systems transformation collaborative
TRANSCRIPT
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SystemsTransformationCollaborativeFinalEvaluationReport
ThomasTimar,MaryBriggsandKelseyKrausenUCDavisSchoolofEducation
OneShieldsAvenue,Davis,CA95616Tel.(530-752-1533;[email protected]
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AcknowledgementsWewishtofirstthankthemanyindividualsfromtheparticipatingschooldistrictsfortheirgenerousparticipationintheevaluationoftheSTCproject—teachers,supportstaff,instructionalcoaches,principalsanddistrictadministrators.Weknowthattimeisapreciouscommodityinschoolsandknowthatschoolpersonnelhavemanydemandsontheirtime.
WewouldalsoliketothanktheFullanTeam—MichaelFullan,JoanneQuinnandEleanorAdams—fortheirtremendouscontributionduringtheSTCdesign,implementation,andevaluation.Weespeciallyappreciatetheirwillingnesstoincorporatesurveyandfocusgroupdatacollectionintotheirsessionagendassothatadiversearrayofvoicescouldbeincludedwithinourstudyoverthepastthreeyears.
Additionally,wearegratefultoChristinaMurdochandLenoraBruceintheUCDavisSchoolofEducationfortheirinvaluableadministrativesupport.
Finally,thisworkwasonlypossiblethroughthegenerosityoftheStuartFoundationandtheDirkandCharleneKabcenellFoundation.WeappreciatetheircommitmenttofindingnewandinnovativewaystoincreasethecapacityofschoolsandschooldistrictsthroughtheirsupportfortheSTCprojectimplementationandevaluation.
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SystemsTransformationCollaborative:FinalEvaluationReportTableofContentsAcknowledgements......................................................................................................................................1
ExecutiveSummary......................................................................................................................................5
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................9
ProjectOverview..........................................................................................................................................9
RationaleforSTC....................................................................................................................................10
ProgramParticipants..............................................................................................................................11
STCProjectActivities..............................................................................................................................11
Methods.....................................................................................................................................................12
ResearchQuestions................................................................................................................................12
Data........................................................................................................................................................12
Instrumentation.....................................................................................................................................13
STCEvaluationOverview........................................................................................................................14
DistrictGoalsandCoherencetoSupportTeachingandLearning..............................................................15
DevelopingDistrictGoals:ANecessaryPre-ConditionofCoherence....................................................15
IdentifyingGoalsinYear1:LinkingGoalstoExistingInitiatives........................................................15
UnderstandingofDistrictGoalsatDifferentLevelsoftheSystem....................................................16
EvolutionofGoalsinYears2(2014-15)and3(2015-16)...................................................................20
Greatergoalclarityasanindicatorofdevelopingcoherence............................................................20
ReducingDistractors..........................................................................................................................21
Balancinglocalflexibilitywiththeneedforcommonground............................................................21
Perspectivesaboutcoherencevariedwidely.....................................................................................25
The“PlanonaPage”asatooltofostercoherence...........................................................................28
Improvedteachingandlearning................................................................................................................30
STCandCommonCoreImplementation................................................................................................31
NewStructuresforImprovingInstruction.............................................................................................32
BuildingtheCapacityofDistrictandSchoolLeaders.................................................................................36
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FacilitatedMeetingsBuildDistrictCapacity...........................................................................................36
CollaborativePlanningTime:BuildingaSharedPlan.............................................................................36
AdaptingtheWorktotheSpecificNeedsoftheDistrict.......................................................................37
BuildingInstructionalCapacity...............................................................................................................39
LearningtheLanguageofChange..........................................................................................................39
BuildingLeadershipCapacity.................................................................................................................41
DistrictLeadersCo-PlanandCo-PresentMeetingContent...................................................................42
IncreasingOpportunitiesforCapacityBuilding......................................................................................43
TheNeedforBaselineCapacity..............................................................................................................44
Sustainability..........................................................................................................................................45
Creatingacultureofprofessionalism,learningandsharedleadership.....................................................47
AnInternalFocusonProfessionalLearningandGrowth.......................................................................47
SharedLeadership..................................................................................................................................51
Collaboration..........................................................................................................................................52
LeadershipStability................................................................................................................................59
IntegratingtheSTCwithExistingDistrictGoalsandInitiatives:DifferentApproaches,Differenttrajectories.............................................................................................................................................60
Districtownershipoftheworkwasessential........................................................................................61
Existingorganizationalculture...............................................................................................................64
Silos....................................................................................................................................................64
Culturesthatemphasizelocalinnovation..........................................................................................66
Trust...................................................................................................................................................67
Communicationplayedacriticalroleonmanylevels............................................................................68
CommunicatingtocreateasharedunderstandingoftheSTC...........................................................68
Communicationbetweensessions.....................................................................................................71
CommunicationwithteachersnotparticipatinginSLTs....................................................................72
Bringingmorestakeholders(likebargainingunits)intotheconversation........................................73
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................75
KeyFindings............................................................................................................................................76
IssuesforfurtherStudy..........................................................................................................................76
Recommendations.................................................................................................................................79
References..................................................................................................................................................83
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ExecutiveSummaryExecutiveSummaryTheSystemTransformationCollaborative(STC)wasathree-yearprojectinitiallyfundedbytheStuartFoundationthroughtheCenterforAppliedPolicyinEducation(CAP-Ed)attheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.CAP-EdcontractedwithDr.MichaelFullanandhisassociatestoimplementtheprojectinfourNorthernCaliforniaschooldistricts.TheregionalSTCinitiativewasdesignedtofacilitateinter-andintra-districtcollaborationandtodevelopcollectiveleadershipandinstructionalcapacity.Thetheoryofactionsupportingtheprojectisthatamorecoherent,systemicfocusonteachingandlearningwouldleadtostrategicimprovementsininstructionand,inturn,provideallstudentsintheparticipatingdistrictswithgreateropportunitiesforacademicprogress.CAP-Ed,withadditionalfinancialsupportfromtheDirkandCharleneKabcenellFoundation,conductedanevaluationoftheproject’simpactonparticipatingschoolsandschooldistricts.Aspartoftheevaluation,CAP-Eddocumentedandsynthesizedparticipants’experiencesoftheSTCprocess,particularlywhatpractitionersandpolicymakerscouldlearnfromSTCaboutgeneratingwhole-systemschange.Specifically,CAP-Edevaluatedprogresstowardsthefollowingprojectgoals:
ü Adistrict-wideapproachtofocusonlearningandteachingforimprovedstudentachievement;
ü Buildingthecapacity–knowledge,skillsandattitudes–ofdistrictandschoolleaderstofacilitateandsustainthefocus;and
ü Strengtheningthecultureofprofessionalismandlearningwithinandacrossdistricts.Methods
AlthoughfourdistrictswereinitiallyinvolvedwiththeSTC,thereportfocusesprimarilyonthetwodistricts—NapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictandPittsburgUnifiedSchoolDistrict—thatremainedinthecollaborativeforthedurationoftheproject.However,datacollectedfromtheSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictandtheAlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrictareusedtoinformourfindingsabouttheconditionsthatsupportedorhindereddistrictimplementationoftheSTC.
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ThereportdrawsondatacollectedbetweenJanuary2013andApril2016.Interviews,focusgroupsandsurveysserveastheprimarysourcesofdataforanalysis,althoughwealsodrawuponfieldnotestakenduringSTCmeetingstotriangulatedata.
KeyFindings&Recommendations
Thefollowingkeyfindingsandrecommendationsarebasedonourindividualandfocusgroupsinterviewswithteachers,schoolanddistrictleaders,anddatacollectedthroughanannualsurvey.WholeSystemChangeisapromisingapproachtobuildingstrongandeffectiveorganizationsbycreatingconditionsthatcanfosterdeepchangeinschoolsanddistricts.Effectiveschooldistrictsareorganizationswhosemembersaretiedtogetherbycommonnorms,commonpurposes,commonmethods,andcommonlanguage.TheSTCoffersanalternativetothetop-downmodelofschoolimprovementthathasprevailedoverthepast40years.Atitscore,theSTCmodelisstructuredtosupportgrowthinorganizationalcapacityforcreatinghighqualityinstructionalregimesthroughprofessionalization,transparency,collaboration,andintensefocusonandcommitmenttofew,criticaleducationgoals.Incontrasttothetop-downinterventionapproach,thetwofundamentalpreceptsofSTCarethat1)continuousprofessionallearning,coachingandmentoringofkeyadministratorsandteacherleadersovermultipleyearsisessentialtotheachievementofwholesystemschange;andthat2)buildingrelationshipsandacollaborativecultureisfundamentaltosupportingthecapacityandsustainabilityofwholesystemschange.Baselinedistrictcapacitywasanimportantfactorintheimplementationofsystemschange.Datacollectedforthisreportsuggestthatdistrictcapacityandtheconditionswithinthedistrictattheoutsetoftheprojectwerekeydeterminantsofdistricts’abilitytoimplementsystemschange.AsexemplifiedbytheprogressmadeinNapa,thesedistrictconditionsandcapacityincludestableleadership,goodlabor-managementrelationships,cohesiveleadershipteams,andeffectivecommunicationbetweendistrictdepartmentsandbetweenthedistrictandschoolsites.
Nevertheless,itisalsoimportanttonotethatwhileNapamayhavesucceededincomingmuchclosertoachievingtheSTCinterventionobjectives,alldistrictsbenefitedfromtheirinvolvementwiththecollaborative.Theyalltookthefirststepstowardsystemtransformation—anincreasedawarenessoftheprocessofcapacitybuildingfordeeperlearning.STC,therefore,hasthepotentialtoserveasacatalystfortransformationratherthan“thereform”thatmakesforbetterteachingandlearning.
Cross-districtcollaborationisavaluabletoolforbuildingprofessionalcommunitiesonalargerscalethanjusttheschoolordistrict.However,collaborationcantakemanyforms—fromthesuperficialandritualtosharedlearningandtothedevelopmentofstrongprofessionalcultures.Datacollectedforthisreportsuggestthatthebenefitsofcross-districtcollaborationwerenotfullyrealizedthroughtheSTCproject.Bothinindividualandinfocusgroupinterviews,respondentsweremixedaboutthebenefitsofsuchcollaboration.Attimes,opportunitiesforcollaborationseemedtoovagueandwithoutaclearpurpose—sharingideas,mixinggroupstoengageinvariousexercisesdesignedtofostercollaboration
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foritsownsake.Strategiesformakingthecross-districtcollaborationsmoremeaningfulincludetheprovisionofopportunitiestoaddresscommonproblemsofteachingpractice,opportunitiestoengageininstructionalroundsandclassroomobservations,andincludinganannualculminatingeventsuchasthe“LearningFair”thattookplaceinyeartwo,intoeachyearoftheproject.TheSTCmodelmustmeettheuniqueneedsofallparticipatingdistricts.AlthoughtheFullanteamencourageddistrictstodeveloptheirowngoalsandstrategiesbasedontheirlocalneeds,ourfindingssuggestthatparticipantsperceivedaneedforgreaterdifferentiationinthecontentofthequarterlyDLTandSLTsessions.FeedbackfrommembersoftheSLTsandDLTssuggesttheinterventionandsupportstrategiesusedbytheFullanteamcouldhavebeenmorevaluabletotheirgrowthiftheywerespecificallytailoredtotheparticularneedsofeachdistrict.Theimportanceofdifferentiatedsupportwasrepeatedlyemphasizedintheinterviews.Theinterviewresponsesaresomewhatatoddswiththeevidence.TheFullanteamdidvisiteachdistrictforaninitialconsultationpriortothelaunchoftheSTCproject.AccordingtotheFullanteam,meetingswereformalwithaclearagendaandpurpose.SeveralmeetingswereheldbetweenNovember,2012andJune,2013.Thepurposeofthemeetingswasto• clarifyexpectationsoftheFullanteamanddistrictleaders:• buildaconsultationrelationshipasabasisforco-designingwiththedistricts;• co-plantoincreasealignmentwithuniquedistrictneeds.Again,accordingtotheFullanteam,althoughtheinteractionswereindepth,districthadnopriorexperienceinbringingtogetherallschoolleadershipteams.Consequently,thisapproachrepresentedalearningcurveforthedistrictsandschoolsinyearoneoftheproject.TheFullanteamalsonotedthatitwasnecessarytodifferentiatethesessionsforbothSanLorenzoandAlamedabeginningyearone,astheywereadifferentstartingpointwithdistrictleadershippriorities.Theteamusedfeedbackfromtheschoolteamsanddistrictleadership,whichithadgottentheprioryearinordertosettheagendaforthedifferentiatedsessions.BoththeFullanteamandparticipantsnotedthatitwouldhavebeenpreferabletohaveincludedamoreextensive“intake”processandneedsanalysistohelpwithimprovingtherelevanceoftheSTCprogramcontent.ThecriteriaforselectionofdistrictsweremadebyUCDavisandtherewerenodiscussionswiththeFullanteamregardingcriteriafordistrictselection.CriteriausedbyUCDaviswasbasedongeographicproximityofdistrictsinordertofacilitatecross-districtcollaboration.DistrictwerealsoselectedonthebasisofthesuperintendentshavingparticipatedintheUCDavisSuperintendents’ExecutiveLeadershipProgram.Atthebeginningoftheproject,districtsprovidedtheFullanteamwithsignificantstudentdemographics,studentachievementdata,andassessmentofsuccesses,challenges,andpriorities.
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ThreeyearsisnotenoughtimeforSTCtobecomeinstitutionalized.Whathasbecomequiteobviousattheterminationofthisparticularprojectisthatthreeyearsissimplynotenoughtimetointernalizethekindsofcultural,professionalandstructuralchanges,andpracticesrequiredtobringaboutmeaningfulchange.Buildingthesocial,cultural,andprofessionalcapitalthatanchorasetofnorms,values,competencies,andbehaviorstakesmorethanthreeyears.Transformingorganizationalcultures,especiallyofschoolsthataresodeeplyembeddedinasetofpracticesandunderstandingsthathavechangedlittlesinceWorldWarII,isalong-termprocessthatneedsconstantnurturingandattention.Continuity between sessions is an important element to sustain school and district engagement in systems transformation. Unfortunately, STC suffered from some of the same challenges that afflict many professional development efforts—too many competing distractors and the lack fo application with follow-up at their sites. Teachers and administrators go back to their schools or district offices and that reality trumps all others. Therefore,themostsignificantchallengeinsystemstransformationworkiscreatinganimpactintheclassroom.Itdoesnotmatterhowinformativeandbeneficialeachsessionmaybeiftheimpactofthatsessiononparticipantsdoesnotreachtheclassroom.SLTandDLTleaderssuggestedthatSTCwouldbenefitconsiderablyintermsofteacherandadministratorengagement,programcoherence,andimpactifthereweregreatersupportsinplacetoensurethattheSTCworkcontinuedbetweensessions.Therefore,werecommendastrongeremphasisoncontinuityinbetweensessions.ThiscontinuitycouldcomethroughemailremindersfortheSTCpointpersonatthedistrictofficetodisseminatetosites,orthroughtheprovisionofspecificstrategiesforintegratingthisworkyear-round. In addition, it is important to have a strong system of communication among district and school leaders in order to engage teachers and administrators at the school site.
Highleadershipturnoverindistrictscancauseinstability.Threeoftheparticipatingdistrictschangedsuperintendentsduringthethreeyearsoftheproject.Additionalturnoverindistrictadministrationledtofurtherchangesinthecompositionofdistrictleadershipteams.Thisturnoverindistrictleadershipcreatedsubstantialchallengesinparticipatingdistricts.Giventheinstabilityofschooldistrictsgenerally—thelargeturnoverofprincipalsandsuperintendents,theproblemofturnoverandinstabilityisthenormratherthantheexception.Forthatreason,thereneedstobeastrategyforturnoveramongdistrictleaders,inparticular,butalsostrategiesforchangesinthecompositionoftheschoolleadershipteam.Onesolutiontotheproblemofturnoverinthesuperintendencymightbetoengagetheschoolboardsfromthebeginningoftheproject.ItisintuitivelyapparentthatschoolboardmembershavetotakeownershipforSTCjustasteachers,administrators,andsupportstaffmust.Theprojectcouldalsoprovideadditionalstrategiestodistrictsforon-boardingnewmembersoftheSLTsandDLTs.
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SectionI:IntroductionIntroductionTheSystemTransformationCollaborative(STC)wasathree-yearprojectinitiallyfundedbytheStuartFoundationthroughtheCenterforAppliedPolicyinEducation(CAP-Ed)attheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.CAP-EdcontractedwithDr.MichaelFullanandhisassociatestoimplementtheproject,whiletheresearchteamfromUCDavisconductedthefollowingevaluation.
TheregionalSTCinitiativewasdesignedtofacilitateinter-andintra-districtcollaborationanddevelopcollectiveleadershipandinstructionalcapacity.Thetheoryofactionsupportingtheprojectisthatamorecoherent,systemicfocusonteachingandlearningwouldleadtostrategicimprovementsininstructionand,inturn,provideallstudentsintheparticipatingdistrictswithgreateropportunitiesforacademicprogress.
CAP-Ed,withadditionalfinancialsupportfromtheDirkandCharleneKabcenellFoundation,conductedtheevaluationoftheproject’simpactonparticipatingschoolsandschooldistricts.Aspartoftheevaluation,CAP-Eddocumentedandsynthesizedparticipants’experiencesoftheSTCprocess,particularlywhatpractitionersandpolicymakerscouldlearnfromSTCaboutgeneratingwhole-systemschange.ItwasourintentiontofindoutiftheSTCstrategyofsystemtransformation,developedbytheFullanTeam,couldofferaviablealternativetotheprevailing,top-downschoolimprovementstrategiesofthepast40years.Thisreportsummarizesourfindingsbasedonthreeyearsofdatacollectedfromtheproject.
ProjectOverviewTheSTCProjectteamwasledbyDr.MichaelFullan,aninternationallyrecognizedleaderinwholedistrictreforminsupportofteachingandlearning.TheprojectbeganinJanuary2013andendedin
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spring2016.Initially,fourdistrictsvolunteeredtoparticipate:AlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrict,SanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrict,PittsburgUnifiedSchoolDistrictandNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrict.DistrictleadersintheAlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrictoptedtoleavetheprojectafterthecompletionofthefirstfullyear(2013-2014).Theoriginalgrantprovidedforatwoprimaryphases:planning(2012-2013),implementation(the2013-2014and2014-2015).Thethirdphase,focusedonsustainability,wasexpectedtobeginin2015-2016,buttheFullanorganization,CAP-Ed,Napa,andPittsburgdecidedtoextendtheimplementationphasethroughMarch2016.SanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictdecidednottocontinuetheprojectafterthesecondfullyearofimplementation.
RationaleforSTCTheFullanmodelisbasedonatheoryof“Whole-SystemChange.”TheconceptualunderpinningsofWhole-SystemChangearethatmeaningful,sustainableinstructionalimprovementcannotoccurwithoutacoherentinteractionofalltheelementsofhighqualityinstruction.
Thehistoryofschoolimprovementeffortsoftenresemblesarevolvingdoorofreforms,manyofwhicharetop-downandincompatiblewithotherinitiatives(Bryk,Sebring,Kerbow,Rollow,&Easton,1998;Fullan,1999).Moreover,becausedistricts,schools,andclassroomshavetendedtooperateinisolation,itisdifficultforeducatorstoshareexpertiseandbuildinstructionalcapacitythroughoutthesystem.Whilemostdistrictandschoolleaderscanpointtoindividual“islandsofexcellence,”oureducationsystemhasyettoensurethatallstudentshaveaccesstohigh-qualityinstruction,regardlessoftheschoolorclassroominwhichtheyareenrolled.Toaddressissuesofinconsistentinstructionalquality,manyeducationleadershaverecommendedthatteachingandlearningshouldemphasize“systemness”orcoherence.
TheSystemTransformationCollaborativedevelopedasanalternativeapproachtothetop-down,punitivereformeffortsexemplifiedbyNoChildLeftBehindandabevyof“categorical”programsthatfocusonfragmentsofthesysteminisolation.Todoso,theFullanteamdesignedthecollaborativeusingtheWholeSystemChangeFramework(Figure1).Theessentialelementsoftheframeworkinclude:
• Professionalcapacitybuilding• Collectiveresponsibility,teamwork,andcollaboration• Moralcommitmentandinspiration• Moreratherthanlessprofessionaldiscretion• Personallyengagingcurriculumandpedagogywithtechnologyastheaccelerator• Betterandbroaderperformancemetrics• School-to-schoolassistanceratherthanpunitiveinterventionfromonhigh• Systemicpoliciesthatarecoherentandcohesive
Figure1:WholeSystemChangeFramework(Fullan,Quinn,&Adam,2013)1
1 Forthepurposeofthisreport,wepresenttheoriginalWholeSystemsChangeFrameworksharedbytheFullanteamduringthefirstyearofimplementation.ItispossiblethattheFullan,Adams,andQuinnhaveupdatedtheirframeworkoverthecourseoftheproject,butthiswastheframeworkuponwhichtheprojectwasdesigned.
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Accordingly,twoofthefundamentalunderlyingpreceptsofWhole-SystemChangeare:thatcontinuousprofessionallearning,coaching,andmentoringofkeyadministratorsandteacherleadersovermultipleyears,fostersandisnecessarytoachievewholesystemchange;andthatbuildingrelationshipsandacollaborativecultureisfundamentaltosupportingthiscapacityandsustainability.
ProgramParticipants• TheSTCProjectTeam–AlsoknownastheFullanteam,thesethreeinternationalconsultants
specializeineducationalleadershipandschoolimprovement,andwereresponsiblefordesigningandfacilitatingtheimplementationoftheproject(though,aswereportlater,theycollaboratedwithNapaincreatingandpresentingcontentduringthefinalyear).
• DistrictLeadershipTeams(DLTs)–EachdistrictformedaDLTfortheprojectwith8-12keyadministrators,typicallyincludingmany“cabinet”membersandotheracademicleaders.AllsuperintendentsservedontheDLTs.Intwocases,certificatedunionrepresentativesalsoservedontheDLT,andinonedistrict,siteadministratorswerealsoincludedtorepresentelementary,middle,andseniorhighschools.
• SchoolLeadershipTeams(SLTs)–Principalsfromeachschoolwithinthedistrictsformedteamswith3-6members,typicallyclassroomteachers,butalsoincludingvice-principalsorspecializedpersonnelsuchasinterventionteachers.
• Teachersandclassifiedstaff–SLTswereexpectedtobringideasorassignmentsbacktocolleaguesattheirschoolsiteswhowerenotparticipatinginthequarterlymeetings(indirectinvolvement).
STCProjectActivitiesFormalSTCprojectactivitiesincludedfourprofessionallearningdayseachyearforbothdistrictleadersandschoolleadershipteams,aswellassomeprofessionalcoachingforindividualdistrictsbetweensessions.TheconsultantsandDistrictLeadershipTeams(DLTs)metforafulldayeachquarter.Thesesessionsweredesignedtoprovidesustainedprofessionallearning,coachingandmentoringtokeydistrictadministrators.TheDLTmeetingcontentfocusedontheroleofseniorleadersindesigningandsupportingchangeacrossthedistrict.Districtleadersfromalltheparticipatingdistrictsmettogetheratthesemeetings.
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Theconsultantsalsoledquarterly,full-daysessionswitheachdistrict’sSLTs.SchoolLeadershipTeammeetingsfocusedprimarilyondevelopingsharedcapacityforleadershipandincreasinginstructionalcapacityattheschoolsites.
Districtandschoolleadershipteamswerealsogiventaskstocompletebetweensessions(e.g.,60-dayplans).Alltheprojectactivitieswereintendedtobestrategicallytargetedtomeetthespecificneedsoftheparticipatingdistrictsastheymovedthroughthestagesoftheirdevelopmentintheprocessofsystemtransformation.Asstatedpreviously,theoverallgoalofthisworkwastocreateasustainableculturethatplacesteachingandlearningatthecenterofalldistrictwork.
MethodsThepurposeofthisevaluationistodocumentandassesswhathappenedinschoolsandschooldistrictsoverthecourseofthethreeyearsoftheSTCproject.ThestudyfocusesonSTCasamodelforwhole-systemchange.Whilewecollectedandanalyzeddatafromallfourparticipatingdistrict,thisreportfocusesprimarilyonthetwodistricts—NapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictandPittsburgUnifiedSchoolDistrict—thatremainedinthecollaborativeforthedurationoftheproject.However,datacollectedinSanLorenzoandAlamedaisusedtoinformourfindingsabouttheconditionsthatsupportedorhindereddistrictimplementationoftheSTC.
Giventheemphasisonwhole-systemchange,CAP-Edevaluatedprogresstowardsthefollowingprojectgoals:
• Thedevelopmentofadistrict-wideapproachtofocusonlearningandteachingforimprovedstudentachievement;
• Buildingthecapacity–knowledge,skillsandattitudes–ofdistrictandschoolleaderstofacilitateandsustainthefocus;and
• Strengtheningthecultureofprofessionalismandlearningwithinandacrossdistricts.
ResearchQuestionsThefollowingquestionsguidedtheresearch:
1. Whatareteachers,administrators,andstudentsdoingatprojectcompletionthatisdifferentfromwhattheydidbefore?
2. WhatdifferencedidSTCmakeintermsofstudentattainmentandachievement?3. Aretherebenchmarksthatwouldindicatemovementtowardsystemtransformation?
DataThisreportdrawsondatacollectedbetweenJanuary2013andApril2016.Interviews,focusgroupsandsurveysserveastheprimarysourcesofdataforanalysis,althoughwealsodrawuponfieldnotestakenduringSTCmeetingstotriangulatedata.AbreakdownofdatacollectionactivitiesisincludedinAppendixA.
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Interviews.TheresearchersinterviewedmembersofthefourDistrictLeadershipTeamsinthespringofeachschoolyear,2014-2016.Each45-minute,semi-structuredinterviewaddresseddistrictcontextandprojectimplementation(n=27in2014;n=21in2015;n=142016).
Districtfocusgroups.InSpring2014-2016,researchersheldfocusgroupswithrandomlyselectedmembersofeachdistrict’sSchoolLeadershipTeams(SLT),includingteachers,principals,andotherstaff(n=26in2014;n=13in2015;n=10in2016).The45-60minutefocusgroupsincludedquestionsaboutdistrictcontext,goals,andparticipants’experienceswithprojectimplementation.
Casestudyschoolfocusgroupsandprincipalinterviews.Duringspring2015,researchersvisitedeightelementary,middle,andhighschoolsinthethreeparticipatingdistricts.Duringeachvisit,theresearchersconductedafocusgroupcomposedofthreeteachersservingontheirSLTandthreeteachersnotservingontheirschool’sSLT.Theresearchersalsointerviewedeachprincipal.Questionsinthefocusgroupsandinterviewscovereddistrictandschoolcontexts,goals,andparticipants’perceptionsaboutprojectimplementation.Surveys.Anelectronicsurveywasdistributedtoteachers,theDLT,andmembersoftheSLTsinspring2014(n=669),2015(n=373)and2015(n=365).Questionswerecustomizedforeachrespondenttype,anditemsaddresseddistrictgoals,collaboration,leadership,cultureandinstruction.Theteachersurveyincludedadditionalquestionsabouttheirinstructionalpractices.DistrictleadersfromAlamedaoptednottodistributetheteacherversionofthesurveyin2014duetocontentiouslabornegotiations.Accordingly,onlydistrictandsiteadministratorscompletedthesurveyinthisdistrict.ThesurveywasdesignedbyaconsultantfortheSTCProjectTeaminconsultationwiththeUCDavisresearchteam.
Observationsandartifacts.MembersoftheresearchteamattendedthequarterlyDLTandSLTmeetingstotrackprojectimplementationandcontentdelivery.Theresearcherscollectedhandoutsandalsotookphotographsandnotesatthemeetingstocapturekeypoints.
InstrumentationCAP-Eddevelopedseveralinstrumentstoguidethecollectionofdata.Theseinstrumentsincludeda:
1) SLTFocusGroupDiscussionProtocol;2) DistrictLeaderInterviewProtocol;3) STCSurveyProtocolsforDLTmembers,participantsattheSLTsessions,andclassroomteachers
notattendingtheSTCmeetings;24) CaseStudySchoolSiteObservationProtocol5) CaseStudySchoolSitePrincipalInterviewProtocol;and6) STCLeadersInterviewProtocol.
