The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 11(1) Jan., 2019, pp.91-97

DOI 10.14787/ijprb.2019 11.1.

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ABSTRACT

Morphological variations and phenology of Ipomoea L. species of Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya

Soyala Kashung, Padma Raj Gajurel* and B Singh

Forest Systematic, Ethnobiology and Horticulture laboratoryDepartment of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology,

Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, 791109 India

prgajurel@gmail.com

16.12.2018; Revised: 26.12.2019; Accepted and Published online: 01.01.2019

The genus Ipomoea L. is one of the genera dominated by climbing species exhibits diversified variations particularly in leaf and floral morphology among the species. A taxonomic study was conducted for the genus in the state of Arunachal Pradesh to evaluate diversity in their morphology and flowering phenology. The extensive field study and characterization revealed that the species of Ipomoea show a great morphological diversification particularly in terms of the foliar and floral characters. All the species found are with climbing habits and the leaves are greatly varied both in their shape and sizes. The flowers are of various colour and ephemeral in nature lasting only for 7 to 12 hours. Both inter and intra specific variations in the flower colour were observed. The corolla is mostly infundibular but in some campanulate corolla is also observed. The flowering seasons also vary among the species. Some bloom twice and others once in a year. These variations in morphological characters can easily be employed for taxonomic delimitation of the different species.

Key words : Ipomoea, Arunachal Pradesh, Climbers, Morphology, Flowering phenology.

EPR R OT DN UAL CP T IF VEO BYT IOEI L

C O

O G

S I SE TH ST

The genus Ipomoea L. is one of the largest genera of in land reclamation, I. batatas to check in soil erosion, I. Convolvulaceae and consists of ca 650 species of climbers and carica, I. mauritiana, I. purpurea, I. quamoclit, etc. as shrubs distributed in different regions of the world (Mabbarley ornamentals. Among the climbing taxa, the genus Ipomoea is 2008, Wood and Scotland 2017). Over half of these are one of the important taxa of the tropical vegetation occurring distributed in tropical America (Austin and Huaman 1996), in the Eastern Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh. During and others in the Pacific basin and in Africa, Asia and our taxonomic studies of climbing species from the state, we Australia. The genus is represented by 57 species in India characterize the species of Ipomoea to understand the (Hooker 1983). In Arunachal Pradesh this genus is represented morphological variations for their taxonomic discrimination. by 7 species viz. Ipomoea alba var grandiflora, I. aquatica, I. The present paper discusses various morphological and batatas, I. mauritiana, I. nil, I. purpurea and I. quamoclit phenological patterns of Ipomoea species growing in (Chauhan et al. 1996, Srivastava and Choudhary 2006, Arunachal Pradesh.Chowdhery et al. 2008, Tag et al. 2009, Doley et al. 2010,

MATERIALS AND METHODSDash and Singh 2017). Besides these seven, two more species namely Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet and Ipomoea triloba L. Collection and Identification of species—Field surveys and have been added as new records by the authors increasing the collection were carried out in different areas of Arunachal number of species to 9 from the state. Ipomoea species are Pradesh (26º 28' to 29º30' N and 91º 30' to 97º30' W) during mostly annual or perennial herbaceous vines, erect herbs or 2016-2018. Herbarium specimens of all the collected species shrubs having alternate leaves and pentamerous flowers. were prepared following Jain and Rao (1977) and deposited in Many of the Ipomoea species have considerable importance Forestry herbarium, NERIST, followed by their identification owing to their ornamental, medicinal or food values. Among using different taxonomic tools (Hooker 1883, Kanjilal et al. the different species, Ipomoea batatas is an economically 1984, Chowdhery et al. 2008) and consultation with regional important plant. It is considered to be the second most herbaria (ASSAM and ARUN). A checklist was also prepared important root crop of the world (Simpson and Ogorzaly using the relevant floras and literature of Arunachal Pradesh 2014), and used for production of industrial alcohol, pectin, (Chauhan et al. 1996, Srivastava and Choudhary 2006, starch and sugar-syrup (Sultana and Rahman 2016). Ipomoea Chowdhery et al. 2008, Tag et al. 2009, Doley et al. 2010, batatas also suppresses the growth and reduces infestation of Dash and Singh 2017) and all information and data of the invasive species like Mikania micrantha (Shen et al. 2015). species which could not be collected during the survey were Species like I. aquatica (leaves and young stem) is widely compiled through various floras and other relevant literatures. consumed as vegetable, fodder for cattles and medicines in Details on morphological characters and phenological many tropical countries. Similarly, the leaves and roots of I. behavior of the species were recorded from the field. mauritiana as medicine in diarrhea, diabetes, ulcers, I. carnea Additional examination of the collected samples was also

