system development and change activities

7/25/2019 System Development and Change Activities

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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTAND PROGRAM CHANGE

ACTIVITIESCHAPTER 5


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PARTICIPANTS IN SYSTEMSDEVELOPMENT

Systems professionas are systems anaysts!systems en"ineers! an# pro"rammers$

En# %sers are t&ose for '&om t&e system is

(%it Sta)e&o#ers are in#i*i#%as eit&er 'it&in or

o%tsi#e t&e or"ani+ation '&o &a*e aninterest in t&e system (%t are not en# %sers

A,,o%ntants-A%#itors are t&ose professionas'&o a##ress t&e ,ontros! a,,o%ntin"! an#a%#itin" iss%es for systems #e*eopment


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Why Are Accountants andAuditors Invoved !ith SDLC"

t&e ,reation of an information systementais si"ni.,ant .nan,iatransa,tions

t&e nat%re of t&e pro#%,ts t&atemer"e from t&e SDLC


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#o! Are Accountants Invoved!ith the SDLC"

a,,o%ntants are %sers

a,,o%ntants parti,ipate in systems#e*eopment as mem(ers of t&e#e*eopment team$

a,,o%ntants are in*o*e# in systems#e*eopment as a%#itors


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IN$ORMATION SYSTEMSAC%&ISITION

t&ey #e*eop ,%stomi+e# systems in/&o%se t&ro%"& forma systems#e*eopment a,ti*ities

T&ey p%r,&ase ,ommer,ia systemsfrom soft'are *en#ors


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In'#ouse Deveo()ent

Many or"ani+ations re0%ire systems t&atare &i"&y t%ne# to t&eir %ni0%e operations$

T&ese .rms #esi"n t&eir o'n information

systems t&ro%"& in/&o%se systems#e*eopment a,ti*ities$

In/&o%se #e*eopment re0%ires maintainin"a f%/time systems sta1 of anaysts an#

pro"rammers '&o i#entify %ser informationnee#s an# satisfy t&eir nee#s 'it& ,%stomsystems


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Co))ercia Syste)s

2o%r fa,tors &a*e stim%ate# t&e "ro't& of t&e ,ommer,iasoft'are mar)et3

46 t&e reati*ey o' ,ost of "enera ,ommer,ia soft'areas ,ompare# to ,%stomi+e# soft'are7

486 t&e emer"en,e of in#%stry/spe,i., *en#ors '&o tar"ett&eir soft'are to t&e nee#s of parti,%ar types of(%sinesses7

496 a "ro'in" #eman# from (%sinesses t&at are too smato a1or# in/&o%se systems: #e*eopment sta17 an#

4;6 t&e tren# to'ar# #o'nsi+in" of or"ani+ationa %nitsan# t&e res%tin" mo*e to'ar# t&e #istri(%te# #atapro,essin" en*ironment! '&i,& &as ma#e t&e ,ommer,iasoft'are option more appeain" to ar"er or"ani+ations


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Types of Commer,iaSystems

T%rn)ey systems are ,ompetey.nis&e# an# teste# systems t&at arerea#y for impementation

Genera a,,o%ntin" systems are#esi"ne# to ser*e a 'i#e *ariety of%ser nee#s

spe,ia/p%rpose systems t&at tar"etsee,te# se"ments of t&e e,onomy


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O


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A#*anta"es of Commer,ia Soft'are

Impementation time

Cost

reia(iity


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Disa#*anta"es of Commer,ia

Soft'are

In#epen#en,e

T&e nee# of ,%stomi+e# system

maintenan,e


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T#E SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTLI$E CYCLE

Ne' systems #e*eopment in*o*es,on,ept%a steps t&at ,an appy to anypro(em/so*in" pro,ess3

i#entify t&e pro(em! %n#erstan# '&at nee#s to (e #one!

