. The LED light will give us external verification that the Arduinos are functioning properly. The second Arduino will be collecting data from an internal humidity sensor, an internal thermometer, an external thermometer, and an accelerometer. All data recorded on the flight will be logged by Arduino and stored on the SD cards, and upon retrieval of R.A.H.D., will be extracted and converted into usable data. We are using a SEN-10742 Geiger counter to record ionizing radiation in the gamma spectrum. The counter averages 25 binary recordings per minute, and requires a 5V power input. These binary recordings will be transferred to the Arduino and stored on the 2GB SD Card. Additionally, the optical dust sensor is a GP2Y1010AU0F, which outputs an analog voltage proportional to the measured dust density that it detects. That voltage output will be recorded onto our SD card as well.

Team Honey Badger 7Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

4.0 Management

With eight team members on Team Honey Badger, management is very important to stay organized and perform all of the required tasks to ensure that the mission is completed on time in an orderly fashion. Each subsystem is assigned to more than one person to ensure that all the different areas are covered. This will provide an extra level of safety if someone on the team is not able to complete their specific task due to any type of issue. When there is more than one person working on each task there is always someone on the team available to help others with their assignments.

NAME ROLE EMAIL PHONEKyle Daniels Team Leader,

C+DHkyle.daniels@colorado.edu (720) 345 –

7646Josh Whipkey Organization joshua.whipkey@colorado.edu (303) 746 –

6922Gabe Frank Structure gabriel.frank@colorado.edu (303) 791 –

8972Logan Harrop Structure logan.harrop@colorado.edu (972) 838 - 6901Annie Kelly C+DH annie.kelly@colorado.edu (516) 581 –

5805Jason Leng Structure hongze.leng@colorado.edu (720) 320 –

9551Zach McConnel Support zachary.mcconnel@colorado.edu (303) 668 –

1704Karyn Perdue Organization karyn.perdue@colorado.edu (312) 231 –

4735

Team Honey Badger 8Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Schedule:09/26/12 Finalization of Proposal – finished design, schedules etc…09/28/12 Proposal due (4:00 pm)10/02/12 In class: Conceptual Design Review10/05/12 Authority to proceed meeting (1:30 pm)10/12/12 Acquired all hardware besides GoPro10/17/12 Team meeting: Prototyping design complete (7:30 pm)10/18/12 In class: Pre-CDR10/24/12 Team meeting: Final design complete11/05/12 Team meeting: Drop test, whip test11/07/12 Design review, subsystem testing11/14/12 Subsystem integration/ Cold testing11/15/12 In Class Mission Simulation11/16/12 Rev C due (12:00 pm)11/23/12 LRR presentation11/27/12 In class: LRR due/ Presentation11/30/12 Balloon Sat weigh in and turn in12/01/12 Launch (6:50 am)12/03/12 Team meeting: Data collection12/04/12 Have flight data ready for presentation12/05/12 Team meeting: Public outreach preparation 12/07/12 Public outreach: Boulder High School (Time TBD)12/08/12 ITLL Design Expo/ Rev D due / Team Video due12/11/12 Flight data due in class/ Final presentation due at 3:00pm12/13/12 Final class/ Review/ Discussion/ Team evaluation

5.0[4.0] Budget

Item: Source: Mass (g): Quantity: Value: Cost:Arduino Uno R3 Gateway 27 2 $29.99 $0GoPro Hero 2 Outdoor Edition

gopro.com 194 1 $300 $0

Geiger Counter sparkfun.com 150 1 $140 $119.96Optical Dust Sensor

sparkfun.com 22.4 1 $11.95 $9.56

LED lights sparkfun.com .5 2 $1.50 $2.40Dry Ice CU chemistry store --- 8lbs $1.29/lb $10.322 GB SD Card Gateway 1 1 $4.99 $0Temperature sensors