conducted in the laboratory for more detailed morphological different colours in different individual plants viz. I. purpurea characters. Repeated field visits were made for recording the (reddish or bluish purple), I. mauritiana (pink or reddish flora and phenological characters. purple) and I. quamoclit (bright pink or white). The study of

flower variation in I. purpurea recorded the presence of 8 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

phenotypes in the species (Ennos and Clegg 1983). The sepals Records of occurrence of 9 species of Ipomoea in the state of I. nil are hirsute, I. purpurea have hispid base, I. triloba is

of Arunachal Pradesh have been made. During extensive field sparsely pilose with fimbriate margin and in the rest of the surveys in various parts of the state, 7 (seven) climbing Ipomoea L. species it is glabrous. The corolla lobes of four of Ipomoea species viz, Ipomoea alba, I. aquatica, I. batatas, I. the species ie. I. aquatica, I. cairica, I. purpurea and I. triloba cairica, I. purpurea, I. quamoclit and I. triloba were collected are in infundibuliform while that of I. batatas and I. nil is and morphological details were worked out. The other two campanulate to infundibuliform, I. alba and I. quamoclit have species namely I. mauritiana and I. nil although could not be hypocrateriform and I. mauritiana is widely campanulate. collected and their morphological details have been studied Stigma of all species are 2-lobed except in I. nil and I. from the different taxonomic literature. Taxonomically purpurea where it is 3-lobed. Additionally, all ovaries except important morphological characters and phenological pattern in I. triloba (densely hirsute) are glabrous. of all the 9 species have been enlisted in (Table 1). Flowering and fruiting— The observation of flowering Habit— All species collected are herbaceous climbers with 4 and fruiting phenology revealed the different flowering and having tuberous roots viz. I. batatas, I. cairica, I. mauritiana fruiting season of the 9 Ipomoea species. Four seasons i.e. and I. triloba. Four species viz. I. alba, I. mauritiana, I. Summer (March-May), Monsoon (June-Sept), Post-quamoclit and I. triloba are twiner while two others are monsoon (Oct-Nov) and Winter (Dec, Jan and Feb) were twiners as well as trailers. I. aquatic is the only species among considered for studying the phenology of the species in 9 which trails or twines when on land and floats on water. season wise pattern. Flowering in I. alba and I. cairica were Vegetative characters—Majority of the species have observed twice in a year during summer to post-monsoon glabrous stem but I. purpurea and I. triloba are slightly season. The flowering in I. batatas although observed only pubescent while I. alba has numerous small projections and once in a year continues flowering from monsoon till the stem of I. nil is retrosely strigose. There is a great variation winter. On the other hand, the flowering in I. aquatica, I. in the leaf shape and size of different species. Two of them, I. purpurea, I. mauritiana, I. nil and I. triloba were observed cairica and I. mauritiana have palmately compound leaves, only during one season each i.e. I. purpurea, I. mauritiana those of I. quamoclit are pinnately compound and three viz. I. and I. nil in monsoon, and I. aquatica, I. triloba in post-batatas, I. triloba and I. nil bear tri-lobed or simple leaf. monsoon season. Similar flowering period of I. triloba Diversified forms of leaves like ovate, orbicular, palmate, (during post monsoon) was also observed by Sourav (2016) trilobed etc. were recorded in the genus Ipomoea (Madani et and I. triloba (post-monsoon) by Das (2017). The seasonal al. 2015, Sabbour et al. 2018). Such variations are commonly differences in flowering of different Ipomoea species were employed in taxonomic segregation of Ipomea species. The also commonly observed by various researchers (Shrestha bigger leaves (more than 10-12 x 8-14 cm) are found in I. and Rajbhandary 2014, Sultana and Rahman 2016, Wood et mauritiana, I. alba and I. purpurea while the species I. al. 2017).quamoclit, I. nil and I. cairica exhibit smaller leaves (less than Flowering of all the species continue for about 2-3 6-8 x 8-9 cm) (Table 1). months and show ephemeral nature where the flowers last Reproductive characters— Inflorescence of most of the only for 7-12 hours as also reported by Bieleski and Reid species is an axillary cyme with the exceptions of I. alba (1991) and Shibuya (2015). Also anthesis for eight of the (helicoid cymes) and I. triloba (dense umbellate cymes). Each species viz. I. aquatica, I. batatas, I. cairica, I. mauritiana, I. flower is actinomorphic, bisexual, gamopetalous, commonly nil, I. purpurea, I. quamoclit and I. triloba begins around 5-tubular with 5 sepals and petals. All the species exhibit broad 5:30 AM and last till afternoon when the corollas gets wilted variation in their floral morphology particularly in their size and fell off. Similar period of flower opening and closure was and colour. Flower of I. alba is the largest (14-15 length x 12- also observed by Maimoni-Rodella and Yanagizawa (2007) 13 cm breadth) while the smallest flower is recorded in I. in I. cairica, I. grandiflora and I. nil. Unlike the other triloba (1-1.5 x 2-2.5 cm) among all the species. A remarkable species, in I. alba anthesis start late in the evening nearly variation is also observed in the flower colours. Except the two 17:30-18:30 h and ends in early morning around 06:00-07:00 species I. aquatic and I. batatas which share same colour (pale thereby making the species the most unique in being the only pink), the other species exhibit different colorations. The nocturnal flower among the 9 species studied. Fruiting flower of I. alba is white while I. cairica is lilac, I. nil light to followed the flowering and usually lasts about 1-2 months. bright blue and I. triloba pink or pinkish. Intraspecific colour Fruit is a capsule which varies in shape from ovoid to variations are also noticed where the same species bear globose.