TheprotocolsweredesignedtoofferparticipantsopportunitiestoreflectontheSTCproject,includingtheimpactoftheprojectontheirwork,theirreflectionsontheSTCmodel,highlightsandchallengesof
2 Asmentionedabove,thesurveywasdesignedbyaconsultantfortheFullanTeaminconsultationwiththeUCDavisresearchteam.
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thework,andtheirrecommendationsforhowtostrengthenthework.Theinterviewandfocusgroupprotocolsweremodifiedovertimeastheworkprogressed.ExamplesofeachprotocolareprovidedinAppendixB.
STCEvaluationOverviewThefindingspresentedinthisreportarecomposedoftwoparts.ThefirstsectionofthefindingsfocusesontheimpactoftheSTCproject.InthissectionwedescribetheimpactoftheSTCprojectbothattheschool-anddistrict-level,includingareaswherechangeisevidentoremerging.
Thesecondsectionofthefindingsfocusesonconditionsthatparticipantscitedassupportsorbarrierstochangeduringthecourseoftheproject.ThefinalsectionofthereportfocusesonrecommendationsbyparticipantsabouthowtostrengthentheCollaborativeandfinalreflectionsonSTCasamodelforchange.
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SectionII:SignsofChangeDistrictGoalsandCoherencetoSupportTeachingandLearningTheSTCgrantstipulatedthatbytheendoftheprojectparticipatingdistrictswouldhavedevelopedandimplemented“astrategicplanthatoutlinescoherentandalignedgoals;instructional,curricularandassessmentpractices;andproceduresforassessingprogresstowardsgoalsandpractices.”Withinthissection,weaddressevidenceofNapaandPittsburg’sprogresstowardsmeetingtheseobjectives,includingparticipants’perceptionsabouttheireffortstoachievedistrictgoals.
DevelopingDistrictGoals:ANecessaryPre-ConditionofCoherenceAccordingtotheFullanteam,systemstransformationisonlypossibleoncedistrictleadersdevelopaclearfocusandidentifyspecificstrategiestosupportcontinuousimprovementinteachingandlearningthroughoutthesystem.Inaninterview,onefacilitatorfromtheFullanteamdescribedthetheoryofactionfortheSystemsTransformationCollaborative:
Really,ourtheoryofactionisthat[districts]havetofocustheirdirection.Theyhavetobereallyclearongoalsandcomeupwithjusttwoorthreegoalareas,andthenreallybeclearaboutthestrategythatthey'regoingtousetoachievethemsothatpeopleinthedistrictsdevelopasharedunderstandingofwherethedistrictisgoing,howtheyfitintothat,whattheplanisforgettingthere,howtheybuildtheircapacitytodoso(interview,May2016).
PriorresearchsupportstheFullanteam’sclaimthatasharedvisionfocusestheenergyandattentionofindividualsatalllevels(Johnson,Marietta,Higgins,Mapp,&Grossman,2015;Senge,1990)andallows“leaderstoconveywheretheyareheadingandsharpenfocusontheprimarypurposeoftheorganization”(Supovitz,2006).Thus,animportantgoaloftheSTCwastodeveloporganizationalcoherenceinsupportofeffectiveteachingandlearning.Todoso,districtleadersfirstneededtosortthroughthemanycompetingprioritieswithintheirsystemstoidentifya“smallnumberofambitiousgoals”specifictotheirlocalcontextandneeds.
IdentifyingGoalsinYear1:LinkingGoalstoExistingInitiativesAttheoutsetoftheproject,theFullanleaderstaskedmembersofeachdistrictleadershipteamwithdevelopingthreetofivedistrictwidegoalstoguideeachdistrict’seffortsfortheremainderoftheproject.DLTmembersweregiventimeatthequarterlymeetingsduringYear1todevelopandrefinetheirgoalsandtoobtainfeedbackfromadministratorsfromtheotherparticipatingdistricts.TheDLTsalsodevelopedimplementationmemos.Interviewdatafromthreeofthefourdistrictsinvolvedintheprojectduringthefirstyearoftheprojectsuggeststhattheseconversationscontinuedinsomeformbackattheircentraloffices,ofteninconjunctionwithdiscussionsabouttheirLCAPpriorities.Perhapsnotsurprisingly,wefoundthatdistrictsenteringwithsomepre-existingagreementabouttheiroverarchinggoalsreportedamorecohesivevisionbytheendofthefirstyear.
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NapaandPittsburgweretheonlytwodistrictsoftheinitialfourthatreportedselectinggoalsthatwereacontinuationofworkalreadyunderwaywithintheirdistricts.AsaPittsburgDLTmembercommented,“IthinkoneofthereasonsthatweappealedtotheFullanfolksintheearlystageswasthatwealreadyhadreallytriedtonarrowourfocus.Soeventhoughwewereonlystartingtoincreasestudentoutcomesandstudentlearning,wehadspecificwaysweweredoingit”(interview,May2014).Likewise,aDLTmemberfromNapacommentedthat,“Thesehavebeenourgoalsforthelastthreeyears,butwe’retryingtogettighteron[them].”Infact,attheconclusionoftheproject,thesameDLTmemberattributedpartoftheirperceivedsuccesstocapitalizingonprioreffortswhentheyselectedtheirgoals:“Thatwasprobablythemostimportantthingwedid,whenwewenttothreeacademicgoals…We'vestayedconsistentforfiveyearswiththosesamegoals.Principalsappreciatethat.”Anothercentralofficeadministratoragreed,addingthathebelievedtheFullanteamacceleratedthedistrict’sabilitytomeetthosegoals.
UnderstandingofDistrictGoalsatDifferentLevelsoftheSystemTheFullanteamrepeatedlystressedtheimportanceofhavinggoalsthatareshareddistrict-wide,andbytheendofYear1,aPittsburgSLTmemberassertedthat,“Idefinitelythinkwe’reonthesamepagewithgoals.”ADLTmembercreditedtheSTCprojectwithhelpingrefinetheirpriorities:
Itreallyassistedwithusgettingveryclear,veryquicklyonour3majorgoals,whichwereactuallyonesthatweactuallybuiltourLocalControlAccountabilityplanaround.Soitwasjustkindofanaturalpieceofitthatwetookwhatwe'dbeenwrestlingwith,andwestartedtorefinethemandpolishthemalittlebit.Then,naturally,fromtherecameabunchofsubgoalsaswellasactionsandstrategies…whatwe'redoingasadistrictandwhereweseeourselvesinthenearfuture.It'saverytight,tightpackage,anditgivesaverycrystalclearviewofPittsburg'scurrentrealityaswellaswhereitmightbe3yearsdowntheline.
Asithappened,thefirstyearofthecollaborativecoincidedwithimplementationoftheCommonCoreStateStandardsandCalifornia’snewaccountabilitysystem,whichrequiresthateachdistrictdevelopa“LocalControlAccountabilityPlan”(LCAP)withgoalsineightdifferentstate-identified“priorityareas.”Throughoutourconversations,educatorsdescribedfeelingdelugedwithinformationaboutnewgoals,instructionalmaterials,andexpectations.DatasuggestNapaandPittsburgweresuccessfulatcommunicatingthegoalsamongSTCparticipantsinYearOneoftheproject,whileclassroomteachersandotherswhodidnotparticipateinthemeetingswerelessclearondistrictgoals.Bythefinalyear,however,PittsburgUnifiednolongerreportedclarityabouttheirdistrictgoals.
Forthemostpart,interviewandfocusgroupparticipantsfromNapacouldidentifythedistrict’sgoalsbytheendofYear1,referringfrequentlytotheir“PlanonaPage,”asingle-pagedocumentthatoutlinedNapa’sthreeprimarygoalsandassociatedsub-goals.ANapaprincipalcommented,"It'sthefirsttimewithelementaryprincipalsthattheywouldall,allofthem,fromtheirdifferentperspectivesofInternationalBaccalaureateandmagnetschoolscouldsay,‘Yeah,that'swhatourgoalsare.’Idon'tthinkwe'dbetherewithouthavinggonethroughthesesessions"(SLTfocusgroup,May2014).YetsurveyresponsesinTable1offeramoreconservativeperspectivethanweheardduringinterviewsandfocus
17
groups,withallthreetypesofparticipants(districtleadershipteammembers,schoolleadershipteammembersandteacherswhowerenotinvolvedwiththeproject)providingneutralresponsesorslightagreementthatthedistricthadasmallnumberofclearlydefinedgoals.Infact,bytheendofYear1,bothSLTmembersandclassroomteachersstillslightlydisagreedwiththestatementthatmembersthroughoutthesystemwereabletoarticulatedistrictgoals(2.88and2.76,respectively).Whileitisunclearwhataccountsfordiscrepenciesinparticipants’responses,respondentswhoattendedthequarterlyDLTorSLTsessionslikelyhadmoresustained,formalconversationsaboutdistrictgoalsthanthoseunabletoattend.3
DatafromthefirstyearinPittsburgalsosuggestthatalthoughthosewhoattendeddistrictandschoolleadershipteammeetingssharedsomeknowledgeaboutdistrictgoals,goalswerenotconsistentlyunderstoodatthesitelevel.SurveydataduringYear1,forinstance,indicatedthatDLTmembersagreedthatthedistricthadwell-definedgoals(4.0),clarityaboutthedistrict’sstrategy(4.0),andthedegreetowhichpeoplethroughoutthesystemcouldarticulatethegoalsandstrategies(4.33).LikeNapa,however,responsesfromclassroomteachersnotattendingthemeetingsindicatedthatgoalclarityhadyettoconsistentlypenetrateattheschoollevel.WhileDLTmembersagreedwiththestatementthatthedistrict’sgoalsandstrategieswereclearlyunderstoodthroughoutthesystem(4.33),SLTmembersandclassroomteachersdisagreedslightly(2.7and2.6,respectively).InaMay2014interview,aPUSDprincipalstated,“You'vegottohaveaclearvision,andthat'sapiecethatwe'vestruggledwith.It'slikewherearewegoing?Ithasn'tbeenclearhere.”
3 Wealsofoundthat,ingeneral,classroomteacherstendedtogravitatetowardsneutralresponsesthroughoutthebulkofsurveyanddisplayedlessvariationthanDLTandSLTmembers.
18 Table1:Surveyresponsesaboutdistrictgoals,Years1-3,N
VUSD
Napa
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=8)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=5)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=95)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=110)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=61)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=126)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=30)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=103)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistricthasasmallnum
berofclearlydefinedgoals.
3.383.58
4.200.82
4.044.04
3.98-0.06
3.563.96
3.28-0.28
Thedistricthasawell-definedstrategyfor
achievingthegoals.3.75
2.923.60
-0.15
3.353.59
3.910.56
3.293.88
3.05-0.24
Myschoolhasasm
allnumberofclearly
definedgoals.N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.16
4.224.04
-0.12
3.554.33
3.600.05
Myschoolhasaw
ell-definedstrategyforachievingthegoals.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.89
3.983.96
0.07
3.533.88
3.660.13
Thedistrictalignsitsallocationofresourceswiththegoals
4.334.00
4.00-0.33
3.372.93
3.00-0.37
3.052.85
2.76-0.29
Everyoneinthesystemcanarticulatethegoals
andstrategyforachievingthem
3.142.67
2.80-0.34
2.883.10
3.110.23
2.763.43
2.800.04
Note:Surveyresponsesw
ereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
19
Table2:Surveyresponsesaboutdistrictgoals,Years1-3,PUSD
Pittsb
urg
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=3)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=4)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=59)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=42)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=50)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=189)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=81)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=137)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistricthasasmallnum
berofclearlydefinedgoals.
43.86
2.33-1.67
3.553.00
2.98-0.57
3.363.11
3.02-0.34
Thedistricthasawell-definedstrategy
forachievingthegoals.4
3.712.33
-1.67
3.312.76
2.79-0.52
3.242.91
2.85-0.39
Myschoolhasasm
allnumberof
clearlydefinedgoals.N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.84
4.023.53
-0.31
3.403.37
3.23-0.17
Myschoolhasaw
ell-definedstrategyforachievingthegoals.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.71
3.693.02
-0.69
3.413.27
3.16-0.25
Thedistrictalignsitsallocationofresourcesw
iththegoals3.88
3.004.00
0.12
3.533.52
3.49-0.04
3.293.58
3.14-0.15
Everyoneinthesystemcanarticulate
thegoalsandstrategyforachievingthem
4.33
2.712.80
-1.53
2.702.05
2.40-0.30
2.602.52
2.35-0.25
Note:Surveyresponsesw
ereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree
20
EvolutionofGoalsinYears2(2014-15)and3(2015-16)InYear2,theFullanteamconsultedwithdistrictleaderstofurtherrefineandimplementthedistricts’goalsandstrategicplans.Atthistime,datacollectedforthisreportindicatethedegreetowhichgoalswerecommunicatedtoalllevelsoftheorganizationandthespecificityofstrategicplansvariedbydistricts,inpartduetocontextualfactorsdescribedinSectionIIIofthisreport.Bytheendofthethirdyear,interviewsandfocusgroupresponsesindicatethatNapamadenoticeableprogresstowardsthesystemwideunderstandingofthedistrict’s“PlanonaPage.”AdministratorssuchasoneSLTfocusgroupparticipantobservedtherewascomfortinknowingthat“thetargetwasn’tgoingtochange”(March2015).Districtleadersturnedtheirattentionfromcommunicatinggoals,whichremainedlargelystable,todevelopingcoherencebetweenthewidearrayofapproachesthatNapaschoolswereusingtomeetthosegoals.Interestingly,however,surveyresponsestoquestionsaboutgoalclarityanddistrictstrategiesremainedrelativelystable,increasingordecreasingbyonlysmallamounts(Table2).Ininterviewsandfocusgroups,participantsatalllevelscommentedthatNapastillstruggledtostaveoff“initiativecreep,”buttheFullanconsultantsnotedinaMay2016interviewthatNapa’sleaders“hadsteppedupinthattheyreallyfocusedtheirdirectionawayfromcluttertoreallyclear,focuseddirection.”
AlthoughPittsburgalsoselectedgoalsthatextendedordeepenedexistingdistrictprioritiesduringyearone,Pittsburg’ssuperintendentretiredduringthesummerof2014,justafterthecompletionofthefirstyearoftheproject.ThenewsuperintendentrevisitedthedistrictgoalsthroughtheLCAPprocessandataskforce(“Vision2027”)thatshecreatedinherfirstyear.Overthenexttwoyears,Pittsburgexperiencedseveraladditionalleadershiptransitionswithinthecentralofficeand,thus,thePittsburgDLT.WhileinterviewandfocusgroupresponsesindicatethatSLTmembers,centralofficestaff,andclassroomteachersinPittsburgsharedanunderstandingofdistrictgoalsinYearOne,ourdatasuggeststhatrespondentsperceivedadeclineingoalclarityandthedegreetowhichdistrictgoalswereshared(Table2).Inthesurvey,thesteepestdecreasewasevidentwithinthedistrictleadershipteam(2014=4.33,2015=2.76,and2016=2.80).4TheratingtrendsareconsistentwithinterviewandfocusgroupresponsesthatsuggestlessclarityaboutPittsburg’smainprioritiesaftertheextensivechangesinDLTleadershipcomposition.
GreatergoalclarityasanindicatorofdevelopingcoherenceAsstatedearlier,acentralobjectivefordistrictsinvolvedinthecollaborativewastodevelopcoherenceindistrictgoalsandobjectives.Intheirbook,Coherence:TheRightDriversforSchools,Districts,andSystems,FullanandQuinnarguedthatcoherence“isnotstructure.Itisnotalignment(althoughthatcanhelp)…Itisnotstrategy”(2016,p.1).Likewise,HonigandHatch(2004)describedcoherenceasschoolsandcentralofficesconstantlyworkingtogethertonegotiatebetweenexternalpressuresandlocalpriorities.Essentially,coherencecanbedescribedashowpeopleandprocesseswithinthedistrictinteracttosupportacommonvision.Thus,schoolsinadistrictdonotneedtooperatein“lock-step”or4 Thesefindingsshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution,however,becausethereareotherpossibleexplanationsforthedeclineinagreement,includingthepossibilitythattheyreflecttheopinionsofdifferentpeopleovertheyearsorthatthroughparticipationinthecollaborative,participantsdevelopedagreaterawarenessoftheimportanceofspecific,measurablegoals.
21
usescriptedprogramstoattaincoherence.
Adistrict-widefocusonasmallnumberofclearlydefinedgoalsmightserveasanearlyindicatorofdevelopingcoherence.Participantsthroughoutthesystemmustbeabletoarticulatedistrictprioritiesinordertomaintainfocusandensuredecisionsandresourcessupportthem.
ReducingDistractorsGiventheconstantbarrageofreforms,newinitiatives,regulations,andotherinformationdirectedatschoolsanddistricts,participantsinbothdistrictsarguedthatcleargoalsshouldserveasafilterfordecisionmaking.Otherwise,resourcesandattentionbecomefragmented,andcoherenceremainselusive.InPittsburg,administratorsexplicitlydescribedtheimportanceofusinggoalsasatooltoweedoutdistractions.Educatorsareoftencriticizedformovingfromonefadinitiativetothenext,andthemembersofthePUSDcentralofficestaffrepeatedlymentionedhowgoalscanhelpleadersprioritizenewandongoingactivities.InYear1,asenioradministratorfromPittsburgclaimedthatparticipationintheSTChelpedtightentheirfocusandexpressedprideintheirabilitytoreducedistractors:
We'reverydiscernible(sic)consumersofwhat'sbrightandshiny…We'reverytightwith,‘Okay,buthowisthatgoingtofitinto…oneofthesethreebuckets?’Ifit'sgoingtodeepenourunderstanding,ifit'sgoingtohelpus,youknow,reallymoveforward,that'soneconversation.Butifit'sgoingtobeseenasanadd-on,orifthereisanychanceit'sgoingtoendupbeinganadd-on,wesay,“Nothankyou.”(May2014).
Acolleagueinthedistrictofficeagreed,butwaslesscertainifthatstrategywasevidentatthesitelevel,commentingthat,“Witheverygoal,wetrytofilteritthroughthe[Pittsburg]LearningModel,butI'mnotsurethatpeoplealwaysseeitthatway…SoIthinkitgetsfilteredthrough,butI'mnotsureeveryonecouldbreakitdownand…articulateitthewayIjustdid.”Overall,however,participantsinbothdistrictsgenerallydescribedtheuseofgoalstoguidedistrictdecisionsasaworkinprogressratherthanacurrentstrength.
Yetwhileasmallnumberofshared,clearlydefinedgoalsarenecessaryfordistrictcoherence,theydonotguaranteethatleaderswillbeabletotranslategoalsintocoherentsystems.Inthenextsection,weexaminepossibleindicatorsofincreaseddistrictcoherenceandhowparticipantsperceivedeffortstoimprovedistrictcoherencethroughouttheproject.
BalancinglocalflexibilitywiththeneedforcommongroundSchoolsinNaparangefromtraditionalneighborhoodprogramstomagnetschoolsthatofferspecialprogramssuchasproject-basedlearning,theInternationalBaccalaureate(IB)program,dualimmersion,STEMorartsintegration.Whilehavingseveralschool“types”madedevelopingcoherencechallengingattimes,theirdecisiontoencouragethiskindoflocalvariationalsohighlightsthedistinctionbetweencoherentsystemsandstandardization.Thisbalanceisdifficulttoarticulate,muchlessdevelopandsustain,buttheSTCattemptedtofacilitateitoverthecourseoftheprojectratherthanencouragingdistrictstoimposeauniformapproachuponallsites.Ultimately“systemness”ismoreaboutmembersofthesystemunderstandinghowthe
22
differentmovingpiecesinteracttohelpschoolsattaintheirgoalsthaneveryonefollowingascriptedinstructionalfocusororganizationalapproach.
YetinYear1,Napaadministratorsandteacherswereunsurehowschoolswithsuchdifferentapproachescouldbepartofacoherentsystem.Whiletheschoolleadershipteamsweretryingtodevelopcommonground,oneDLTmemberobservedthat“becausewehavemagnetschools,wehavethedualimmersionschools,wehaveIBschools,wehaveNewTechNetworkschools,andwehavecommunitypartnerships…theykindofwanttofilteranythingthroughthat.”Thisrequiredthedistricttobecomemuchmoreexplicitabouthowtheireffortswereconnected.AttheendoftheSTCproject,acentralofficeleadersaid:
Ourchallengeinternallyisgettingourfolkstospeakwithonevoiceandtohaveasinglevisionthatwherewehavesomeflexibilitywithintheframeworkofourvisionforsitestohavetheirownpersonalitytwisttheywanttohave…yetyouarestillmovingallthehorsesintherightdirection…Allstudentstobeparticipatingindeeperlearningexperiences.Arethey?Wehopesobynow.
Overthecourseoftheproject,Napagrappledwithhowtoprovidecoherenceinalargedistrictsystemwhilehonoringitscommitmenttolocalinnovation.ADLTmemberwhohadworkedinNapaformorethanadecadedescribedthedistrict’stransitionfromadistrictof“fiefdoms”tocoherence:“Eventhoughwe're32schools,weallhavethesecommongoalsandstrategies.Forasuperintendenttoseeyou're32schoolsworking–oratleastspeakingandlookingat–commonstrategiesorcommonwork,that'sprettygood.”Sheattributedthistransition,inpart,toconversationsfosteredbytheSTCproject.
ByYear3,therewereindicationsthatthedistrictwasbeginningtoidentifytangiblewaystobalancelocalflexibilityandacoherentdistrictvision.Notably,thedistrictworkedinconjunctionwiththeFullanteamtodevelopandrefinearubricandprotocolsthatallschoolscoulduseasaframeworkfordiscussingdeeperlearningusingstudentwork.Afterinstructionalcoachespracticedusingtheprotocol,schoolleadershipteamsspentasignificantportionoftheMarch2016meetingusingtherubricandprotocoltodiscussstudentworkwithothersites,withtheexpectationthatleaderswouldattempttheapproachbackattheirsites.
Asadistrictadministratorsaid,“Wehadtomakesurethatworkingwithourpartners[e.g.,NewTech,IB],themessagewasagnosticandyetpersonal…Thatwasthechallenge.Thechallengeisnothavingitappearthatwearea‘onesizefitsall’message”(interview,April2016).InhisApril2016interview,anotherDLTmemberattributedthisprogresstotheSTCproject,saying,“WithoutitIthinkwe'dstillhaveallthisunevenimplementation.Ithinkwe'remoresystemwide.Weallagreethatsometypeofinquirybasedpedagogyisgoingtobethemainwaythatweinstructourstudents.That'smuchbetterthanitusedtobe.”HiscommentswereechoedbyyetanotherDLTmember,whosaid:
Itdoesn'tmatterifyouareaNewTechNetworkoryouareIB…orwhateveryoursliceofthepiemighthappentobe.Ifyouarereallytalkingaboutdeeperlearningforkids,these
23
aretheresourcesweareproviding...Wearereallytalkingaboutthesepedagogies.Everybodyfinallycametoagreementonthat,whichwashugebreakthroughforoursystem.ThisyearIthinkfinallykindofpushedusoverthattensionpoint.
Giventhatthesedevelopmentsoccurredtowardstheendoftheproject(anddatacollection),wedonothavedatafromSLTmembersorclassroommembersabouttheirexperienceswiththenewrubricsandprotocols.YettheircreationindicatesthatbothdistrictandFullanleaderswereintentionalaboutaddressingcoherencewithouteliminatingordiscouragingsite’sindividualapproachestothecurriculumandinstruction.
AlthoughPittsburgdidnothavethesamehistoryofschoolswithspecialprograms,districtrespondentsalsoreportedworkingtowardscoherencewhileprovidingforlocalflexibility.InaYearOnefocusgroup,aninstructionalcoachsaid,"SinceIsuperviseall8elementaryschools…andlookingatthe‘systemness,’it’sbeenafocusforustokeepcomingbackto[thefactthat]noteveryonedoestheexactsamethingallday,butthatthere’sacommonapproach.Thatthere’scommonresourcesavailablefortheteachers.”AnotherparticipantreferredtothedifferentinstructionalmodelsthateachPUSDschooldevelopedinYear1,observingthattheyweresimplydifferentapproachestoattainingtheirsharedgoals.
24
Table3:Surveyre
sponsesa
boutd
istrictg
oalalignmentw
ithdecisio
nsa
ndre
sourceallocatio
n,Years1
-3,N
VUSD
Note:Surveyre
sponsesw
erera
tedona5-pointLikertsc
ale,w
here1=stro
nglydisa
gree,2=disa
gree,3=neutra
l,4=agree,and5=stro
nglyagree.
NapaValleyDistrictLeaders
SchoolLeadersTeachers
2014RatingAverage
(n=8)
2015RatingAverage
(n=7)
2016RatingAverage
(n=5)
Y1toY3Change
2014RatingAverage
(n=95)
2015RatingAverage
(n=110)
2016RatingAverage
(n=61)
Y1toY3Change
2014RatingAverage
(n=126)
2015RatingAverage
(n=30)
2016RatingAverage
(n=103)
Y1toY3Change
Thedistric
t'sdecisio
nsa
realigned
with
thegoals.
4.00
3.18
3.40
-0.603.67
3.75
3.65
-0.023.48
3.88
3.19
-0.29
Thedistric
talignsitsa
llocatio
nof
resourcesw
ithth
egoals
3.88
3.00
4.00
0.123.53
3.52
3.49
-0.043.29
3.58
3.14
-0.15
25
PerspectivesaboutcoherencevariedwidelyAttheoutsetoftheSTCproject,districtleadersdescribedafairlycoherentsystembuiltarounditspre-existing“PittsburgLearningModel”(PLM)anduseofinstructionalcoaches.Theirfirstgoalwassystem-wideimplementationofthePLM.InMay2014,oneDLTmemberdescribedhowthePLMfacilitateddecisionmakingthatsupportscoherence,“'We'vestayedveryfocusedonthePittsburgLearningModelnowforthreeorfouryears,Ithink…anditissuchastrongfocusthatotherthingsareeasilyfittingintoit.It'seasytorecognizewhatdoesfitin,andwhatisnotreallyonourtarget.”AnothercentralofficeadministratornotedthattheSTCwashelpingthemrefinethePLMevenfurtheratatimewhenpolicychangesaddeduncertaintyandcouldhavederailedtheirexistingfocus:
Wespentthreeyearstryingtodeepenthedifferentlevels[ofthePLM],butIthinkwiththeshiftoftheCommonCore,becauseeverybody'smindwasgoingabout10,000differentdirections,andhowarewegoingtotakeallthesestandardsandputthemintothisPLM…Ithinkwhatwe'velearnedoverthecourseoftheyearisthatwejusthavetonarrowourfocus.Likewiththecoachingmodel,we'restillarefocusedondirectinstruction.It'snotthatwe'regoingtomakeathousanddifferentchangesbasedonwhatdidn'twork,butwe'regoingtolookatthingsthatdidworkandknowwherewehavetogoandmakeafinetweak.
26
InYear1,Pittsburgsiteanddistrictadministratorsnotedthatdevelopingcoherencewasmoredifficultatthesecondarylevel,aconcernalsomentionedinsubsequentyears.Oneprincipaldescribeda“disconnect”betweentheelementarysitesandsecondaryschoolsthatothersreportedpre-datedtheSTCproject.ADLTmembercommented,“Idon'tthinkwe'rethereyet,becausewhileattheelementarylevel,ourcurriculumisprettystandard,everybodyseemstobegoinginthesamedirection,inthesecondarylevel,we'renot”(interview,May2014).Acentralofficeemployeewhoworkedextensivelywiththesecondaryschoolsnoted,however,thatwhileitwastakinglongertoimpactthecultureofsecondarysites,theirsiteswereshowingsomegreaterbuy-inbytheendofthefirstyearduetotheirinvolvementwiththeSTC.
Sowe,thejuniorhighandthesecondary,wesetupaleadershipbootcamp.Weactuallytookthemthroughthosearticlesandwehadthemdothesamepostersthatyourteamhadusdo[duringaSpring2013sessionthatlaunchedtheproject].Itwasreallyvalidating…It'sbeenalotofwork,workingwithsecondarytotrytogetthemtogeltogetherandtryingtohaveprofessionaldevelopmentopportunitiesforthemtocometogether…becausewhatIfoundwithsecondarytheyjustwanttogoquicktogofaster,theydon'twanttotakethetimetolearntheprocessandtodevelopthatcultureittakestodotheworkthatweneedthemtodo.ButIcanseewiththejuniorhighs,they'rejustlike,“Oh,thisisnotbeingmadeup,thisisactuallyresearchbased.”Soit'sjustaslowerprocessbutIthinkwe'vecomequiteawaywiththesecondary...Andithelpsthatwehaveoneoftheprincipalsonourexecutiveteamsohehearsittwice.
