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Federal, state and local governments

The federal entity created by the Constitution is the dominant feature of the American governmental system. However, most persons are also subject to a state government, and all are subject to various units of local government. The latter include counties, municipalities, and special districts. This multiplicity of jurisdictions reflects the country's history. The federal government was created by the states, which as colonies were established separately and governed themselves independently of the others. Units of local government were created by the colonies to efficiently carry out various state functions. As the country expanded, it admitted new states modeled on the existing ones.

State government

States governments have the power to make law on all subjects that are not granted to the national government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution. These include education, family law, contract law, and most crimes. Unlike the national government, which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution, a state government has inherent powers allowing it to a lrt unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution. Like the national government, state governments have three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor, who typically holds office for a four—year term (although in a few states the term is two years). Except for Nebraska, which has one—chamber legislature (known as a unicameral legislature), all states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the Rouse of Representatives, the House of Delegates, Assembly or something

similar. Inmost

USA Federal, Sate and Local governments of 14

states, senators serve four-year terms, and members of the lower house serve two-year terms. The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government. State constitutions are generally more detailed, however.

Local government

There are 87,000 local governments, including 3,034 counties, 19,498 municipalities, 16,500 townships, 13,500 school districts, and 35,000 other special districts which deal with issues like fire protection. To a greater extent than on the federal or state level, the local governments directly serve the needs of the people, providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes, health regulations, education, public transportation, and housing. About 28% of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population. City governments are chartered by states, and their charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government. For most big cities, cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents. Types of city governments vary widely across the nation. However, almost all have some kind of central council, elected by the voters, and an executive officer, assisted by various department heads, to manage the city's affairs. There are three general types of city government: the mayor-council, the commission, and the council-manager. These are the pure forms; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them.

Mayor-Council. This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. Its structure is similar to that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch. The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials, sometimes with the approval of the council. He or she has the power of veto over ordinances — the laws of the city — and frequently is responsible for preparing the city's budget. The council passes city ordinances, sets the tax rate on property, and apportions money among the various city departments. As cities have grown, council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood.

The Commission. This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials, usually three or more in number, elected city-wide. Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments. One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor, although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners.


Council-Manager. The city manager is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems, which require management expertise not often possessed by elected public officials. The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers, including law enforcement and provision of services, to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager. The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities. Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy, but hires a paid administrator, also called a city manager, to carry out its decisions. The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments. Usually, there is no set term; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work.

County government

The county is a subdivision of the state, sometimes — but not always —containing two or more townships and several villages. New York City is so large that it is divided into] five separate boroughs, each a county in its own right. On the other hand, Arlington County, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., is both an urbanized and suburban area, governed by a unitary county administration. In other cities, both the city and county governments have merged, creating a consolidated city-county government. In most U. S. counties, one town or city is designated as the county seat, and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets. In small counties, boards are chosen by the county as a whole; in the larger ones, supervisors represent separate districts or townships. The board collects taxes for state and local governments; borrows and appropriates money; fixes the salaries of county employees; supervises elections; builds and maintains highways and bridges; and administers national, state, and county welfare programs. In very small counties, the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a sole commissioner, who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections. In some New England states, counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land.

Town and village government

Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments. These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with such strictly local needs as paving and lighting the streets; ensuringawater supply; providing police and fire protection; waste management; and, in cooperation with the state and county, directly administering the local school system. Note that in many states the term "town" does not have any specific meaning—it is simply an informal term applied to populated places (both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities). And in some states, the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states.


The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council, which may be known by a variety of names: town or village council, board of selectmen, board of supervisors, board of commissioners. The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer, or there may be an elected mayor. Governmental employees may include a clerk, treasurer, police and fire officers, and health and welfare officers. One unique aspect of local government, found mostly in the New England region of the United States, is the town meeting. Once a year — sometimes more often if needed — the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers, debate local issues, and pass laws for operating the government. As a body, they decide on road construction and repair, construction of public buildings and facilities, tax rates, and the town budget. The town meeting, which has existed for more than three centuries in some places, is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy, in which the governmental power is not delegated, but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people.

