TEST #1 REVIEW

C1-9 Vocabulary

KEY TERMS

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

when humans shifted from hunting and gathering their food to growing it

PATRIARCHAL

dominated by men

JUDAISMthe monotheistic religion of the Israelites

MONOTHEISTICthe belief in one God

CASTE SYSTEMa set of rigid categories that determined a person's occupation and place in society

HINDUISMthe religion began by the Aryan peoples in ancient India

REINCARNATION

the belief that the individual soul is born into a different form after death

BUDDHISMa new doctrine from northern India that rivaled Hinduism beginning in the sixth century B.C.

HIEROGLYPHICSthe Egyptian form of writing meaning "sacred writings" that used pictures and abstract forms

CUNEIFORMwedge-shaped system of writing invented by the Sumerians

NOMADA person who moves from place to place

CIVILIZATION

A complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art.

DEMOCRACYgovernment by the people or rule of many

OLIGARCHYrule by a few powerful people or families

DIRECT DEMOCRACYpeople participate directly in government decisions through mass meetings

REPUBLICgovernment in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens can vote

CHRISTIANITYreligion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ

ISLAMa religion based on the teachings of Muhammad

BANTUa family of languages in Africa

SAMURAIJapanese warriors

SHOGUNpowerful military leader of Japan

FEUDALISMpolitical and social system of Medieval Europe

MAGNA CARTAthe Great Charter that limited the power of the monarchs in England

CRUSADESa series of military expeditions carried out by European Christians

SERFfree peasants bound to the land

COMMERCIAL CAPITALISMeconomic system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits

GUILDbusiness associations of craftspeople

MESOAMERICA the areas of Mexico and Central America that were civilized before the Spaniards arrived

EPIDEMICthe outbreak of disease that spreads rapidly

SECULARworldly

HUMANISMintellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of Greek and Roman classics

INDULGENCErelease from all or part of the punishment of sin through sacrifice

PREDESTINATIONidea that God had chosen in advance who would be saved and who would be damned

CONQUISTADORthe Spanish conquerors of the Americas

COLONYsettlement of people living in a new territory, linked with parent country by trade and government

MERCANTILISMidea that economic prosperity depended on a large supply of gold and silver

TRIANGULAR TRADEtrade between Africa, Europe, and the Americas of slaves, manufactured goods and raw goods

BUREAUCRACYa body of nonelective government officials

MIDDLE PASSAGEThe journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route.

ARMADAa fleet of warships

INFLATIONrising prices

WITCHCRAFTa belief in magic, many times seen as dark or black magic

DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS

that kings receive their power to rule by God and are responsible only to God

ABSOLUTISMsystem in which the ruler holds total power

NATURAL RIGHTSrights which all humans are born with, including rights to life, liberty, and property

JANISSARYthe elite guard of the Ottoman Empire

PASHAOttoman officials who collected taxes, maintained order in their conquered regions

ANARCHYpolitical disorder; lawlessness

QUEUEpigtail that all Chinese men used to have

DAIMYOheads of the noble families of Japan

HOSTAGE SYSTEMthe family of a daimyo lord was forced to stay at their residence when the lord was absent

CLANa group of related families

ETAJapanese outcast class, life was regulated by Tokugawa

IMPORTANT TOPICS

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

MesopotamiaEgyptIndus Valley (Northern India)Yellow/Yangtze River (China)

HAMMURABI’S CODEStrict punishmentsVery specificShowed class inequality

MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS

Believe in only one deityMajor monotheistic religions today: Judaism (Jews)ChristianityIslam (Muslims)

List the Ten Commandments p. 32 1. I am the Lord thy God… Thou shalt have no other

gods before me2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image…3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in

vain…4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.5. Honor thy father and mother…6. Thou shalt not kill.7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.8. Thou shalt not steal.9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy

neighbor.10. Thou shalt not covet…anything that is thy neighbors.