Infact,overthecourseoftheproject,Pittsburgincludedtwosecondaryprincipals,anassistantprincipal,andanelementaryprincipalontheirdistrictleadershipteams,somethingnotrequiredbytheSTCbutthatadministratorsbelievedwouldfostertightercoherencebetweenthecentralofficeandschoolsites.
TherearealsoindicationsofmovementtowardsimprovedcoherenceinassessmentsandcurriculumthatcoincidedwiththeimplementationoftheCommonCoreandnewaccountabilitysystem.Attheendof2013-14,aDLTmembercommentedthat“Afewyearsago–andIthinktheSystemTransformationhashelpeduswiththis–wehaddifferentschoolsdoingdifferentassessmentsystems,particularlyatthesecondarylevel."Additionally,in2015-16,thedistricthiredhalf-timeinstructionalcoachesatallthedistrictelementarysitestoexpandanearlyliteracyassessmentandinterventionapproachthatoneelementaryhadimplementedsuccessfullyinprioryears.Sitessharedthesameassessments,datamanagementsystem,pacingguides,andtrimesterbenchmarks.Yet,accordingtoparticipants,coherenceinthedistrictwascompromisedbyhighturnoverinthedistrictofficeandthearrivalofanewsuperintendentin2014.TheSTCusedexplicitstrategiesformaintainingcoherenceduringtheleadershiptransitionsthatPittsburgexperiencedruingthesecondandthirdyear.Theseincludedinterviewswiththenewsuperintendentandco-planningwithhernewleadershipteam.Subsequenteffortstoco-planwiththedistrictleadershipteamandtoobtainacopyoftheVision2017werenotsuccessful.
27
Table4:Surveyre
sponsesa
boutd
istrictgoalalignmentw
ithdecisio
nsa
ndre
source
allocatio
n,Years1
-3,PUSD
Pittsb
urg
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=3)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=4)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=59)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=42)
2016Ratin
g
Average
(n=50)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=189)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=81)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=137)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistricta
lignsitsa
llocatio
n
ofre
source
swith
thegoals
4.33
4.00
4.00
-0.33
3.37
2.93
3.00
-0.37
3.05
2.85
2.76
-0.29
Thedistrict'sd
ecisio
nsa
re
alignedwith
thegoals.
4.00
4.00
2.67
-1.33
3.49
2.93
2.86
-0.63
3.26
2.96
2.84
-0.42
Note:Surveyre
sponsesw
erera
tedona5-pointLik
ertsca
le,w
here1=stro
nglydisa
gree,2=disa
gree,3=neutra
l,4=agree,and5=stro
nglyagree.
28
TwosurveyquestionsofferadditionalperspectiveabouttheperceivedcoherenceinPittsburgovertime:whetherparticipantsreportthatthedistrict’sdecisionsarealignedwithitsgoalsandwhetherdistrictresourcesareallocatedinkeepingwithitsgoals(Table4).Attheendofthefirstyear,PittsburgDLTrespondentsagreedthatPittsburg’sresources(4.33)anddecisions(4.00)wereinalignedwithitsgoals.Schoolleadersreportedslightagreementaboutresourceallocation(3.37)anddecisions(3.49),whileclassroomteachersweremoreneutralintheiranswers(3.05forresourcealignment;3.26fordecisionsalignedwithgoals).ThereisanoticeablediscrepancybetweenDLTmembersandclassroomteachers,thoughonemightassumethatcentralofficeadministrators,ingeneral,havegreaterfamiliaritywithspecificsaboutresourceallocation.Bytheendoftheproject,however,allthreegroupsofrespondentsreportedaboutonethirdofapointdecline,onaverage,intheperceivedalignmentofresourceswithgoals.Notably,whiledistrictleadersagreedthatthedistrict’sdecisionswerealignedwithitsgoals(4.0)attheendofthefirstyear,by2016theaveragedropped1.33points,indicatingslightdisagreement.
By2015,someinterviewandfocusgroupparticipantsreportedarelationshipbetweenaperceivedreductioningoalclarityandalossofmomentumtowardsbuildingdistrictcoherence.OnerespondentwhoservedontheDLTduringthefirstandsecondyearclaimed:
Ifeelthattherehasnotbeenthesamecohesivevisionandworkthathadbeendoneinthepast.We'reverymuchintransitionrightnow.Inaway,it'salmostasifit'skindofreverseditself.Before,wekindoffeltasifthedistricthadavisionandtheschoolsiteswerelookingtoustoinformtheirwork.Nowit'salittlebitoftheopposite.Thatwe'rehavingtolooktotheschoolsitesbecausewe'relackingabitofcohesiveness.
ItisdifficulttomakecausalclaimsaboutwhymanyinterviewandfocusgrouprespondentsdescribeddecreasedcoherenceinYears2and3.Howmuchcanbeattributedtoleadershiptransitions,newstandards,newassessments,orotherfactors,isunclear.Itispossiblethattheattentiontosystemstransformationduringaperiodofleadershiptransitionmightfacilitategreatercoherenceoncethenewdistrictleaderssettleinandeducatorsgainexperiencewiththenewstandardsandassessments.Attheendofthethirdyear,aPittsburgDLTmemberofferedapragmaticassessmentoftheircurrentlevelofcoherence,describingitsimplyasa“workinprogress,”adding,“Idon'tknowifIcandirectlyrelateittoFullanornot.Ithinkthatweasadistricthavesomeworktodointhatarea.ThetransitiontotheCommonCoreandthingslikethat.ButdefinitelyIthinkthe[collaborative]…helpstheconversation.”
The“PlanonaPage”asatooltofostercoherenceMeanwhile,findingsfromNapaofferaconcreteexampleofhowadistrictinvolvedintheprojectusedtoolssuchastheir“PlanonaPage”totransitiontogreatercoherence.ThisincreasedcoherencerepresentssignificantgrowthforNapa,whichsomeparticipantsnotedhashistoricallystruggledtointegratewide-rangingprogramsandinitiatives.OnedistrictadministratordescribedNapa’shistoryasoneofreformoverload:“Napahas,foralongtime,struggled…withlimitingthenumberofinitiativeson
29
thetable”(interview,June2015).Atthetimetheprojectstarted,forinstance,NapahadadditionalconsultingrelationshipswiththeNewTechNetworkbecausemanyschoolswereusingortransitioningtoproject-basedlearning.Anotherleadershipconsultantalsoledongoingprofessionaldevelopmentworkshopsandcoachedadministratorsthroughoutthedistrict.CombinedwiththeSTCefforts,therolloutofCommonCore,andtheLCAP,manyadministratorsandteachersinYear1interviewsandfocusgroupsdescribedstrugglingtounderstandhowthedifferentinitiativeswererelated.Asaresult,membersoftheDLT(aswellastheFullanfacilitators)describedatippingpointinthefirstyearwhenprincipalspushedback,advocatingforaclearerarticulationofthegoalsandhowitconnectedtotheirsites’work.ADLTmemberin2015reflectedbackonthedevelopmentofthe“PlanonaPage”asadirectresponsetoarequestfromschooladministrators:
Theprincipalsaskedforit.“Giveusaonepageronwhatyouwant,”sotheycanhelpfilterthingsout.Andtheysaidtous,“Okay,sonowwhenanewideacomesin,canyouusethistofiltersomethingout,toinformus,protectus?
Withinthefirstyear,weobservedexamplesofNapa’sdistrictleadershipteammembersattemptingtodevelopgreatercoherenceamongthedifferentmovingpieces.InaMay2014interview,forexample,acentralofficeleadercommentedthatshehadmetearlierthatmorningwithaNewTechrepresentativeaboutensuringthatthesummerleadershipdevelopmentprogramwouldcomplementdistrictgoals:“Iwanttobeexplicitaboutthisishowthis[NewTech]projectnotonlyconnectsbutsupportstheworkwithFullan,theworkthatwe'redoingwithleadershipdevelopmentwithLyleKirtman.Youknow,allofthesethingsfit.”Aspartofthiseffort,thedistrictofficemandatedthatschoolsiteplansincorporatethedistrictgoals.Asone2015focusgroupparticipantsaid,“Ourplanislinkedtothethreegoals,isalignedtothosethreegoals.Alltheworkwedofiltersthroughthosethreegoals..."Administratorsandteachersarenowevaluated,inpart,usingthegoalspulleddirectlyfromthe“PlanonaPage.”Inaddition,bytheendofthefirstyear,thecentralofficestaffusedthegoalsasthestartingpointforplanningthe2014-2015professionaldevelopmentcalendar,apracticethatcontinuedinsubsequentyears.
Inafocusgroupduringthespringof2014,oneNapaSLTmembercommentedthatherunderstandingofthevalueofSTCtotheirdistrictevolvedoncetheconnectionsbetweenthedifferentprogramsandinitiativesbecamemoreevident:
[Atfirst,]itwaskindoflike,‘Thisisjustanotherthingthatwehavetogetdone.’Anditwaskindoftakingitapartandlookingat‘Okay,howdoesitallfittogether?’Ithinkthatwasimperativeforustofigurethatouttokindofembraceitandmoveforward.ItwastofigureouthowitworkedwiththePBL[“project-basedlearning”],howitworkedwithCommonCore,orhowitworkedwithalltheotherthingsthatwerecomingdownandchannelingintowhatweneedtodo…it’s…kindofhelpfultogetaglobalsensethatthisallfitsintogether,andthatit’snotjustanotherthingthatyougottodo,butatooltodothesamejob.
Thevariationinparticipants’responsesinthefirsttwoyearssuggestsittooktimetomaketheconnectionbetweenSTCandthevariedinitiativesinthedistrictandtocommunicatetheconnection
30
throughoutthesystem.OneDLTmembersaidattheendofthefirstyear,"Iseeusstrivingtomakethoseconnectionsandlookingforopportunities,especiallysite-levelopportunitiestomakethoseconnections,butI'mnotsureI'veseentheresultsofthatstrivingyet"(interview,May2014).InYear2,severaladministratorsatalllevelssuggestedthatNVUSDremainedintheearlystagesofdevelopingcoherence:aprincipal,threesitefocusgroupparticipants,andthreeDLTmembersdescribedsignificantchallengesaroundcoherence,particularlywiththeselectionofnewmaterials,useofassessments,andpacingguidesassociatedwiththeCommonCoreandLCAP.Asoneteachercommentedinafocusgroup,“Insteadofstickingwithaproblemthatneedstobedealtwithandcomingupwithasolution,it's'Here'smorestuff,andhere'smorestuff,andhere'smorestuff.’"
Inaddition,whileseveralrespondentssawthe“PlanonaPage,”asevidencethatthedistrictwasbecomingmorefocusedinitsimprovementstrategies,severalotherparticipantsinNapaweremoreskeptical.AfewrespondentsinYear2describedthe“PlanonaPage”assobroadthattheybelievedadministratorscouldcontinuetoaddoninitiativesbyidentifyingwhichgoalsthatbestmatchednewpetprograms.OneDLTmembercommented,“Isatthereandwatched[them]sorteverythingunderthe4Cs[partofadistrictgoal]!”AnotherDLTmemberagreed,saying,“Maybenowattheschoollevelithelpstofilterthingsout…Ithinkatthislevel[centraloffice],wetendtotakeonanewinitiativeandsay,‘ThatfitsinGoalTwo…’So,Idon'tthinkwe'vebeengoodatresistingnewinitiatives.”In2015,oneprincipalclaimedthat“'What'shappeninginthemiddleofourtransformationisthere'smoreinitiativesnowbeingputonthetable.Andit'slike,‘Butdidwetakethemthroughthefilter?’Andtheanswertothatisunsuallyno."Afellowadministratoradded,“...Wemayhavethethreegoals,andwemayhavethingscoordinated,butwestillcan'tsayno.”
Othersreportedthatpeoplewithinthedistrictwerebecomingmorethoughtfulaboutusingthegoalstodevelopcoherence.InMay2014,forinstance,amemberofNapa’sDLTcommentedthatbytheendofthefirstyear,leadersbegantoresistthetemptationtosortanynewinitiativeintooneofthethreegoalsandbeganadeeperexaminationofexistingandnewinitiatives:
Ithink,ittookusaboutthree-quartersofthewaythrough[Year1]beforeIstartedseeingsomeswitchinghappeningwithourthinking.Itseemedtomelikenowwe'rebeginningtolookatthingsalittlebitdifferent.Insteadofsaying,“Howdoesitfit?Howdoeseverythingwe'redoingfitintoacategory?”it'smoreof“Whatdoesthatcategorymean?"
ItisdifficulttoattributethischangedirectlytotheSTC,buttheprojectbuiltinmultipleopportunitiesforreflectiononhowtoapproachcoherence-building.Attheveryleast,theirparticipationcontributedtotheirshiftinthinking.Inaddition,allofthesecommentssuggestthateffortstobuilddistrictcoherencecantaketimeandacontinuedcommitmentfromdistrictandsiteleaders.
ImprovedteachingandlearningIna2016interview,Fullan’steamemphasizedthataclear,sharedvisionwillnot“makeanydifferenceunlessyoutiethemtogettingdeeperongoodpedagogyandlearning.”Substantiveshiftstoinstruction
31
andstudentachievementrequiretimetotakeroot,however,andthisevaluationwasnotdesignedtodirectlymeasurechangestoteachingandlearningorstudentoutcomes.Evenifithadbeen,thechangeinannualstateassessmentswouldhaveinhibitedyear-to-yearcomparisonsinstudentachievement.Instead,thefirstobjectiveoutlinedwithintheSTCgrantistheexpectationthatdistrictswouldworkwiththeFullanteamtodevelop“instructional,curricularandassessmentpractices;andproceduresforassessingprogresstowardsgoalsandpractices.”Inthissection,weaddresssomeearlyindicatorsthatdistrictsweremakingprogresstowardsfulfillingthatobjective.
BeginninginYear1,facilitatorssharedvideosateverymeetingwithexamplesofinstructionfromthetransformationofotherdistrictssuchasSangerorschoolswithintheOntarioschoolsystem.Instructionalvideoswereusedthroughouttheprojecttoreinforceinstructionalpracticesfordeeperlearningandtoprovidecommonframesofreferencefordiscussionsaboutteachingandlearning.TheFullanteamalsosharedinstructionalstrategiesfromresearcherssuchJohnHattieandRobertMarzano,modelingthemduringthesessionssothatteacherscouldexperienceandpracticethemtogether.SessionsinthesecondyearfocusedheavilyonCommonCoreimplementationtosupportdeeperlearning.InYear3,thesessionsemphasizedusingstudentworkaswaytoimproveteachingandlearningwithindistricts’andschools’localcontexts.
TheFullanteamintroducedthe60-dayplanasakeypracticefordistrictstoinforminstructionandassessprogressinschoolsthroughoutbothdistricts.Duringthe2013-14year,theSTCfacilitatorstaughtschoolleadershipteamstodevelopplansfortheirsites’next60daysofinstruction.ByYears2and3,SLTsplannedandsharedtheir60-dayplansduringeachquarterlymeeting,apointwediscussfurtherinthesectionsonbuildingcapacityandcreatingacultureofprofessionalism.TheFullanleadersprovidedtimeateachsessionforeachteamtoreflectontheirsuccessesandchallengesfromthepriorplan’simplementationanddraftthenext60-dayplaninconsultationwiththeirpeers.
STCandCommonCoreImplementationAsaNapaDLTmemberobservedina2016interview,involvementwiththeSTCcomplementedtheconcurrentimplementationoftheCommonCorebyfocusingthedistrict’sattentiononteachingandlearningfordeeperlearningbeyondincreasedtestscores.Formanyteachers,however,thistypeofinstructionrequiredteacherstoapproachteachinginnewways.
RememberwhatwasgoingonatthesametimewiththisprojectwastheCommonCorestandardsshift.Ithinkthatwashugeleverageforthetimingofthis[theSTC]withCommonCorestandards,whichrequiredanewwayofthinkingabout,notsomuchthecontentbuthowthecontentisdelivered,andit'show…it'saboutcollegeandcareerreadiness…As[colleaguename]likedtosay,changeishard,andrealchangeisrealhard.We'dlikejustsomerealchange,andit'sreallyhard…[Teaching]practiceisinthere,andifwedon'tchangepractices,wearenotgoingtogettodeeperlearning.
YetimplementationoftheCommonCoreandassessmentsalsoconfoundedwhichchangestoinstructionthatparticipantscouldattributetotheSTC.ManyNapaandPittsburgparticipantsechoedthesentimentsofPittsburgprincipalwhosaid,“'Ithinkthattherethere’sbeenconnectionforusatour
32
site.There’sbeenopportunitiesforreflection,butdirectconnectiontoinstructionalcapacity…it’shardtodrawadirectcorrelationbecausethere’ssomanydifferentvariablesinvolvedinthat”(interview,April2016).Atthesametime,someadministratorsandteachersfelttheywouldhaveusedsimilarinstructionalpracticeswhethertheyhadparticipatedintheSTCprojectornot.Othersdescribeditasacatalystforcommonunderstandingsofeffectiveinstructionalpractices.
NewStructuresforImprovingInstructionWedidfindevidencethat,asproposedintheinitialgrant,eachdistrictdevelopedandrefinedstructuresforassessingstudentachievementusinginterimassessments.InNapa,administratorsandteachersdescribed“LearningWalks”asawayforadministratorsandteacherstofocusonconcreteinstructionalissuesandevidenceoflearning.ModeledinpartonElmore’s“InstructionalRounds,”thelocalprotocolsweredesignedtodirectlysupportafocusoninstructionalproblemsofpractice.AndinYear3,teachersbroughtsamplesofstudentworktothequarterlySTCsessionstoreviewusingprotocolsthatcouldbeimplementedbackattheirsites.AsoneNapaDLTmembercommentedattheendoftheproject,“Iwouldsayonethingthatwe'veshiftedthroughthisprocessisreallylookingatstudentworkwithamorecriticallens…Insteadofsayingthekidswereengagedandtheydidtheirwork,nowtakingthatandseeingwhatdoestheworkactuallylooklike?Iguessusingthatasadatapoint.”Hiscolleagueagreed,adding,“We'vealsobeenabletolookatmoreofstudentworkandlookingattheprojectsandseeingreallyhowdoweknowthatthekidsaremakingprogressbasedontheproductsthatthey'redeveloping,butalsowithintheplanningoftheteachersandmeetingsthey'rehavingintheirPLCs”(interview,April2016).
OneexampleofNapa’sincreasedfocusonstudentworkwasthedevelopmentandimplementationofcommonprotocolsforusingstudentworkasthesourceofdatainYear3.ADLTmembercommentedontheimportanceofthisshifttolookingatstudentworkinthefinalyear:
Inlookingatstudentwork,teachers…Weneverdidthat[duringSTCsessions]inthefirsttwoyears,butinlookingatactualprojectsandtheresultsofthatproject…andlookingatstudentworkandagreeingon,“Isthatgoodorbad?”Usingarubrictoevaluatethat,thatwasahugeshiftinthatitallowedprincipalstosaythey’regoingtohelpyougetbetterasateacherwithyourunitdevelopmentandyourabilitytoassesskidsonthe6Cs[adistrictsub-goal].
Itisdifficulttogaugethechangestoinstructionalfocususingasurvey,buttheresultsfromNaparemainedfairlystable.Ingeneral,respondentsacrossallgroupsreportedmoderateagreementwithitemsrelatedtoinstructionalfocus,theuseofevidence-basedstrategies,anduseofdatatoimprovestudentlearning(Table5).
33 Table5:Surveyresponsesaboutdistrictfocusoninstructionalim
provementandpractices,Years1-3,NVUSD
Napa
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=8)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=5)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=95)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=110)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=61)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=126)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=30)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=103)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistricthasaclearfocusoninstructionalim
provement.
3.863.64
3.80-0.06
3.793.97
3.790.00
3.494.00
3.28-0.21
Thedistricthasarelentlessfocusonim
provedlearningforALLthroughinstructional
improvem
ent.3.71
3.183.80
0.09
3.703.85
3.810.11
3.373.87
3.20-0.17
Thedistrictconsistentlyrecom
mendstheuseofaw
iderangeofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategies.
3.573.64
3.40-0.17
3.723.75
3.960.24
3.433.96
3.37-0.06
Thedistrict'sprimaryuseofdatais
toimprovestudentlearning
3.713.45
4.000.29
3.823.74
3.940.12
3.553.65
3.48-0.07
Note:Surveyresponseswereratedona5-pointLikertscale,w
here1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
Incontrast,Pittsburgresponsesvariedmorebetw
eenrespondentgroupsandovertime(Table6).Theaverageratingsshouldbeinterpreted
cautiously,particularlywiththesm
allsamplesizeoftheDistrictLevelTeam
.Moreover,ayear-to-yearcom
parisonwaslikelyim
pactedbythesubstantialchangestotheDLTcohortcom
position.Onetakeaw
ayfromthesurveyresponses,how
ever,isthatparticipantsPittsburgand,toalesserdegree,Napa,perceivethattheirdistrictscouldim
provetheirfocusoninstructionalimprovem
ent,pedagogy,anddatause.
34 Table6:Surveyresponsesaboutdistrictfocusoninstructionalim
provementandpractices,Years1-3,PUSD
Pittsb
urg
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=3)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=4)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=59)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=42)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=50)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=189)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=81)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=137)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistricthasaclearfocusoninstructionalim
provement.
4.674.14
2.67-2.00
3.943.71
3.09-0.85
3.403.18
2.98-0.42
Thedistricthasarelentlessfocusonim
provedlearningforALLthroughinstructionalim
provement.
4.674.14
2.67-2.00
3.823.33
2.93-0.89
3.243.09
2.87-0.37
Thedistrictconsistentlyrecom
mendstheuseofaw
iderangeofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategies.
4.334.14
2.67-1.66
3.743.33
3.21-0.53
3.313.01
2.95-0.36
Thedistrict'sprimaryuseofdatais
toimprovestudentlearning
4.334.14
4.670.34
3.923.10
3.16-0.76
3.442.91
3.14-0.30
Note:Surveyresponseswereratedona5-pointLikertscale,w
here1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
35
OnePittsburgprincipalsawtheSTCasimpactinginstruction,indirectly,bydeprivatizingpractice.
WhatIseeisthatasaresultofbeinginvolvedinthis,theircomfortlevelwithleadingotherteachersandtheircomfortlevelininfluencingthepracticeofotherteachershasincreased,whichovertimewillhelpaswe’reworkingonaffectinginstructionalpracticeacrosstheschool…That’swhereIseetheprojecthavingadirecteffectoninstructioninourschool.
Again,itisdifficulttodeterminehowmuchtheSTCimpacteddistricts’focusonteachingandlearning,giventheshifttowardfullimplementationoftheCommonCoreStateStandardsandanewaccountabilitysystem.Forexample,changesinthefocusonteachingandlearningmighthaveoccurred,inpart,asaresultofCalifornia’snewrequirementfordistrictstocreateaLocalControlAccountabilityPlan(LCAP),regardlessofparticipationintheSTCproject.However,interviewresponsesfromdistrictleaderssuggestthattheprocesshasbeenshapedbycoreconceptsfromthecollaborative.OneNapaadministratorcommentedthatwhetherornottheSTCwasdirectlyresponsibleforthechanges,itcertainlysupportedtheirefforts:“Ithinkithelpedbreakdownsomeofthosebarriersforteachers.Justagainhardtoparseoutwhereisthethingthatreallyhelpedteachersmakethatshiftandtheirthinkingtowheretheworldhaschanged…Idon'tknowwhereallthatshiftcame,butIdefinitelythinkthecollaborativeandtheirmessage…andtheircontentinthosemeetingshelpeddothat.”
Participantsfrombothdistrictsnotedthattheultimateindicatorofimprovedteachingandlearningwouldbebetterstudentoutcomes.Whetherornotthiswilloccurremainstobeseen,butwecanexaminehowtheSTCsupportsustainedattentiontoinstructionalcapacityandstudentachievement.Inthenextsection,wefocusspecificallyonthewaysinwhichtheSTCaddresseddistricts’capacitytoinfluenceimprovement.
36
BuildingtheCapacityofDistrictandSchoolLeaders
FacilitatedMeetingsBuildDistrictCapacityAccordingtotheFullanteam,thetheoryofactionbehindthismodelofsystemstransformationbeginswithaclearfocusandawell-definedstrategyforaligningthedistricttowardscontinuousimprovementinteachingandlearning.Inaddition,districtgoalsmustbesharedsystem-wide,andeveryoneinthedistrictmusthaveaclearunderstandingoftheirroleinhelpingtomovethedistricttowardsachievingthesegoals.Thesefoundationalcomponentsofthemodelrequirethatdistrictsbuildormaintainacertainlevelofinternalcapacitytosetgoalsandtofacilitateandsustainchange.Italsorequiresabaselineofknowledgeabouteffectiveinstructionandacommitmenttoimprovingeducationaloutcomesforallstudents.
Importanttothesuccessofthismodel,therefore,isgrowthinthecapacityofdistrictandschoolleaderstofacilitateandsustainasystem-widefocusonteachingandlearningthatcontinuesaftercompletionoftheformalproject.Consequently,theFullanteamdesignedtheschoolleadershipanddistrictleadershipteammeetingstofosterthisgrowthinknowledgeandskillsacrossthesystem.
CollaborativePlanningTime:BuildingaSharedPlanOneofthefirstaspectsofcapacitybuildingthattheSTCaddressedwasdistrictandsiteleaders’abilitytodevelopsharedgoalsandstrategiesforaffectingchange,acriticalcomponentofsystemstransformation.Accordingtodistrictandsiteleaders,oneofthemostvaluableaspectsofthefacilitatedsessionswastheopportunitytodevelopaunifiedfocusonchangeandastructureandstrategytoimplementandsustainthisfocus.Thisfoundationalcapacitybuildingexercisewasnotedasanimportantcomponentofboththesiteleadershipteammeetingsandthedistrictleadershipteammeetings.Forexample,onedistrictleaderfromNapasaidattheendofyearthree,
IthinktheFullanprojecthasbeenacatalystintermsofmakingsurethatpeoplestayfocusedonwhattheyneedtodo.Ithinkithashelped.Ialso,andIhavenotparticipated,butIwitnessthesitedayswhentheymeetat[nameof]HighSchoolandeverysitebringsateam,andtheywork.Again,Ithinkthatbringingthewholedistricttogetherlikethat,undertheinstructionalmission,Ithinkisveryhealthybecauseeverybodyunderstandswhatthegoalsandthemissionis,orare.Thengivingeachsitetheopportunitytoworkindividuallywiththeirleadershipteams,Ithinkthatisveryproductive.
APUSDdistrictleadersimilarlynotedinyeartwo,“ThecapacitybuildingandtheframingthatSTChasaffordedmydivisioninparticularhasbeensignificant.Allofthedirectors,allofthecoordinatorshavereallyseemedtovaluethework.”Atthesametime,thisdistrictleadernotedheruncertaintyabouthowtheworkwouldcontinueduetohighturnoverinherdivision.”Attheendofthisyear,fourormaybefiveofthemajorplayersinthisdivisionwillnotbehere,andsothere’sgoingtobeatranslationora
37
transitiontowhetherornotthatsamekindofimpactcontinuesonwiththenewteam…Ithasmadeatthedistrictlevelinmydivisiontheworkmorecoherent.”Thisdistrictleader’scommentssuggesttheimportanceofongoingworktobuildcapacity,particularlywhenthereishighturnoveramongdistrictstaff.Newstaffmightnothavebeenexposedtothesamelearningexperiencesaffordedbytheleadershipteammeetings.Therefore,districtsmighthavebenefitedfromanexplicitprocessorstructuretosupportcontinuityinthefaceofpersonnelchanges,anall-to-commonconditioninschooldistricts.
TheFullanteamremarkedontheusefulnessofthestructuredplanningtimetodistrictandsiteleadersinNapaandinPittsburg.AttheendofyearthreetheFullanteamnoted,“Thefactthattheyhadtotalkabouttheirschoolplansandtheirgoalsandhowtheyweregettingthereandexampleswasgoodforbuildingknowledgeandcapacity,Ithink.Itprovedtobeareallyworthwhilething.”AmemberoftheteamalsoclaimedthatdespitetheconsequencesofhighleadershipturnoverinPittsburg,thesite-levelteamscontinuedattendingtoteachingandlearning:“Iwouldsayalltheschoolteamswerereallyfocusingonstudentlearning,forsure.Theymaynothavebeenquiteclearonwhatthefocusisasadistrict,butasaschooltheywerecertainlydoingthat.Ithinktheywerealsobuildingtheircapacityalongthewaytoachievethatbackatschool.”AstheFullanteamnotes,schoolleadersinPittsburgwereabletousetheSLTmeetingstocreateaplanfortheirsites,despitelimitedcoherenceatthedistrict-level(tobediscussedfurtherinthe“Barriers”sectionofthisreport).