Gateway 1 2 $9.95 $0

Pressure sensor Gateway 2.5 1 $24.95 $0Accelerometer Gateway 2 1 $11.95 $0Humidity sensor Gateway 1 1 $16.95 $0Heater Kit Gateway 31.9 1 $7.99 $0Switches Gateway 4 4 $1.95 $0

Team Honey Badger 9Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Foam Core Gateway 165 2 (40 x 60” sheets)

$39.99 $0

Alkaline 9V Batteries

Gateway/Safeway 20 10 $1.99 $19.90

Aluminum tape Gateway 1 1 roll $7.99 $0Hot glue Gateway .5 n/a $1.99 $0Velcro Gateway 2 n/a $3.99 $0Insulation Gateway 4 n/a $4.99 $0Total 935.3g $162.14

Allotted Budget: $250Total Cost: $162.14 ($87.86 under)Total Mass: 935.3 g (0.935 kg)

6.0[5.0] Test Plan and Results

All sensors and components will be put through vigorous testing prior to launch date to ensure the best chance for mission success. Multiple tests will be performed, such as multiple structural stress tests and electrical subsystem tests.

Drop Test: The drop test will test the structure of the satellite. Upon impact with the ground, R.A.H.D. will be travelling roughly 8.9 m/s. To simulate an 8.9 m/s impact, we will drop our design from 5 m to make sure that all of the mass representations and structures will survive the descent and final impact of the satellite on the ground.

Test completed on 11/05/12. We dropped the foam core structure off the second floor of the ITLL, kicked it down a flight of stairs, and dragged it behind a long board. All sub-tests were successful. The only visible damage after all three tests was a small dent in a corner of the structure.

Cold Test: Another test we will be performing is the dry ice test. The satellite will be put into a cooler full of dry ice to test the thermal shield of our foam core structure. The heater will be turned on inside the prototype, along with an internal thermometer to ensure the temperature stays above -10° C.

Test completed on 11/14/12. We left the payload in a cooler of dry ice for 60 minutes. The SD card was almost full so we only were able to record about one minute worth of data. From this, we can conclude that our accelerometer and internal temperature sensor need to be calibrated because the numbers did not make sense.

Team Honey Badger 10Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Whip Test: The whip test will help simulate the forces that the satellite will experience directly after the burst of the weather balloon. To perform this test we will attach the structure of our satellite to a string and swing the prototype around with mass models inside.

Test completed on 11/05/12. We whipped the payload with internal mass representations around from a string roughly 5m long. The test was successful; no damage was suffered.

Subsystem Test: We will be testing the electrical components of the subsystems. We will perform tests to make sure that all the individual sensors are functioning properly. We will also test to make sure that all the subsystems are able to communicate with each other to ensure all tasks and operations will run smoothly. The GoPro Hero system will be tested throughout the process both internally and externally, from a prototype foam core housing.

Accelerometer: To test the functionality of the accelerometer we will test each axis separately by first holding the sensor with X pointing up and then down, then doing the same for Y and Z. Once we have the data we will calibrate the accelerometer by making sure the sensor reads 0 when X is flat and read 1 when the X arrow is pointing up. Then we will repeat the same process for Y and Z.

We calibrated it on 10/20/12 on a flat table but it will need to be recalibrated now that it is soldered together.

Pressure Sensor: In order to make sure the pressure sensor works we will suck on the sensor to create a vacuum and observe whether or not the data indicates the pressure drops.

Team Honey Badger 11Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Test completed on 10/20/12..

Temperature Sensors: To make sure the temperature sensors, both analog and digital, are working correctly we will open up the serial monitor on the Arduino. Then we will put our fingers on the sensors and if the temperature increases then they are functioning. Also, the average readout the sensors should give in room temperature is around 25 degrees Celsius.

Test completed in class during the Arduino technical lectures..

Humidity Sensor: We will test the humidity sensor by opening the serial monitor and then we will breathe on the sensor to moisten the air and observe an increase in relative humidity.

Test completed in class during the Arduino technical lectures..