What religions share these Commandments? Judaism (Jews) and Christianity (Christians)

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM1. There is no god but Allah* and Muhammad

is his prophet. • (not a name just means God in Arabic)

2. Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca (Makkah)3. Give part of your wealth to help the poor.4. Fast during Ramadan (no food or drink

during daylight)5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once.

(If able)

First Caliph- Abu Bakar

POLYTHEISTIC RELIGIONS THAT ARE STILL IMPORTANT TODAY

Hinduism- Began in Indiastill the major religion of India Caste system

BuddhismSiddhartha Gautama, the

Buddha4 Noble Truths and the 8 Fold

Path

Aryans moved from Central Asia into northern India (brought Caste system and Hinduism with them)

C. 1500 B.C.

List the divisions in the Caste system (p.37-38)Brahmans-PriestsKshatriyas-WarriorsVaisyas- Commoners (merchants-skilled

workers)Sudras- peasants (artisans or manual

labor)Untouchables

Describe “karma” and why it is important. Karma is “the force generated by a person’s

actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life.”

Who founded Buddhism? Siddhartha Gautama List the Four Noble Truths

Ordinary life is full of suffering. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy

ourselves. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish

goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves. The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path.

Eightfold Path or the Middle Path p. 39-40 Right View Right intention Right speech Right action Right livelihood Right effort Right mindfulness Right concentration

ATHENS VS. SPARTAAthens- Democracy, academic focus

Sparta-Oligarchy, military focus

FALL OF ROMEIn 476 the Western Roman Empire collapses

The Eastern Roman Empire continues on, as what we now call the Byzantine Empire

MANSA MUSAKing of MaliMuslimHajj to Mecca, giving away gold

ASIAChina: List the two dynasties that cover

this time period- TANG and SONGMongols in China- what did Kublai Khan name his dynasty? Yuan

Japan: Samurai resembled the knights of Europe.

Japan was led by a shogun or GENERAL and the emperor was more of a figurehead with little power.

India: Arab armies began to push into Indian territory. The resistance was led by RAJPUTS, who were Hindi warriors.

EUROPE Feudalism

A system that is characterized by a local landed aristocracy (nobles) that protect those beneath them in exchange for services. These lords were ultimately under a king’s jurisdiction but they held considerable control over the masses.

Justinian’s greatest accomplishment was codification of Roman Law

The Crusades were holy wars fought between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land.

Where did the Aztec people migrate to in the 1100sMexico

European churches were built in what style? Gothic

Which American civilization constructed an extensive road system? Inca

Which two European countries fought in the Hundred Years’ War? England and France

What two diseases were responsible for millions of deaths in both Europe and South America?Smallpox and the Black death

Be able to discuss advantages of the printing press and how this changed the world (*possible short answer)

In which European country did the Renaissance begin? Italy

What did Martin Luther begin in Germany? Protestant Reformation

What was created when King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church? Anglican Church or Church of England

AGE OF EXPLORATION “God, Glory, and Gold” motivations Triangular Trade

Columbus- Caribbean, Columbian Exchange

Vasco de Gama-India (around Africa) Amerigo Vespucci-South America

(Americas named after him) Ferdinand Magellan- Around the world Hernando de Soto – SE North America

EUROPE- CHAPTER 7

What does the defeat of the Spanish Armada by England in 1588 mean? England will remain Protestant

How does King Louis XIV keep absolute control in France? (2 parts) Removes nobles from council and keeps them distracted, and bribes people

Which two German states emerge as great powers in the 17th and 18th centuries? Prussia and Austria

How does Peter the Great attempt to modernize Russian society? Brings in Western customs, manners, brings in a book of etiquette, and mixes genders for conversation and dancing.

MUSLIM EMPIRES

CHINAMing and Qing dynasties Zheng He- Explorer, showed off China’s wealth and power with his giant ships

The White Lotus and Red Chamber

P. 264- Highlights