AdaptingtheWorktotheSpecificNeedsoftheDistrictLearninghowtoadaptthisworktothespecificneedsoftheirdistrictwasanothergoalofthefacilitatedsessionsandanimportantelementtobuildinginternalcapacity.Therefore,inadditiontoprovidingcollaborativeplanningtime,theFullanteamprovidedarangeoftoolstoencouragedistrictstoconnectthetheorybehindsystemstransformationtothestrategiesneededtooperationalizethework.Severalparticipantsreportedthatthe60-dayplanwasoneofthemosthelpfullearningtoolsprovidedbytheFullanteam.Forexample,inaYearTwofocusgroupwithmembersoftheNVUSDsiteleadershipteams,oneadministratornoted,“AndIthinkforme,mybiggesttakeawayfromFullanwasthe60-dayplan,andbeingabletoputthatintomyhead,whatdoesthatlooklikeatmyschool?AndthatwaswiththeFullanpeoplelastyear.Ourteacherteamhelpeduswiththat.Andthenothergroupsofteachersthatwehadinleadershiprolesandleadershipcapacitybuilding.”AparticipantintheyearonefocusgroupinNapasimilarlynotedthevalueofthe60-dayplantotheirsite.“The60DayPlanisareallygoodtoolforusasaleadershipteamtomakesurethatwhatwe’redoingwithourstaffismeaningfulandimportant.Soithelpedguideourownworkthatimpactedthestaff.” Bothparticipantsnotedthevalueofcollectiveplanningandadaptingthatplanfortheirschoolasahelpfulexerciseincapacitybuilding.Similarly,anothermemberoftheNVUSDfocusgroupduringthesecondyearoftheprojectnoted,“Fullan’sbeengoodforus,internally,inalotofways…”andthenwentontosaythattheSLTmeetingsprovided,“powerfullearningforusbecausewealwaysbringthingsbackthathelpusmoveforwardasasite.”
PittsburgparticipantsechoedtheircounterpartsfromNapainhighlightingtheimportanceofprotocolsortoolsasstrategiesforcapacitybuilding.IntheYearTwofocusgroup,onePUSDadministratornotedthevalueofexercisessuchasthe“InstructionalFramework”eachsitedevelopedtofocustheschoolsiteteamsonbuildinginstructionalcapacityfordeeperlearning.“Idefinitelythinkitwasverypowerfullast
38
yeartomakethechartofour,Iforgetwhattheycallit,deeperlearningchart,whereweidentifiedthemostimportantaspectsofourschoolandwhatwe’refocusedon,becausethatreallygaveuspurposeandhitokaythesearethethingsthatwedoandwedowell,weneedtocontinuetodothesethings,andthenhowcanweimplementthosethingswithourownteachingandhavingourkidsalsouseit.Forexample,thecommunicationandthecollaborationpartsweredefinitelyveryhelpful.”Asthisparticipant’scommentexemplifies,somesiteswereabletosuccessfullyusetheactivitiesduringthefacilitatedsessionstoconnectthetheorybehindsystemstransformationtotheworkoftheirschoolsites.
Employingtheprotocolsandactivitiesfromtheschoolleadershipanddistrictleadershipteammeetingsbackattheirschoolsiteswasanotherimportantwaythatsiteleadersadaptedthelearningfromthefacilitatedsessionstomeetthespecificneedsoftheirdistrict.Yet,someparticipantsnotedthedifficultyofbringingthelearningfromtheleadershipteammeetingsbacktotheirschoolsites.Forexample,afocusgroupparticipantinPittsburgcommentedonthechallengesteacherswerefacingtointegratenewteachingforcommoncore,withthepedagogicalskillssuggestedbytheFullanteam.
Becausewe’retryingtonavigateandfigurethingsoutandtrytoimplementthosecriticalthinkingskillswhichispartofthedeeperlearningmodelofFullan,it’stryingtogettheteacherstobuyinwhenrightnowthey’rebarelystayingabove--youknow--drowninglevelwiththestuffthatthey’rebeingaskedtodo,andthentryingtobringinmoreinformationandtryingtogetthemtobuyinisdifficult.
Thisparticipant’scommentindicatesthedifficultyofthisworkifitisnotintegratedintootherinitiativesatthesites(seethe“Barriers”sectionforanextendeddiscussionofthisissue).
Asmentionedpreviously,byYearThree,NVUSDwasparticularlysuccessfulatadaptingtheirworkwiththeFullanteamtomeettheneedsoftheirdistrict.Specifically,NVUSDleadersadaptedtheirlearningthroughtheSTCtointegratemultiplestrainsofworkintoasingledistrictfocus.OneNVUSDleadernoted,
Wedefinitelyseetheneedtousethisworkasthegluetobringeverythingtogether.Imeanwe'renevergoingtobeallIBschools,andwe'renevergoingtobealldualimmersionschools,sowehavetohavesomecommonlanguage,andIthinkthatthereisavalueinthat...we'vekindoflearnedasasystemwehavetoalignthiswork.
Importantly,districtleadersintheNVUSDwereabletoconnectthelearningthatoccurredatthesiteleadershipteamanddistrictleadershipteammeetingstotheongoingworkintheirdistrict.Toachievethis,districtleaderscreatedacommunicationandintegrationstructurewithinthedistrict.Inaddition,inthethirdyearoftheproject,NVUSDdistrictleadersworkedwiththeFullanteamtoco-createandco-presentcontentattheschoolleadershipanddistrictleadershipteammeetings(discussedinmoredetailonpage37).
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BuildingInstructionalCapacityAnotherkeycomponenttoincreasingdistrictcapacityisgrowthinknowledgeofpedagogicalconceptsacrosstheorganization.ThiswasanotherareainwhichmembersofthesiteteamsfromNVUSDandPUSDreportedthatthefacilitatedsessionshadapositiveimpactontheirpractice.Forexample,aparticipantintheyeartwofocusgroupinPittsburgnotedthatthesessionsprovide,“Lotsofgreatideas.Imeanthey’regreatideas…every3months,Igetreminded,okay,IneedtomakesureI'mteachingthe6C’sandmakesurethatitisdeeperlearningandIgetideasfromwatchingthevideosandfromdoingthearticlesandthendothatbackandeitherimplementitinmyownclassroomoratleastshareitwithmygradelevelandwiththestaff.”
AnotheryeartwofocusgroupparticipantfromPittsburgnoted,“Thecontentismeaningful…as[nameofsiteleader]eloquentlysaid,youcantieitintoeverything.It’sreallyapplicableanditreallysupportsCommonCore,anditsupportscriticalthinking...”Atthesametime,thisparticipantnotedthatsomeofthepotentialgainsoftheprojectwerenotrealizedbecauseofthewaythedistricthadstructuredthedisseminationofinformationtoothersinthedistrictandbecauseofalackofcontinuitybetweenthefacilitatedsessions.Theparticipantnotes,“Thestructureoftheprocessiswhathinderedthegreaterthinkingfromtheprofessionals.AndIthinkifthestructurecouldbealtered,thenwemayseemorebenefit.”5
WhenaskedduringafocusgroupinthefirstyearoftheprojectinNapaiftheirinvolvementwiththeprojecthadimpactedinstructioninthedistrict,oneparticipantremarkedthat,“Idon’tknowthatit’snecessarilyquote/unquote‘impacted,’butitgaveusnewtoolsandrefreshedpeopleonMarzano’sstrategies.”Anotherparticipantduringthesamefocusgroupsimilarlynotedthat,“Ithinkthatithasimpactedinstructionatoursitewiththepeopleparticipating,ouradministratorsandourthreeinstructionalcoaches…Ican’tthinkofspecificexamplesrightnow,butIknowthattherehavebeenstrategiesthatwe’vetakenbackandusedwithourteachers.”Inaninterviewinthethirdyearoftheproject,adistrictleadernotedthatinvolvementwiththeSTChasledtoagreaterfocusonstudentwork.“We'vealsobeenabletolookat…moreofstudentworkand…attheprojects,andseeingreallyhowdoweknowthatthekidsaremakingprogressbasedontheproductsthatthey'redeveloping…”Asthisspeakernotes,regularreviewsofstudentworkareanimportantcomponentofdistricts’effortstobuildinstructionalcapacity.
LearningtheLanguageofChangeAnotherimportantareaofgrowthwasbuildingacommonvocabularyaroundthechangeprocessforgreaterfocusonteachingandlearning.OneNVUSDdistrictleadernotedattheendofYearTwo,“IthinkwhatwehavebecomegoodatissomeoftheFullanvocabulary,andsowetalkaboutcapacitybuilding,wetalk,weusesomeoftheFullanwords,soourcommonvocabularyhasgottenbetter,sothat’swhywhenwesaydeeperlearningweallwantdeeperlearningbutwhatdoesitlooklike,howdowedescribeit?Whatdoesqualitylooklike?Andso,justhavingthatconversation,weweren’thavingthatconversationthreeyearsago.”
5 Thisisdiscussedingreaterdetailinthesectiononcommunication.
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Thesamedistrictleaderalsonoteduseofasharedvocabularyasanindicationofsuccessincapacitybuildingatthesitelevel.“TwoelementaryandonejuniorhighschoolleaderreallysawandpracticedandbuiltthecapacityoftheirteamstoseethedynamicsthattheSTCwereteachingusandgivingusasframeworkstoactuallyframethework,toactuallyusethelexiconandthevocabularyandeventhetechniquesthatweoftenusewhenwegettogetherasdistrictorsiteteams…thevariouswaysofinteractingwithoneanothertogetthecollaborationandtheconversationgoingaroundcertainconcepts.Thesethreeleadersactuallydothatonaregularbasis.So,thosearerealclearexamplesoffolksthatreallyuseSTConaregularbasis.”
Similarly,anotherdistrictleaderinNapacommentedattheendofyearthreeonthevalueofasharedlanguagetodiscusslearningandchange.“Ithinkweare,amongsttheprincipalswe'reusingsomeofthelanguage,havingcoherency,buildingcapacity.Thosearethekindsofthingsthatweallnowsaytoeachother.”
Yet,buildingasharedvocabularyaroundthechangeprocessisonlyafirststepintheworkofsystemstransformation.AsonesiteleaderinPittsburgnotedattheendofYearThree,howthelanguagetranslatesintoactualchangeisevenmoreimportant:
Icanspeakfortheelementarysitesthatweallunderstandthatwehavetosetsomegoalslongterm,andwehavetostickwiththoseuntiltheyaresolid.That'sonethingthat'scomeoutofit.Weallunderstandthatwehavetobuildthecapacityofourstaffandthatthat'shuge.Wedogetthosepieces.Weunderstand…andIthinkwhatmanyofuswouldadvocatefor,ishowthedistrictofficescouldsupportusinthosetasksbecausethey'redaunting…Sometimesyou'reontherunalldaylongandthenwhenwesitdownit'sabout,it'seasiertosaythatallthosecatchphrasesarereallysmartones,theyaresogoodandworthwhile.Iseetheusefulnessinallofthem.Sometimeswestrugglewithhowtomakeithappen.
Thiscommentindicatesatleastoneparticipant’sperceptionabouttheneedforgreatersupportfromthedistrict-levelassitesengageintheworkofsystemstransformation.Moreover,thisparticipantreportsthatdevelopingthelanguageofchange,anunderstandingoftheneedforchange,andthestepsthatmusttakeplaceinorderforchangetooccur,stilldonottranslateintoactualchange.
AYearThreeNapafocusgroupparticipantdescribedasimilarneedforscaffoldingbetweentheoryandsiteimplementation.
Ithinkitwouldbeadvantageousforthemtocomeupwithaprotocol,"Okay,thisiswhatitcanlooklike."Howcanyoutakethisbacktoyourschoolsiteandmakethishappen?Thatwillbereallyhelpfullybecausethisisjustonelittleaspectofourjobandthey'remulti-facetedandthere'snotalotoftime.Issomekindofscaffoldingtohelpusbringitbacktoourteams,wouldbereallybeneficial.
Giventhatthesetypesofcommentswereevidentthroughouttheproject’simplementation,itsuggeststhatdistrictsandtheFullanteammighthavefocusedmoreonprovidingsufficient
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supportforthetranslationbetweentheoryandpractice.Importantly,multiplemembersoftheSanLorenzoUnifiedDLTidentifiedthedifficultyofmovingfromtheorytoactionandapplicationintheSTCworkabarriertotheirsuccess
BuildingLeadershipCapacityParticipantsalsoreportedthatthefacilitatedsessionshelpedtobuildtheirowncapacityasleaders.Forexample,aPUSDdistrictleadernotedinyearthree,“Fromthebeginningwetalkedaboutinitiativesandhavingafewnumberandleadingfromthemiddleandthepush/pull.Allofthoseideashavereallysupportedmyleadershipinbeingastrongerleader.Thosekindsofthingsspecificallyhavereallygrownmycapacity.”Interestingly,thisleaderusesthelanguageofchangefromtheSTCproject(“push/pull”and“leadingfromthemiddle”)todescribegrowthasaleader.
Buildingthecapacityofprincipalstoleadattheirschoolsitesisanimportantelementofthiswork.Tothisend,attheendofYearTwoadistrictleaderinPUSDreported:
Ithinkit’sbeengreatfortheprincipalstohavethatopportunitytoworkinafacilitativewaywiththeirteamsandhavethatexperienceofbuildingthoserelationshipsandtheirteacherleadercapacityandyouseeitindifferentschoolshavedifferent,youknow,wereinfluenceddifferently….doingthefinalprojectandsortofreflectingontheirworkandwhattheywantedtoshare,ina,youknow,smalldesignatedamountoftime.Ithinkworkingtogetherforthemtodothatwashelpful,andyouknowbutgoingthroughthosesortofguidedexerciseswiththeirteamsIthinkwasagreatexperience.AndIthinkthatexperiencewouldbegreatforacentralteamaswell,too.Itjustwasn’tforoursforavarietyofotherreasons.
Thisparticipant’scommentsagainspeaktothewayinwhichsomesiteteamswereabletoadapttheactivitiesandprotocolsprovidedbytheFullanteamtobuildcapacityattheirsites.Yet,theparticipantnotesthattheprojectinfluencedtheworkatschoolsitestodifferentdegrees.Inaddition,thisdistrictleaderseesthesuccessoftheseactivitiestoschoolsiteteams,buttheyalsonotethelackofpenetrationamongdistrictstaff.
AdistrictleaderinNapasimilarlycommentedonthegrowthinleadershipcapacityamongprincipalsduringaninterviewattheendofthesecondyearoftheproject.“Iseetheseprincipalswhowereinschoolsthatdidn’thavetheextrafunding[forleadershipdevelopmenttraining]nowkindofcominguptothislevelbecausethey’regettingtheaccessoftheFullanwork,theaccessofthelearningwalksthattheyusedtonotdowitheachother’ssites,theprincipalmeetingswheretheyworkonthingstogether.”InaYearThreeinterview,adistrictleaderremarkedonthewaythatthedistrictcannowusestudentdatainordertoidentifypotentialteacherleadersinthedistrict.
Ithinkthereisagreatopportunitytohavethoseparticulareducators,theyarewillingtodosomeprofessionaltrainingforotherstoperhapshaveagreaterinfluenceintheirPLCteamsorwithgradelevelPLCteams,wherepeoplecometoobservethemorwevideotapethem…howisitthattheyaremovingtheseEnglishlearners,theselowachievingresultsintosomeprettysignificantgrowthbytheendoftheyear?Weknow
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partofwhat'sgoingonandiscontributingtothatresultbutweneedthem,theirvoicewouldbehelpfulto‘usethegroup,tochangethegroup,’that'swhatFullansays.Weneedtoknowwhothoserealleadersare.Withtechnologynowwecandrilldowntothatgranularlevelandidentifywhoarethosepeople.
Thisdistrictleader’scommentindicatesamoresystematicwayofidentifyingteacherleadersinordertousethemtoimproveinstructioninthedistrict.
TheFullanteamalsonotedPittsburgandNapa’sgrowthinleadershipcapacityattheendofYearThree.“Itwasprettypowerfulwhatwentonthelastdaywithallthedistrictleadersintermsofhowmuchtheyhadgrownandtheirabilitytoarticulatenowwhattheirdirectionwasandhowtheywerebuildingthecollaborationandwhattheyweregoingtodoaroundlearning.”AswediscussinSectionIII,thecapacitytocommunicatethegoalsandstrategieswasakeysupportforimprovedcoherence.
DistrictLeadersCo-PlanandCo-PresentMeetingContentAccordingtotheFullanteamanddatacollectedforthisreport,Napaclearlydemonstratedthegrowthincapacitynecessarytocarryoutandsustaintheworkofsystemstransformation.Inthethirdyearoftheprogram,theFullanteaminviteddistrictleadersfromNVUSDandPittsburgtoco-planandco-presentthecontentofthemeetings.AccordingtotheFullanteam,“LastJune,wemadeaspecialtriptoworkwiththedistrictteamsofbothNapaandPittsburgbecausewewantedtoco-planwiththemwhatwasgoingtohappenoverthecourseofthethirdyeartoensuregreatersustainability.Andwhenwearrived,wefoundthatNapahadalreadyhadapre-meetingtomakesurethattheyhadalloftheirthoughtsinorder.Sotheyreallyhadawholestrategythattheywantedtoworkwithusonsothattheywouldreallybebuildingthatcoherenceacrosstheirwholesystem,andsotheyredesignedhowtheyweredoingtheirprincipalsmeetingssothattheywereallconnected.”
NapaactivelyworkedwithintheirleadershipteamstoaddressperceivedgapsincoherenceandSTCimplementation,aproactiveapproachnotevidentintheotherdistricts.CentralofficeadministratorsfromNapacommentedthatthischangetothestructureofthefacilitatedsessionsaugmentedtheirlearning.Accordingtoonedistrictleader,“Ithinktheco-planningwasthekey,andevenco-presenting.Inthepast[theFullanconsultants]wouldcomeupandpresentandtalkatthem.Thistimewemixeditup,wherewenotonlyhadsomeofouradministratorspresenting,butthenwehadeventeacherspresenttheirprojects.Thenteachersintheroomgottoseeteachersuptheresaying,‘Thisisourunit.ThisishowwedidthefourCs.6Thisishowwegotstudentengagement.’There'sjustmorebuyin.”
AccordingtotheFullanteam,Pittsburgwasalsoinvitedtoco-planandco-present,asuggestionthattheDLTagreedwouldbehelpful,butplanstocollaboratefellthrough.“Pittsburgwasnotpreparedforus
6NapaValleyparticipantssometimesreferredtothe“FourCs”(critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and creativity) within the district’s “21st Century Learning Plan.” Others referred to the “Six Cs,” which later added character and global citizenship; the data reflects this variation within our report.
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whenwearrivedandindicatedthattheyreallydidn'tknowwhattheirfocuswasgoingtobeforthenextyearbecause[thesuperintendent]wasstillnew.Butshe'dbeenthereforayear,andtheyhadsomenewpeopleontheteam.Sothejointplanningconsistedofourworkingwiththenewassistantsuperintendent,whilewewereatthesession,toplanthenextstages.”ThisindicatesthatPittsburgdidnotexperiencethesametypeofgrowthinleadershipcapacityforsystem-widecoherencefromtheSTCprojectthatisevidentinNapa.
IncreasingOpportunitiesforCapacityBuildingDuringinterviewswithdistrictandsiteleaders,participantswereinvitedtosharetheirrecommendationsonhowtomakethefacilitatedsessionsevenmorevaluabletotheirlearning.Manyoftheirsuggestionsfocusedongreatersupportforbuildingdistrictcapacitytoapplytheconceptsofchange.Inotherwords,somedistrictandsiteleadersreportedthatthefocusofthesiteanddistrictleadershipteammeetingscouldhavebeenshiftedmorefromtheconceptual—moreabstractnotionsofchange—totheoperational,orhowtoapplytheknowledgeandsustaintheirfocus.Forexample,adistrictleaderfromPittsburgnotedattheendofYearThreethatalthoughthedistrictleadershipteammeetingsprovidednewstrategiesto,“informwhatwearedoing,”thedistrictneededadditionalsupportaroundhowtosustainthisfocusoninstructionalimprovement.Thedistrictleadersaid,
Weneededmorearoundhowtosustainsystemstobuildcapacityandthatchangeprocessandwhatistheroleoftheteacher,theprincipal,thedistrictoffice?Whatdotheygothroughandexperienceastheyaregrapplingwiththatchange?That'smorewhatweneededandthenhowdoyouhelpdevelopsustainabilitybycreatingsystemsthatwillhelpinternalizethiswork,becausefrommyperspectivethat'sreallywhat'sgoingtomakeitmoresustainable…Iftheydon'tinternalizeit...
Inaddition,somedistrictleadersreportedthatthecontentofthefacilitatedsessionsinYearOnewastoogeneric,andwasnotcraftedtomeetthespecificstrengthsandchallengesintheirdistrict.Forexample,onedistrictleaderfromNapacommented,
Peopledon’townwhattheydon’tbuild.It’salwaysbadwhenyouputyourpeopleinfrontofconsultantsthatdon’treallyknowwhoyouare.“Sitandget”,“drive-by”workshopsaren’tworkinganymore.There’sjusttoomuchinformationforpeopletotryandabsorb.Soyouhavetoensurewhenyou'regoingtospendfacetimewithyourpeoplethatwhatthey’regoingtogetisnotasurprise,andwhatthey’regoingtogetisalignedtowherethey’reheaded…Nobodypushedusinthedirectionofsaying,‘Hey,whydon’tyoucometosomeagreementsaroundwhataretheoverallgoalsoftheworksothatyoucanstarttodothat?’
Thesamedistrictleader,alongwithothersinNapa,notedanimportantshiftinthevalueoftheworktotheirdistrictinthefinalyear.Notably,districtleadersinNapadiscussedthewayinwhichtheFullanteamsadaptedtheworktomakeitmorerelevantandmeaningfultodistrictsinthesecondandthirdyears.Theparticipantnoted,“I’mprettyoptimisticaboutthework.Ithinkgettingthewholefamilyinagymandtalkingaboutdistrictgoalsandhavingasustainedapproachtothathasbeenbeneficialtothe
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overalldirectionofthedistrict.Ithinkitwasalotofthings.Itchangedoverthethreeyears.IthinkthattheFullancollaborativeadaptedtotheneedsofthedistrictthisyearmuchmorethaninthefirsttwoyearsandreallycustomizedtheirmessagetowhatourdistrictgoalsare.”ThisadaptabilitywasacentralcomponentoftheSTC.Ratherthanafixedapproach,theFullanteammadeitclearfromtheoutsetthatthecollaborativewouldevolvethroughoutimplementation.
Asdiscussedpreviously,districtleadersinNapaandinPittsburgwereinvitedtoco-planandco-presentattheworkshopsinthefinalyear.Eventhoughparticipantsofferedrecommendationsforstrengtheningthefacilitatedsessions,mostdistrictandsiteleadersfeltthefacilitatedmeetingsthroughouttheprojectwerehelpfultotheirgrowth,especiallythededicatedtimetoworkintheirsiteanddistrictteamstowardssystemsimprovement.
TheNeedforBaselineCapacityAccordingtotheFullanteam,internaldistrictcapacityiscriticaltotheworkofsystemstransformation.Therefore,districtsthatenteredtheprojectwithoutabaselineofinternalcapacity(asdiscussedlaterinthesectionon“barrierstosuccess”)facedanenormouschallengewhenengaginginthiswork.Inotherwords,toomanydistractions,alackoffocus,andhighleadershipturnoverinadistrict,canhampertheworkofsystemstransformation.ReflectingondistrictsthatstruggledwithSTCimplementation,theFullanTeamnotedthatwhenyou'reselectingdistrictsforthiskindofwork,iftheydon'thavesomelevelofinternalstabilityandcapacity,theyneedadifferentkindofintervention.Theyneedtobuildinternalcoherenceandcapacityforthistypeofcross-schoollearningbeforefocusingoncross-districtcollaboration.
InaseparatecommunicationattheendofYearThree,theFullanteamreiteratedtheideathatsomedistrictsneededtobuildtheirinternalcapacitybeforeengaginginsystemstransformation.Inthiscomment,theFullanteamdiscussesthedistrictsthatstruggledthemosttoachievethegoalsoftheSTCproject.
Oneofthethingswelearnedisthatweneededtofocuswiththeseparticulardistrictsonthelateralcapacitybuildingbeinginsidethedistrictbecausetheydidnothaveexperiencewithcross-schoolcollaboration.Thefirsttwoyearsbuiltcapacityforthistypeofcollaborationbecausetheydidn’thaveschoolleadershipteamsthatwereusedtomeetingandthengoingbacktotheschoolsanddoingsomethingwithitintheschool.Whiletheyvaluedit,itjusttakestimetobuildthatcapacity.Withtheirpartnership,werenotinvolvedwithwritingtheproposalorselectingthedistricts,andsowedidn’tknowwhattheirinitialcapacitywas.Thismeantthatweneededtostartatadifferentplaceandemphasizetheinternalbeforewecouldgettothecross-district.
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senseof[It],ittookthewholetwoyearsjusttogetthatreallymovedtoacertainlevelofcapacitybecausetheydidn'thaveschoolleadershipteamsthatwereusedtomeetingandthengoingbacktotheschoolanddoingsomethingwithitintheschool.Theyweren'tusedtomeetingwithoneanother.Whiletheyvaluedit,itjusttakesyoutimetobuildthatcapacity.Withthispartnershipwedidn'tknowwhattheir...Wedidn'tpickthedistricts,andwedidn'thaveanythingtodowithpickingthem,sowedidn'tknowwhattheircapacitywascomingin.Theproposalwaswrittenfirst,iswhatI'msaying,andthenyouendupwithcertaindistrictsandwejustneededtostartatadifferentplaceandemphasizetheinternalbeforewecouldgettothecross-district.
Thesecommentsindicatethatintheirfuturesystemstransformationwork,theFullanteammayaltertheirprocessforselectingdistrictsbasedontheirinternalcapacitytoengageinthiswork.ThisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatdistrictswithlimitedcapacitycannotundertakeaprojectliketheSTC,butitdoessuggestthatthebenefitsofnetworksandcross-districtcollaborationmaybemoreappropriateoncecapacityhasbeendeveloped.Weaddressthisingreaterdetailinourconclusion.
SustainabilityFinally,itisimportanttonotethatbuildinginternalcapacitymustbepartofeachdistrict’scontinuedworkandmustbebuiltintothestructureoftheorganizationinordertosustainthefocusoncontinuousimprovement.TheFullanteamrecognizedthisgrowthinNapa.
Napahasmadeoutstandingprogressinmovingtowardcoherence.Ithasintentionallydevelopedmechanismstobuildtheverticalandhorizontal.Fromthebeginning,theSuperintendentanddistrictleaderscommittedtodeepreflectionandwereopentochangingtheirownprocessesandassumptions.Overthethreeyearstheywereabletoreduceoverloadandarticulateandsupportacleardirectionatalllevels.Theybuiltconditionsthatfosteredcollaborativeworkwithinandacrossschools.Theyintentionallycreatedmechanismstobuildverticalintegrationofbothdirectionandsupport.Byyearthreetheywereproactiveasleadlearnersinensuringsustainabilitybyco-designingwiththeconsultants.Theyhavealreadycommittedtoastrategytodeepentheworknowthatthisprojecthasended.
DistrictleadersinPittsburgnotedthatdespiteevidenceofgrowthininternalcapacity,particularlyattheschoolsites,thisgrowthwasjeopardizedbyhighleadershipturnoveratthedistrictlevel.Therefore,anotherareaofpotentialgrowthinthecontentofthefacilitatedsessionsisastrongerfocusonhowtosustainorganizationalgrowthinthemidstofleadershipturnover.Accordingtoonedistrictleader,“Ifoundthedaysthatwemetreallyvaluable.Thisyear…whenwewentawaytoNapa,IfoundthatIlearnedalotfromotherschoolsiteswithinthedistrictsandthentheotherdistrictthatwe'veworkedwith...Oneofthechallenges,havingprettymuchanewEdServicesdepartment,ifyouwill,isthatalotofthethingsthatwebeganundertheformerleadership,justdidnotcontinueinournewleadership.