92 The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 11(1) Jan., 2019, pp.91-97

Tabl

e 1-

Com

para

tive

acco

unt o

f the

flor

al v

aria

tion

and

phen

olog

ical

pat

tern

of t

he Ip

omoe

a sp

ecie

s.

Cha

ract

ers

I. al

baI.

aqua

tica

I. ba

tata

sI.

cairi

caI.

mau

ritia

naI.

nil

I. pu

rpur

eaI.

quam

oclit

I. tr

iloba

Hab

it H

erba

ceou

s H

erba

ceou

s H

erba

ceou

sH

erba

ceou

s H

erba

ceou

sH

erba

ceou

sH

erba

ceou

sH

erba

ceou

sH

erba

ceou

s or

or

slig

htly

clim

ber

clim

ber

clim

ber

clim

ber

clim

ber

or s

light

ly c

limbe

rsl

ight

ly w

oody

woo

dyw

oody

R

oot

Nor

mal

N

orm

al

Tube

rTu

ber

Tube

rN

orm

al

Nor

mal

N

orm

al

Nor

mal

but

tube

r pr

esen

t so

times

Ste

mS

tem

cyl

indr

ical

, S

tem

tere

te, h

ollo

wS

tem

sle

nder

,S

tem

sle

nder

, S

tem

sle

nder

, S

tem

sle

nder

,Te

rete

, slig

htly

Ste

m s

lend

er,

Ste

m s

lend

er,

slig

htly

woo

dy

and

succ

ulen

t on

smoo

th, r

ootin

g sl

ight

ly a

ngul

ar,

slig

htly

ang

ular

, th

inly

ang

ular

, to

mod

erat

ely

smoo

th, 2

-3 c

msl

ight

ly te

rete

, w

ith n

umer

ous

wat

er, s

olid

on

land

at n

odes

, tra

iling

tube

rcut

ate

or

glab

rous

, tw

inin

gre

trose

ly s

trigo

se,

pube

scen

t, di

amet

er, t

win

ing

glab

rous

or f

inel

ysm

all p

roje

ctio

ns,

root

ing

at n

odes

, an

d oc

casi

onal

lysm

ooth

, tra

iling

twin

ing

or s

ome-

trai

ling

as w

ell

pub

esce

nt,

twin

ing

trai

ling

or tw

inin

g tw

inin

g a

s w

ell a

s tw

inin

gtim

es tr

ailin

g as

twin

ing

twin

ing

onso

il or

floa

ting

on w

ater

Le

af b

lade

Bro

adly

ova

te

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mat

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5 pa

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7B

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Cor

date

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road

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to

or c

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late

te

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iddl

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belo

bed,

lobe

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orb

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rbic

ular

lobe

s 8-

15 p

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rov

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ova

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lanc

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rle

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line

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rel

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siz

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x 10

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cm 7

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10 c

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8-9.