Note:

Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state. The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government. In modern nations, local governments usually have fewer powers than national governments do. They usually have some power to raise taxes,

though these may be limited by central legislation. In some countries local government is partly or wholly funded by subventions from central government taxation. The question of Municipal Autonomy—which powers the local government has, or should have, and why—is a key question of public administration and governance. The institutions of local government vary greatly between countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, the terminology often varies. Common names for local government entities include state, province, region, department, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village. However all these names are often used informally in countries where they do not describe a legal local government entity. Main articles on each country will usually contain some information about local government, or links to an article with fuller information. The rest of this article gives information or links for countries where a relatively full description is available Local government of the United States refers to the governments at the city, town, village, borough, or civil township level in the United States of America. In the more general sense, local government also refers to county government as well. It must be noted that under the federal system of the United States, State government, though it might generally appear to be classed as a type of "local government" by foreign observers from unitary states, is generally differentiated from local governments as the several States possess sovereignty within the Federal union, while local governments are not sovereign in any way, shape, or form, even within their respective states; on the contrary,

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they are governmental corporations chartered by (and whose charters may be revoked by) the legislature of the State whose boundaries they are within. For example, the U.S. State of California is hardly a "local government": it has 50+ million people within its borders, a geographical area slightly smaller than that of Iraq and slightly larger than that of Paraguay, and an economy which if considered separately from that of the United States, would be ranked the 8th largest in the world by GDP.

Mayor-Commission government system, is one of two variations of government used for the most part in modern representative municipal governments in the United States. It is also used in some other countries. The Mayor-Council variant can be broken down into two main variations depending on the relationship between the legislative and executive branches.

Weak-mayor, or ceremonial, form

In the weak-mayor form of the mayor-council government, the council possesses both legislative and executive authority. The council may appoint officials and must approve of mayoral nominations. The council also exercises primary control over the municipal budget. The mayor, though elected, has little real political power and less independence under this form, serves largely ceremonial duties, and may even be a member of the council. Charles Adrian and Charles Press explain,


The weak-mayor plan is a product of Jacksonian democracy. It comes from the belief that if politicians have few powers and many checks, then they can do relatively little damage. "This form of government is most commonly used in small towns. It is a variant of the city commission government.

Strong-mayor, or executive, form

The strong-mayor form of mayor-council government consists of a popularly elected executive branch and a legislative branch, usually a city mayor and city council respectively. In the strong-mayor form the mayor is given almost total administrative authority and a clear, wide range of political independence, with the power to appoint and dismiss department heads without council approval and little public input. In this system, the strong mayor prepares and administers the city budget, although that budget often must be approved by the city council. In some strong-mayor governments, the mayor will appoint a chief administrative officer, or CAO, who will supervise department heads, prepare the budget, and coordinate departments. This CAO, sometimes also called a city manager, is responsible only to the mayor. The government of New York City uses the strong-mayor form of the mayor-council system as indeed do most major American cities.

The council-manager government is one of two main variations of representative municipal government in the United States, and was first used in Sumter, South Carolina. This system of government is used in the majority of American cities with populations over 12,000. (for contrast, see mayor-council government). The system is also used in the Republic of Ireland, both for city councils and county councils. Under the council-manager form of government, the elected governing body (e.g., city council, city commission, board of selectmen, or other body of at least three individuals) is responsible for establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision for a city, town, or county. Under such a government, the mayor (or equivalent executive) —performs primarily ceremonial duties and is often drawn from and the presiding officer of the city council or other governing body. The elected officials then appoint a city manager or administrator to oversee the daily operations of the government and implement the policies established by the governing body. The manager serves the governing body, often with an employment agreement or contract that specifies his or her duties and responsibilities. Ideally, the manager is apolitical. The council-manager system can be seen to place all power into the hands of the legislative branch. However, a city manager can be seen as a similar role to that of corporate chief executive officer (CEO) in providing professional management to an organization. Council-manager government is much like a publicly-traded corporation. In a corporation, the board of directors appoints a CEO, makes major decisions and wields representative power on behalf of shareholders. In council-manager government,