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Nobody'sfault,it'sjusthowitis.Everybodycomeswithadifferentpictureofhowtheywantthingstogo.”Thisparticipant’scommentindicatesthedifficultyofsustainingthisworkduringtimesofsignificantturnoverindistrictleadership.Giventhehighincidenceofleadershipturnoverinmanydistricts,findingwaystobuildinternalcapacitytoaccommodateleadershipchangeseemstobeanimportantelementtothesuccessofthismodel.
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Creatingacultureofprofessionalism,learningandsharedleadershipInadditiontobuildingdistrictcapacity,theSTCmodelcallsfordistrictstocreateasystem-widecultureofprofessionalism,continuouslearningandsharedleadership.Thisshiftinculturecanhelptosustaineffortstoimproveteachingandlearningbyinstitutionalizingcertainprofessionalnorms.Yet,district-wideshiftsinculturemaybeevenmoredifficulttoachievethanincreasingdistrictcapacity—especiallyinashortperiod—andcanbedifficulttomeasure.InthissectionwelookatthegrowththatoccurredinPittsburgandNapawithregardtodistrictculture.Specifically,welookatshiftsintheinternalfocusonprofessionallearning,shiftsinthecultureofcollaborationandsharedleadership,andthewayinwhichparticipationintheSTCprojecthelpedtofacilitatethesechanges.
AnInternalFocusonProfessionalLearningandGrowthOneofthegoalsfordistrictsinvolvedintheSTCprojectwastobecomelearningorganizations.Inotherwords,districtsshouldshowmovementtowardscreatingacultureofprofessionalismthatincludeson-goingopportunitiestoincreasethecapacity—knowledgeandskills—ofteachers,siteleadersanddistrictadministrators.Astartingpointtofacilitatethisshiftindistrictcultureistoallowdistrictstoreflectonthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheirinstructionalmodelandtheopportunitiesavailableforprofessionalgrowthatalllevelsoftheorganization.
Tosomedegree,alleducatorsandeducationalleadersoperatewithamentalmodelaboutwhatconstituteseffectiveinstructionandhowtoattainit.Yetoften,thesemodelsareimplicitratherthandiscussedopenly.Whenthisisthecase,teachingbecomesanchoredinthepersonalbeliefsandpreferencesofindividualteachersratherthaninsharedprofessionalnorms,andcoherencearoundasharedvisionremainsimpossible.
TheFullanteamprovidedopportunitiesforteachersandsiteleaderstoreflectontheinstructionalmodelintheirdistrictatthefacilitatedsessionsduringthefirstyearoftheproject,effectivelypushingadministratorsandteacherstomaketheirinstructionalmodelsexplicit.Accordingtoourinterviews,thiswasacriticallearningopportunityforteachersandsiteleaderstothinkabouttheworkthattheydoandhowtheycandoitbetter.
Forexample,participantsinPittsburgnotedincreasedattentiontosupportingqualityinstructionintheirdistrictduringthefirstyearoftheproject.Onedistrictleaderremarked,“Whatthisexperiencehasallowedmetodoistoreflectonhowthedistrictoffice,specifically[mydivision],isprovidingsupport…Afterhearingfromeachoftheschoolsites,justtheactivitytodaywiththeinstructionalvision,it’sreallyallowedustoseesimilaritiesacrossoursystemaswellasacrossourdistrict.”AparticipantinthePittsburgfocusgroupinthesecondyearoftheprojectsimilarlycommentedonthewayinformationfromtheprojectisbeingusedtoinformprofessionallearninginthedistrict.“ThewaythatIapplythisknowledgeisquitedifferent.Inthat,we’reusingittowardsdevelopingprofessionaldevelopmentforteachersandinjustcreatingour,whateverwe’recreating…We’reusingwhatwe’relearninghereandapplyingthatforteachersversusforstudents.”
AnothermemberofoneofthesiteleadershipteamsinPittsburgsimilarlynotedthevalueoftheSTCprojecttotheireffortstodevelopaninstructionalcoreduringthefirstyearoftheproject.“Isupervise
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alleightelementaryschoolswithasystematicprogramandlookingatthe‘systemness.’It’sbeenafocusforustokeepcomingbackto.Noteveryonedoestheexactsame[thing]allday,butthatthere’sacommonapproachandthatthere’scommonresourcesavailablefortheteachers,whichagainreinforcesthatwe’reontherighttrack.”Asthisparticipantnotes,theopportunitytoreflectonthealignmentininstructionalpracticesacrossthedistrictandtoensurethatsupportsareavailabletocontinuetoguideinstructionalimprovementisakeyfeatureofalearningorganization.Throughtheactivitiesatthefacilitatedsessions,teachersaskedquestionssuchas‘Howdoweusetechnologyintheclassroomforthebeststudentoutcomes?Orwhyshouldweuseproblembasedlearning?’Askingthesetypesofquestionsandcollectivelydeterminingtheinstructionalmodelforthedistrictcanhelptoinstitutionalizeatheoryoflearningandanewanddifferentculture,oracommonlyunderstoodwayforimprovinginstructioninthedistrict.
InNapa,ashifttowardsastrongerorganizationalcultureoflearningandprofessionalismmanifestedintheirdistrict-widefocusonpedagogyfordeeperlearning.Napa’sfocusondeeperlearningwasnotjustforstudentsbutalsofortheadults.OnedistrictleaderinNapanotedtheimportanceofbuildingthissharedfocusondeeperlearninginthethirdyearoftheproject.
Itwentmuchsmootherthisyear,Ithink,andwealsowereabletoreallysharpenthefocusonournextstepswithcollaboratingbetweentheFullantransformative[workshops]andourworkwith,ourpartners,withNewTechNetwork.Becauseit'skindofatensionpointforsomefolksinthedistrictwhocan'tseemtoconnectdotsbetweendeeperlearningfromonepersonanddeeperlearningfromanotherperson.WhattheFullanprojectthisyearwasabletodothroughtheresourcestheyprovidedwastogiveusagnosticresources.Itdoesn'tmatterifyouareaNewTechNetworkoryouareIB…Ifyouarereallytalkingaboutdeeperlearningforkids,thesearetheresources...Wearereallytalkingaboutthesepedagogies.Everybodyfinallycametoagreementonthatwhichwashugebreakthroughforoursystem.ThisyearIthinkfinallykindofpushedusoverthattensionpoint.
Napa’sfocusonasharedpedagogyofdeeperlearning,whichunitedseveraluniqueeducationalmodelsinthedistrict,isevidenceofaculturalshiftwithinthedistrictthatoccurredoverthecourseoftheirthreeyearswiththeproject.AtthefinalschoolleadershipteammeetinginMarch,alloftheschoolsiteteamsworkedwitharubricdesignedtomeasuredeeplearninginstudentworkregardlessoftheinstructionalmodel.OnedistrictleaderinNapanoted,“IntheMarchday,teachersthemselvespresentedamongstcommongroupsanditwasaroundthepedagogiesofinquiry.Itjustreinforcedthat,‘Oh,thisisnotjustmyschool.ThisisnotjustmyprincipaltellingmeIgottodothis.Thisisallofus.’Thentheycanlearnfromeachotherandsay,‘Oh,that'sagoodidea.’Whenthatteacher-to-teacherlearningishappening,thenwe[administrators]canjustbeonthesidelines.”Thisdistrictleaderindicatedtheimportanceofbuildingacultureoflearningwhereteachersplayanimportantroleindrivingthelearningaroundtheinstructionalmodel.Thisshiftinthecultureofanorganization,thatitisaboutsharedleadershipbuiltaroundastronginstructionalcore,isimportanttothesustainabilityofthemodel.Therubricwasusedtomeasuregoodteachingandlearningindependentofthespecificeducationalapproach.Inbothdevelopingandinstitutingtheuseofthisprotocol,Napafurther
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developedtheircultureofprofessionalism.ThiscorrespondswiththemodelputforthbytheFullanteam,anattempttobuildaninstitutionalculturefromthegroundup,ratherthanimposeitondistricts.
Napaalsoused“learningwalks”ortheopportunityforteacherstovisittheclassroomsofotherteachersasawaytocultivateacultureoflearning.Accordingtoadistrictleaderattheendofyearthree,theselearningwalkswerestrategicallytimedtocoincidewiththefacilitatedsessionsputonbytheFullanteam.“WeintentionallyhadlearningwalksbeforewehadtheFullanmeetingssothatpeoplecouldbeoutintheclassrooms,lookingatwhatwasgoingon,[and]bringthatinformationbeforewemetasthebiggroup.Thosearesystempiecesthatwechangedasaresultofthisworkwedid.”Thesamedistrictleaderwentontosay,“Weneedtolearn,digdeeperonourownDIBELSdata7andsay,‘Whichteachersaremovingkidsoutof‘intensive’[support]andinto‘core’atasignificantrate?Whoarethoseteachers?’Becausesometimesit'sasingleteacherataschoolorateamofteachersatagradelevel.Regardless,weonlyhad,weidentifyinitiallyrightnowIthinkadozen.Thatworkgoingthatdeep,tellsus,wewanttomakesurewhenwearedoinglearningwalks,thosewalks,thosearetheteachersthatpeopleareseeing,becausesomethingisgoingonintheirclassroom.Theyaretotallyhavingaprofoundimpactonresults.”
SurveydatacorroborateinterviewdataonprofessionallearninginPittsburgandinNapa.Whenaskedtoagreeordisagreewiththestatement“Thedistrictprovidesopportunitiesforprofessionallearningalignedwithitsgoals,”inPittsburgschoolleaders(3.14)andteachers(3.30)were“neutral”onaverage,whiledistrictleaders(4.00)“agree”onaverage.Notably,averagescoresinPittsburgdecreasedbetweenYearOneandYearThreeforbothschoolleadersandteachers(Table7).Incontrast,whenaskedtorespondtothesamequestioninNapa,in2016districtleaders(4.00),schoolleaders(3.83)andteachers(3.76)all“agree”onaveragethat“thedistrictprovidesopportunitiesforprofessionallearningalignedwithitsgoals.”(Table8).
Asecondsurveyitemaskedrespondentstoagreeordisagreewiththestatement“Thedistricthasaclearstrategyfordevelopingeffectiveteachers.”InPittsburg,averageresponsesfordistrictleaderswentdownconsiderablybetweenYearOne(4.33)andYearThree(3.00),from“agree”to“neutral.”Averageresponsesfromschoolleadersalsodecreased(from3.58to2.98),asdidtheaverageresponsesfromteachers(from3.28to2.95;Table7).InNapa,averageresponsesimprovedslightlyorremainedthesameonthissurveyitem.Districtleadersshowedaslightdecrease(from3.71to3.60);siteleadersshowedanincrease(from3.22to3.63);andteachersshowedaslightincrease(from3.21to3.29;Table8).
ThesefindingsechointerviewdatawhichindicatethatNapahasstrengtheneditscultureofprofessionalismwhilePittsburgincreasinglystruggledinthisarea.Yetaverageresponsesonthesurveyitemsoverallindicatethatcreatingacultureofprofessionallearningremainedanareaofgrowthforbothdistricts.
7 DynamicIndicatorsofBasicEarlyLiteracy(DIBELS)isacommercialreadingassessment.
50 Table7:M
easuresofBuildingaCultureofProfessionalism,PU
SD,Years1-3
Pittsb
urg
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=3)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=4)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=59)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=42)
2016Ratin
g
Average
(n=50)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=189)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=81)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=137)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistrictprovidesopportunitiesforprofessionallearningalignedw
ithitsgoals3.29
4.144.00
0.71
3.743.71
3.14-0.60
3.383.38
3.30-0.08
Thedistricthasaclearstrategyfordevelopingeffective
teachers.4.33
4.003.00
-1.33
3.583.26
2.98-0.60
3.283.04
2.95-0.33
Note:Surveyresponsesw
ereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
Table8:MeasuresofBuildingaCultureofProfessionalism
,NVU
SD,Years1-3
NapaValley
DistrictLe
aders
SchoolLe
aders
Teachers
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=8)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=7)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=5)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=95)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=110)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=61)
Y1to
Y3
Change
2014
Ratin
g
Average
(n=126)
2015
Ratin
g
Average
(n=30)
2016
Ratin
g
Average
(n=103)
Y1to
Y3
Change
Thedistrictprovidesopportunitiesforprofessionallearningalignedw
ithitsgoals3.86
3.424.00
0.14
3.833.79
3.830.00
3.664.09
3.760.10
Thedistricthasaclearstrategyfordevelopingeffectiveteachers.
3.713.42
3.60-0.11
3.223.47
3.630.41
3.214.00
3.290.08
Note:Surveyresponsesw
ereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
51
SharedLeadershipAnotherimportantcomponentoftheSTCmodelisstrengtheningdistrictcapacitybybuildingshared
leadership.InterviewswiththeFullanteamandwithdistrictandsiteleadersinNapaandPittsburg
suggestthatthiswasavitalareaofsuccessfulgrowth,particularlyamongsiteteams.Accordingly,at
theendofyearthreetheFullanteamnotedtheprogressatthesitelevelinPittsburg.
Pittsburgschoolteamsdemonstratedstronggrowthinleadershipandanemerging
focusonDeepLearning.Itisanexampleofwhatwecall“LeadershipfromtheMiddle”-
principalsandteamstakingactionbothwithinandacrossschoolstosecuregrowth.
Attheendofthesecondyearoftheproject,adistrictleaderinPittsburgalsonotedthegrowthin
leadershipattheschoolsites,despiteshiftsinthedistrict’sleadershipteam.“Ithinkthehighlights
wouldreallyrevolvearoundsupportingtheschoolsites.Seeingkindoftheirdevelopmentwithregards
tothembuildingtheirleadershipteamsandthecapacityoftheirstaffsfromleadingfromthemiddle,
beingabletokindofbepartoftheirteamastheykindofmovetheworkforward.”
OnememberofthedistrictleadershipteamfromPittsburgnotedattheendofYearThreethewayin
whichthefacilitatedsessionshelpedthedistricttosupportgrowthinleadershipatthesitelevel.
Thereweredefinitelypiecesinpreviousyearsthatwereabsolutelyusedtoinform
professionaldevelopment…Therewerebitsandpiecesthatwerebroughttodifferent
groups,differentleadershipteamsthatcouldthentakethatlearningtoanothergroup.I
canthinkspecificallyabouttheconcernsbasedapproachthatwasdiscussedacoupleof
yearsagoandthatwassomethingatthesiteday,thesiteleadershipteamtalkedabout,
“Well,whatdoesthatmeanforhowwesupportdifferentpeoplewithinour
department?”Sothatwaslearningthattheytookaway,tothenbeabletofacilitate
withintheirdepartments,andthenthatwasalsosomethingthatItooktoourentire
departmentchairteamwhichwasadifferentteamandhadthemself-evaluate.Where
didtheyfallonthisscaleandaretheyreallyleadersinsomeofthethingsthatwe're
tryingtodo?Thatwasactuallyveryuseful.Someofthosethingswetookawayand
directlyinformedwhatwedidoncampus.Someotherthingswerejustmoreofa
personallearning.Thisyearitfeltmorelikeitwasmoreofapersonallearningor
personaltakeaway.Wedidn'thaveasystemicapproachtohowweweregoingtotake
thisinformationbackandpotentiallyuseitintheworkthatweweredoingoncampus.
Thathadtodowithsomeofthetransitionsthatwerehappeningatthehighschoolas
wellassomeofthetransitionsthatwerehappeningwithinitsservicesaswell.Youcan't
necessarilyplanforthat.
Asthisparticipantnotes,oneofthekeystothesuccessofthismodelisthedisseminationofinformation
fromthemeetingstoothersinthedistrict.Whilethisadministratorbelievedschoolleadershipdida
goodjobofdisseminatinginformationbacktotheirsitesinYearOne,thissystemofdisseminationwas
compromisedbythethirdyear.Thiscommentsuggeststheimportanceofdistrictsleadersmaintaining
strategiestodisseminatethelearningandprotocolsfromtheleadershipmeetingstoothersinthe
district.
52
DespitethegrowththeFullanteamnotesatthesitelevelinPittsburg,theyalsocommentedonthe
persistentchallengesatthedistrictlevelduenewleadership.Yet,commentsfromtheFullanteam
suggestthatgrowthwasevidentatthedistrictlevelbeforethechangeinleadershipinthesecondyear
oftheproject.“PittsburgwasonthesametrajectoryasNapainYearOne.Whiletheschoolteamsand
middledistrictleadershipcontinuedtogrowthroughoutthelifeoftheproject,thesuperintendent
changeafteryearoneshiftedfromfullcommitmenttothisworktoafocusonotherthings.Schoolsand
districtleaderscontinuedtoseethevalueandworkdiligentlybutsustainabilityofthegainsisfragile
withoutdeepsuperintendentcommitment.”Wefurtherexplorethechallengeofsustainabilityinthe
faceofsuperintendentturnoverwithintheconclusionofthereport,asithasimplicationsforfuture
systemstransformationefforts.
TheFullanteamwasmuchmorepositiveaboutthegrowthinleadershipinNapaatalllevelsofthe
organization.TheteamnotedattheendofYearThreethat,“Napaisclearlyonthemovewithmuch
strongerleadershipfromthemiddle,averystrongdistrictteamandafullycommittedsuperintendent.“
CollaborationAccordingtotheFullanteamanotherimportantcomponentoftheSTCmodelisbuildingacollaborative
culturewithinthedistrict.Inaddition,theSTCwasdesignedtofostercross-districtcollaboration.
Consequently,afocusoncollaborationwascentraltothecontentofthefacilitatedsessions.TheFullan
teamnotedattheendofyearthree,“Wemodeledforthemhowyoubuildthatcollaborativeculture.It
hastobearoundrealwork,ithastobefocusedwithprotocolsandprocessesthatfacilitatethework,
andithastobeongoingandsustained.”
SimilartotheircommentsaboutthegrowthinsharedleadershipinPittsburg,theFullanteamreported
thatPittsburgmadegainsinthefirstyearoftheprojecttobuildacultureofcollaboration.However,
theyalsonotedthatthesegainswerecompromisedbyhighturnoverindistrictleadershipinthesecond
andthirdyearoftheproject.“AsfarasPittsburggoes,thatwouldbetheotherdistrictthat...It'strying
torebuildthatcollaborativeapproachtoleadershipandworkingtogetherasateam,andit'sgoingtobe
difficultforthemtodothatatthispointintime,especiallyastheycontinuetolosepeoplethatareon
theirdistrictteam.”
Duringafocusgroupinyearoneoftheproject,amemberofoneofPittsburg’sschoolleadershipteams
describedtheopportunitiesforcollaborationasoneofthehighlightsoftheirinvolvementwithSTC.“I
thinkthemainhighlightthatIcantakefromthisexperienceisbeingableto--youknow--collaboratewith
ourschoolsiteteamaswellasotherschools—secondaryandelementaryandhighschoolswhenweall
gettogetherandkindoftalkaboutthis.Ithinkoneofthechallengesforusinitiallywasunderstanding
whatexactly,whatweweregoingtobedoing.Weweren’tsurehoworwhatourrolewas–whatwe
wereactuallygoingtobecreating.Aswe’vegonethroughit,it’sbeentakingshapeandit’sbeen
comfortablebecausewe’vefiguredthatouttogether.”Thisparticipant’scommentcorroborates
commentsfromtheFullanteamthatthequarterlysessionsweredesignedtofacilitateacollaborative
culture.However,theparticipantalsonotestheirinitialstruggletounderstandthepurposebehindtheir
workwiththeSTC.
53
Arepresentativefromtheteacher’sunioninPittsburgalsonotedthewayinwhichthefacilitated
sessionshelpedtobuildcollaborationbetweendistrictadministratorsandsiteadministratorsandsite
administratorsandteachers.“'Icandefinitelyseethebenefitofthemparticipatingalongsidetheschool
teams,hearingwhat’shappening,hearingaboutchallenges.Itdefinitelykeepsthemmoreconnectedto
theschoolsites.Abigperceptionhereforalongtimewasthatthecentralofficeissooutoftouchwith
what’shappeninginclassrooms,andIthinkthatthisshowedthattheyareveryinterestedinsupporting
teachersintheclassroomandthisgavethemanopportunitytoreallystayintouch.”Accordingtothis
participant,thestructureofthefacilitatedsessionsnotonlybroughtschoolsiteteamstogetherbutalso
createdastrongerconnectionbetweenthecentralofficeandtheworkatschoolsites.
Byyearthree,however,focusgroupparticipantstalkedaboutthelossofthiscollaborationinPittsburg.
“Wehadteachersonspecialassignment,andwehadcollaborationtimes.Specificgradelevelswouldgo
tocollaborationwith...Tofindspecialassignments,instructionalcoaches,andthey'dworktogetheron
collaboratingaspecificstandardorskillorwhateverthetopicwas.That'snotinplaceanymore,itwas
justtakenthisyear,completelytaken.Newteachersandoldteachersdidn'tgetachanceto
collaborate.”Anotherfocusgroupparticipantsimilarlynoted,“wehadaverysystematizedroutine,
especiallyforK-5,whereteachersweregoing4timesayear,they'regoingintoclassrooms,soitwas
very...Structuredandsystematic,thelevelofsupportandthelevelofexpectationwasveryclearly
identified,andtheexpectationwaslaidout,thisiswhat'sgoingtohappen,thisiswhatwillhappen,and
teachersfeltveryconfidentleaving.Thatstructurehaskindofcavedinonitselfandwithoutthatsystem
inplaceit'sleftpeoplemoretobeislandsthanfeelinglikeyou'repartofastructuredsystem,ifIcanuse
thatanalogy.”Yetanotherparticipantnoted,“priortothissuperintendentwehadadifferent
superintendentwhowasveryfocusedonprofessionallearningcommunitiespriortousgettinginto
Fullan,andwetalkedaboutitateveryleadershipmeetingthatwehadaselementaryprincipals…We
haven'thadthatasoflate.”Onceagain,evenparticipantsontheschoolsiteteamsnotethedifferences
inthedistrictwithregardtocollaborationafterthechangesindistrictleadership.Thesecomments
suggestthepossiblebenefitofincreasedsupportfordistrictsduringtimesofsignificantleadership
turnover.Atthesametime,adistrictleaderinPittsburgremarkedattheendofthethirdyearona
willingnessofteachertocollaboratewithotherteachers.“Ithinkthere'salotofopennessto
collaborationinthisdistrict,betweentheteachers.Ireallydo.”
TheFullanteamreportedgrowthinNapaintheareaofbuildingacollaborativeculture.“Napawould
definitelybetheonesthatmadethemostgrowth,thestrongestchanges.Theyhadsteppedupinthat
theyreallyfocusedtheirdirectionawayfromcluttertoreallyclear,focuseddirection.They'rebuilding
thatcollaborativeculturebylinkingdifferentwaysthatthey'reinterveningwiththeirschools.”
AfocusgroupparticipantinNapasimilarlycommentedonthecultureofcollaborationinthedistrict.
“Somehighlights:we'vebeenabletocollaborateherewithourleadershipteamsandreallycometoa
consensusaroundwhatwewantourworktolooklikebackonourownsitessowe'reabletocomehere,
gainideasfromotherschoolsiteswhenwedopairupwiththemandgetfeedback.Thentakeitbackto
ourownteam.Atschoolwefirstdiscussitwithourleadershipteamthereandthenanythingthatwe
feelisreallyimportantoruseful,wethensharethatwithourentirestaff.That'sbeenahighlightthat's
54
beenabletohelpfocusourworkonourownschoolsiteandgiveusareastoworkonandthencome
backandreallycollaboratewithotherschoolswithinthedistrict.”
SurveydatasimilarlysuggestsagrowthintheperceptionofacultureofcollaborationinNapaanda
decreaseinPittsburg.AverageresponsesfromdistrictleadersinNapaincreasedonallofthesurvey
itemsrelatedtocollaboration,indicatingthatdistrictleadersbelievethattherewasastrongercultureof
collaborationinthedistrictinthethirdyearoftheprojectthantherehadbeeninthefirstyear(Table9).
Theonlyexceptionwasonaquestionthataskedwhether“Schoolleaderscollaboratewithleadersfrom
otherschoolsinthedistrict.”Theaverageresponseonthisquestiondecreasedby.26.Incontrast,
districtleaders’responsestothesurveyquestionsaboutcollaborationinPittsburgdecreasedonevery
item,withdecreasesashighas2pointsonthreeofthequestions.Thisindicatesadramaticdecreasein
districtleaders’beliefsinthepresenceofacollaborativecultureinPittsburgbetweenthefirstyearand
thethirdyear.TheaverageresponsesfromschoolleadersandteachersinNapaandPittsburgclosely
mirroredtheresponsesfromthedistrictleadershipteam,withslightincreasesonmostsurveyitems
betweenyearoneandyearthreefromNapa,anddecreasesonalmostallofthequestionsabout
collaborationfromPittsburg(Tables10and11).Thesesurveyresponsescorroboratethefindingsfrom
interviewsonthegrowthinacollaborativecultureinNapaandreductionsinthecollaborativeculturein
Pittsburg,seeminglydue,atleastinpart,toahighturnoverindistrictleadership.
Table9:MeasuresofBuildingaCultureofProfessionalism,DistrictLeaders,NVUSD&PUSD,Years1-3
DistrictLeadersDifferencebetweenYearOneandYear
ThreeNVUSD PUSD
2014
Rating
Average
(n=8)
2015
Rating
Average
(n=7)
2016Rating
Average
(n=5)
Y1toY3Change
2014
Rating
Average
(n=3)
2015
Rating
Average
(n=7)
2016Rating
Average
(n=4)
Y1toY3Change
Thedistrictandschools
workcollaborativelyto
achievegoals
3.5 3.33 3.80 0.30 4 3.86 3.00 -1.00
Districtleaderscollaborate
withleadersfromother
districts
3.29 3 3.40 0.11 4.33 4 2.33 -2.00
Schoolleaderscollaborate
withleadersfromother
schoolsinthedistrict
3.86 3.5 3.60 -0.26 4.33 3.86 2.33 -2.00
Thedistrictallocatestime
forcollaborativework
3.71 3.67 4.20 0.49 3.43 4.14 3.00 -0.43
Theschoolorganizestime
forcollaborativework
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Thedistricthaswell-
establishedmechanismsfor
two-waycommunication
withschools.
3.14 3.08 3.40 0.26 4 4 2.00 -2.00
Note:Surveyresponseswereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
55
Table10:MeasuresofBuildingaCultureofProfessionalism,SchoolLeaders,NVUSD&PUSD,Years1-3
SchoolLeadersDifference
betweenYear
OneandYear
Three NVUSD PUSD
2014
Rating
Average
(n=95)
2015
Rating
Average
(n=110)
2016
Rating
Average
(n=61)
Y1toY3Change
2014
Rating
Average
(n=59)
2015
Rating
Average
(n=42)
2016
Rating
Average
(n=50)Y1toY3Change
Thedistrictand
schoolswork
collaboratively
toachieve
goals 3.58 4.34 3.74 0.16 3.25 3.38 2.89 -0.36Districtleaders
collaborate
withleaders
fromother
districts 3.37 3.47 3.43 0.06 3.1 2.81 2.74 -0.36Schoolleaders
collaborate
withleaders
fromother
schoolsinthe
district 3.63 3.88 3.43 -0.20 3.44 3.36 3.26 -0.18Thedistrict
allocatestime
for
collaborative
work N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/ATheschool
organizestime
for
collaborative
work 4.3 4.41 4.24 -0.06 3.82 4.29 3.67 -0.15Thedistricthas
well-
established
mechanisms
fortwo-way
communication
withschools. 3.21 3.48 3.43 0.22 2.98 2.55 2.42 -0.56Note:Surveyresponseswereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
InmanyoftheNVUSDitems,weobservedaperceivedimprovementfromY1toY2,followedbyadrop
inthefinalyear.Thisisworthnoting,buttheimplicationsareunclear.Thismayrepresentstatistical
“noise”;thefactthatastheprojectprogressed,participantshadhigherexpectations;oragenuine
decline.Onlylongertermsurveydatacouldhelpdistinguishbetweenmeasurement“blips”ortrends
withinthedata.
