System Requirements ReviewAAE 451

Andrew MizenerDiane Barney Jon Coughlin

Jared Scheid Mark GloverMichael Coffey Donald Barrett

Eric Smith Kevin Lincoln

Outline

I. Mission StatementII. Market and Customers

a. Market Sizeb. Customer Needsc. Customer Benefits

III. CompetitorsIV. Concept of Operations

a. Representative City Pairsb. Capacityc. Design and Economic Missions

V. System Design Requirementsa. QFDb. Benchmarks

VI. Initial Sizing / Technical Specifications

Mission Statement

To design a profitable, supersonic aircraft capable of Trans-Pacific travel to meet the needs of airlines and their passengers around the world.

The World in 2020

• Profitable operations of our aircraft depend on:• The repeal of FAR supersonic flight regulations over

land• At the minimum, supersonic corridors created

over areas of low population density• Sonic boom overpressure of .3 lb/ft2 or less

• Success of Supersonic Business Jets (SSBJ’s) over the next 10 years

• Projected growth in passenger volume:• Overall: 4.2% per year• Asia/Pacific: 6.3% per year• China: 9.1% per year

• ACI Global Traffic Forecast Report 2008-2027

Customer Needs

• Passengers:– High Speed Travel

• Mach 1.6 - 2.0• Significantly decrease flight time

– Comfortable• 40 Passenger Capacity• Single Class

– First or Business Class• Airlines:

– All above, and additionally:• Trans-Pacific range• Works at existing airports• Obeys all noise and emissions regulations• “Capstone” Marketing

Customer Benefits

• Passengers– Speed results in lower trip time– Seating gives more luxurious ride than coach class

• Airlines – Faster aircraft could lead to more flights per day– Trans-Pacific range gives the opportunity for more

travel routes– Aircraft could be used as a selling tool in marketing

Market Size

• Appeal to the wealthier market– Those who currently pay first class fares

• 2% of passengers pay first class fare– Based on Bureau of Transportation Statistics

DB1B Database for Domestic US flights in 2007

– Additional 1% for novelty and convenience – Net: 3% of the US Domestic Market

• Similar numbers assumed for international routes

Projected Sales

• Expect to sell 120 Aircraft– Projecting market growth to 2020– Based on Key City Pairs

• Long enough to provide time savings• Travelled enough to provide market foothold

– Hard numbers from routes with at least one leg in the US

– Include an additional 50% for strictly international routes (particularly in Asia and the Middle East)

Competition

• Three Main Competitors– Supersonic Business Jets (SSBJs)

• SAI, Aerion, Tupolev, Dassault– Subsonic Airliners

• Boeing, Airbus– Supersonic Airliners

SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport Concept Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Next Generation Supersonic Transport Concept

SSBJs

• 2020 sees widespread usage of SSBJs for small volume, high dollar transport

• Benefits– This usage proves the viability of economic

operations above Mach 1.5– Provides initial capabilities for production of aircraft

• Structural materials• Engine choices

• Costs– Provides service for high value potential customers

Subsonic Airliners

• Cost will remain the largest factor in customer choice

• Legacy aircraft will continue to provide cheapest service– Most routes do not require supersonic capability

• Short routes result in less time saved• Limited supersonic corridors

– Most airlines will not upgrade to supersonic initially• Large initial investment• Limited market

– The introduction of faster travel on a large scale will serve to drive down ticket prices on existing airframes

Supersonic Airliners

• Within 2 years of GoldJet reaching operation, direct competition will arrive

• Many existing concepts waiting for funding– Japan’s Next Generation Supersonic Transport

• Mach 2+• 300 Passengers at business class prices• Small scale testing in 2005

– France’s Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur• Mach 2+• Development stalled in early 2000’s due to lack of

funding– Russia’s Tu-244

• Mach 2+• Planned to carry 311 passengers

Supersonic Airliners

• Funding would increase radically as GoldJet and SSBJs achieve economic success– Injection of large scale funds would allow

competitors to spool up research to finish projects quickly

• To combat this competition, GoldJet will come to market quickly with an efficient product

Capacity

• 40 Passengers– Bubble point for # planes sold– Increases passenger comfort– Easier to fill small flights

• 3 Crew– Pilot, Copilot– One Flight attendant

• FAR 125.269: One Flight Attendant, 50 pax or fewer

Trans-Pacific City Pairs

Origin

City Code Runway (ft) Range (nmi)

Los Angeles LAX 10,599 -

Destination

Tokyo* NRT 13,123 4,737Beijing PEK 10,499 5,432Shanghai** PDG 11,154 5,650Honolulu HNL 12,300 2,221

* Threshold Mission** Design Mission

Trans-Atlantic City Pairs

Origin

City Code Runway (ft) Range (nmi)

New York JFK 11,081 -

Destination

London LHR 12,404 2,999Amsterdam AMS 10,645 3,166Paris CDG 11,331 3,159Frankfurt FRA 13,123 3,350Madrid MAD 11,483 3,119Dublin DUB 10,200 2,762

Domestic City Pairs

Origin

City Code Runway(ft)

Range (nmi)

New York JFK 11,081 -

Destination

Miami MIA  13,000 947 Los Angeles LAX  10,599 2,520

Las Vegas LAS 14,510 2,346

Seattle SEA  11,900 2,259

Europe/Asia City Pairs

Origin Destination

City Code Runway (ft) City Code Runway (ft) Range (nmi)