the city council appoints a city manager, makes major decisions, and wields representative power on behalf of the citizens. The International City/County Management Association (ICMA) is a professional organization for city managers. It was founded in 1914, and has more than 8000 members worldwide. In New England, where municipal government is often invested in an incorporated town, the city manager may be called town manager, and the council can often be referred to its traditional name of board of selectmen.

A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area. Townships range in size from 6 to 54 square miles (15.6 km2 to 140.4 km?), with 36 square miles (93 km?) being the norm. The term is used in two ways.

1.A survey township is simply a geographic reference used to define property location for deeds and grants.

2.A civil township is a unit of local government. Civil townships are generally given a name, sometimes abbreviated 'Twp".

Survey townships

Survey townships are generally referred to by a number based on the Public Land Survey System (PLSS). A reference to the township will look something like "Township 2 North Range 3 East", and the use is fully explained in the PLSS article. Townships are marked on the U.S. Geological Survey maps of the United States of America. These townships are normally a rectangle approximately 6 miles on a side with boundaries conforming to meridians and parallels within established limits, containing thirty—six sections, some of which are designated to take up the convergence of the east and west township boundary lines or range lines. Irregular townships with fewer than 36 sections have been created to correct for the Earth's curvature and survey errors. They exist in some form in all states other than the original 13 colonies, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Maine. This kind of township is similar to geographic townships in the Province of Ontario.

Civil townships

The township government is a local unit of government, originally rural in application. They are geographic and political subdivisions of a county. The township is identified by a name, such as Washington Township. The responsibilities and the form of the township government is specified by the state legislature. The most common form of township government has an elected board of trustees or supervisors. Some additional offices, such as Clerk or Constable, may also be elected. The most common responsibilities include such things as road maintenance, land use planning, and trash collection. In most


midwestern states, a civil township often corresponds to a single survey township, but in many cases, especially in less populated areas, the civil township may be made up of all or portions of several survey townships. In areas where there are natural features such as a lakeshore or large river, the civil township boundaries may follow the geographic features rather than the survey township. Municipalities such as cities may incorporate or annex land in a township, which is then generally removed from township government (although this varies—Indiana is the only state where every portion of the state is part of a township government, regardless of other municipalities, while in other states, some types of municipalities like villages remain apart of the township while cities are not. As urban areas expand, a civil township may entirely disappear—see, for example, Mill Creek Township, Hamilton County, Ohio. In other expanding urban areas, the township may incorporate itself into a city; this can be seen in the numerous square cities of Hennepin County, Minnesota. Pennsylvania and New Jersey are different; these states have civil townships that are not based on the PISS survey system, but on the older Metes and bounds survey system. A New jersey township differs only iii name from other municipalities: its boundaries are fixed, it is an incorporated body, and it is free to adopt another form of government. The Federal Government has frequently failed to allow for this; some New Jersey municipalities, such as the Township of the Borough of Verona or Township of South Orange Village, changed their names to qualify for additional Federal aid.

USA Fedend, Sate and Local governments of 14

County (United States)

United States of America showing states divided into counties.