5 x

9-9.

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6-8

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9 cm

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x 6-

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2 x

8-14

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4-

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10 x

5-8

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Mar

gin

and

tipM

argi

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tire;

Mar

gin

entir

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M

argi

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argi

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argi

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Mar

gin

entir

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d;M

argi

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tire

or

base

cor

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dula

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cor-

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ape

x ac

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entir

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sha

llow

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lobe

d, e

ntire

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rdat

e, a

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apex

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bed;

apex

acu

te o

rco

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runc

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or

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cum

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ap

icul

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muc

ronu

late

Inflo

resc

ence

H

elic

oid

cym

esA

xilla

ry c

ymes

Axi

llary

cym

esA

xilla

ry c

ymes

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llary

or

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llary

cym

eA

xilla

ry c

ymes

Axi

llary

cym

esD

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um

bella

te

term

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ew to

man

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wer

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1-5

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1 to

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d pe

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ca.

2.5

-5.5

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x 3

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m,

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d, c

a. 4

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flo

wer

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x2.

5-3.

5 cm

, pal

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wer

redd

ish

ca. 1

.8-2

x 3

cm

,er

ed, c

a. 1

-1.5

xce

nt, c

a. 1

4-15

x

cm

, pal

e pi

nk

pale

pin

k5-

8 cm

, lila

c 5-

6 cm

, pin

k or

to b

right

blu

e.or

blu

ish

purp

leflo

wer

brig

ht p

ink

2-2.

5 cm

, pin

k12

-13

cm, w

hite

, re

ddis

h pu

rple

or w

hite

or p

ale

purp

le

fragr

ant,

noct

urna

l

Cal

yxE

llipt

ic to

ova

te,

Out

er 2

ova

te-

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ptic

or l

ance

o-O

vate

, obt

use

toC

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ar, o

blon

gLi

near

- lan

ceo-

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er s

epal

sO

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ong,

Out

er 2

obl

ong,

glab

rous

; out

er

obl

ong,

ape

xla

te,1

x0.4

-0.5

cm,

acut

e; o

uter

2

to b

road

ly e

llipt

ic,

late

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ute,

na

rrow

ly o

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ucro

nate

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ls 1

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x

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ro-

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ous.

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ls s

mal

ler,

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l or o

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2019 93Morphological variations and phenology of Ipomoea L. species of Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya

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94 The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 11(1) Jan., 2019, pp.91-97

Fig. 2- Floral characters of Ipomoea: A. I. alba; B. I. aquatica; C. I. purpurea; D. I. batatas; E&F. I. triloba; G. I. cairica; H. I. quamoclit

D E F G

A B C

Fig. 1- Morphological variations of leaves in Ipomoea species: A. I. alba; B. I. aquatica; C. I. purpurea; D. I. batatas; E&F. I. triloba; G. I. cairica; H. I. quamoclit

A

E

B

F

C

G

D

H

2019 95Morphological variations and phenology of Ipomoea L. species of Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya

The present study provide data on the variation in floral pollination, study on reproductive biology on the species morphology and phenological pattern of 9 species of Ipomoea would be of immense scientific value.

Acknowledgement—We are thankful to Department of from Arunachal Pradesh. The study clearly indicate that the Biotechnology, New Delhi for partial financial assistance [No. genus Ipomoea exhibits a wide range of variations particularly BT/Env/BC/01/2010]. We thank BSI, ASSAM and ARUN, in its leaf and floral traits. Both interspecific and intraspecific for the help in identification of the plant specimens. We also variations are observed in flower colour.

The study considering variations of different populations express gratitude to Head of Department, Forestry and of a species may provide better understanding of the particular Director, NERIST, for providing all necessary facilities and species. Because of its ephemeral nature and entomophilous encouragements.

Fig. 3- Sepal, Stamen and Pistil of Ipomoea spp. (A- E Sepal; H-J Stamen; K-O Pistil): 1. I. alba; 2. I. batatas; 3. I. triloba; 4. I. cairica; 5. I. quamoclit

A B C

D E

F

K L M N O

G H I J

96 The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 11(1) Jan., 2019, pp.91-97

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2019 97Morphological variations and phenology of Ipomoea L. species of Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya