t-pesticide6

8/2/2019 T-pesticide6

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/t-pesticide6 1/8

A survey to determine levels of chlorinated pesticides and PCBsin mussels and seawater from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey

Perihan Binnur Kurt a,*, Hulya Boke Ozkoc b

a Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07200 Topcular, Antalya, Turkeyb Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey

Abstract

A mussel and seawater monitoring survey was conducted at six sampling points between Yalikoy (Ordu) and Sinop in 1999–2000along the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey in order to assess concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated

biphenyls (PCBs). Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs were measured in the mussel Mytilus Galloprovincialis and in seawater. In the

mussel samples, the most common pollutants in terms of average concentration per g of wet weight (ww), were DDT (max. 1800 pg/

g ww, min. 240 pg/g ww) and its metabolites DDD (max. 5400 pg/gww, min. 240 pg/g ww) and DDE (max. 2800 pg/g ww, min. 70

pg/g ww). Also, dieldrin, heptachlor and HCB were notable contaminants in the mussel samples. PCBs were determined in none of

the biota or seawater samples. The concentrations of the OCs and PCBs in mussels were higher in coastal areas receiving river

discharges and close to the largest city of the region, Samsun (especially in sampling points in the harbour area). The well-known

long persistence of DDTs and other chlorinated compounds was confirmed by residues of these pollutants measured in mussels. On

the other hand, even though the usage of such kind of persistent compounds in Turkey was banned, there may still be illegal usage

and it is not certain whether the application of these compounds did end in the region.

Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Black Sea; Turkey; Mytilus Galloprovincialis; Monitoring; OCs; PCBs

1. Introduction

There is widespread concern about chemical pollu-

tion reflecting increasing population, agricultural activ-

ities and industrial development (Travis and Hester,

1991), and the coastal environment is particularly at risk

from the effects of these contaminants (Wade et al.,

1998). Organisms that live in aquatic environments are

suitable representative samples for assessing pollution

and mussels are used in many pollution monitoring andassessment studies because: they have world-wide geo-

graphical distributions; they are relatively stationary

reflecting contamination better than mobile species; they

can concentrate the chemicals 102 –105 times higher than

the water they live in (Farrington et al., 1983; Villeneuve

et al., 1999) by uptake as they can filter large volumes of

water (Kryger and Riisgard, 1998) and remove all seston

(suspended particles) between 1 and 250 l (Jorgensen

et al., 1984); they have little ability to degrade most

chemicals due to lack of necessary enzymes; and they are

important for public health due to being prefered food

for many people (Farrington et al., 1983; Villeneuve

et al., 1999).

The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, is common

along the Black Sea Coast of Turkey due to the low seawater temperature and salinity which are the optimum

conditions for life and productivity of M. galloprovin-

cialis (Uysal, 1970).

The marine environment of the Black Sea Coast of

Turkey has degraded recently due to increased usage of

the region, and it has been impossible to estimate the

pollution loading in this agricultural and industrial

coastal area (Tufekci, 1996). In the past two decades, the

Black Sea has been threatened with problems from chlo-

rinated compounds as well as other chemical pollutants

(Bakan and Buyukgungor, 2000; Tuncer et al., 1998).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-1524-592578; fax: +44-1524-

593985 (till July 2005), tel.: +90-242-323-23-64; fax: +90-242-323-23-

62 (after July 2005).

E-mail addresses: [email protected], perihankurt@akdeniz.

edu.tr (P.B. Kurt).

0025-326X/$ - see front matter Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.013

www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul

Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (2004) 1076–1083

http://mail%20to:%[email protected]%2C/

http://mail%20to:%[email protected]%2C/



Transport of various pollutants by many rivers and

streams passing from the main agricultural and urban

areas of Turkey and other neighbouring countries is the

main source of pollution in the Black Sea. From Tur-

key’s side, Kizilirmak and Yesilirmak are probably the

main rivers in this pollutant transport, and both of these

rivers reach the Black Sea in this study area (Pinarli

et al., 1991; Bakan et al., 1996; Bakan and Buyukgun-

gor, 2000; Tuncer et al., 1998). Carsamba and Bafra

Basins are the two main agricultural basins of Turkey in

the region and these rivers receive many pollutants

including pesticides from these basins as well as from the

cities which they pass through (Bakan et al., 1996;

Tufekci, 1996; Ozkoc et al., 1999; Tuncer et al., 1998).

Additionally, due to lack of proper sewage and waste-

water treatment systems in most cities in the region,

wastewater from these cities has been discharged directly

either to these two main rivers or to smaller other rivers

or directly to the Black Sea (Pinarli et al., 1991; Bakan

et al., 1996; Tufekci, 1996; Tuncer et al., 1998).Due to high annual rainfall in the region, floods result

in transport of contaminants from agricultural areas to

the sea. Also, due to a high population increase in the

region, land-filling along the coast is common, and thus

another pollution transport pathway is being created.

Important also are atmospheric deposition, global dis-

tribution and transportation of chlorinated compounds

as well as their persistence and long life cycles, which

increase the occurrence of these pollutants in the region

(Ozkoc et al., 1999).

Because of their environmental persistence, accumu-

lation capacity and toxicity, there is increasing globalconcerns for chlorinated compounds in the environment

and these concerns have led to the gradual reduction of

these compounds all over the world. Production of DDT

was reduced in 1960s and after recognition of its envi-

ronmental hazards, its use was banned in the 1970s in

economically developed countries (e.g. it was banned in

France in 1975) but it is still being used in many

developing countries (especially in African countries).

PCB production was reduced slowly in the 1970s in most

European countries but PCBs still remain a potential

threat (Phillips, 1986; Kruus, 1991; Villeneuve et al.,

1999). Although production and usage of many chlori-

nated compounds such as Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin,

Chlordane, DDT, BHC, Lindane and Heptachlor were

completely banned in Turkey in the 1990s, total pesti-

cide usage in Turkey in 1995 was 37,000 tons, and this

usage shows a steady increase year by year (TCV, 1998).

Although there are some studies related to organo-

chlorine compounds in the region, data from these

studies either concerned mussels from a different part of

the region (Telli, 1991) or from main rivers as annual

fluxes (Tuncer et al., 1998). Therefore, this study isimportant as the beginning of a series of surveys based

on the ‘‘mussel watch’’ concept, and will serve as a guide

for future surveys to monitor trends of pollution risk

from chlorinated compounds in the Mid-Black Sea

Coast of Turkey (Ozkoc et al., 1999).

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Sampling

Fig. 1 shows the the sampling points which were lo-cated along the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey, from

Yalikoy (Ordu) to Sinop. Mussel and sea water samples

Fig. 1. Study area and location of sampling points.

P.B. Kurt, H.B. Ozkoc / Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (2004) 1076–1083 1077



were collected three times from six sampling points in

1999 and 2000. Composite samples were collected from

Sinop and Yalikoy (Ordu) due to an estimated low pol-

lution risk for these contaminants; therefore only one

sampling point was conducted in these places. The major

study area was the Samsun coast where four sampling

points were chosen. Sampling point selections were based

on proximity of industrial facilities, sewage discharge and

distance from river deltas. One sampling point selected

was very close to the Mert River in Samsun, which is the

most polluted river passing through the city. Two sam-

pling points were in the harbor area and the last one was

very close to a landfill site. Sea water sampling was car-

ried out at the same sampling points. Due to fast urban/

industrial development along the coastal area, mussel

populations no longer exists at several points on the coast

of the region, and the occurrence of mussel populations

was of course an important factor in determining sam-

pling points and sampling times.

A large number of mussels of similar size (4–8 cmshell length) were collected from each sampling point.

These mussel samples were stored in pre-cleaned alu-

minium coated containers and transported to the labo-

ratory as soon as possible after collection. In the

laboratory, after measuring the width, length and weight

(with shell) of each mussel, the mussels were opened

with pre-cleaned stainless steel knives; the soft parts

were removed and frozen for analysis. The sampling

procedure could only be repeated three times in the year

because suitably sized mussel samples could not be

found. The samples were homogenized and 20 g of

samples were analysed for OCs and PCBs followingwell-established standard techniques of UNEP, IAEA

and FAO (UNEP/IOC/IAEA, 1988, 1995, 1996; UNEP/

FAO/IAEA/IOC, 1991; IOC, 1993).

3. Determination of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in

mussel and water samples

3.1. Mussel samples

After homogenization of the mussel samples, pre-

cleaned anhydrous sodium sulphate was used to removethe water content of the samples. Before the extraction

of samples, a pre-extraction procedure was applied to

glassware, cellulose extraction thimbles and sodium

sulphate using a Soxhlet apparatus. Twenty grams of

homogenized mussel samples were mixed with anhy-

drous sodium sulphate, and then extracted in a Soxhlet

apparatus for 8 h using 250 ml of glass distilled 1:1

DCM:hexane mixture. In order to calculate recoveries,

all samples were spiked with 25 ng/ml of 2,4,5 TCB

(trichlorobiphenyl) and e-HCH as internal standards.

