systematics study of the diversity of organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary...
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SystematicsStudy of the diversity of
organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy: naming, identifying and classifying of species created by C Linnaeus
Taxonomy: Classification of Species
Binomial system: all species have a 2 part name consisting of genus + specific epithet (usually latin)
Domain* Eukarya *least specific, includes all others
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies** H. Sapiens **most specific
Taxonomy: Classification of Species
Phylogenetic TreesEvolutionary tree showing common ancestorsDivergence occurs due to derived traits traits
not previously not seen
Phylogenetic TreesSpecies are most
closely related to other species in same genus
More distantly related to those of different families, orders
Cladistic Phylogenetic Trees• A method of tracing
evolutionary history of a group by using shared traits derived from a common ancestor to determine which species are most closely related
• Cladogram• Outgroup not part
of the group being studied
• Ingroup group being studied
Cladistic Phylogenetic Trees
Which organism(s) have gizzards?
Which organism (s) have an amniotic egg?
Which organism has the most traits in common? The least?
Which of the Groupings Below is a True Cladogram?
Explain why or why not each is or is not a true clade: a single common ancestor and all its descendents that share one or more shared derived traits.
Monophyletic grouping: a single ancestor gave rise to all species in that taxon and no other taxon
Polyphyletic grouping: members of the taxon are derived from 2 or more ancestral forms not common to all members
Paraphyletic grouping: a taxon excluding species that share a common ancestor that gave rise to the species included in the taxon
Tracing PhylogenyFossil records and
Behavior are used to determine relationships/common ancestors
Tracing Phylogeny: Morphological Data• Homologous
structures similar due to common descent
– Developmental studies
Convergent evolution distantly related species have same structure because developed in same environment
Analogous structures same function without common ancestor
Tracing Phylogeny: Molecular Data
Protein and DNA/RNA comparisons can be used to determine relationships/common ancestors
Compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) high mutation rate
Molecular Clocks study neutral changes in DNA that accumulate at a constant rate; used with fossil common ancestor
3 Domain SystemArchae,
Bacteria, Eukarya
3 Domain System
3 Domain System
Which are prokaryotic? Eukaryotic? Unicellular or multicelled? Heterotrophic or autotrophic? Which have cell walls?
3 Domain System