56
Table11:MeasuresofBuildingaCultureofProfessionalism,Teachers(Non-SLT),NVUSD&PUSD,Years
1-3
TeachersDifferencebetweenYearOneand
YearThree NVUSD PUSD
2014
Rating
Average
(n=126)
2015
Rating
Average
(n=30)
2016
Rating
Average
(n=103)
Y1toY3Change
2014
Rating
Average
(n=189)
2015
Rating
Average
(n=81)
2016
Rating
Average
(n=137)Y1toY3Change
Thedistrictandschools
workcollaborativelyto
achievegoals 3.39 4.17 3.26 -0.13 3.22 2.99 2.80 -0.42Districtleaders
collaboratewith
leadersfromother
districts 3.21 3.48 3.16 -0.05 3.02 2.89 2.91 -0.11Schoolleaders
collaboratewith
leadersfromother
schoolsinthedistrict 3.45 4 3.45 0.00 3.27 3.08 3.10 -0.17Thedistrictallocates
timeforcollaborative
work N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/ATheschoolorganizes
timeforcollaborative
work 4.09 4.22 4.07 -0.02 3.36 3.68 3.56 0.20Thedistricthaswell-
established
mechanismsfortwo-
waycommunication
withschools. 2.99 3.70 3.01 0.02 2.8 2.76 2.47 -0.33Note:Surveyresponseswereratedona5-pointLikertscale,where1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neutral,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.
Severaldistrictleadersalsocommentedonthebenefitoftheircollaborationwithotherdistrictsthrough
theSTC.Forexample,onedistrictleaderfromNapasaidattheendofyearthree,“Ilearnedalotin
talkingwithotherdistrictsandaskingthemquestions.”AnotherdistrictleaderinNapasimplystatedat
theendofyearthree,“Itwasgoodtotalktoothermembersofotherdistricts,justtofindoutwhere
theywereonthesametopic.”
However,somefeltthattheopportunitiesforcollaborationcouldhavebeenstrengthenedtoyield
greaterbenefitsforthedistrictsinvolved.Forexample,adistrictleaderfromNapacommentedatthe
endofthethirdyearonthedifficultyofacollaborativewithfourdistrictswithsuchdifferentneedsand
priorities.“Itappearedtomeaboutayearandahalfintoit,theysaid,thisdistrictisallaboutdeeper
learningand21stcenturyskills…butwewereworkingwiththeseotherdistrictsthatweren’tdoingthat,
andthat’sprobablywhytheydroppedoff.Becauseit’slikethewholeagendashiftedtosomethingthat
madesenseforus,butIdon'tknowthatitdidfor[nameofdistrict]andtheotherplaces.”Thesame
districtleaderelaboratedfurtheronthispoint.
Iseehowitcouldhavehadabenefit.Idon’tthinkitdid.Idon’tthinkanyofthedistricts
…Otherthanmaybe‘we’regoingtobeabletorecruittheirAssistantSuptobeour
AssistantSup.’…It’snotunlikeanyotherofourclassroomsat[nameofschool]High.A
57
wholebunchofkidsondayoneshowupintheroomfortheteacherandthey’re30
differentlearningprofiles.They’realloverthemapandwedon’ttrackanymore.The
teacherischallengedwithhowdoImeettheneedsofthese30kids?Ithinktheir
consultantswerechallengedwithhowdoImeettheneedsofthesefour
districts?...Theydidn’tdoenoughtosee,well,thisdistrict…Theytried.Thisdistrictis
reallyintothisandthisdistrictisreallyintothat.Itneverreallysyncedup…”
Accordingtothisdistrictleader,thepotentialofthecollaborativetofosterlearningacrossdistrictswas
hamperedbythefactthatthedistrictsweresodifferent.
AnotherdistrictleaderinNapanotedthevalueoftheLearningFairforthecultivationofideasacross
districts,butalsonotedthedifficultyofworkingwithdistrictsthathavesuchdifferentneeds.“Ithink
it'sgoodtolearnfromotherplacesandIthinkwhentheydidtheFairlastyearinMaythatwasniceto
seewhatotherschooldistrictsaredoing.Ithinkinthecollaborative,theonlythingIsawisitmightbe
goodtochoosedistrictsthatareworkingonasimilarproblemorsimilarfocusbecauseweweremore
inquirybased,whichIthinktheotherdistrictsweremorejustthestandardscommoncorebased.There
wasnotalwaysalotofthingsincommon.”Nevertheless,thisdistrictleadermentionedthatshehas
stayedincontactwithsomeofthedistrictleadersfromtheotherdistricts.
DistrictleadersinPittsburgweresimilarlymixedabouttheirworkwithotherdistrictsthroughthe
collaborative.Onedistrictleadernotedthat,“Itwasagoodthingtoseehowotherdistrictsfunction
andtheirgoalsandtheirvisions…learningfromotherdistricts.Itvalidatesmaybesomeofwhatyou're
doingoritdoesn't,whatareasthatwecanchangeandimprove.”AnotherDLTmembersimilarlynoted
thevalueoftheopportunitytomeetwithpeoplefromotherdistrictsinthesamepositionattheDLT
meetings.ThesameDLTmembermentionedthatoneofthemostvaluablelearningopportunitieswith
theotherdistricts,however,tookplaceoutsideoftheSTCproject,whenthedistrictarrangedtovisit
classroomsinNapa.AccordingtotheDLTmember,“[onthisvisit]welearnedalotfromhowadistrict
likeNapahasbeenreallyputtingpiecesintoplayalongtimeago.Welearnedthatweneedtore-
evaluatesomeofoursystemsyetagain.”
SimilartothecommentsfromdistrictsleadersinNapa,anotherDLTmembernotedthatSTCmighthave
beenamorevaluableexperienceforPittsburgiftheyhadbeenabletofocusontheproblemmost
relevanttotheirdistrictbyworkingindividuallywiththeconsultants.“Ialsothinkthatitmighthave
madeitmorestickyforPittsburg,ifwehadfocusedonourproblem.Although,it'snotthatweweren't
allowedtofocusonourownproblem.Ithinkthat'sthepartwhere,withoutthatunderstanding,without
thatclarityorvisionof,‘WhyareweatFullan?’Ifwecan'tanswer,whywe'reatFullan,thenregardless
ofthewaythatyoustructureit,wemighthavehadthesameoutcome.Ifyouhadcomeinandsaid,
‘Okay,whatisgoingtoworkwithjustPittsburg?Whatisyourproblemthatyoureallywanttoaddress
andbeabletochange?’3yearsfromnowwecansay,‘Thatoutcomechangedbecausewewereableto
putasysteminplaceandhavethislevelofcoherence.’"CommentsfromthisDLTmembersuggestthat
thevalueoftheprojectmayhavebeenraisedforsomedistrictsiftheyhadreceivedmoreindividualized
support.
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TheSTCconsultantsalsodiscussedthebenefitsofdoingthisworkasamulti-districtcollaborative.For
example,theyattributedthevisitthatthePittsburgteammadetoNapatotheirworkwiththe
Collaborative.“Wethinkthatthat[thevisit]camethroughprobablyfromthedistrictleadersbecause
theyweredoingrole-alikeandtheywereworkingsointensivelyoverthethreeyears…Sothattheyhad
timetogettoknoweachotherandtoknowhowtheywere,becauseofthesharingthattheywere
doing,howtheywerestructuringdifferentthings…Wedidn'tstructuresomeofthat,itcamefrom
internallyfromthem…Whatwedidtrytodowasputtheminasituationwheretheywouldknoweach
other'sstrengthsandwhattheyhadtobringinandthinkaboutwhatcouldbeshared.”
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SectionIII:SupportsandBarrierstoSTCImplementationCountlessfactorsshapeddistrictactivitiesoverthecourseofproject,includingconcurrent
implementationoftheCommonCoreandnewaccountabilitymeasures.Participantsstruggledto
disentanglewhatchangescouldbeattributedtotheirdistrict’sparticipationintheSTCfromother
variables.Inpart,thiswastobeexpected.Theprojectwasintendedtobeintegratedwithotherdistrict
effortsinsteadoffunctioningasastand-aloneintervention,butitdidpresentchallengesforour
evaluation.
Ourlongitudinaldata,however,allowedustoidentifyseveralpatternsorthemesfromthedistricts’
experiences.Inthissection,weexplorehowthestructureandimplementationoftheSTCsupportedor
constrainedprogresstowardsdevelopingthecapacityforimprovementstoteachinginlearning.We
foundfiveprimaryconditionsthatcontributedtoeachdistrict’sabilitytoexperienceashiftindistrict
culture.Theseincludeleadershipstability,howwelldistrictsandtheFullanteamintegratedtheSTC
withotherdistrictefforts,thedegreeofownershipoftheworkthatdistrictsassumed,districts’existing
organizationalculture,andcommunicationaboutboththedistrict’sgoalsandtheprojectitself.Inthe
conclusionofthisreport,weconsidertheimplicationsoftheseconditionsfordistricteffortstodevelop
system-wideimprovementofteachingandlearning.
LeadershipStabilityThemostevidentthemethatweidentifiedinthedatawastheimpactofleadershipcontinuityor
transitionsonthedistrictsinvolvedinthecollaborative.Wehavealreadymentionedleadership
turnoverthroughoutourevaluation,sowewillnotexpandonitmuchherebeyondnotingthatturnover
isafactoflifeinschooldistricts.InthecaseoftheSTC,threeofthefourinitialdistrictsexperienced
significantturnoverinthecourseoftheproject’simplementation.SanLorenzo’ssuperintendent–the
onewhohadcommittedthedistricttotheprojectandworkedwiththedistrictandFullanteamduring
theplanningphase–retiredandanewsuperintendentwashiredinSeptember2013,shortlybeforethe
secondDLTmeetingoftheimplementationphase.Alameda’sDLTcompositionalteredsubstantially
betweentheplanningphaseandYearOne,withonlythreeoriginalteammemberscontinuing.The
superintendentmovedtoanotherdistrictduringthesummerof2014,andthedistrictwithdrewfrom
theprojectpriortothestartofthesecondyearafteranewsuperintendentwashired.WhilePittsburg’
leadershipteamhadbeenfairlystableatthestartofourproject,thesuperintendentretiredattheend
ofthe2013-14schoolyear.InYearsTwoandThree,therewereseveraladditionalcentraloffice
leadershipchangesinPittsburg.
Asnotedthroughoutourreport,itappearsthatthesetransitionspresentedabarriertoimplementation,
whileNapabenefitedfromleadershipstability.Yettransitionsaresomethingtoanticipate,apointwe
addressinourrecommendationthatfutureeffortsliketheSTCincorporatesupportforleadership
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turnoverintotheirdesign.
IntegratingtheSTCwithExistingDistrictGoalsandInitiatives:DifferentApproaches,DifferenttrajectoriesTheSTCtheoryofactionassumesthatmembersatalllevelsofthedistrictsystemmustdevelopa
commonvisionbeforetheycanensureallstudentsconsistentlyhaveaccesstohighqualityinstruction
toimprovelearningoutcomes.Ratherthanimposeexternalstructuresorasetofstep-by-step
directions,however,theFullanteamintentionallydesignedthecollaborativetoencouragedistrictsto
developtheirowngoalsandstrategiesformeetingthem.Ourfindingsindicatethatdistricts’firstyear
trajectoriesvarieddependingonwhethertheyenteredtheprojectseekingtodevelopgoalsforsystem
transformation–orwhethertheyviewedthecollaborativeasanopportunitytobuildoffexisting
prioritiestoacceleratetherateofchange.
IntheirApril2014interviews,respondentsfromPittsburgandNapaspokeaboutselectinggoalsthat
capitalizedonexistingdistrictefforts.Accordingly,districtleadershipteamswereabletodirectmore
attentionintheplanningstagesandfirstyearofimplementationtowardsrefininggoals,communicating
themwiththesites,andexamininghowdistrictworkcouldfurtherhelpthemattaintheirgoals.Inthe
caseofNapa,thiswasevidentintheirdecisiontofocusontheir“PlanonaPage,”includinghowit
connectedwithpiecessuchasprofessionaldevelopment,sitegoals,andpersonnelevaluations.
InPittsburg,responsesfrommanyparticipantssuggestthattheeducatorsandadministratorsinitially
usedtheirSTCtimetofocusontheexistingPittsburgLearningModelandemphasizingcollaborationasa
keycomponentofthemodel.Aswediscuss,however,PUSDhiredanewsuperintendentinthesummer
of2014,whothenworkedwithhercabinetandotherstakeholderstorevisittheirvisionduringthe
developmentoftheirstrategicplan,“Vision2027.”WeobservedlittleevidencethatthePittsburg
leadershipteamandFullanconsultantsdiscussedhowthenewvisionandstrategicplanmighthave
beenintegratedintotheirexistingworkwiththecollaborative.Again,thissuggeststhatthedesignof
futureinitiativessuchastheSTCmightbenefitfromexplicitplansabouthowtoincorporatenew
initiativesandapproachesintotheSTCworkwhenleadershipchangesoccur.ForPittsburgparticipants,
thetransitionappearedtohavehamperedtheirmomentum.
LeadershiptransitionswerenottheonlyreasonthatDLTsmightopttofocusonestablishingnewdistrict
goals.TheSTCattemptedtosupporttheimplementationoftheCommonCoreStateStandardsinaway
thatwaspragmatic(reducingso-called“initiativefatigue”)andstrategicforfosteringcoherence,andat
thedistrictleadershiplevel,theSTCsessionsprovidedseveralopportunitiesfordistrictteamsto
developtheirLCAParoundacoherentsetofgoals.InthecaseofPittsburg,oneadministratorsaid:
[TheSTC]helpednaildownsomethingsandhelped…definitelywithregardstogetting
anLCAPputtogether.Hugestrategicplan.Alotofdistrictskindoffellapartwithit,but
becausewehadthosetwoyearsofkindofworkingtogetherongettingclear,naming
somecommongoalsandallofthat,Ithinkitacceleratedit,oritreallyhelpedusbeing
abletogetsomethingdownonpaper(interview,June2015).
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WhilesomedistrictsapproachedtheSTCasawaytotightencurrentgoalsandfacilitateLCAP
development,othersusedthestate-mandatedLCAPfeedbackprocesstodeterminewhatgoalswould
guidedistrictworkduringremainderofthecollaborativeandideally,beyond.WhenSanLorenzohireda
newsuperintendentinSeptember2013,forexample,thedistrictoptedtousethestakeholderfeedback
asawaytoselectnewgoalsandwriteanewstrategicplan.Asonecentralofficeadministratorsaid,
“WedecidedthatallofourgoalswillrelatetoourLCAPgoals…WhentheLCAPbecameimposed…[our
newsuperintendent]tookthatopportunitytomaketheLCAPourvehiclefordeterminingourdistrict
goals”(interview,April2014).
Bothapproaches–usingtheprojecttodevelopafocusoraccelerateeffortstoimplementexistinggoals
–areconsistentwiththeSTC’spurposeoffosteringasustained,system-widefocusoninstructionfor
deeplearningandimprovedachievement.Ultimately,ourfindingssuggestthatdistrictsleveragedtheir
workindifferentways.Accordingly,districtsandtheFullanteamshouldanticipatehowthedifferent
approacheswilllikelyaltertherateofchange,particularlyinthefirstyear.
DistrictownershipoftheworkwasessentialUltimately,ariskofworkingwithexternalconsultantsisthetendencytoassumetheyaretheones
responsibleforthesuccessorfailureofaproject.InYear1,participantsfromallfourdistrictteams
describedaminimaldegreeof“ownership”oftheSTCworkinthecentraloffice.TheFullanconsultants
designedthesessions,andwhileeachdistricthada“pointperson”forcommunicatingwiththeFullan
team,theprojectdidnotexplicitlytaskaleaderorgroupofleaderswithclearresponsibilityfor
continuingtheworkbetweensessions.WhiletheadministratorsdescribedvaluingtheDLTandSLT
sessions,withoutafewindividualswhowereexpresslygiventheresponsibilityofweavingSTCworkinto
otherdistrictdecisionsandactivities,theworkofintegratingtheireffortsgenerallydependedonthe
individualcommitmentorcapacityofsiteanddistrictleaders.Thisresultedinunevenimplementation.
Atthesitelevel,someSLTmemberssuchasteacherleadersandprincipalsreportedthattheywere
unsurewhotocontactwhentheyneededclarificationabout“assignments”orotherSTCitems.Ina
spring2015site-levelfocusgroup,onePittsburgteachersaid,“TherewasnooneIcouldcontacttoget
clarification.”Hiscolleagueadded“Ifthere’sago-topersonthatunderstandseverythingandisawareof
everythingthatyoucancontact,Ithinktherewouldnotbenearlyasmuchconfusionand
misunderstandingsastherehasbeen”(focusgroup,April2015).Oneparticipantwhoservedonboth
thedistrictandsiteleadershipteamscommentedthatthelackofownershipoftenmeantthattheydid
notfollowuponSTCassignmentsoractivitiesuntiltheweekbeforethenextmeeting.
Nobodyeversaid,"Idon'twanttodothiswork,"or"Idon'tbelieveinthiswork,"or
"Thisisn'ttherightwork,"nobodyeversaidthat.Itwasjustlike,"Wehadagreat
meetinginNapa,whatdowedotobringthatback?"…"Ohshoot,wehaven’treally
debriefedwhenwetalkedaboutthatinNapa."Nowwe'resettogoagainandtherewas
onewhere[nameoffellowDLTmember]missed,andIwaslike,"I'mjealousbecause
I'membarrassedtogobackthistimebecausewehaven'tfollowedupontheworkfrom
lasttimeandthat'snothowanyofusgottowherewearetoday,"sothatwashard.
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Commentsfromdistrictandsiteleadersindicatetheimportanceofbuildingstructurestoensure
continuityoftheworkinbetweensessions.
Bytheendofthesecondyear,Napaadministratorsrecognizedthatmerelyattendingthequarterly
sessionsandcompletingtheirassignmentstheweekbeforethemeetingwaslimitingtheimpactofthe
STCwork.Iftheyweretomakethemostoftheprogram,theywouldhavetotakeownershipand
integratethecollaborative’sworkwiththeirongoingefforts.Forexample,Napawasalsoworkingwith
severalotherconsultantsonvariousdistrictimprovementefforts.Thedistrictleadershipteam
recognizedthatitwasnotjusttheFullanteam’sresponsibilitytocreateacoherentsystem.One
participantnoted,“Weweren'towningthework.Inotherwords,wewantyou[Fullan’steam]tochange
andmodifyitforus,butwe'renotreallygoingtoowntheproductoftheresultoranything,whichyou
reallycan'tdo…"(interview,June2015).Assuminggreaterownershipdemandedmoreoftheir
attention,butalsohaditsadvantages.Attheendoftheproject,oneDLTmembernotedthatittook
moreworktointegratethepieces,butitwasuptothemtogetthemostoutoftheproject:
It'smoreofachallenge,butit'ssortoflikeyougetyourvoiceandthenyourealize,
"Waitaminuteguys,let'sstepuptothis…It'stheleadingfromthemiddleandthatyou
can'twaitforthesuperintendenttodoeverything,youcan'twaitfor[Fullanteam
leader]todoeverything(interview,April2016).
Asaresult,NapainitiatedameetingwiththeSTCconsultants,anotherleadershipconsultingpartner,
andrepresentativesfromtheNewTechNetworkinMay2015.AsoneDLTrememberedit,theyhad
“morepeopleintheroomsaying'Waitaminute,weneedtoOWNthis;weneedtoownthework.We
needtoalignit.Thisisourresponsibility.Ifwedon'tdothis,thenit'sbeingdoneuntous,andwhen[theFullanteam]leaves,we'llhavenothing”(interview,June2016).
Asdiscussedearlier,theteamfromNapabegantoco-planandco-presentthemeetingcontentinthe
thirdyearoftheproject.AccordingtoonememberoftheDLT,thischangewasinitiatedbyNapa.,“I
thinkwesaid,‘We'dliketoco-createthoseagendassothatwe'reusingourlanguageandpeopleknow
thatwe'reallinthistogether.Itwasn'tjustpeopleontheoutsidecominginandtellingourpeoplewhat
todo…Thisiswhatweneed,andthisiswhatgotdelivered.”
Inaddition,betweenthespringofYear2andfallofYear3,districtleadersproposedlinkingallthree
projectssothattheycouldbuildgreatercoherence.Forexample,severaladministratorswrotea
professionaldevelopmentplanfortheyearcalled“TransformationalLearningWorkshops”(TLWs),to
integratethevariousstrandofworkinthedistrict.
Itbecamemorepersonalforus.[TheFullanteam]werealwaysveryflexibleabout
checkingbackwithus,thefeedbackfromourfolksandwhenwebegantosaythatwe
aremakingprogress,butifyoureallywanttomakethenextsteps…Wehadseveral,
three-wayphoneconferenceswithNewTechnetworkandtheNapaAllianceandthe
Fullanfolks.
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TheyalsobeganholdingadditionalsessionsbetweentheofficialmeetingswiththeFullanteam.AFullan
facilitatordescribedhowthesupplementarysessionsacceleratedchangeandfosteredcoherence:
Themeetingsthattheywerehavinginbetweenwerewithaprincipalandoneperson
fromtheschool.Whateverweweregoingtoworkoninthelargegroupsessions[quarterlySLTsessions],theydidapre-cursorofitwiththatthatgroupsothatthey
wereskilledinhowtousetheprotocol.Theyhadadryrunandexperienceatworking
throughit…Soweendeduphavingpeoplewhocouldserveasgoodfacilitatorsfortheir
ownschools…Also,itverymuchtiedintowhattheschoolwasworkingonbetweenthe
sessions.
OurrespondentsindicatethatNapa’sincreasedownershipandcollaborationwithprogramfacilitators
becameaturningpointforthedistrict,asevidencedbyreportsofgreaterattendanceinthethirdyear
oftheSLTmeetings.ParticipantsinNapaalsoreportedthatmoreparticipantsfeltthecontentofthe
sessionsdirectlyrelatedtothedistrict’sneeds.ADLTmemberwhohadbeenfrustratedbywhathe
perceivedas“canned”contentduringYears1and2wassatisfiedbytheworkinYear3,especially
becauseofthegreaterrelevancetoNapa’sgoalsandissues:
InthelasttwoTLWs,everybodysaid,"Ohmygosh,it'ssomuchbetter.Whatmakesthe
difference?"It'slikethedifferenceiswe'renowfinallystartingtoownthelearning
ourselvesuphere,andco-leadingitandco-planningit…
AnotherDLTmembersaidsheappreciatedthatco-planningallowedprincipalstogetasenseofthe
biggerpicture,whichmadeiteasiertodevelopactionplansinbetweenformalsessions.
Wecouldfillinthoseinbetweenmeetings,thoseprincipalmeetings.Imeanwe’renow
ataplace,we’regoingtobeco-planningmore,soweknowwherethevision’sgoing.[In
prioryears],Ifeltlikeweweren’texactlysurewhatwasgoingtobeontheagendauntil
wegottheagenda,whichwas,like,threeweeksbeforethething.Bythattime,itwas
toolate,andwecouldn’tfrontloaditwiththeprincipals’meeting,whichwouldhave
beengoodforustodo.
Along-servingNapaDLTmembersaidthatthelastyearoftheprojectwasprobablytheirbestyearin
thecollaborativebecausetheSTCmeetingswere“personalizedforourdistrict.Again,ourprincipalsand
sites[were]moreinvolvedinthosebestpracticesandstrategies,inquiry-basedlearning,butIthinkit
takestimeforthingstostartclicking,”
TheFullanteamalsocommentedonthegrowthinNapainthethirdyear.InaninterviewwiththeFullan
team(April2016),onefacilitatorcommentedthattheteammadeanextratripduringthesummerto
workwiththedistrictteamsfrombothNapaandPittsburg:
…Whenwearrived,wefoundatNapahadalreadyhadapre-meetingtomakesurethat
theyhadalloftheirthoughtsinorder.Sotheyreallyhadawholestrategythatthey
wantedtoworkwithusonsothattheywouldreallybebuildingthatcoherenceacross
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theirwholesystem,andsotheyredesignedhowtheyweredoingtheirprincipals
meetingssothattheywereallconnected.Theyre-designedhowtheywouldmeet
betweensessionsthatwewererunning.Theywouldofferoneinbetweeneachsothat
therewascontinuity,sotheyhadanumberofstrategies,andweworkedwiththem
acrosstheyeartomakesurethatitwasmuchmore.
Ultimately,Napa’sincreasedownershipoftheSTCwork–theirsenseofresponsibilityforensuringthe
projectfully,coherentlyimplemented–wasakeycontributortotheprogresstheyreported.
ExistingorganizationalcultureNoreformoperatesinavacuum,andadistrict’sorganizationalcultureimpactstheabilityofleadersto
developsharedgoals.Ourresearchteamidentifiedthreespecificaspectsofdistrictculturethat
impactedthework:thedegreetowhichpeoplereportedthattheirdistrictsoperatedinseparate“silos”
priortothestartoftheproject,thevaluedistrictsplacedoninnovationandautonomyatschoolsites,
andtheleveloftrustbetweentheadministrationandteachers.Inthissection,weelaborateonthese
factors.
SilosTheFullanconsultantsemphasized“systemsthinking”asacorecomponentofworkwithintheproject,
yetmanyparticipantsdescribedexisting“silos”or“fragmentation”withintheirdistrictsasabarrierto
developingsharedgoals.TheSTCwasdesignedtoreduceoreliminatefragmentationandisolation
betweenschoolsanddistrictdepartmentsbydevelopingsystem-widegoalsandemphasizingvertical
andhorizontalcollaboration.Yetdistricts’initialdegreeoffragmentationinfluencedtherateatwhich
participantsreportedthedevelopmentofgreatercoherence.
InNapa,forinstance,thedistrictleadersgenerallyreportedthattheSTChelpedfostergreater
coherence,despitehavingahistoryoffragmentationattheprojectoutset.Forexample,some
participantsreportedthatleadersintheNVUSDstillfounditchallengingtoconnecttheworkofthe
HumanResourcesdepartmentwiththedevelopmentofsystem-wideinstructionalcapacity.Yethiring,
placing,andevaluatingasystem’spersonnelisdirectlyrelatedtocapacity.AsoneDLTmembersaidina
2015interview,however,thedisconnectbetweenthedistrict’sdepartmentspersistedthroughyeartwo
oftheproject.
…Toalargeextent,thisinitiativehasbeencarriedbytheinstructionaldivisionandina
veryformalway.NapaUnifiedlikemanyorganizations,dividestheirworldbetween
instructionandoperationalsystems,andinNapa,HumanResourcesfallsonthe
operationalsidemoreoftenthanitfallsontheinstructionalside,sothere’salittlebitof
adisconnectthere.Iknowthereissomesynergisticworkdoneininstruction,andI'm
notapartofthat…So,thelinkagewithHRisweakening.
Atthesametime,manyparticipantsdescribedincreasedcoherenceinNapa,andthereis
substantialevidencethroughoutthisreportthatsuggestsNVUSDwasabletousetheirgoals
fromthe“PlanonthePage,”alongwithmorecollaborationtobreakdownsilos.Yet,tracesof
Napa’shistoryofwhatoneDLTmemberdescribedas“fiefdoms”stillhinderedcoherenceatthe
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centraloffice.AnotherNapaadministratoragreedwiththecommentabove,providingexamples
ofthechallengescreatedbythesiloswithinthedistrict.
SoonethingisthatIhavenotseenenoughfromMichaelFullan’sworkisdevelopinga
systemamongthedistrictoffice.ThereasonIsaythatisHumanResourcesoperateson
theirown;businessoperatesontheirown;technologyisdoing…I'mnotsurewhat
they’redoing,soyouhavethesesiloswithinadistrictsystemthatoftenputalotof
roadblocksforinstructiontogetresults…Forexample,rightnowwe’reatastandstillin
hiringteachersjustbecausewe’reinatransitionofnewHRpeople,butwe’realsoata
standstillbecauseournextboardmeeting’snotuntilJuly23wherewecan’tpostany
jobsorwecan’topenupanyjobsuntiltheboardgivestheirapproval,eventhoughwe
knowwehave15peopletohire…ButbetweennowandJuly23,wecan’tdoanything
untiltheboardsaysyes,andthenoncewesayyes,thenwecanpostthemonEdJoin.In
themeantime,we’relosingpeopleouttheregettingjobs,sowhat’sgoingtohappenis
July23,youknowwe’regoingtostart,they’regoingtobepostedandthenwe’regoing
tobehiringinAugust.Sothat’soneexample…Theotheroneistechnology,um,ourkids
shouldhavecomputersreadythatfirstdayofschoolinAugust.Thatwon’thappen.I
don’tknowwhy.Butitwon’thappen.
Pittsburg(alongwithSanLorenzo)alsodescribedcultureswherethecentralofficewasfragmented
alongdepartmentalandschoollines.InaYear1interview,onePittsburgDLTmembersaidheinitially
hopedthatparticipationintheSTCprojectwouldincreasecentralofficecohesion.