In the United States, a county is a local level of government below the state (or federal territory). Counties are used in 48 of the 50 states, while Louisiana is divided into parishes and Alaska into boroughs. in These are considered "county-equivalents ", as are some cities not designated as part of a county. The U. S. Census Bureau lists 3,141 counties or county-equivalent administrative units in total. There are on average 62 counties per state. In most Midwestern and Northeastern states, counties are further subdivided into townships or towns and may contain other independent, self-governing municipalities. The site of a county's administration and courts is called the county seat. The average U.S. county population is about 100,000. The most heavily populated county of the USA, Los Angeles County, California, has a population of about 9,880,000, which is a larger population than all but eight states of the union. The least populated county is Loving County, Texas, with a population of 67. Kalawao County, Hawaii, a former leper colony, is the next-smallest county, with a population of 147. The power of the county government varies widely from state to state, as does the relationship between counties and incorporated municipal governments. PI The distribution of power between the state government, county governments, and municipal governments is defined in each state's constitution.


A county seat or parish seat is a term for an administrative center for a county or civil parish, primarily used in the United States. In the Northeast United States, the statutory term often is shire town, but colloquially county seat is the term in use there. Parts of the Canadian Maritimes also use the term shire town. In England, Wales and Ireland, the term county town is used. This term is still sometimes used colloquially in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but today neither are divided into administrative counties - instead being divided, respectively, into council areas and districts. Louisiana uses parishes instead of counties, and the administrative center is a "parish seat " Alaska is organized into "boroughs," which are large districts, and the administrative center is known as a "borough seat." Boroughs typically provide fewer local services than most counties, as the state government provides more services directly. About half of Alaska is part of the Unorganized Borough, a discontinuous region the state government administers directly. Some of Alaska's boroughs share geographical and administrative boundaries with cities; these are known as unified city-boroughs and result in some of Alaska's cities ranking among the geographically largest cities in the world. The Canadian province of Ontario, in addition to counties, also has districts and regional municipalities, which are effectively different types of counties in that they perform county government functions, albeit at limited (district) or expanded (regional municipality) levels. United States counties, as in England and Canada,

function as administrative subdivisions of a state and have no sovereign jurisdiction of their own, although some have authority to enact and enforce municipal ordinances. Counties administer state or provincial law at the local level as part of the decentralization of state/provincial authority. In many U.S. states, state government is further decentralized by dividing counties into townships, to provide local government services to residents of the county who do not live in incorporated cities or towns. A county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include, but are not limited to, the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, and Baltimore County and Howard County, Maryland. (Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, is the largest unincorporated county seat in theU.S., followed by Towson, the county seat of Baltimore County. ) The county courthouse and county administration are usually located in the county seat, but some functions may also be conducted in other parts of the county, especially if it is geographically large. Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of the county. An example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) for the towns involved. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats. Vermont has its

LISA Federal, Sate and Local governments of 14

shire towns, but no county government to speak of, consisting only of a Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court). Massachusetts has abolished a number of its counties and the state now operates the registries of deeds and sheriff's offices in those districts. Two counties in South Dakota, Shannon County, and Todd County, have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County, respectively. Though New York City is a single city, it stretches across five counties. Often referred toss the boroughs of New York, each is also a separate geographic (unorganized) county, with city-sponsored borough officials. The five counties that compose New York City are Bronx County (Bronx), Kings County (Brooklyn), New York County (Manhattan), Queens County (Queens), and Richmond County (Staten Island). The "county seats" of Richmond and Queens County are effectively neighborhoods, though they correspond roughly to the location of borough hall. Kansas City, Missouri, is situated in four counties, Jackson, Clay, Cass and Platte. It is "county seat" of Jackson County, along with Independence. In Virginia, there are (since 2001) 39 independent cities, which are legally distinct from the counties that surround them. An independent city interacts with the commonwealth (state) government directly whereas towns, the only other type of municipal government authority in Virginia, do so through the county government apparatus. In many of Virginia's counties, the county government offices are located within the independent cities of their neighboring counties. Also, for certain statistical purposes, some independent cities are considered part of the county from which they separated. For example, the City of Fairfax is separate from Fairfax County, the county's offices lie within the city, and the city is combined with Fairfax County statistically. Similarly, the city of Baltimore, Maryland is also an independent city, and much like Fairfax, surrounded on three sides by a county of the same name. However, unlike Fairfax, "Baltimore City", as it is officially known, is not politically or statistically connected with surrounding Baltimore County. Besides Baltimore City and the independent cities of Virginia, there are only two other independent cities in the United States: St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City, Nevada. Two cities, San Francisco, California, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,til are both a city and a county, with a consolidated government. Similar to Virginia, the Canadian province of Ontario has 17 separated municipalities which are municipalities that interact directly with the province without an intermediary county. Although administratively and legally separate from the county, many of these cities still serve as the seat of the county that surrounds them. Ontario also has several single-tier municipalities, many of which serve as a single county government with no lower municipal governments below it. In these cases, the county effectively is the local government in these areas, with a community in the county assigned as the seat, even though it has no municipal government of its own.