,onsi#er aternati*e so%tions!

see,t t&e (est so%tion! an#! .nay!

impement t&e so%tion

systems maintenan,e! ,onstit%tes t&eor"ani+ation:s pro"ram ,&an"e pro,e#%res


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Syste)s Pannin*+Phase I

T&e o(>e,ti*e of syste)s (annin*is to in, individua syste)(ro-ects or a((ications to t&e

strate"i, o(>e,ti*es of t&e .rm

See ." 5$8

E1e,ti*e systems pannin" pro*i#es

"oa ,on"r%en,e


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?&o S&o%# Do SystemsPannin"@

steerin" ,ommittee may in,%#e t&e,&ief ee,%ti*e o


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Systems pannin" o,,%rs at t'oe*es3 strate"i, systems pannin" an#

pro>e,t pannin"


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Strate"i, Systems Pannin"

in*o*es t&e ao,ation of systemsreso%r,es at t&e ma,ro e*e$

It %s%ay #eas 'it& a time frame of9 to 5 years


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Why Perform Strategic SystemsPlanning?

A plan that changes constantly isbetter than no plan at all

Strategic planning reduces the crisiscomponent in systems development

Strategic systems planning providesauthorization control for the SDLC

Cost management


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Pro>e,t Pannin"

T&e p%rpose of pro>e,t pannin" is toao,ate reso%r,es to in#i*i#%aappi,ations 'it&in t&e frame'or) of t&e

strate"i, pan i#entifyin" areas of %ser nee#s!

Preparin" proposas!

e*a%atin" ea,& proposa:s feasi(iity an#

,ontri(%tion to t&e (%siness pan!

prioriti+in" in#i*i#%a pro>e,ts! an#

s,&e#%in" t&e 'or) to (e #one


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T&e pro#%,t of t&is p&ase ,onsists oft'o forma #o,%ments3 t&e pro>e,t proposa pro*i#es

mana"ement 'it& a (asis for #e,i#in"'&et&er to pro,ee# 'it& t&e pro>e,t

t&e pro>e,t s,&e#%e represents

mana"ement:s ,ommitment to t&epro>e,t


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T&e A%#itor:s Roe in Systems

Pannin"

A%#itors ro%tiney eamine t&esystems pannin" p&ase of t&e SDLC


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Syste)s Anaysis+PhaseII

Systems anaysis is a,t%ay a t'ostep pro,ess in*o*in" .rst a s%r*eyof t&e ,%rrent system an# t&en an

anaysis of t&e %ser:s nee#s

T&e #ei*era(e from t&is p&ase is aforma syste)s anaysis re(ort.

'&i,& presents t&e .n#in"s of t&eanaysis an# re,ommen#ations fort&e ne' system


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T&e S%r*ey Step

T&e anayst often (e"ins t&e anaysis(y #eterminin" '&at eements! ifany! of t&e ,%rrent system s&o%# (e

preser*e# as part of t&e ne' system


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Gat&erin" 2a,ts

Data so%r,es$ T&ese in,%#e eterna entities!s%,& as ,%stomers or *en#ors! as 'e asinterna so%r,es from ot&er #epartments$

Bsers$ T&ese in,%#e (ot& mana"ers an#operations %sers$

Data stores$ Data stores are t&e .es!#ata(ases! a,,o%nts! an# so%r,e #o,%ments%se# in t&e system$

Pro,esses$ Pro,essin" tas)s are man%a or,omp%ter operations t&at represent a #e,isionor an a,tion tri""ere# (y information


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Data o's$ Data o's are represente# (yt&e mo*ement of #o,%ments an# reports(et'een #ata so%r,es! #ata stores!

pro,essin" tas)s! an# %sers$ Contros$ T&ese in,%#e (ot& a,,o%ntin"

an# operationa ,ontros an# may (eman%a pro,e#%res or ,omp%ter ,ontros$

Transa,tion *o%mes$ T&e anayst m%sto(tain a meas%re of t&e transa,tion*o%mes for a spe,i.e# perio# of time


