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Szent IstvánUniversity Hungary
Erika Michéli Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry
I belive
•
Farmers (users) have to know their soils types (on their own language and level )
•
They have to know soil functions•
They have apply agronomic practices
(or chose land use)based on the soil type – soil function relationships
Why (again) about soil classification?Most currently applied soil classification systems:
•
were developed for different purposes than present users are applying or need them for
•
were elaborated before the recent boom of modern observation technologies, data storage
and processing developments
•
are hardly understood / seldom used by non soil scientists (even by soil scientists)
•
are often criticized to be complicated and boring by students (even teachers)
Why (again) about soil classification?
•
Global (digital) soil information coverage is needed
•
Harmonization of diverse systems is very difficult
•
Some soils get (need) more attention than before (man made soils, cold soils)
•
Digital „players”
find our classes not suitable and often create their own classes
•
Some consider soil classification useless or even unnecessary
Type / Name – WHY?Make a guess:
Mammal
Gray colored
Length: 5 ‐
6.5 meters
Average weight: 3t
Lives south of the tropic of cancer
Pygmy right whale
Asian elephantelephant
Lives in the oceanLives around New ZealandEats plankton
Etc.________________
Lives in the mainlandIn South, South‐East AsiaEats plantsPossible to domesticateHas got tusk etc.
Type / Name – WHY?
Soils with:
OM accumulation
Leached topsoil
Reddish subsoil
Sandy texture
OC 0‐5 cm:
3.5%OC 5‐20 cm:
0.5%
pH 0‐5 cm:
5.0pH 5‐20 cm:
4.5
Sand 0‐5 cm: 45%
Sand 5‐20 cm: 55%
etc.
Based on these properties it can be 10 different soil types,
but do they really differdo they really differ?
PodzolPodzolisationDissolved organic acidsOM and/or Al&Fe oxide rich
subsoilSandy texture
AlisolClay illuviation← a layer is present in the
subsoil with high(er) clay content
high CEC, low base
YES, we need soil cassification !•
Humans organize knowledge
easier to understand easier to communicate
•
Provides a concise and systematic method for designating various types of soil
•
Soil classification data feeds many modeling algorithms (crop, erosion, different properties
etc.)
•
The unit (class) provides more information than just properties
What is wrong with them?
Cryozems
(Russia)
Cryosols
(WRB)
Gelisols
(ST)
Required Characteristics of the Mollic epipedonThe mollic epipedon consists of mineral soil materials and has the following properties:1. When dry, either or both:a. Structural units with a diameter of 30 cm or lessor secondary structure with a diameter of 30 cm or less;orb. A moderately hard or softer rupture-resistance class;and2. Rock structure, including fine (less than 5 mm) stratifications, in less than one-half of the volume of all parts;and3. One of the following:a. All of the following:(1) Colors with a value of 3 or less, moist, and of 5 orless, dry; and(2) Colors with chroma of 3 or less, moist; and(3) If the soil has a C horizon, the mollic epipedon has a color value at least 1 Munsell unit lower or chroma at least 2 units lower (both moist and dry) than that of the C horizon or the epipedon has
at least 0.6 percent more organic carbon than the C horizon; orb. A fine-earth fraction that has a calcium carbonate equivalent of 15 to 40 percent and colors with a value and chroma of 3 or less, moist; orc. A fine-earth fraction that has a calcium carbonateequivalent of 40 percent or more and a color value, moist, of5 or less; and4. A base saturation (by NH4OAc) of 50 percent or more; and5. An organic-carbon content of:a. 2.5 percent or more if the epipedon has a color value,moist, of 4 or 5; orb. 0.6 percent more than that of the C horizon (if one occurs) if the mollic epipedon has a color value less than 1 Munsell unit lower or chroma less than 2 units lower (both moist and dry) than the C
horizon; orc. 0.6 percent or more; and6. After mixing of the upper 18 cm of the mineral soil or of the whole mineral soil if its depth to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, petrocalcic horizon, or duripan (all defined below) is less than
18 cm, the minimum thickness of the epipedon is as follows:a. 10 cm or the depth of the noncemented soil if the epipedon is loamy very fine sand or finer and is directly above a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, a petrocalcic horizon, or a duripan that is
within 18 cm of the mineral soil surface; orb. 25 cm or more if the epipedon is loamy fine sand or coarser throughout or if there are no underlying diagnostic horizons nd the organic-carbon content of the underlying materials decreases
irregularly with increasing depth; orc. 25 cm or more if all of the following are 75 cm or morebelow the mineral soil surface:(1) The upper boundary of any pedogenic lime that ispresent as filaments, soft coatings, or soft nodules; and(2) The lower boundary of any argillic, cambic, natric,oxic, or spodic horizon (defined below); and(3) The upper boundary of any petrocalcic horizon, duripan, or fragipan; ord. 18 cm if the epipedon is loamy very fine sand or finer in some part and one-third or more of the total thickness between the top of the epipedon and the shallowest of any features listed in item 6-c
is less than 75 cm below the mineral soil surface; ore. 18 cm or more if none of the above conditions apply;and7. Phosphate:a. Content less than 1,500 milligrams per kilogram soluble in 1 percent citric acid; orb. Content decreasing irregularly with increasing depth below the epipedon; orc. Nodules are within the epipedon; and8. Some part of the epipedon is moist for 90 days or more (cumulative) in normal years during times when the soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm is 5 oC or higher, if the soil is not irrigated; and 9. The n value is less than 0.7.
