t-3_1_2 introduction part i
TRANSCRIPT
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Flow Technology
Introduction to Flow Part I
PI T-3
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• Welcome
• Introduction to PI3
• Flow rationale and terminology
• Flow technologies
• Markets and competitors
• Technology selection
Agenda
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What is the purpose of this training?
To prepare you to the flow measurement market
After this training you will be able to:
• Understand how the technologies function
• Understand where the technologies and products can and cannot be applied
• Select products for specific applications
• Set up the electronics
• Know where to sell the products and the main unique selling points
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CDLow-VoltageControls andDistribution
SiegersLopez (BA)
ASIndustrialAutomationSystems
FrankeDr. Böckel (BA)
SESystemsEngineering
KaulDr. Staubitzer (BA)
SCSensors andCommunication
Kumpfmüller Platsch (BA)
PLUGS PLMSoftware
Dr. LudwigBichara (BA)
Industrial Automation DivisionCEO A.Huber CFO Lopez
Sector IndustryCEO Hiesinger CFO
SC FS
FactoryAutomationSensors
Wegmannvon Delius (BA)
SC IC
IndustrialCommunication
Dr. RöhrlFreiberger (BA)
SC PI
ProcessInstrumentation
Dr. SchmidtGredler (BA)
SC PA
ProcessAnalytics
Dr. DiedrichDietrich (BA)
Industrial automation organization structure
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Total Industry CoverageSiemens is the only company offering a complete
product and systems portfolio for automation in all
industrial sectors.
The power of a single partner
Standardized concepts across technologyand business areas make it easy to exploit Siemens
synergies to the full, for any size
or complexity of task.
Innovation leader With Totally Integrated Automation (TIA), an
integrated and flexible product portfolio, Siemens
A&D increases the productivity of
its customers at all levels.
TIA – seamless, safe
and cost optimized
integration via common
program environment,
data base and open
communicationsystems
Siemens as instrumentation supplier
the power of a single partner
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Process segmentation
Flow
35%
Temperature
8%
Pressure
28%
Level
29%
100% = € 6’’4
Source: SC Market Model
Only flow markets served by PS3 included in flow figure.
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What is a flow meter?
Instrument to measure volume or mass flow of a medium in a pipe(source: flowmeterdirectory.com)
Why measure flow?
The reasons for measuring flow are generally divided into four categories:
1. Process control
2. Custody Transfer (for billing purposes)
3. Indication of flow
4. Monitoring/totalizing
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Why measure flow? Process control
You have to measure to be able to control the flow
To ensure a consistent quality of the media
• e.g. when mixing/dosing two ingredients
(syrup and water in a cola)
• e.g. controlling the amount of water in oil, etc.
Increase resource efficiency by regulation
• e.g. the amount of energy used for air conditioning
• e.g. the quantity of chemicals added in wastewater
treatment
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Why measure flow?
Custody transfer – for billing purposes
Flow measurement is applied to measure quantities of fluid that changeownership.
The flow measurement should be as accurate as possible, given the economic
value of the product passing through the flow meter.
Typical flow measurement could be:• District heating
• Water supply
• Waste water
• Oil and petrol distribution
The CT market is characterized by approvals
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Why measure flow? Flow indication
Flow measurement is applied whenprocess considerations show that an
indication of flow rate of a given fluid
would be helpful.
Typically this can be used for running in
plant facilities, troubleshooting, etc.
Often accuracy is less important.
Checking current flow on thetransmitter is like looking at a
speedometer in a car
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Why measure flow? Monitoring/totalizing
The purpose is similar to flow indication, however, here we measure the flowover a certain period, i.e. days, months, years.
Typically a trend/tendency curve is formed, and sudden deviations might indicate
errors in the application, such as:
• Leak control
• Consumption• Capacity
Totalizing is like the mileage recorder in a car
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Types of measurement
Basically, the type of measurement will influence the type of flow meter requiredand the technology employed.
• Volumetric flow
(gallons, litres, cubic meters)
• Mass flow = weight measurement
(kilograms, grams, pounds, ounce)
• Velocity
(meters per second, grams per minute)Measurement over time
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Volumetric flow
Volumetric flow is the volume of flow passing through a pipe and measured inliquid units (gallons, litres, m3).
Used in monitoring/metering applications requiring volume measurement,
measuring how many gallons of water were supplied or how many m3 of nitrogen
gas were provided
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Mass flow
Mass flow is the true measurement of the process flowing through the pipe,providing a mass measurement and measured in weight units (kg, lbs, grams,ounces)
Important factors:• Temperature• Density• Flow rate
Example:
Used in applications where additives are added by weight, including batchingapplication such as food recipes requiring exact additives.
Mass measurement = weight measurement
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Influences on flow measurement
It is important to be aware of the factors which might influence the flowmeasurement with respect to function and accuracy.
These factors are used to evaluate which principle of flow meter should be
recommended to a certain application.
Important issues here are• Density
• Temperature
• Viscosity
• Flow profile and Reynolds Numbers
• Pressure loss
• Electrical conductivity (MAG)
• Sound conductivity (Ultrasonic)
Next some examples…
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Density and temperature
Density is mass per unit volume - how heavy something is compared to its size.
Why is density an important issue in flow measurement?
A small, heavy object is denser than a lighter object of the same size or a larger
object of the same weight. Therefore, measuring in weight or volume can make a
big difference!
e.g. same weight
but different
volume
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Viscosity
Commonly perceived as "thickness", or
resistance to flow. Thus, water is "thin",
having a lower viscosity, while
vegetable oil is "thick" having a higher
viscosity.
MATERIAL APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY
(in Centipoise)
Water @ 70 F 1 to 5
Blood or Kerosene 10
Motor Oil SAE40 or Castor Oil 250 to 500
Corn Syrup or Honey 2,000 to 3,000
Heinz Ketchup or French's Mustard 50,000 to 70,000
Crisco Shortening or Lard (fat) 1,000,000 to 2,000,000
Photo: Pitch has a viscosity approx. 100
billion times that of water
WHY IS VISCOSITY IMPORTANT TOCONSIDER IN FLOW
MEASUREMENT?
à Certain flow technologies cannot
measure on high viscosity media
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Flow profile and Reynolds numbers
Flow profile affects measurement accuracy
There are, in general, three types of fluid flow in pipes:
• Laminar
• Turbulent
• Transient
Water splashing into a sink
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Flow profile and Reynolds numbers
Laminar flow• Generally happens when dealing with small pipes and low flow velocities
• Laminar flow can be regarded as a series of liquid cylinders in the pipe, wherethe innermost parts flow the fastest, and the cylinder touching the pipe isn'tmoving at all
Water splashing into a sink
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Flow profile and Reynolds numbers
Turbulent flow
• Vortices, eddies, and wakes make the flow unpredictable• Turbulent flow happens in general at high flow rates and with larger pipes
Water splashing into a sink
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Flow profile and Reynolds numbers
Transitional flow
Mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe,and laminar flow near the edges
Each of these flows behave in different manners in terms of their frictional energyloss while flowing
Transitional flow is difficult to measure
Water splashing into a sink
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Flow profile and Reynolds numbers
Turbulent or laminar flow is determined by the dimensionless Reynolds Number -it is proportional to [inertial force] divided by [viscous force].
Laminar if Re < 2500Transient if 2500 < Re < 4000
Turbulent if 4000 < Re
Water splashing into a sink
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Pressure loss
Obstacles in the pipe (e.g. due to the flow meter geometry) can create apressure loss. This can create extra costs for pumping and, therefore, a factor
that the customer considers.
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Flow Technology
Introduction to Flow Part I
PI T-3