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Error rates$ Transa,tion errors are ,oseyreate# to transa,tion *o%me

Reso%r,e ,osts$ T&e reso%r,es %se# (y t&e

,%rrent system in,%#e t&e ,osts of a(or!,omp%ter time! materias 4s%,& asin*oi,es6! an# #ire,t o*er&ea#

=ottene,)s an# re#%n#ant operations$T&e anayst s&o%# note points '&ere #atao's ,ome to"et&er to form a (ottene,)


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2a,t/Gat&erin" Te,&ni0%es

Observation

Task Participation

Personal Interviews Reviewing Key Docments


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T&e A%#itor:s Roe in Systems

Anaysis

T&e a,,o%ntant-a%#itor s&o%# (ein*o*e# in t&e nee#s anaysis of t&epropose# system to #etermine if it is

a "oo# ,an#i#ate for a#*an,e# a%#itfeat%res an#! if so! '&i,& feat%resare (est s%ite# for t&e system


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Conce(tua Syste)s Desi*n+Phase III

T&e p%rpose of t&e ,on,ept%a #esi"n p&aseis to pro#%,e se*era aternati*e ,on,ept%asystems t&at satisfy t&e system re0%irementsi#enti.e# #%rin" systems anaysis

T'o approa,&es to ,on,ept%a systems#esi"n3

t&e str%,t%re# approa,& #e*eops ea,& ne'

system from s,rat,& from t&e top #o'n t&e o(>e,t/oriente# approa,& from t&e (ottom

%p t&ro%"& t&e assem(y of re%sa(e mo#%esrat&er t&an ,reate ea,& system from s,rat,&


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Syste) Evauation andSeection+Phase IV

an optimi+ation pro,ess t&at see)s toi#entify t&e (est system

in*o*es t'o steps3

$ Perform a #etaie# feasi(iity st%#yte,&ni,a! e,onomi,! e"a!operationa! an# s,&e#%e

8$ Perform a ,ost/(ene.t anaysis


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T&e A%#itor:s Roe in E*a%ation an#

See,tion

Ony es,apa(e ,osts are %se# in,a,%ations of ,ost sa*in"s (ene.ts$

Reasona(e interest rates are %se# in

meas%rin" present *a%es of ,as& o's$ One/time an# re,%rrin" ,osts are ,ompetey

an# a,,%ratey reporte#$

Reaisti, %sef% i*es are %se# in ,omparin"

,ompetin" pro>e,ts$ Intan"i(e (ene.ts are assi"ne# reasona(e

.nan,ia *a%es$


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Detaied Desi*n+PhaseV

T&e p%rpose of t&e #etaie# #esi"np&ase is to pro#%,e a #etaie##es,ription of t&e propose# system

t&at (ot& satis.es t&e systemre0%irements i#enti.e# #%rin"systems anaysis an# is in

a,,or#an,e 'it& t&e ,on,ept%a#esi"n


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Perform a System Desi"n?a)t&ro%"&

Re*ie' System Do,%mentation


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A((ication Pro*ra))in* andTestin*+Phase VI

see,t a pro"rammin" an"%a"e fromamon" t&e *ario%s an"%a"esa*aia(e an# s%ita(e to t&e

appi,ation


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Syste) I)(e)entation+PhaseVII

Data(ase str%,t%res are ,reate# an#pop%ate# 'it& #ata! e0%ipment isp%r,&ase# an# instae#! empoyees

are traine#! t&e system is#o,%mente#! an# t&e ne' system isinstae#

Testin" t&e Entire System Do,%mentin" t&e System

Con*ertin" t&e Data(ases


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Con*ertin" to t&e Ne' System !ol" Trkey !tover

Phase" !tover

Parallel Operation !tover


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Syste)s Maintenance+Phase VIII

Systems maintenan,e is a formapro,ess (y '&i,& appi,ationpro"rams %n#er"o ,&an"es to

a,,ommo#ate ,&an"es in %ser nee#s

system development and change activities

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