1. either or both:a. orb.
2. and
3. One of the following:a. All of the following:
(1) and(2) and(3) or
b. orc.
and4.
and5.
a. orb.orc. and
6. a. orb. orc.
(1) and(2) and(3)
ord.or
e.and
7. a. orb. orc.;
8. and
9.
Required Characteristics of the ST Mollic horizon
The Mollic epipedon occupies 1,5 pages; It has 9 major diagnostic requirements,6 has sub requirements,2 has 3rd level sub requirements,includes 10 ORs and 12 ANDs.
All refer to structure, color, B%, OC, depth (and n value)
Thickness of the mollic horizon
All together : 4 critera,
5 subcritera, 4 sub‐sub criteria
dire
ctly
abo
ve d
ensi
c, li
thic
, or
para
lithi
c co
ntac
t, a
petro
calc
ic h
., or
a
durip
an;
Einar Eberhardt , 2012
Objectives of the IUSS USCS WG
•
Simplification ‐
Demistification
•
Apply improved and unifed soil observation standards?
•
Incorporate (accommodate) new technologies to support or replace current procedures?
•
Develop ONE system with different levels (in terms of scientific detailness, global, local
level)
Taxonomic relationship studies based on distance calclations
Structure USCS (vision)•
Building blocks
(diagnostics – that carry information on important soil functions and can be applied independently
for interpretation and thematic mapping)•
“Soil types”
defined by methods
that support
objective decisions •
Levels
umbrella global level / local levelscientific detainess arrording to users(CENTRAL units, collective classes, subclasses)
`black cotton soils' (USA), Smolnica (Bulgaria)`regur' (India), `vlei soils' (South Africa),
`margalites (Indonesia), and `gilgai' (Australia).
VERTISOL
Calcic Mollic Vertisol (Pellic)
Heavy clay soils with a high proportion of
swelling clays. High nutrient and water
holding capacity.Very hard massive when
dry, sticky when wet. Infiltration slow……..
Scientifically (data, classification) same) Scientifically (data, classification) same)
Utilization (perormance) of functions /Utilization (perormance) of functions / agronomic guidelinesagronomic guidelines
naturally very differentnaturally very different
DEVELOP CONCEPT, STRUCTURE(FUNDAMETAL SCINECE)
SCIENTISTS
FOOD PRODUCTION, MODELLING,USERS (FARMERS, MODELLERS,
Knowledge (type, function, best practices)
Needsproblems
DEVELOP CONCEPT, STRUCTURE(FUNDAMETAL SCINECE)
SCIENTISTS
FOOD PRODUCTION, MODELLING,USERS (FARMERS, MODELLERS,
Knowledge (type, function, best practices)
Needsproblems
The missing blockExtension (conservation)
SERVICE(trusted, certified
Promote sustainable management of soil resources for soil protection, conservation and sustainable productivity
Encourage investment, technical cooperation, policy, education awareness and extension in soil
Promote targeted soil research and development focusing on identified gaps and priorities and synergies with related productive, environmental
and social development actions
Enhance the quantity and quality of soil data and information: data collection (generation), analysis, validation, reporting, monitoring and
integration with other disciplines
Harmonization of methods, measurements and indicators for the sustainable management and protection of soil resources
Methods
•
Overview and expert evaluation of the definitions and criteria (concept, consistency and
applicability) supported by data evaluation •
Numerical study of taxonomic relationships
between classification units based on distance methods
Application of the centroids to evaluate OC % and depth criteria
Studies
on
the
calculated
centroidsPrincipal
component
analysis, plotted
on
first
3 components
Alfisols
‐
khakiAndisols
‐
royalblue
Aridisols
‐
salmonEntisols
‐
tan
Gelisols
‐
seashellHistosols
‐
palegreen
Inceptisols
‐
orchidMollisols
‐
red
Oxisols
‐
orangeSpodosols
‐
green
Ultisols
‐
yellowVertisols
–
grey