Arduino: We will test the functionality of the Arduino subsystem prior to flight by ensuring communication between all sensors, the LED light, and SD card. After programming the Arduino, we will turn on everything in the system to make sure each component is functioning as planned and recording data. We will also make sure that data recorded to the SD card is both retrievable and interpretable.

Test has been completed and verified throughout the semester. A LED light verifies when our Arduino has a power source, and we are able to retrieve data off the SD card for every sensor. All data is interpretable except for data collected off the Geiger counter and the optical dust sensor. A final test will be performed before launch.

Geiger Counter: On the ground, we will specifically test the functionality of the Geiger counter by ensuring it can both record data at a rate of roughly 25 readings per minute and transfer those readings to the Arduino. Though there is significantly less gamma radiation at ground level than there will be at maximum altitude, it is still enough to be recorded.

We are currently working on getting access to the remote radiation sensing room in the physics department to calibrate and test our Geiger counter. If we are unable to gain access, we will find different sources to interpret our data off of such as the americium inside of a smoke detector.

Optical Dust Sensor: We will run tests on the optical dust sensor ensuring it is putting out correct voltage readouts per the amount of particles that will be placed through it.

Inconclusive testing performed on 11/14/12. We really weren’t sure how to calibrate this sensor, so we decided we would just collect data and interpret it based off of relative sources. We got readings for the sensor in room temperature, counting dust particles in DLC air. We blew cigar smoke into the sensor, and saw a spike in dust readings. We currently are working on getting access to the clean room in Space Grant to get readings from as close to a vacuum as possible.

Team Honey Badger 12Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Go Pro: We tested the GoPro on 11/14/12 by mounting it to our payload and practiced turning it on and off taking video at various places. Afterwards, we retrieved the video and downloaded the images.

7.0[6.0] Expected Results

Team Honey Badger 13Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

Dust sensor: We are expecting that the concentration of dust will be highest while on the ground. As the atmosphere depletes, atmospheric dust becomes less concentrated directly as a function of altitude. The only critical point in the dust sensor graph occurs at the highest point during flight, where dust concentration will be lowest.

Geiger counter: We are expecting that gamma radiation counts per second will increase as a function of altitude. As the altitude increases, atmosphere decreases, and more radiation is present. The only critical point in the Geiger counter graph occurs at the highest point during flight, where atmospheric gamma radiation is at its highest concentration.

Pressure sensor: Atmospheric pressure is a function of altitude. As altitude increases, pressure decreases. The only critical point in the pressure sensor graph occurs at the highest point during flight, where pressure is at its lowest.

External temperature: Temperature has the trend to decrease as a function of altitude. The highest temperatures will occur at launch and upon retrieval. There is a critical point in the graph when the BalloonSats pass through the stratosphere pause. At this point, the troposphere contributes little input to the stratosphere, and because of the closer distance to the sun, temperatures are higher than expected. At the end of the stratopause, there is another critical point, and temperatures will begin to decrease steadily again. The last critical point occurs at the highest point during flight, where temperatures will be lowest.

Internal temperature: The internal temperature of R.A.H.D. will decrease hyperbolically as a function of time. We predict the pause in the stratosphere will not alter the internal temperature because for the brief time the BalloonSats are passing

Team Honey Badger 14Rev C

Gateway to Space R.A.H.D.

through the pause, heat will not have enough time to radiate into the internals of R.A.H.D. The only critical point in the internal temperature graph occurs at the highest point during flight, where internal temperature will predictably be the lowest.

Humidity: Humidity decreases hyperbolically as a function of altitude. The only critical point in the humidity graph occurs at the highest point during flight, where humidity will be the lowest.

8.0[7.0] Launch and Recovery

When we launch, Gabe will be in charge of holding our payload. All members of Team Honey Badger will go with to recover R.A.H.D. After recovery, data will be extracted from the GoPro and SD card. All data from every sensor during flight will be written onto the SD card as a time and a measurement, such as a count per minute. The readouts correspond to a known value that we will plot onto a graph.

Team Honey Badger 15Rev C