A county commission is a group of elected officials charged with administering

the county government in local government in some states of the United States. County commissions are usually made up of three or more individuals. In certain counties in Georgia and New Hampshire however, a sole commissioner holds the authority of the commission.

Sole commissioner

In local government in the United States, sole commissioner government is a county commission with only one seat. The sole commissioner typically holdall legislative and executive powers in the county. Even as with one commissioner there is no voiced debate among the commission, sole commissioners typically hold meetings to allow public input on decisions. Though the structure was historically more widespread, now Georgia is the only state in the United States to have counties governed by a sole commissioner. Deb'ites over the establishment or removal of a sole commissioner government generally hinge on efficiency versus representation and debate. Most counties with sole commissioners are small and rural. Bartow County, part of metro Atlanta, and Walker County, part of metro Chattanooga, are notable exceptions, however.

County Board of Supervisors

The Board of Supervisors is the body governing counties in the U.S. states of Arizona, California, Iowa, Mississippi, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In other states it may be called the County Council or County Commission. In Nebraska, some counties are governed by a board of supervisors while other counties are governed by a county commission. In New York, counties are governed by a county legislature, a board of representatives, or a board of supervisors. Similar to a city council, a board of supervisors has legislative, executive, and quasi-judicial powers. The important difference is that a county is an administrative division of a state, whereas a city is a municipal corporation; thus, counties implement and, as necessary, refine the local application of state law and public policy, while cities produce and implement their own local laws and public policy (subject to the overriding authority of state law).

Legislative powers

Under a board's legislative powers, the supervisors have the ability to pass and repeal laws, generally called ordinances, as in cities. Depending on the state, and the subject matter of the law, these laws may apply to the entire county or only to unincorporated areas not under jurisdiction by a city. The


board is also responsible for approving the county budget. County governments frequently collect state taxes and, in some states, they or their citizens are allowed to set certain tax rates. However, because they are ultimately organs of state law and policy, it is unusual for counties to have power to establish their own taxes - they, or their citizens, merely adjust the rates of tax measures created by the state government. Cities, by countrast, typically have power to create their own taxes. Detroit, for example, has its own income tax, and New York has its own sales tax, on top of the New York State sales tax. In some states, including Michigan, and in some New York counties until recently, county governing boards were composed of township (Michigan) or town (New York) ' supervisors'. These were the chief elected officials of each civil township (called 'town' in New York) in a county - hence, the term "Board of Supervisors", because they were originally composed of the various town/township supervisors from across the county. This system gave every township one vote on the county board regardless of its population, resulting in (usually rural) townships with few people having influence in decision-making that was disproportionate to their populations. A township with fewer than 1,000 people had the same clout as a city with more than 1,000,000 people. Both Michigan and New York changed how they elected county boards by dividing counties into single member districts, drawn so that each district has more or less the same sized population. In Michigan, the new board model was implemented in 1968. The name 'Board of Supervisors' was changed to 'BoardofCommissioners' in 1970, however, to avoid confusion with township government (wheretheterm'Supervisor' was still used). In New York, the new boards were called "county legislatures" (and their members, "county legislators"), but not every county has adopted this system. Those which retained the old boards of supervisors after the 1960s assigned each member a proportional vote based on the population represented.