Hong Kong HKG 12,467 London LHR 12,008 5,209

- - - Dubai DXB 13,124 3,201

- - - Sydney SYD 12,999 3,981

- - - Singapore SIN 13,123 1,380

- - - Mumbai BOM 11,302 2,310

- - - Delhi DEL 12,500 2,026

Dubai DXB 13,124 London LHR 12,008 3,302

- - - Delhi DEL 12,500 1,182

- - - Singapore SIN 13,123 3,157

- - - Shanghai PDG 11,154 3,464

- - - Tokyo NRT 13,123 4,316

Design Mission

• Los Angeles – Shanghai– Range: 5,650 nautical miles

Design Mission

Economic Mission

• New York (JFK) – Los Angeles (LAX)– 2,151 nautical miles

• Highly Travelled Route– Currently approx.

3,637,000 pax/year– Projected to 5,719,000

pax/year by 2020• Large Market

– Two largest population centers in USA– Large economic and social centers

• Need for Speed

Direct (Great Circle) Route

Economic Mission

• Requires assumption of a minimum of “Supersonic Corridors”

• Long enough to provide a significant time savings– Standard flight:

• 5 hours, 15 minutes– Supersonic flight:

• Approx. 3 hours• Includes detour to

follow supersonic corridor

• Possible corridor would add only 400 miles

Supersonic Corridor Route

House of Quality

House of Quality

• Customer Wants

– Profitable Operations– Low Trip Time– Long Range– Marketable – Functions at Current

Airports– Many Trips per Day– Passengers Comfortable– Quiet– Low Emissions– Affordable Purchase Cost– Easy to Maintain– Easy to Manufacture– Easy to Fly– Can Carry Cargo

– Acquisition Cost– TO Field Length– Landing Field

Length– Number of

Passengers– Wingspan– Cruise Efficiency– Quiet– Cruise Speed– Block Time

– Turnaround Time

– Cabin Volume per Passenger

– Operating Cost– Boom

Overpressure– Stall Speed– Downtime– Minimum Ticket

Price– Meets FARs– Second

Segment Climb Gradient

• Means for Realization

House of Quality

Relative Importance of Requirements

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

Acquis

ition

Cost [

$]

TO Fie

ld Le

ngth

[ft]

Land

ing F

ield

Leng

th [f

t]

Numbe

r of P

asse

nger

s

Win

gspa

n [ft

]

Cruise

Effi

cienc

y [lb

s of

fuel/

pax-

mi]

Quiet

[Max

dB]

Cruise

Spe

ed [M

]

Block

time

[min

or h

r]

Turna

roun

d tim

e [m

in o

r hr]

Cabin

Volu

me

per P

asse

nger

Opera

ting

Cost [

$/flig

ht]

Boom

Ove

rpre

ssur

e [M

ax d

B]

Stall S

peed

[mph

]

Downt

ime

[mai

nten

ance

tim

e/flig

ht h

r]

Min

imum

Tick

et P

rice

[$/p

ax]

Mee

ts F

ARs

Secon

d Seg

men

t Clim

b G

radie

nt [%

]

Benchmarking

Aircraft

W0 [lb] T/W0

Cruise (M)

Range

(nmi)Cabin

Size

Gold Jet339,00

0 0.4 1.8 5500 40

Concorde408,00

0 0.3730 2.02 3900 100

Tu-144397,00

0 0.4446 2.16 3500 120-140

Aerion SBJ 90,000 0.4356 1.7 3500 8-12

Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21

114,200 0.4344 2.2 4000 6-10

Tu-444 90,400 0.4735 2 4050 6-10

SAI/LM QSST153,00

0 0.4314 1.6-1.8 4000 12

Initial Sizing

• Used a least squares fit of historicalaircraft to estimate initial gross weight andempty weight.

Empty Weight Model

• Estimated the empty weight fraction as a function of Gross Weight, Aspect Ratio, Thrust to Weight, Wing Loading, and Max Mach Number– We/W0=bW0

c1ARc2(T/W0)c3(W0/S)c4Mmaxc5

– b=1.0784– c1= - 0.0903– c2= - 0.0838– c3= 0.4895– c4= 0.2357– c5= - 0.3553

• Technology Factor of 0.95 for composites

Initial Sizing Results

• Design Variables– Mission Range: 5650 nmi– Wing Loading: 100 lbf/ft2

– Aspect Ratio: 5– Thrust to Weight: 0.4– Maximum Mach Number:

2– Cruise Mach Number: 1.8– Number of Passengers: 40– Number of Flight Crew: 3

• Resulting Weights– W0 = 361,100 lbs

– We = 150,500 lbs

– Wf = 201,300 lbs

Summary

• Market and Customers– Market Size: 120 Aircraft– Customer Needs and Benefits

• High Speed, Long Range, Comfortable Travel• Competitors

– SSBJs, Subsonic Airliners, Supersonic Airliners• Concept of Operations

– 40 Passengers, 3 Crew– Design Mission: LAX – Shanghai– Economic Mission: JFK – LAX

• Initial Sizing / Technical Specifications– Mach 1.6 – 2.0– Range: 5,650 nmi– W0 = 361,100 lbs

Next Steps

• Refined Sizing• Cabin Layout• Aerodynamic Analysis

– Airfoil and Planform– Supersonic Properties

• CAD Modeling• Engines

– Sizing– Choice

Questions?