That'spartofourstruggleasasystemrightnow,becausewe'vebeenverysiloed,like
extremely.Soasaprincipalwewouldcomein,andIrememberlastyear,itwasalmost
likeacartoon:Whatcanyoucatchthat'sfallingfromtheair,becauseSpecialEdisgoing
todothisforus,andELDisgoingtodothisforus.Scienceisgoingtodothisforus.It
waslike,"Whoa,overload!"…Thatsilocontinued.Idothinkthatthe[STC]workinspiredthatandencouragedthatandsupportedthat,Idothinkthat.Ithinkthatthatwas
happeningatsomeofoursites,likeIsaid.Formeitwasalreadyhappening,sowhenI
read[abouttheSTC],Iwasrelieved…becausewhenIsawthat,Iwaslike,"Allright,this
isgoingtoberightinlinewithwhatwe'redoing.”
Bythefinalyear,however,Pittsburgwasstillgrapplingwiththetendencytorelyondepartmental
“experts”andasenseofterritorialism.YettheSTCfosteredanawarenessthatadministratorsshould
worktoreducethatkindofmindset.AsoneDLTmemberdescribedcabinetmeetings:
Everybody'sgoing,“Well,thesuperintendentneedstounderstandthatwe'reallexpertsin
whatwedo.”…Well,yes,buthowdoweintegrateallofthat?Howdowebringthissoit'sacohesiveproduct?Wehaven't,it'sbeenverysiloed,sothat'stheworkwe'redoingright
now:Totakeitoutofsilos,and[consider]howdoweintegratethosethings?
Despitethefactthatahistoryofdepartmentalizationmadesystemscoherencemoredifficult,the
collaborativefosteredconversationsabouttheimportanceofaddressingit.Bybringingdistrict
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leadershipteamsbeyondthesuperintendent’s“cabinet”totheSTCsessions,forinstance,the
projectbuiltinopportunitiesforadministrators(andinsomecases,teachersandunionreps)to
considerhowthepiecescouldbecoordinated.Napa,forinstance,reorganizedsomeoftheir
centralofficerolesandreportingstructuressothatgreatercommunicationcouldhappenbetween
departments.LeaderslikeMichaelFullanandMeredithHonighavecautionedthatchanging“Org
Charts,”doesnotnecessarilytranslatetogreatercoherence.InthecaseofNapa,however,DLT
membersnotedthatshiftsinthestructureofthedistrictofficeweredevelopedspecificallyto
addressthesilosobservedduringSTCconversations.
CulturesthatemphasizelocalinnovationAsmentionedpreviously,throughouttheproject,theSTCfacilitatorsemphasizedasystemsperspective.
Yetadministratorsandteachersfromtwoofthefourdistrictsdescribedatensionbetweenanexisting
culturethatsoughttobalancesite-basedautonomyandinnovationwithcoherent,system-widegoals.
Theconceptsarenotmutuallyexclusive.Manyparticipantsdescribedthepossibilityofhavingthesame
goalsdistrict-widewhileallowingschoolsorteacherstousedifferentstrategiestoattainthegoals.Asa
Pittsburgadministratorcommented,itispossiblefordistrictgoalsto“feedintoeachschool,havingthe
sameumbrellaofaninstructionalframework,butalsomakeittheirownandrecognize,‘We'repartofa
system,butweareanindividualsite.[Therefore],thisiswhatwehavegoingon,andthisishowitfits
intothedistrictgoals.’”Asiteadministratoralsoagreed,adding:
Ithinkthatmakingthattransformationateachsitehasbeenaworkinprogress.You
canseeitinthegraphicsthatit’shappeningateachsite.Itmightlookalittledifferentin
theprocessthatit’sbeingused,likeI’msureat[schoolname],whenyouanalyzedata,
it’sdifferentfromhowweanalyzeitat[schoolname],butwe’regettingsomeofthe
sameresultsfromitandusingitinasimilarfashion(SLTfocusgroup,April2014).
Asdiscussedearlier,NapaValleyisalargedistrictwithnumerousmagnetanddependentcharter
schools.Duringthefirstyear,onefocusgroupparticipantsaidthatsharedgoalswereaworkinprogress
thathehopedthecollaborativewouldfosterthroughtheon-goingconversationsaboutthedistrict’s
fourgoals.Yetwhendescribingthecurrentdegreeofsharedvision,hesaid:
…Ifeellikewestilldon’thaveone;everyoneisdoingtheirownthing.Andeveryone’s
celebrated,andthat’sgreat,but…wheredowecometogether?Where’sourresearchbase,you
know,theconnection?Howcanwetrulycollaborateacrossthedistrict–elementary,middle,
andhighschool?Where’sourcommonlink?AndIthinkthatbybringingeveryonetogetherand
havingallthesedayswherewehaveeveryschoolinthedistricttogether…[trailsoff]…We
haven’tgotthereyet.
Bytheendoftheproject,however,Napaappearstohaveaddressedthischallengedirectlythroughthe
implementationofprotocolsandpracticeslikethe“agnostic”rubricdescribedearlier.
TheSTCfosteredconversationsaboutthebalanceatatimewhenCaliforniawashighlightinglocal
flexibilityintheiraccountabilityandfiscalplans.Againhighlightingthefinelinebetween“coherence”
and“standardization,”anotherNapafocusparticipantquestionedwhethercoherenceispreferable:
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…butasacounterposition,isthefactthatwehavesomanydifferentkindsofschoolstoserve
allthedifferentkindsofchildrenwehavewithalltheirdifferentneeds…Isthat,inandofitself,a
strengthinourdistrict–thefactthatparentscansay‘Ilovethefactthatyourschooldoesthat,I
wantmykidtogothere’or‘Ilovethefactthatyourschooldoesthat.’?Inotherwords,Idon’t
wantthosetwoschoolstolookthesame,becausethenIdon’thavechoice(focusgroup,April
2014).
Thetensionbetweenlocalflexibilityandsystemnesswasnotedbyfirst-yearparticipantsfromAlameda,
aswell.Althoughtheirwithdrawalfromtheprojectprecludesusfromdrawingconclusionsabouthow
muchthisimpactedtheirattemptstodecreasefragmentation,itfurthersuggeststhatdistrictcontexts
thatencourageorhavehistoricalculturesoflocalautonomymustcarefullyworktoaddresshowthe
centralofficeandsitesnegotiatethebalancebetweenflexibilityand“systemness.”
TrustEachdistrictenteredthecollaborativewithvaryinglevelsofperceivedtrustbetweenthecentraloffice
andsites,especiallyamongteachers.Thisemergedasafactorthatinfluencedparticipatingdistricts’
abilitytodevelopandimplementsharedgoals.OurfindingsechowhatJohnsonetal.(2015)foundin
theirstudyoffivelarge,urbanschooldistrictsattemptingtodevelopcoherence.Astheauthorsnote,
althoughestablishingreciprocalrelationshipsandtrustbetweenthecentralofficeandtheschoolswere
keysupportsfordistrictcoherence,districtleaderstendedtooverlooktheimportanceoffostering
relationships.
Aswedescribedearlier,NapaValleyUnified,includedtheunionleadershipontheirdistrictleadership
teamfromtheoutsetoftheproject.Asoneadministratorcommentedindiscussingthedistrict
leadershipteam’sworkintheplanningstagesforYear1,“Wheneverwehaveanopportunity…toturn
ourattentionawayfromagrievanceoraninjuryoradismissalandhaveaformalopportunitytoturn
ourattentiontosomethinginstructional,that'sahighlight.Sothat'sverymuchbeenahighlightofour
work.”Aunionleaderaddedthattheybelievedhavinga“seatatthetable”benefittedthe
administration,too,saying,“Itwasagrowthforus,sittingtherewiththedistrictpeople,becausewe
werechangingideas,doingthings."ConsistentwithDLTreports,focusgroupparticipantsfromNapadid
notdescribechallengesrelatedtotrust.
Startinginthefirstyearoftheproject,Pittsburgincludedsomesiteadministratorsfromthreeschool
sitesontheirDLT–oneelementary,onemiddleschool,andone(eventuallytwo)representativefrom
thecomprehensivehighschool.AfterobservingNapa’sinclusionoftwocertificatedunionleadersduring
thefirstyear,PittsburgalsodecidedtobringinitsunionrepresentativeinYear2.Yettrust,especially
duringtheleadershiptransition,wasdescribedasachallengebysixdifferentprincipalsandteachersin
ourfocusgroupandindividualinterviewsinPittsburg.Insomecases,participantsdescribedconcerns
aboutthedegreeofrespectorinputteachersweregiven.Whilehorizontalcollaborationbetween
schoolsappearedtohaveimproved,verticalcommunicationmayhavesuffered.
Notably,mistrust,especiallybetweenteachersandthecentralofficeweresignificantbarriersforSan
LorenzoandAlameda,issuesthatparticipantsdescribedaspre-datingtheFullanproject.Giventhat
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threeofthefourdistrictsexperiencedthisasabarrier,trustappearstobeanimportantcontextual
featureforprojectsliketheSTCtoconsiderintheirdesign.
CommunicationplayedacriticalroleonmanylevelsTheSTC’sconcurrentimplementationoftheCommonCorecomplementedanongoingfocuson
instructionalpracticesfordeeperlearning,agoaloftheSTCproject.Ateachsession,theFullanleaders
remindedparticipantstheSTCwasnotaseparatereform;itwasintendedtobuildcollectivecapacity
throughoutthesystem.YetsomerespondentsdescribedtheSTCasan“add-on”ordistraction.Our
findingssuggestthatcommunicationaboutthepurposeofparticipationwithinthecollaborativeand
howdifferentinitiativesanddistricteffortsrelatedtotheoverarchinggoalswarrantedgreater
attention.Furthermore,participantsreportedthattheirdistrictswouldhavebenefitedfromadditional,
strategiccommunicationbetweensessions.
CommunicatingtocreateasharedunderstandingoftheSTCLeadersfromPittsburgandNapareportedthattheyintentionallyintegratedtheSTCwithexisting
practicesandreforms,buttheconnectionwaslessevidenttothoseatthesitelevel.Teachersdescribed
feelingoverwhelmedbyinitiativesorfrustratedbytheperceptionthattheSTCsessionsand
assignmentswere“extra”work.ANapateacherlamentedthatherinboxwasoverflowingwithemails
thatoutlinednewexpectationsandresponsibilities,addingthatshewas“treadingwater”tokeepup
withallofthechanges(focusgroup,April2014).APittsburgprincipaldescribedthenewstandards,
assessments,andtheSTCasdisjointed:“It'sjustthesubdividingofsomanythings,likethey'retryingto
dosomanythingsthatthey'renotdoingmuchwell…IfeellikeI'mbeingpulledinamilliondifferent
directions,whereitwouldbenicetojustfocusonFullanandletstuffgofromthere”(interview,March
2015).
InYear1inparticular,manyparticipants,especiallyteachersandprincipals,reportedthattheywere
unclearaboutthegoalsanddesiredoutcomesfortheproject.TheFullanconsultantshaddesignedthe
projecttobeopentolocalneedsandinterests,hopingthatdistrictswouldco-constructtheworkover
time.YetaPittsburgprincipalnoted,“Buteventhen,weweren'tcompletelyclear.Eventhough[name]
hadenvisionedmaybehowtouseit,andmaybeshedidn't,sheseemedlikeshedid,weasprincipals
werelike...afterthefirstcouplesessions,westillwerelike,‘Whereisthisgoing?’”Twoyearslater,a
DLTmemberwhohadalsoservedonaSchoolLeadershipteamsaid,“That'swherewemayhavemissed
it,missedthemark,isthatnoteveryone,evenmaybeatthispoint…noteverybodycouldarticulate[the
purposeoftheproject]toyouthroughoutoursystem.That'sjustworkthathastobedone”(interview,
PUSD,April2016).
Attheendoftheproject,onePittsburgsiteadministratorclaimedthatprincipalsessentiallyhadto
communicateconnectionsfromtheirpersonalinterpretationsofthework:
…butevenuntilnowasanelementaryprincipal–there'seightofus–ifyouaskedall
eightindividuallythelasttwoyearshowdidweapproachit,notoneofuswouldgive
youthesameanswer.Notoneofus,becauseyou'reright[speakingtoanother
principal],theintentforallthis,orthewhywasnotclear.Wehadtocreatelike,"Well,
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whyarewedoingthis?Howcanwemakeitmoremeaningful?"soweeachcamein
withadifferentperspective(interview,April2016).
Pittsburgwasnotaloneintheirstruggletomaketheconnectionsevidenttotheirteachers.AsaNapa
DLTmemberobservedduringaJune2015interview:
Inthedistrictoffice,wegetit,becausewearealwaysaroundit.Ithinktheprincipals
haveaprettygoodunderstandingofthekeythings.ButIthinktherearestillgapswith
theteachers.Idon'tknowthattheteachersseetheconnections.Unlesswehelpthem
throughcommunicatingfocusandjustbeingreallyclearonwhat's"havetodo"and
"maybeyoucoulddoifyouhavetime.”That'sanareaweneedtoworkon.
Thisis,perhaps,asimplewaytoincreasethelikelihoodthatcoherencedevelopsinanapproachlikethe
STC.OneDLTmemberfromNapasaidthatbeingintentionalaboutcommunicationdoesnothavetobe
burdensome:
Ithinkwhatitcouldbeifweweretocapitalizeontheprojectwellistobemoreclear
aboutthegoalsandexpectationsofwhatwe'redoing,tocommunicatebetterevery
timewedosomething,about,“Thisiswhywe'redoingit;thisishowitfitsinthesystem…Havingacommonunderstandingofit.
ThesamerespondentnotedthatthosewhoattendedtheFullanmeetingsdevelopedclarity
overtime,evenifithadbeenabarrierinthepast.“IthinkthatpeoplewhowenttotheFullan
traininggetthat,attheelementaryschools.Theyabsolutelygetthat(interview,April2016).”
Yetnotalldistrictteachersandotherpersonnelattendthequarterlysessions,andtheydepend
onDLTandSLTmemberstocommunicatethepurposeandkeyprinciples.
Severaldistrictadministratorssuggestthatmoredirectcommunicationattheprojectoutsetwouldhave
increasedbuy-inatthesitelevel.InYear2,aPittsburgprincipalsaid,“…Becausewehaveparticipated
[inthequarterlymeetings],wethoughtwewerebeingtransparent…butwefoundouttowardstheend
thatourteachersweren'tclearonthatpieceofthework....ithasn'tbeenasclearaswewouldalllikeit
tobe”(Interview,June2015).Ayearlater,anotherPUSDsiteadministratorcametothesamegeneral
conclusionabouttheircommunication:
…Thatgetsattheheartofoneofthetensionswithreformefforts,whichisteachers
whoareleavingtheclassroomforadaywhentheyarefacingsomanydifferent
changes…Theyarelookingforthingsthatdirectlyrelatetotheirclassroompractice,
whereastheFullanworkasitwasdescribedinthefirstyearreallyismoreofthe
systemspiece,butwiththislackofclarityaboutwheretheprogramwouldgoover
threeyears,thatseemedtoaffectteacherbuy-infromwhatweheard(interview,May
2016).
TheFullanconsultantsacknowledgedtheneedformorecommunicationabouttheproject’spurpose
andtheinteractionsbetweentheSTCanddistrictactivities.OneoftheFullancoordinatorssaidthat
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duringtheproject,theylearnedtheimportanceof“explicitness”intheirimplementation.Similarly,one
NapaDLTtoldusthatitwasthedistrict’sjobto“connectthedots”forteachers.
Infact,frustrationaboutthesporadiccommunicationwiththeFullanteamaboutthetrajectoryforthe
project’swork,andthedistrict’ssubsequentinabilitytocommunicatethe“bigpicture”clearlywiththeir
sitesservedasacatalystforchangesinthefinalyear.Napawasproactiveinaddressingthisdesign
issue,somethingwedidnotobserveintheotherparticipatingdistricts.
Evenwhenthedistrictleadershipteamisclearaboutthepurposeoftheprojectandhowdistrictworkis
connected,site-levelstaffmightnotbe.SomePittsburgandNapaDLTmembersexpressedconfusion
abouttheSTC,wellintotheproject.InJune2015,forexample,aNapaDLTmembersaid,"IfeltlikeIdidn’tknowwhatthelongrangeoutcomeswereordeliverableswouldbe,soIwasn’t,Ithinkwecould
haveplannedbettertogether.”Likewise,inPittsburg,adistrictleadersaid:
Tothisday,and[name]andIgobackandforth,butI’mstilllike…”Isitjustme?”Tobe
honest,ifyoutalkherewithalotofmycolleagues,weareallveryunclearstilltothis
day.It'snotthattheindividualtrainingsortheworkshopsweren'thelpful…Goingback
towhatthepurposewasoftheFullanproject,sotospeak,Istillthinktothisdayit's
veryunclearintermsofwhatwewereexpectingtoaccomplish.Iknowthat'srather
general,but…that'swhatthefirstthingthatjustcametomind(interview,April2016).
Accordingly,aPittsburgcabinetmemberclaimedthatthelaunchoftheprojectcouldincludemore
directcommunicationaboutwhydistrictswereinvestinginamulti-yearprojectthatbroughtsomany
personneltogether.Askedifthereweretherewassomethingotherdistrictsmightlearnfromtheir
experiences,shesaid:
Ithinkbeingreallyclearonwhatitisthatadistrictwantedtogetoutofit.Ifitwas,we
wouldhaveacommonsetofprotocolsthatweuseinallofourmeetingsorwe'regoing
tohaveacommonwayoftalkingaboutthetransitiontoCommonCore,orhowweare
narrowingitdown...Thenwhoeverwassortofleadingthatworkincurriculum
departmentorwhateverwouldcontinuallyusethosetoolsintheirmeetingsorthingsas
well,too.Ithinkthatwewouldhavetakenholdalittlebitdeeperaroundit.
Likewise,aPittsburgDLTmembersuggestedthatfromtheoutsetofthiskindofcollaborative,districts
wouldbenefitfromcommunicatingthebigpictureandageneraltrajectoryfortheproject,something
likea“Threeyearplan.Evenifyoudon'twanttogiveusthedetails,whatareyouexpectingafterthe
firstyear?Andthenhowdoesittieintothesecondyear?Whatareyouexpectingofthesecondyear?
Andtyingtothethirdyear…”
Clearcommunicationabouthowtheprojectanddistricteffortsarerelatedwouldhelpdistrictstobuild
greatercoherencebecausemembersofthesystemcouldthenfocusonintegratingtheirwork.One
Pittsburgprincipalsummarizedthecriticalroleofcommunicationincraftingaclearvision,“Weneeda
clearvisionofhowallthosepiecesconnect,andwhatourplaceisinrelationtothatvision,andwhat
ourseparatepieceiswithinthesystem,sothatwecantakecareofthatpieceandthencomeback
togetherandtalkaboutwhereeverybodyelsestands.”
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CommunicationbetweensessionsInadditiontocommunicatinganunderstandingabouttheproject,theFullanconsultantsanddistrict
leadershipteamsbothgrappledwithhowtostructurecommunicationbetweenmeetings.First,itis
importanttonotethatbecausetheprojectwasprimarilyorganizedbyexternalconsultants,districts
wereresponsibleforcommunicatingwithsitesbetweensessions.Nevertheless,DLTmembersnoted
thattheprojectwouldhavebeenmoreeffectiveifadditionalcommunicationwiththeFullan
consultantsbetweensessionshadbeenincludedwithintheSTCdesign.AsoneFullanconsultantnoted:
It'swhattheyaredoingbetweenthesessionsthat'simportant.Yes,wetouchinwith
them,butit'sthatthey'realwaysapplyingthelearninginameaningfulway,whether
they'readistrictpersonoraschoolperson.Soit’sthosecycles–or“learningloops”as
wecallthem–thatarereallycritical.Otherwise,ifyoujustshowupeveryfewmonths,
nothingwilleverhappenorchange…(interview,April2016).
InthecaseofNapaValleyUnified,severalcentralofficeadministratorssoughttoreinforcethefour
goalsthroughouttheyear.BythetimeourresearchteamvisitedthedistrictofficeinMay2014,the
directorsofelementaryandsecondaryeducationhaddevelopedacalendarfortheirprofessional
development(PD)andprincipalmeetingsthatprovidedregularopportunitiestorevisitspecificaspects
ofthegoals,eachlistedatthetopofthecalendaroverview.Furthermore,eachgoalwasincludedinthe
principalevaluationstoensurethegoalsremainedanongoingfocus.Asthesuperintendentsaid,“The
PDcalendarisanexampleofthedirectorstryingtofosterthecommunicationbetweenmeetings.Sois
thefactthatthegoalsarepartoftheprincipalevaluations…keepsitontheirradar.”AsaFullan
consultantobserved:
Ittakestimeforpeopletoconnectthedotsandseetherelevanceforthemselvesand
theschoolandtheirkidsintheclassroom.Ithinkwealwayshopeit'sgoingtohappen
soonerthanlater,anditjusttakestimeforthattohappen,butcertainlyaswesawthat
takingplaceovertime.AndithappensfasterinadistrictlikeNapa…[where]they're
facilitatingitinbetweenthesessions.Itreallystartstotakeoff(interview,April2016).
YetreportsofhowclearNapacommunicatedwithsitesvariedbetweenrespondents.SomeDLT
membersofferedconcreteexamplesofstrategiccommunicationefforts.Othersfeltthatin
betweensessionsthedistrictwaslesseffectiveatcommunicatingthevisionandapproachto
thework.Asoneadministratornoted,“[Principals]havetocommittoengaginganongoing
sense-makingoftheconnectionsbetweentheworkandfacilitatingthesense-makingwiththe
schools…NVUSD'sjobistocreate…theopportunityforhumanbeingstomakesenseofwhat's
goingon.Andtheydidn'tdothat.Theydidn'tdothat”(interview,June2015).
ParticipantsinPittsburg,alongwithAlamedaandSanLorenzo,reportedthatimplementationwas
impededbythelackofstructurestoensuremorecommunicationbetweenthesessions.Asonefocus
groupparticipantsaid,"Having3monthsofnocommunication[abouttheSTC]whatsoeverandthen
comingback,thatknowledgeandthatdriveislost"(PUSD,March2015).Agreeing,anotherSLTmember
added,“There'snofollowthroughforanyofit.It'slike,‘Okay,yougotthisinformation,seeyouin3
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months,rememberthehomework’…Soit'skindoflike,‘Well,thenI'mjustgoingtoshowup;’soitloses
itsvalue"(focusgroup,March2015).AskediftheywouldrecommendtheSTCapproachtoother
districts,oneprincipalsaidit“mightbeworthitiftheymetoncepermonth…becausethedrawbackis
thetimeinbetweenthemeeting...Youlosethatfire,thatmomentum.Thenit'slost,andthenyouhave
tocomebackagaintodothesameprocess"(PUSDFocusGroup2015).
Betweenthelossofmomentumfromthecentralofficeleadershiptransitionsandlimitedinfrastructure
forcommunicationabouttheSTCbetweensessions,DLTmembersinPittsburgrecognizedmissed
opportunitiesfordeeperimplementation.
BecauseIthinkwherewelostmotivationonourend,istheinbetween.Ifyoudon'thavepeoplereallydoingthat...Thereisnocommunicationinbetweenthesessions...It
canfeellikea“dropin”momentoftimeifyoudon'thavesomeoneattheschoolsite
levelsandatthecentralofficeembeddingthoseelementsinthings."Oh,wait,we'vegot
somehomeworkbecausethiscomingnextweek”versusbeingembeddedin.Ithink
that'sreallyonthedistrictstodothatupfrontandmakesurethatthey'reclearon
that...Idon'tthinkwedidagoodjobofthatinPittsburgatall(interview,DLTmember,
April2016).
CommunicationwithteachersnotparticipatinginSLTsOnepotentialgapinimplementationisbetweentheSLTsandteacherswhodidnotattendthequarterly
Fullanmeeting.Non-SLTmembersdependedontheirsite’steamstobringbackinformationandwork
withthemonimplementation.TheSTCattemptedtofacilitateongoingcommunicationbetween
meetingsinavarietyofways.First,theconsultantsassigned“homework”assignmentsforparticipants
inbetweensessions.Often,thishomeworkincludedactivitiesthatencouragedsite-wideengagement.
Second,principalswereaskedtoincorporatecontentinfacultyorgrade-level/departmentalmeetings
aftertheSLTsessions.
Althoughtheconsultantstoldteamstobringbackwhattheyhadlearnedorworkedonwiththeirsites,
theydidnotimposeguidelinesaboutwhatmethodleadersshoulduse.Furthermore,giventheday-to-
daydemandsonteachersandadministrators,districtsandsitesvariedintheirapproachto
communicatingthegoalsbetweenmeetings.Unsurprisingly,thisinfluencedhowwellparticipants
understoodthegoalsandhowdistrictactivitiesconnected.
Asaresult,districts–andschoolswithindistricts–variedintheirapproachesto….Insomecases,the
principaltookresponsibilityforcommunication.Inothers,thesiteadministratorsaskedtheteachers
fromtheleadershipteamstopresenttheinformationtotheircolleagues.Althoughweasked
participantsinourfocusgroupstosharehowtheycommunicatedthegoalsandcontentfromthe
sessionstotherestoftheirstaff,itisdifficulttodrawconclusionsabouttherepresentativenessoftheir
approaches.Whatfollowsareexamplesofcommunicationstrategiesdescribedbydistrictorschool
leadershipteammembers.
Iourfocusgroupsandprincipalinterviews,manySLTmembersexpressedadesiretoserveasabuffer
betweentheonslaughtofreformsandchangesandtheirteachers.Therefore,administratorsfrequently
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mentionedthattheydidnotrefertotheworkoftheSTCor“FullanProject”(assomeparticipants
referredtoit)byname.Thismadeitdifficulttoaskteacherswhowerenotdirectlyinvolvedinthe
projectabouttheperceivedimpactoftheSTC–orevenwhatactivitieswererelatedtotheproject–but
itdoesnotmeanthatchangewasnothappening.Infact,thedecisiontonotattributeactivitiesorgoalstotheSTCwasoftenassociatedwithasensethatitwaseffectiveleadershipalignedwiththeproject’s
theoryofaction.Asoneprincipalsaid,"Administratively,wehavenotfeltanytemptationorneedto
familiarizeourstaffwithFullan…Webelievethatthesimpleryoukeepitforteachers,themorefocused
onjustafewgoals,thebetterresultsthatyouget.”Hercolleagueagreed,adding:
Someschoolsintentionallydon’trefertoitastheFullanproject,becausethenithasthe
potentialtobecomejustlikeanotherinitiative…theirhopeisthatthesesortof
strategiesandideasaroundcoherenceinthedistrictwillpersist….someleadershave
justnotreferredtoitasaseparatethingbutaspartofwhatthey'realreadydoingora
wayofapproachingCommonCoreimplementation,somethingalongthoselines(SLT
focusgroup,NVUSD,March2015).
Bringingmorestakeholders(likebargainingunits)intotheconversationMultipleparticipantsacknowledgedtheneedtocommunicateaboutgoalswithabroadgroupof
stakeholders.Inthissection,wehighlightafewthemesidentifiedbyrespondents,frominclusionofthe
unionleadershiptoschoolboards.
Attheoutsetoftheproject,districtsidentifiedasmallteamofadministratorstoincludeinthe“district
leadershipteam”forthecollaborative.Theresearchers–andsoon,otherdistricts–notedthatNVUSD
wastheonlyparticipatingdistrictthatincludedtworepresentativesofthecertificatedemployeeunion
ontheirDLT.OneDLTmemberrecalledthatthedecisionwasmadeearlyintheprocess,andbothhe
andtheunionrepresentativesindicatedthattheyfounditparticularlyeffectivetocarpooltothe
quarterlydistrictandschoolleadershipmeetings,astherideallowedthemtodiscusskeyissuesina
constructivemanner.TheDLTmembernoted,[W]heneverwehaveanopportunitytoturnourattention
awayfromagrievanceoraninjuryoradismissalandhaveaformalopportunitytoturnourattentionto
somethinginstructional,that'sahighlight.”
InNapaValley,therewasalsoevidencethatthedistrictleaderswereresponsivetofeedbackfrom
principalsandteachers.Inoneparticularlysignificantdevelopment,theprincipalsrequestedgreater
clarificationaboutthedistrictgoals,andthedistrictrespondedbygeneratingaone-pagesummaryof
thegoals.Thesuperintendentbroughtthatsheetintoourinterview,andotherdistrictleadersandfocus
groupparticipantsreferenceditintheirresponses.OneDLTmemberwasquicktocredittheprincipals
forthiscommunicationstrategy:“Aftertheprincipalssaid,‘Youhave[givenustoo]muchtodo.You’re
notbeingclearwithus,’thenwesaid,‘Okay,thesearewhatwe'recommittedto.Thisiswhatwe're
focusedon.Andsoitjusthelpedusmessage…”(interview,May2014).