An extracted aliquot of 10 ml was also removed for lipid

content analysis. DCM:hexane extracts were concen-

trated to about 15 ml using a rotary evaporator and they

were evaporated to a few milliliters in a water bath

(about 70 °C). An aliquot of this extract was taken for

treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid to destroy

lipids. Both aliquots were through the florisil clean-up.

Analytes were back extracted with 60 ml of hexane. This

extract was evaporated to 1 ml in a water bath and then

cleaned-up using florisil chromatography column to

separate classes of compounds in different fractions as

described below.

Activated florisil (at 130 °C for 12 h) was used to pack

a clean-up column. From the florisil column, the first

fraction was obtained by eluting the sample with 70 ml

of hexane, this fraction contained mainly PCBs, HCB,

DDE and Aldrin. The second fraction was obtained

with 50 ml of a freshly prepared mixture of 70:30 hex-

ane:DCM and it contained toxaphene, DDD, DDT,

HCH. The third fraction containing Endrin and Diel-

drin was eluted with 40 ml of DCM and this fractionwas recovered only from the aliquot of the sample ex-

tract not treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, since

H2SO4 destroys Dieldrin and Endrin. Forty milliliter of

hexane was added to the evaporation flask of the third

fraction directly for solvent exchange. A blank sample

was prepared using 30 g of pre-cleaned sodium sulphate

to determine any contamination during analyses and the

same procedures were applied to the blank sample as

to mussel samples.

All fractions were further concentrated to about 1 ml

and analyzed by gas chromatography (Fisons HRGC

Mega 2 Series) equipped with an electron capturedetector (ECD 800) and a capillary column (DB-5, 30 m

long, 0.32 mm id, coated with 0.245 lm film). The

injector temperature was 250 °C, the detector at 300 °C

and the oven programmed from 70 °C for 2 min up to

260 °C with a range of 3 °C per min. The carrier gas was

nitrogen with a flow of 2 ml/min and the make-up gas

was helium with a flow of 20 ml/min. Added standards

included a-, b-, c- and d-BHC, Heptachlor, Aldrin,

Heptachlor Epoxide, Endosulphane-I, Endosulphane-

II, Endosulphane Sulphate, Endrin, Endrin Aldehite,

Dieldrin, Lindane, HCB, pp 0-DDE, pp

0-DDD, pp 0-DDT,

Arochlor 1260 and Arochlor 1254.

3.2. Water samples

In order to recover compounds of interest, a liquid–

liquid extraction process was applied to 1 l of water

sample with a total of 240 ml of hexane in three steps.

Before starting the extraction process, samples were

spiked with 25 ng/ml of internal and recovery standards.

A blank sample was prepared with 240 ml of hexane.

After extraction process, the same clean-up processes as

for mussel samples were applied to water sample ex-

tracts, except H2SO4 treatment.

1078 P.B. Kurt, H.B. Ozkoc / Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (2004) 1076–1083



3.3. Quality control

Blanks were included at a rate of one for every five

samples and were treated in exactly the same manner as

the samples. Average recoveries of internal standards

ranged from 30% to 99% for mussel samples, while it

ranged from 40% to 85% for seawater samples. All re-

sults are blank and recovery corrected. Detection limit

was based on mean blank plus three times the standard

deviation of replicate blank analyses. Detection limits

were 24 pg/g and 0.2 pg/ml for mussel and seawater

samples respectively.

4. Results and discussion

Average concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and

PCBs in mussel and sea water samples during the study

period are shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Many

chlorinated pesticides were determined in both types of sample but no PCBs were detected in any sample. Lipid

content of mussel samples ranged from 11 to 30 mg/g.

In mussel samples, DDT concentration was quite

high, ranging from 240 to 1800 pg/g ww and these con-

centrations depended on the location of sampling. The

concentrations of DDE and DDD ranged from 70 to

2800 pg/g ww and from 240 to 5400 pg/g ww respec-

tively. At the end of the analysis, it was observed that

DDD and DDE were in higher concentrations than

DDT. This result is similar to results in ICES (1974).

DDE especially occurs in higher organisms as a

metabolic product. Mussels are in the second step of the

food chain in aquatic environment (Alloway and Ayres,

1994), and they obtain their food, mainly plankton, by

filtering large amount of water (Uysal, 1970). Thus this

result is not very surprising and it also suggests the

bioaccumulation of DDT and its conversion to DDD

and DDE in metabolism (Roger and Lea, 1972; Ville-

neuve et al., 1999).

The persistent half-life of DDT in aquatic environ-

ments has been suggested to be approximately 5 years

(Villeneuve et al., 1999) and 10–20 years (estimated from

studies) on bivalves (Sericano et al., 1990). DDT can be

transformed to DDE and DDD slowly in this process

(Klumpp et al., 2002). The prohibition of use of DDT in

Turkey is considered to be the late 1980s, so it is not

surprising to find very high concentrations of DDT in

biota samples. On the other hand, it is thought that

there is still continuous input of this compound into

marine environment from atmospheric deposition of DDT (Villeneuve and Cattini, 1986) and DDT probably

leaches from highly DDT contaminated areas and

agricultural soils as well as illegal usage in the region

and other countries. Additionally, there may be input

from illegal usage of these compounds in the region.

DDE, which is the most often recognized metabolite of

the DDT is a very slowly degradable compound. Al-

though DDD production is completely banned in the

world, it was produced and sold under the name ‘‘Ro-

thane’’ for several years (Washington State Pest. Mon.

Table 1

Average concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in mussels from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey in 1999 and 2000

Compound Baruthane (1),

pg/gwwa

Yesil Fener (2),

pg/gwwa

Kirmizi Fener (3),

pg/g wwa

Belediye Evleri (4),

pg/g wwa

Sinop (5),

pg/g wwa

Yalikoy (6),

pg/g wwa

a-BHC 5 nd 8 600 190 50

b-BHC 12 13 70 3900 22 140

c-BHC 3 18 8 nd nd nd

d-BHC 2 1 200 nd nd 30

p ; p 0-DDT 290 400 240 1800 1100 nd

p ; p 0-DDE 2800 300 70 2400 230 120

p ; p 0-DDD 950 850 2200 1000 240 5400

Dieldrin 780 180 130 600 380 360

Endosulfan-I 4000 nd 600 16,000 80 20

Endosulfan sulphate 5700 nd 790 3400 nd 7Endrin 180 310 180 1500 190 20

Endrin aldehide 1300 140 420 1200 nd 3

Heptachlor 110 20 14 1600 40 8

Heptachlor epoxide nd nd nd nd nd nd

HCB 270 170 nd nd 180 nd

Lindane 130 160 nd nd 120 nd

Aldrin 590 nd 70 nd nd nd

Endosulfan-II 270 2100 nd 11,000 12 2

PCBs nd nd nd nd nd nd

Yesil Fener (2) and Kirmizi Fener (3) sampling points are in harbor along Samsun Coast, Baruthane (1) is on west part of Samsun Coast and

Belediye Evleri (4) is on east part of Samsun Coast.

nd¼Not detected.a Bolded numbers are below detection limit.




Prog, 1996). Another reason for high concentrations of

DDD and DDE compared to DDT in mussel samples is

the metabolism and discharge of DDT from the body of

mussels rather than DDD and DDE’s (Roger and Lea,

1972; ICES, 1974).

Other compounds determined in mussel samples were

Dieldrin (max. 780 pg/g ww, min. 180 pg/g ww), Hep-tachlor (max. 1600 pg/g ww, min. 40 pg/g ww) and HCB

(max. 270 pg/g ww, min. 170 pg/g ww). In spite of

banning and ending of usage of these compounds in the

early 1980s, some compounds such as Heptachlor and

Chlordane are still being used to fight termites and ants.

Heptachlor is the main constituent of chlordane and it

occurs as a result of the degradation of chlordane. HCB

occurs as a result of degradation of some compounds

such as Lindane and therefore it is not surprising to find

HCB in an environment where Lindane is present. HCB

has also been produced as a by-product and in its own

right (Washington State Pest. Mon. Prog, 1996).

In Table 3, a comparison is given of results with othersimilar survey results for mussels. According to the re-

sults of this study, the concentrations of chlorinated

pesticides in mussels in the Mid-Black Sea Coast of

Turkey are much higher than concentrations in mussels

obtained from similar studies in other parts of the

world. Also, as it is seen from Fig. 2, Human Health

Criteria and Wild Life Criteria of EPA are exceeded in

most of the sampling points for different chlorinated

compounds. Especially, DDT and its metabolites DDE

and DDD andP

BHCs concentrations are noticeably

high compared to other similar surveys (Table 3) and

EPA criteria (Fig. 2A–D respectively) and this confirms

the long life and persistence of these compounds in the

environment and also the observed high concentration

of DDTs can be assigned as a sign of the continuing

illegal usage of DDT in the region as reported by Tuncer

et al. (1998). Although concentrations of Dieldrin and

HCB (Fig. 2E and F respectively) are not as high as theconcentrations of DDT and its metabolites, values are

still higher than EPA criteria. PCB pollution was not

observed in any of the sampling points.

Unfortunately, the kind of survey reported here for

chlorinated compounds has not been carried out previ-

ously in the Mid-Black Sea region for the same sampling

area. Therefore, there is no data to compare these results

with in order to assess the trend of pollution in the re-

gion. Although there are similar surveys reported for

chlorinated compounds, one of these surveys (Telli,

1991) was carried out in mussel and sea water in a dif-

ferent area in the Black Sea and the other study (Tuncer

et al., 1998) was carried out in rivers in the region givingthe annual pollutants fluxes. There is no doubt that it

would be better if the same sampling points were used in

both surveys to get a time trend of these pollutants. But,

the same sampling points as those of Telli (1991) could

not be included in this study due to long distance and

limited budget of the study. Due to lack of a previous

dataset from a survey for the same sampling area, results

could not be compared with each other to determine

past contamination or to estimate a trend.

In water samples, heptachlor was the chlorinated

compound with the highest concentration of max. 30

Table 2

Average concentration of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in seawater from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey in 1999 and 2000

Compound Baruthane (1),

pg/mla

Yesil Fener (2),

pg/mla

Kirmizi Fener (3),

pg/mla

Belediye Evleri (4),

pg/mla

Sinop (5),

pg/mla

Yalikoy (6),

pg/mla

a-BHC 0.6 nd 1 nd nd nd

b-BHC 7 nd nd nd nd nd

c-BHC nd 0.3 nd nd nd nd

d-BHC 3 nd nd nd nd nd p ; p

0-DDT nd nd nd nd nd nd

p ; p 0-DDE nd nd nd nd 1 nd

p ; p 0-DDD nd nd nd nd 105 nd

Endosulfan-I nd 0.1 1 15 nd nd

Endosulfan sulphate nd nd nd nd nd nd

Endrin nd nd nd nd nd nd

Endrin aldehide nd 0.5 nd nd 15 nd

Heptachlor 0.7 0.2 30 1 1 1

Heptachlor epoxide nd nd nd nd nd nd

HCB nd nd 8 2 nd nd

Lindane nd nd nd nd nd nd

Aldrin nd nd nd nd nd nd

Endosulfan-II 6 nd nd 2 nd nd

PCBs nd nd nd nd nd nd

Yesil Fener (2) and Kirmizi Fener (3) sampling points are in harbor along Samsun Coast, Baruthane (1) is on west part of Samsun Coast and

Belediye Evleri (4) is on east part of Samsun Coast.

nd¼Not detected.a Bolded numbers are below detection limit.




pg/ml and min. 0.2 pg/ml. Other compounds were not

found because these compounds are hydrophobic and

tend to accumulate in fatty tissue of organisms and in

sediments. Therefore, concentrations of chlorinated

compounds in water are lower than the concentrations

in organisms and sediments (Alloway and Ayres, 1994).

No PCBs were found in both seawater and mussel

samples.These high concentrations of chlorinated compounds

can be considered to be evidence of heavy contamina-

tion of chlorinated compounds for the region in both

past and present times. Chlorinated pesticides as a cer-

tain class of persistent organic pollutants have long

biochemical half-lives in the environment. For instance,

the biochemical half-life of DDT in the environment is

at least 15 years (Carvalho et al., 1996; EEA, 2002). The

results of the study are not surprising when long half-

lives of these compounds in the environment are

considered. On the other hand, due to continued

atmospheric depositions from remote sources to the

Mediterranean and Black Sea as well as other regions of the world, leaching from heavily chlorinated compounds

used and contaminated agricultural areas, concentra-

tions of these compounds are very high and it can be

concluded from the results that these concentrations will

remain at measurable levels for several years.

In water samples, concentrations of the pollutants

were very low compared to the mussel samples. This

result confirms that these compounds are hydrophobic

and tend to accumulate in fatty tissue of organisms and

also in sediments (Chau and Afghan, 1982; Alloway and

Ayres, 1994; Bioaccumulation, 1997).

The whole Black Sea region receives a very heavy

pollution load and this is increasing over time. While

people are polluting the sea and coastal area in the

region, they also consume fish, mussels and other sea

organisms as food. When the increasing accumulation

potential of these compounds in the food chain is con-

sidered, it is clear that humans are the most affected

organisms in the food chain. Although mussels are notpreferred seafood for Turkish people, the detected level

of contamination can still be a threat for public health

since fish is the most common preferred seafood in the

region. In 1999, the amount of annual mussel (Medi-

terranean mussel) production in the Black Sea region

was 1600 t/a and annual export of mussel of Mytilus

spp. and Perna spp. from the whole country was 0.15

and 10 t/a respectively. As seen from the statistics, total

mussel catch in the region is not as much as other

European countries. However, catch of fish is nearly 300

times of catch of mussel in the region. (Fisheries Sta-

tistics, 1999). When the place of fish in aquatic food

chain is taken into account, it is obvious that this kind of pollution in the region is very important for public

health. Since there was no data on catch of M. gallo-

provincialis in the region, it did not seem very mean-

ingful to calculate the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value

using these statistics and to correlate the results with

public health.

Because of important environmental and human

health based reasons, more coastal water and marine

organisms watch programs (i.e. mussel watch programs)

must be carried out comprising the whole Black Sea

Coast of Turkey as well as other countries of the Black

Table 3

Comparison of study results with similar study results from different geographical locations

Study area p ; p 0-DDT,

pg/g wwa

p ; p 0-DDE,

pg/g wwa

p ; p 0-DDD,

pg/g wwa

PDDTs,

pg/gwwa

PBHC,

pg/g wwa

Baruthane (1) 290 2800 950 4040 22

Yesßil Fener (2) 400 300 850 1550 32

Kirmizi Fener (3) 240 70 2200 2510 290

Belediye Evleri (4) 1800 2400 1000 5200 4500Sinop (5) 1100 230 240 1570 4712

Yalikoy (6) nd 120 5400 5520 220

Owen Anchorageb 2

Rawsonc 2.02 6.99

Punto Loyolac 2.91 2.65

Punto Banderasc 59.58 6.59

Deer Islandc 73.32 2.7

Staten Islandc 119.41 3.16

Boston Horbourd 78

North Seae 116 68

Western Scheldte 240P

DDTs ¼ p ; p 0-DDTþ p ; p

0-DDD þ p ; p 0-DDE;

PBHC ¼ a-BHC þ b-BHC þ d-BHC þ c-BHC.

nd¼Not detected.a Bolded numbers are below detection limit.b Burt and Ebell (1995).c Report of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Coastal Research Center (1995).d Lauenstein (1995).e Cited in Cleemann et al. (2000).




Sea. We hope that this study will be a starting point for

such kind of assessment and monitoring studies to

determine the level of pollution from chlorinated com-pounds in the region.

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Dr. Jean Pierre Ville-

neuve (training officer in IAEA-MEL) and IAEA for

their help in supplying related papers, pesticide stan-

dards and experimental apparatus. We also would like

to thank to Prof. Kevin C. Jones (Lancaster University),

and Dr. Gareth O. Thomas (Lancaster University) for

their feedback. We are grateful to Dr. Feryal Ozturk

Akbal (Ondokuz Mayis University) for her endless help

and patience, and also thanks to all other people at theDepartment of Environmental Engineering of Akdeniz

University and Ondokuz Mayis University for their

support.

References

Alloway, B.J., Ayres, D.C., 1994. Chemical Principles of Environ-

mental Pollution. University of Reading and University of Lon-

don.

Bakan, G., Buyukgungor, H., 2000. The Black Sea. Marine Pollution

Bulletin 41 (1–6), 24–43.

pp'-DDT

290400

240

1800

1100

0

500

1000

1500

2000

B a r u t h a n

e

Y e s i l F

e n e r

K i r m i z i F

e n e r

B e l e d i y e

E v l e r i

S i n o

p

Y a l i k

o y

Sampling Point

C

( p g / g - w w )

A

n o t d e t e

c t e d

EPA Human

Health Criteria32 pg/g-ww

EPA Wild Life

Criteria

200 pg/g-ww

pp'-DDE

120230300

2400

2800

70

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

B a r u t h a n

e

Y e s i l F

e n e r

K i r m i z i F

e n e r

B e l e d i y e

E v l e r i

S i n o

p

Y a l i k

o y

Sampling Points

C

( p g / g - w w )

EPA Human

Health Criteria

32 pg/g-ww

EPA Wild

Life Criteria

200 pg/g-ww

B

pp'-DDD

5400

240

1000

2200

850950

0

5001000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

45005000

5500

6000

B a r u t h a n

e

Y e s i l F

e n e r

K i r m i z i F

e n e r

B e l e d i y e

E v l e r i

S i n o

p

Y a l i k

o y

Sampling Point

C

( p g / g - w w )

EPA

Wild Life Criteria

200 pg/g-ww

EPA Human

Health Criteria

32 pg/g-ww

C

BHCs (Total)

22 32 220

47124500

290

0

500

1000

15002000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

B a r u t h a n

e

Y e s i l F

e n e r

K i r m i z i F

e n e r

B e l e d i y e

E v l e r i

S i n o

p

Y a l i k

o y

Sampling Point

C

( p g / g - w w )

EPA Human

Health Criteria

100 pg/g-ww

EPA HumanHealth Criteria

9.9 pg/g-ww

< D e t e c t i o n

L i m i t

D

Dieldrin

780

180130

600

360380

0

500

1000

B a r u t h a n

e

Y e s i l F

e n e r

K i r m i z i F

e n e r

B e l e d i y e

E v l e r i

S i n o

p

Y a l i k

o y

Sampling Point

C

( p g / g

- w w ) EPA

Wild Life Criteria

22 pg/g-wwEPA Human

Health Criteria

0.65 pg/g-ww

E

HCB

180170

270

0

500

B a r u t h a n

e

Y e s i l F

e n e r

K i r m i z i F

e n e r

B e l e d i y e

E v l e r i

S i n o

p

Y a l i k

o y

Sampling Point

C

( p g / g

- w w )

EPA Human

Health Criteria

6.7 pg/g-ww

n o t d e t e c t e d



EPA Wild Life

Criteria

200 pg/g-ww

F

Fig. 2. Average concentrations of OCs (pg/g ww) in mussels and comparison with EPA criteria.




Bakan, G., Ozkoc, H.B., Buyukgungor, H., Ergun, O.N., Onar, N.,

1996. Evaluation of the Black Sea land-based sources inventory

results of the coastal region of Turkey. In: €Ozhan, E. (Ed.), Proc. of

the International Workshop on MED and Black Sea ICZM, 2–5

November, Sargerme, Turkey, pp. 39–51.

Bioaccumulation, EXOTOXNET, 1997. The Extention Toxicology

Network. University of California at Davis.

Burt, J.S., Ebell, G.F., 1995. Organic pollutants in mussels and

sediments of the coastal waters of Perth, Western Australia.Marine Pollution Bulletin 30 (11), 723–732.

Carvalho, F.P., Fowler, S.W., Villeneuve, J.P., Horvat, M., 1996.

Pesticide residues in the marine environment and analytical quality

assurance of the results. in: International Symposium on the Use of

Nuclear and Related Techniques for Studying Environmental

Behaviour of Crop Protection Chemicals, 1–5 July, Vienna, pp. 35–

57.

Chau, S.Y.A., Afghan, B.K., 1982. Analysis of Pesticides in Water,

Vol. 1. Burlington, Ontario, Canada.

Cleemann, M., Riget, F., Paulsen, G.B., Klungsoyr, J., Dietz, R., 2000.

Organochlorines in Greenland marine fish, mussel and sediments.

The Science of the Total Environment 245, 87–102.

EEA (European Environment Agency), 2002. Available from <http://

glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/H/half-life_of_a_pollutant >.

Farrington, J.W., Goldberg, E.D., Risebrough, R.W., Martin, J.H.,

Bowen, W.T., 1983. US mussel watch, 1976–1978: an overview of

the trace metal, DDE, PCB, hydrocarbon and artificial radionu-

clide data. Environmental Science and Technology 17, 490–

496.

Fisheries Statistics, 1999. State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry

Republic of Turkey.

ICES, 1974. Report of Working Group for the International Study of

the pollution of the North Sea and its Effects on Living Resources

and their Exploitation, Cooparative Report Res., Serial No. 39, p.

191.

IOC, 1993. Chlorinated Biphenyls in Open Ocean Waters; Sampling,

Extraction, Clean-up and Instrumental Determination, Manual

and Guides No. 27. Paris, Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission, UNESCO, p. 36.

Jorgensen, C.B., Kioeboe, T., Mohlenberg, F., Riisgard, H.V., 1984.

Ciliary and mucus net filter feeding with special reference to fluid

mechanical characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 15,

283–292.

Klumpp, D.W., Huasheng, H., Humphrey, C., Xinhong, W., Codi, S.,

2002. Toxic contaminants and their biological effect in coastal

waters of Xiamen, China. I. Organic pollutants in mussel and fish

tissues. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44 (8), 752–760.

Kruus, P., 1991. Chemicals in the Environment (Chapter V).

Kryger, J., Riisgard, H.V., 1998. Filtration rate capacities in 6 species

of European freshwater bivalves. Oecologia (Berlin) 77, 34–38.

Lauenstein, G.G., 1995. Comparison of organic contaminants found

in mussels and oysters from a current mussel watch project with

those from archived mollusc samples of the 1970s. Marine

Pollution Bulletin 30 (12), 826–833.