YetwhileNapaValleyincludedthecertificatedunionontheirDLT,noparticipantsinthedistrictspokeof
intentionalcommunicationwiththeclassifiedstaffinthedevelopmentordisseminationoftheirgoals.
OnePittsburgcabinetmemberreflected:
Ithinkanareaofgrowthforusiswhenyousay“staff,”thatmakesmethinkbeyond
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teachers…[W]e’venotbranchedoutorreachedoutnearlyasclearlytoclassifiedstaff,toschool
boardmembers,andtoparents.Sothosewouldbethreeconstituentgroupsthatneedbetter
understanding.
Ifasystemistodevelopcoherence,itiscriticalthatallmembersmustbeabletoarticulatetheshared
visionandtheirroleinadvancingtheirgoals,butourfindingssuggestthatthedesignand
implementationoftheSTCcouldhavefurtherextendedtheworktoincludeotherstakeholderslike
classifiedemployees,orasseveralparticipantsalsonoted,boardmembers.OneprincipalfromPittsburg
feltasifthecoherencebuildingwouldhavebeeneasierifthecentralofficehadincludedtheirboardin
moreconversationsabouttheSTC,butinsteaddescribeda“disconnect”withtheboard(interview,
February2015).ADLTmember,reflectingbackontheprojectattheendofYearThreesimilarlynoted
theimportanceofgreatercommunicationabouttheprojectwiththeirschoolboard.
NowthatI'mreflectingonit,itwouldhavebeengoodtomaybehavehadthemattend
someofthesessionsorevenunderstandthebackground.That,whenthemarching
ordersaregiventotheSuperintendent,therewouldhavebeenanunderstandingabout,
whatwewereworkingon.
ThesameDLTmemberaddedthatthistypeofboardinclusionmighthavereducedthedisruptionwhen
thesuperintendentandseveralcentralofficeleaderschanged.Becausetheboardselectsnew
superintendents,thisparticipantnoted,theycouldemphasizetheimportanceofcontinuingthework.
ButwithoutincludingthemintheSTC,weheardonlytwoparticipantssuggestthattheirboardsknew
anythingabouttheSTCbeyonditscosts.AsoneNapaadministratornoted,thatmeantthatsometimes
theboardcouldbeworkingonitsowngoals,decreasingthelikelihoodofcoherence.
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SectionIV:ConclusionandRecommendations
ConclusionAswenotedatthebeginningofthisstudy,theSTCoffersanalternativetothemodelofschool
improvementthathasprevailedoverthepast40years.Atitscore,theSTCmodelisstructuredto
supportgrowthinorganizationalcapacityforcreatinghighqualityinstructionalregimesthrough
professionalization,transparency,collaboration,andintensefocusonandcommitmenttofew,critical
educationgoals.Whatthisapproachtoschoolimprovementattemptstoreplaceisareformstrategy
drivenbytop-downinterventionprograms—primarilythroughacombinationoftargetedfunding
streamsandregulations.
Incontrasttothetop-downinterventionapproach,thetwofundamentalpreceptsandapproachesto
wholesystemchangearethat1)continuousprofessionallearning,coachingandmentoringofkey
administratorsandteacherleadersovermultipleyearsisessentialtotheachievementofwholesystems
change;andthat2)buildingrelationshipsandacollaborativecultureisfundamentaltosupportingthe
capacityandsustainabilityofwholesystemschange.
OuroverallconclusionabouttheSTCmodelisthatitisapromisingapproachtoschoolimprovement,
particularlylarge-scaleimprovement,andissupportedbyagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureaswell
asevidencefromtheSTCproject.Themostimportantcontributionofthisstudyisthatitwillprovide
policymakersandpractitionerswithamuchdeeperandmorecompleteunderstandingofthenecessary
conditionsforwholesystemchangetooccur,bothintermsofthereform’sdesignandinthedistrict
context.Incontrasttopast,one-dimensionalpolicystrategiespromulgatedbystateandfederal
lawmakers,wholesystemchangereliesonmulti-dimensional,aligned,andcoherentstrategiesfor
systemtransformation.
Inprevioussectionsofthisreport,wediscusshowSTCwasoperationalized—buildingthecapacityfor
wholesystemchangeanditssustainability.Itentailschanginghabitsoftheheartandmind,developing
professionalnormsandnewwaysofthinkingaboutteachingandlearning.Earlierinthereportwealso
discusboththeopportunitiesandbarrierstowholesystemchangeasweobservedthemplayoutinthe
STCprojectoverthreeyears.Thefollowingkeyfindingsandrecommendationsarebasedonour
individualandfocusgroupsinterviewswithteachers,schoolanddistrictleaders,anddatacollected
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throughanannualsurvey(discussedindetailintheMethodologysection).
KeyFindings
• STCisapromisingapproachtobuildingstrongandeffectiveorganizationsbycreatingconditions
thatcanfosterdeepchangeinschoolsanddistricts.Effectiveschooldistrictsareorganizations
whosemembersaretiedtogetherbycommonnorms,commonpurposes,commonmethods,
andcommonlanguage.
• Cross-districtcollaborationisavaluabletoolforbuildingprofessionalcommunitiesonalarger
scalethanjusttheschoolordistrict.However,collaborationcantakemanyforms—fromthe
superficialandritualtosharedlearningandtothedevelopmentofstrongprofessionalcultures.
• Wholesystemschangeisunlikelytooccurintwoorthreeyears.Transformingorganizational
cultures,especiallyofschoolsthataresodeeplyembeddedinasetofpracticesand
understandingsthathavechangedlittlesinceWorldWarII,isalong-termprocessthatneeds
constantnurturingandattention.
• Inlightoftheabove,continuityandstabilityarecriticalconditionsforwholesystemchange.
• Continuitybetweensessionsisanimportantelementtosustainschoolanddistrictengagement
insystemstransformation.
• Inaddition,awiderangeofstakeholdersmustbeinvolvedinthiswork.Importantly,school
boardsneedtobeinformedaboutSTCandregularlybriefedontheprocess.
• Finally,itisimportanttohaveastrongsystemofcommunicationamongdistrictandschool
leadersinordertoengageteachersandadministratorsattheschoolsite.
IssuesforfurtherStudyWedonotintendthisstudytobeasummativeevaluationofanembeddedsystemschange
intervention,butratheranexploratorystudyofsystemschangewiththegoalofbuildinghigh-quality
instructionalsystems.Thisstudyisintendedtoopentheorganizationalblackboxofschoolingto
illuminatetheconditionsandprocessesthatshapeschoolorganizationalcultures.Ourfindings,asnoted
above,arenotsurprising,theyreifywhatweknowfromother,similarresearchonschoolchange.The
studyalsoraisessomeimportantquestionsthatwecannotfullyansweratthistime.Thereasonsfor
thathavetodowiththeproject’stime-frameandthedepthofchangesoughtbythisintervention.As
wenotedearlierinthestudy,threeyearsisnotenoughtimetoeffectchangesofthemagnitudethat
systemstransformationrequires.Thereareno“on/off”switchestochangedeeplyheldbeliefsabout
teachingandlearningortoalterthecultureofschooling—adeeplyentrenchedculturethathasnot
changedin100years.But,policymakers,practitioners,andthepublicwantchange,andtheyusually
wantitimmediately.
Inadditiontothefindingsandrecommendationsthatwediscuss,wehavealsoidentifiedsomeissues
andtensionsthatemergedfromtheprojectthatweareunabletofullyaddressinthispaper.Wesimply
donothavesufficientdatatodrawclearconclusions.Theseare1)coherenceand“systemness,”2)
leadershipcapacityvs.instructionalcapacity,3)couldschooldistrictsachieveontheirownwhatone
districtachievedwithouttheFullanintervention,4)mightCA’schangesinaccountability,standards,
assessment,andfinancebeconvergentissuesaroundwhichtobuildsystemcoherence?
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Coherenceand“Systemness.”Asdiscussedearlierinthispaper,coherenceandsystemnessarethecore
principlesofhighqualityinstruction.Coherencesimplymeansthatdistrictsneedtohaveconsistent
goalsandastrongprofessionalcoretoimplementthosegoals.Italsorequiresastrongsystemof
instructionalsupporttoprovideteachersandadministratorswiththenecessarytoolstoshapeeffective
instructionalstrategies.Amongthetwodistricts—NapaandPittsburg--thatremainedintheprogramfor
threeyears,wefoundsomeimportantdifferencesbetweenthemonthemeasureofcoherenceand
systemness.
Napa’smovementtowardscoherenceandsystemnessismanifestedinthreeways:collectiveattention
todeeplearning;amovementtowardbuildingstrongconnectionsbetweendistrictdepartments(e.g.
HRandprograms;andtheir“planonapage,”evidenceofsharedunderstandingofdistrictgoalssystem-
wide.
Pittsburgindicatedincreasedawarenessoftheimportanceofsystemnessandcoherenceatmultiple
levelsofthedistricts.However,thiscoherenceandsystemnesswasnotrealized(insomeareaslikePDit
hasactuallybrokendown).Thisseemedtobelargelyaresultoftheturnoveramongtop-level
administrators.
ThedifferencesbetweenNapaandPittsburgonmeasuresofcoherenceandsystemnessraisesthe
questionwhetherhighlevelsofcoherenceandsystemnessarepossibleintheabsenceofstable
leadership.Turnoverinleadershipmayunderminecoherencewhenturnoverresultsinalackof
continuity.Schoolboardsoftenhiresuperintendentsto“shakeup”thesystem.Theyoftenseek
individualswhowillbringchangeratherthanstabilityandcontinuitytothedistrict.Giventhedemands
ofCCSS,LCFF,andLCAP,districtsareunderconsiderablestrainanddisruption.Furtherdisruptionis
morelikelytooverwhelmteachersandadministrators,ratherthanleadtostrongerinstructional
systems.
Itisdifficulttodifferentiatewiththeinformationthatwehavebetweentherelativeimportanceof
leadershipchangeasopposedtoprogramcontinuity.Itisconceivablethatthereareschoolboardsthat
mightstressprogramcontinuityandmovingforwardwithexistingcapacity-buildingstrategies.Thereis,
however,asnotedearlier,atendencyforschoolboardsandschoolleaderstoseekthe“silverbullet”
thatwilltransformschools.TheFullanapproachtoschoolchangeisapromisingwaytoimprove
educationsystems.Butittakesthoughtful,knowledgeableleadership;time;andresources.
Finally,wearguethatgivenenoughtimewithastableleadershipcorethatallowstheeffortstotake
root,onecanimaginecreatingasustainablesystemthatthrivesinspiteofleadershipchanges.
LeadershipCapacityvs.InstructionalCapacity.Thelinkagesbetweenleadershipandclassroomswere
mostobviousinNapa.InSanLorenzo,thenewsuperintendent,whowashiredafterthefirstyearofthe
STCproject,hadadifficulttimeconvincingfacultythatSTChadrelevancetotheirowndistrict’s
problemsofpracticeandwasnotconvincedthatintheircircumstancescross-districtcollaborationwas
usefultothem.InPittsburg,theconnectionsbetweenleadershipandinstructionalimprovementwere
fragmentedbychangesinleadership,asnotedearlier.Thismeantthatrelationshipsamong
administrators—bothcentralofficeandschool—hadtobere-established.Weknowfromresearchthat
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suchrelationshipsarefragileandmaytakeyearstodevelop,dependingonthesocialcontextofthe
schooldistrict.
ThedrivingtheorybehindtheFullanprojectwasthatinstructionalcapacitywasdependenton
competentandcommittedleadershipthatwasdistributedacrosstheentiresystem.Thesuperintendent
iscriticalinsettingthetoneforinstructionaldevelopment,butthevisionofteachingandlearningthatis
theengineofinstructionalqualityhastobesharedbytheleadershipatalllevelsofthesystem—the
schoolsitesaswellasthecentraloffice.
STCcouldbeseenasawayofnurturingthosechanges,creatingopportunitiestocollaborateandto
facilitatebig-picturediscussionsoutsideoftheeverydaydemandsoftheworkplace.Itcouldcontribute
tothe“sharedvocabulary”andacultureofpushingtowardsdeeperlearning.Yetitisdifficulttoknow
whetheranopen-endedprofessionallearningopportunitysuchasSTCcouldhaveapowerfulimpact.
Afterall,STCwasnotdesignedtobeconcreteinitsdevelopmentofpedagogy.STCwasnevermeantto
beaboutpowerfulcontent-areaprofessionallearning,forexample.Suchprofessionaldevelopmentis
muchmoreintentional,muchmoreintense.Thedemandsplacedonteachersgomuchfurther.
SupportandTime.Coulddistrictssystemtransformationhaveoccurredwithouttheinterventionofthe
Fullanteam?Napawouldcertainlybethefront-runnerwithouttheFullanintervention.However,itis
quitelikelythatitmighthavetakenthedistrictlongertoaccomplishwhattheyachievedinthreeyears
withouttheirinvolvementwiththeSTC.Napahadthenecessaryingredientsforsuccess:continuity—the
Fullaninterventionbuiltonexistinggoals;stableleadership;goodlabor-managementrelationships;and
cohesiveleadershipteams.ItisimportanttonotealsothatwhileNapamayhavesucceededincoming
muchclosertoachievingtheFullaninterventionobjectives,alldistrictsbenefitedfromtheintervention.
Theyalltookthefirststepstowardsystemtransformation—anincreasedawarenessoftheprocessof
capacitybuildingfordeeperlearning.
WithregardtotheissueofwhetherdistrictscouldgettothelevelthatNapaattainedwithoutan
outsideintervention,weneedtoemphasizethedistinctionbetweentheideaoftheSTCasacatalystfor
transformationandtheSTCas“thereform”thatmakesforbetterteachingandlearning.Thus,itmay
belessabout“goodcandidates”forthismodelandmoreaboutbestfitfordesign.Forexample,perhaps
onedistrictneedsahighlevelofsupportinthecentralofficebeforerollingouttheSLTs.Afterall,the
SLTsrequiresignificantorganizationalresources.Gettingsubstitutesforeverysiteinthecontextof
teachershortagemustbeworththetimecost.Ifthecentralofficecannotagreeongoalsandsharpen
theirfocus,itisdifficulttoimaginethattheycouldmakemuchheadwaytowardcoherentgoalsthatare
widelysharedthroughoutthedistrict.
Certainly,moreresearchneedstobedonetogainabetterunderstandingofthekindofsupportsystem
thatcouldbecreatedthatwouldbeavailabletolargenumbersofdistrictsandschoolsthroughoutthe
state.Atthepresenttime,theredoesnotappeartobethecapacitytoprovideonalargescalethekind
ofinterventionthattheFullanteamprovides.
Systemtransformationrequiresasignificantcommitmentoftimeandeffortbyparticipatingschool
districts.Napa,forinstance,estimatedthatthecostofteacherparticipationintheworkshopscostover
$100,000perday.Inorderfordistrictstoengageinthistypeofprofessionaldevelopmentnecessitates
newapproachestohowprofessionaldevelopmentofthiskindcantakeplace.Thisraisesthecritical
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questionofwhattypesofstateandfederalresourcesareavailableforbuildingstrongsystemsof
supportforschools.
Obviously,theStateDepartmentofEducationhasneithertheresourcesnortheorganizationalcapacity
toprovideover1000schooldistrictsandover10,000schoolsinthestatewiththekindofsupportthat
mostschoolsanddistrictsneed.Policymakersshouldconsiderwhatkindofsupportinfrastructurecould
becreatedstatewidebutonaregionalbasistoprovidethekindofsupporttoschoolsanddistrictsthat
willmovethemalongtowardbuildinghighqualityeducationsystems.Policymakersshouldconsider
whatisthebestuseofstateresourcestobuildlocalprofessionalandorganizationalcapacity.
TheoverlapwiththeimplementationoftheCommonCoreandLCAP.TheconvergenceofCCSS,LCFF,
andLCAPareaready-madeopportunitytoanchorschoolimprovementstrategies.AllthreegiveLEAs
considerablediscretioninhowtoallocateresources,designtheirinstructionalprograms,anddetermine
howtomeettheeducationalneedsofallstudents.Whileallthreeareinter-related,thereisthedanger
thatdistrictsregardthemasdistinctareasofeducationpolicytobeaddressed.TheSTCsoughtto
addressthisissuebybringingallofthemundertheumbrellaofsystemschangeandeffortstofocus
districteffortsonimprovementsinteachingandlearning.
Recommendations
Cross-districtcollaboration.InourproposaltotheStuartFoundation,wesuggestedthattheputative
benefitsofcross-districtcollaborationwerethedevelopmentofsharedlanguage,norms,protocols,and
knowledge.Thebenefitsofcollaborationwerealsobasedonconceptsofimprovementscience:the
powerofnetworksandthewisdomofcrowds.Perhapsmostimportantly,itisbasedontherecognition
thatsignificantanddeepchangehastoengagethosewhoareresponsibleformakingandsustaining
change.Thosewhoaremostcloselyresponsible—school-levelpractitioners—mustbeengagedinthe
processofimprovement.Itisanorganicprocessthathastocomefromwithin.
Datacollectedforthisreportsuggestthatthebenefitsofcross-districtcollaborationwerenotfully
realizedthroughtheSTCproject.Bothinindividualandinfocusgroupinterviews,respondentswere
mixedaboutthebenefitsofsuchcollaboration.Attimes,opportunitiesforcollaborationseemedtoo
vagueandwithoutaclearpurpose—sharingideas,mixinggroupstoengageinvariousexercises
designedtofostercollaborationforitsownsake.Onepossiblestrategyformakingthecross-district
collaborationsmoremeaningfulmightbetoaddresscommonproblemsofteachingpractice.For
instance,SLTsmighthavebeengivencasestudieswithdiscussionprotocols,whichSLTswouldfirst
discussintheirrespectiveschoolsandthendiscusswithmembersofotherdistrictSLTsinsmallgroups.
Anotherstrategyforcreatingamoreintentionalstructureforcollaborationbetweendistrictsmightbe
toengageininstructionalroundsandclassroomobservations.Therecouldalsohavebeenmoreexplicit
discussionoftheadvantagesofcollaborationamongdistrictswithSLTsandstrategiestotakethoseback
totheschoolsfordiscussion.
TheLearningFairwasdesignedtobeacentralmechanismforcross-districtcollaboration.Thepurpose
oftheLearningFairwastogiveSLTsandDLTsopportunitiestodiscusstheirresponsestotheSTC—
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developingafew,focusedgoalsanddevelopingstrategiesformeetingthosegoals.Inaddition,the
intentofsuchcollaborationisforschoolleaders(teachers,principals,districtleaders)tolearnfromone
another,andperhaps,catalyzedevelopmentofaprofessionalcore.
DistrictandschoolleadersreportedthattheLearningFairwasanimportanteventthathelpedto
cultivateverticalandlateralcollaboration,helpedbuildanddisseminatenewknowledgeandwasa
mechanismforrecognizingthegrowthacrossdistricts.However,theLearningFairoccurredonlyinthe
secondyearoftheproject.Tomaximizecollaborationbetweendistricts,especiallyattheschoollevel,
leadersmightconsiderbuildinginmoreopportunitiesforthistypeoflearningandcollaboration.We
recommendincludinganannualculminatingeventofsomesortintoeachyearoftheproject.Thefairs
mightalsobemodifiedtobeshorterbutmorefrequentinanefforttomaketherelationshipsbetween
districtsmoremeaningful.Similarly,classroomvisitsfromdistrictandschoolleadersofonedistrictin
anotherareopportunitiestodiscussproblemsofpracticeandfindcommonapproachestotheir
solution.
Greaterdifferentiationandindividualcoachingandsupportfortheuniqueneedsofdistricts.Although
theFullanteamencourageddistrictstodeveloptheirowngoalsandstrategiesbasedontheirlocal
needs,ourfindingssuggestthatparticipantsperceivedaneedforgreaterdifferentiationinthecontent
ofthequarterlyDLTandSLTsessions.FeedbackfrommembersoftheSLTsandDLTssuggestthe
interventionandsupportstrategiesusedbytheFullanteamcouldhavebeenmorevaluabletotheir
growthiftheywerespecificallytailoredtotheparticularneedsofeachdistrict.Theimportanceof
differentiatedsupportwasrepeatedlyemphasizedintheinterviews.However,itissomewhatdifficultto
interpretthisviewsincethesessionsweredesignedwiththepurposeofdifferentiatingdistrictneeds.
Somesurveyrespondentsnotedthat,forthem,theinitial,year-onemeetingswerenotasspecifically
targetedtotheirproblemsofpracticeastheymighthavewishedandcoveredmaterialthatteachers
andadministratorshadbeenimplementingpriortotheproject.Inresponse,NapaapproachedtheSTC
leaderstomodifytheimplementationtoallowforco-planningandco-facilitationofthesessioncontent.
Theirparticipantsbelievedthattheproject’sfinalyearwasthemostvaluableforthemastheFullan
teamworkedcloselywiththedistricttodeveloptheirownstrategiesforbuildingacoherentsystemof
teachingandlearning.Findingsfromthisstudysuggestthatthisisanimportantstrategyforbuilding
buy-inandforcreatingmoremeaningfulcontentandopportunitiesforgrowthforthedistrictsinvolved
intheSTC.Werecommendthatopportunitiestoco-planandco-presentmeetingcontentbe
incorporatedintotheprojectasearlyasthefirstyear.
Furthermore,boththeFullanteamandparticipantsnotedthatitwouldhavebeenpreferabletohave
includedamoreextensive“intake”processandneedsanalysistohelpwithimprovingtherelevanceof
theSTCprogramcontent.TheFullanteamdidvisiteachdistrictforaninitialconsultationpriortothe
launchoftheproject,butitwasnotaformalprocessincludedwithinthedesign.Possiblestrategies
mightincludeafewfocusgroupsandsitevisits,abriefstaffsurvey(ortheuseofrecentdistrictclimate
surveys,ifavailable).InthecaseofCalifornia,nowthatschoolsdevelopanLCAPplan,theconsultants
couldusethedocumentsandstudentaccountabilitydatatoprepareforamorein-depthconversation
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duringtheintakeprocess.Moreover,ifthedistrictintakesuggeststhattherearesubstantivechallenges
intermsoforganizationalorleadershipcapacity,theconsultantsmightsuggestsettingasidetimeto
addressthoseissuespriortosystem-wideimplementation.
Greateremphasisoncontinuitybetweensessions.Unfortunately,STCsufferedfromsomeofthesame
shortcomingsthatafflictmostprofessionaldevelopmentefforts—theeffecttendstostaywith
participantsaslongastheyseetheprofessionaldevelopmentlocationintheirrearviewmirrors.
Teachersandadministratorsgobacktotheirschoolsordistrictofficesandthatrealitytrumpsallothers.
Therefore,themostsignificantchallengeinsystemstransformationworkiscreatinganimpactinthe
classroom.Itdoesnotmatterhowinformativeandbeneficialeachsessionmaybeiftheimpactofthat
sessiononparticipantsdoesnotreachtheclassroom.SLTandDLTleaderssuggestedthatSTCwould
benefitconsiderablyintermsofteacherandadministratorengagement,programcoherence,and
impactifthereweregreatersupportsinplacetoensurethattheSTCworkcontinuedbetweensessions.
Forexample,someparticipantsreportedthattheywouldoftenwaituntilrightbeforetheSLTsessionto
completetheassignmentfromtheprevioussession.Bythattime,theycouldnotrememberthespecific
detailsoftheassignment.However,inthisparticulardistrict,therewerenosupportsinplacetoremind
SLTsoftheassignmentanditspurpose.Therefore,werecommendastrongeremphasisoncontinuityin
betweensessions.ThiscontinuitycouldcomethroughemailremindersfortheSTCpointpersonatthe
districtofficetodisseminatetosites,orthroughtheprovisionofspecificstrategiesforintegratingthis
workyear-round.
Strategiestoaddressleadershipturnoverindistricts.Asnotedinthisstudy,threeoftheparticipating
districtschangedsuperintendentsduringthethreeyearsoftheproject.Theissueofturnoverinthe
superintendencymightbeaddressedbyengagingtheschoolsboardsmoredirectlyfromthebeginning
oftheprojectasoccurredinoneofthedistricts.Itisintuitivelyapparentthatschoolboardmembers
havetotakeowenershipforSTCjustasteachers,administrators,andsupportstaffmust.
Asnotedearlierinthereport,theFullanteamsuggestedthatdistrictshavetohavea“baselinecapacity”
tofullybenefitfromtheirinvolvementintheCollaborative.Thereareseveralproblemswiththat.First,
itisdifficulttopredictwhichdistrictwillexperiencesuperintendentturnover.Amongthedistricts
(about120)thathaveparticipatedinUCDavis’Superintendents’ExecutiveLeadershipForumprogram,
roughlyhalfofthesuperintendentshaveeitherchangedpositionsorretired.Inmostinstances,
turnoverincentralofficeandschool-leveladministerstendstobequitehighaswell.Thiswascertainly
trueforPittsburg.Inaddition,districtsnaturallyexperiencechangesinsiteleadershipandhighteacher
turnover.Allofthesechangesimpactnotonlythecompositionoftheschoolleadershipteamsandthe
districtleadershipteams,butalsotheirabilitytosustainmomentumforsystemschange.Forexample,
manynewteachersjoinedthesiteleadershipteamsintheproject’sthirdyearwhowerenotinvolvedin
thefirsttwoyears.Ifastrongprofessionalcoreexistedamongschoolpersonnel,turnovermightnotbe
aseriousproblem.ThefactthatthelackofaprofessionalcoreisoneofthechiefproblemsthatSTC
addressesmakesthematterofturnoverallthemoreproblematic.
Giventheinstabilityofschooldistrictsgenerally—thelargeturnoverofprincipalsandsuperintendents—
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theproblemofturnoverandinstabilityisthenormratherthantheexception.Forthatreason,there
needstobeastrategyforturnoveramongdistrictleaders,inparticular,butalsostrategiesforchanges
inthecompositionoftheschoolleadershipteam.
Asnotedinthisstudy,threeofthefourdistrictsparticipatinginthisstudychangedsuperintendents.
Onesolutiontotheproblemofturnoverinthesuperintendencymightbetoengagetheschoolboards
fromthebeginningoftheproject.Itisintuitivelyapparentthatschoolboardmembershavetotake
ownershipforSTCjustasteachers,administrators,andsupportstaffmust.Theprojectcouldalso
provideadditionalstrategiestodistrictsforon-boardingnewmembersoftheSLTs.
ThreeyearsisnotenoughtimeforSTCtobecomeinstitutionalized.Finally,thisstudysuggeststhat
theSTCapproachtoschoolimprovementhasconsiderablepotential.Whathasbecomequiteobvious
attheterminationofthisparticularprojectisthatthreeyearsissimplynotenoughtimetointernalize
thekindsofcultural,professional,structuralchanges,andpracticesrequiredtobringaboutmeaningful
change.Buildingthesocial,cultural,andprofessionalcapitalthatanchorasetofnorms,values,
competencies,andbehaviorstakesmorethanthreeyears.Forthatreason,Napaiscontinuingbeyondit
originalthree-yearcommittmentwiththeworkofthecollaborative.
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ReferencesFullan,M.,&Quinn,J.(2016).Coherence:Therightdriversinactionforschools,districts,andsystems.
ThousandOaks,CA:CorwinPress.
Fullan,M.,Quinn,J.,&Adam,E.(2013).SystemTransformationCollaborative:SeniorLeaders’Session
(March10)[PowerPointslides,Slide10].Courtesyoftheauthors.
Honig,M.I.,&Hatch,T.C.(2004).Craftingcoherence:Howschoolsstrategicallymanagemultiple,
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Johnson,S.M.,Marietta,G.,Higgins,M.C.,Mapp,K.L.,&Grossman,A.(2015).Achievingcoherenceindistrictimprovement:Managingtherelationshipbetweenthecentralofficeandschools.Cambridge,MA:HarvardEducationPress.
Senge,P.M.(1990).Thefifthdiscipline:Theartandpracticeofthelearningorganization(Doubleday/).NewYork:CrownBusiness.
Supovitz,J.A.(2006).Thecasefordistrict-basedreform:Leading,building,andsustainingschoolimprovement.Cambridge,MA:HarvardEducationPress.