Ozkoc, H., Kurt, P., Bakan, G., Kaya, S., 1999. Levels of pesticides in

mussels from the Middle Black Sea Coast Of Turkey. In: Ozhan, E.

(Ed.), Proceedings of the MEDCOAST 99––EMECS 99 Joint

Conference: Land Ocean Interactions––Managing Coastal Ecosys-

tems, 9–13 November, Antalya, Turkey, MEDCOAST, Middle

East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, vol. 1, pp. 535–

545.

Phillips, D.J.H., 1986. PCBs and the Environment, vol. 2. CRC Press,

USA, p. 191.

Pinarli, V., Onar, A.N., Ozkoc, H.B., Buyukgungor, H., 1991.

Pollution in Samsun Coast of the Black Sea, The Black Sea

Symposium, 16–18 September, Istanbul, pp. 127–135.

Roger, R.F., Lea, W.H., 1972. Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in

Water, Sediment and Organisms. Arkansas Bay, Texas.

Sericano, J.L., Wade, T.L., Atlas, E.L., Brooks, J.M., 1990. Historical

perspective on the environmental availability of DDT and its

derivatives to Gulf of Mexico oysters. Environmental Science and

Technology 24, 1541–1548.TCV (Environment Foundation of Turkey), 1998. Environmental

Problems of Turkey ’99, p. 464 (In Turkish).

Telli, F., 1991. Seasonal Changes in the Levels of Polyaromatic

Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Organochlorine Pesticides in Mytilus

Galloprovincialis along the Turkish Coastal Black Sea. Middle East

Technical University, The Institute of Marine Science, Ankara. p.

114.

Travis, C.C., Hester, S.T., 1991. Global chemical pollution. Environ-

mental Science and Technology 25, 815–818.

Tufekci, M., 1996. Karadeniz’le Ilgili Arastrma ve Uygulama Calis-

malari, Orta Asya ve Karadeniz Cevre Konferansi, Istanbul,

Turkey, pp. 45–54 (In Turkish language).

Tuncer, G., Karakas, T., Balkas, T.I., Gokcay, C.F., Aygun, S.,

Yurteri, C., Tuncel, G., 1998. Land-based sources of pollution

along the Black Sea Coast of Turkey: concentrations and annual

loads to the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 (6), 409–423.

UNEP/FAO/IAEA/IOC, 1991. Sampling of selected marine organisms

and sample preparation for the analysis of chlorinated hydrocar-

bons. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, Ref. No.

12, Rev.2.

UNEP/IOC/IAEA, 1988. Determination of DDTs and PCBs by

capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection

(ECD). Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, No. 40.

UNEP/IOC/IAEA, 1995. Reagent and laboratory-ware clean-up

procedures for low-level contaminant monitoring. Reference

Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, No. 65.

UNEP/IOC/IAEA, 1996. Sample work-up for the analysis of selected

chlorinated hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Reference

Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, No. 71.

Uysal, H., 1970. Turkiye Sahillerinde Bulunan Midyeler ‘‘Mytilus

Galloprovincialis Lamarck’’ Uzerinde Biyolojik ve Ekolojik Ara-

stirmalar. Ege Univ. Fen Fak. lmi Rap. Se r. 79 (53), 1–75 (In

Turkish language).

Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., 1986. Input of chlorinated hydrocarbons

through dry and wet deposition to the Western Mediterranean

Coast. Chemosphere 28, 897–903.

Villeneuve, J.P., Carvalho, F.P., Fowler, S.W., Cattini, C., 1999.

Levels and trends of PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and petroleum

hydrocarbons in mussels from the N.W. Mediterranean Coast:

comparison of concentrations in 1973/74 and 1988/89. The Science

of the Total Environment 237/238, 57–65.

Wade, T.L., Sericano, J.L., Gardinali, P.R., Wolff, G., Chambers, L.,

1998. NOAA’s Mussel Watch Project: Current Use Organic

Compounds in Bivalves.

Washington State Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1996. Pesticides and

PCBs in Marine Mussels in 1995. Washington State Department of

Ecology, Publication No. 96-301.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Coastal Research Center,

1995. International Mussel Watch Project-Initial Implementation

Phase Final Report. In: J.W. Farrington, B.W. Tripp (Eds.),

International Mussel Watch Committee, Supported by IAEA-

MEL, Texas A&M University-GERG, UNESCO-IOC, US-

NOAA, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 95.


http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/H/half-life_of_a_pollutant




t-pesticide6

Documents