Executive powers

Under a board's executive powers, the board controls county departments. Generally this is done under the aegis of a chief administrative officer or county executive. The power of the CAO or county executive to act independently depends on the composition of the board. Generally, like most city managers, the CAO or county executive has authority over the day to day operations of the county's departments. Many boards independently appoint department heads, while other boards may delegate that authority to the CAO or chief executive. Some department heads, like the sheriff or district attorney, may be elected separately by the electorate; however, the board still exerts some power over these department's budget. Despite the presence of a CAO or chief executive, it is not uncommon for an individual supervisor to meddle in the affairs of individual departments, like setting priorities for projects in one's district or independently requesting investigations of problems in a department. In some


counties, the county executive is elected. In the City and County of San Francisco, which, as the legal name indicates, has a consolidated city-county government, the Board of Supervisors does double duty as a county board of control and a city council, while the mayor, likewise, is simultaneously city head of state and county executive. Or to put in cross-comparative terms, San Francisco is the only city in California with a county Board of Supervisors instead of a city council; and it is the only county in California with a mayor instead of a county executive.

Quasi-judicial powers

Under a board's quasi-Judicial capacity, the board is the final arbiter of decisions made by commissions underneath a board. This generally involves land use planning issues.

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41Jitilltiltil (City Manager) ilf11111i1Jr19191DIJIWN11 41141111a1.10 ,10181Jfillpilf111110.1111

Intilleffmnimpricutitol

or,710114flinritwituvironzunzfliii,

1,411vMunstilithowucoMilisithluinunistiildtmunirdnnso4truudlioliforluivintileifiu-oin

imisilipainsgfnumwnivanyarwmfou

rgillatilinlurna (County Government )

tImithodonaluais fiduintnahoinualanillii -miluium141-mifw minsilfrumula4

unnymmuennlkenullaatitiu lion+) filliniln11046r101102',611fillflald (Consolidated City-County

government) 1Gioth q lflalantil113101ozwienvadliTtluviltlit11169Iff110111fl (County Seat) 640111

f"lUf1lU519ffl156i11 `l

Ig1116rutimlo4imnith11u (Town and Village Government)

IllautatiikhinitinzirmAnD131111altnillailD1dulitulmSntilutid19ZiWAullmati101

111.11a9r,fpf911111,011,th4fltia,fll 1111111113,119 61.1111 riniviiiiiuvit0

titutnannintiiihnpu Mau

411-110

D 4

oillt14414 -i1;11

Villilf1D111611112111(011 a Z,

11191flf1154D0f1011

111011191D8J11013

aminniuSet-wiaj,4

14111,1191A141.154:5111 71ral1ifl1)ltiTtli11i4fi 114i'llf115 -ilf1141,tD41 Zs a

V111691n1114 vildhaiiiim 171 (II Iiiiilflf1151;00f1A1 66d 4h1411T11 617,11111A

oi-naillnis oimuTtnnottazontiiiii,

VI,Drill1M1114111a

innminfirmitnafil - ra-nomutiol

111011191M1144$13(111111111111dgOrd4)

1-110 ftilliflUf11111111.11011(7.nillflf1151ADO914)

SZIJIMnfilJURi7Jti11J196611955 (Strong-Mayor)

ill inuitommininnsoltriounifitrilv

ID011541511(141,6aZ,Df1119111111D11611410§11601

luumplinfrumnuumilititulv

6111931 (Strong -council) tall

IIIDIJUD11161141911141111t1584

ulautili M1110111,11-111041113,1j1i4

mliiinnotrAtthavomionninuoll

wuudinicntimuil -

111111.111141E11119111111191311494111lif111) (Weak-mayor or ceremonial form)

fluialtlidinnnitfu lAuvin ninuAltntohid-md-nit rviaciathrnmid - illi iincharnii IlintaliaTimummlniancomuloosiia

vinfiumnrvinwuoltimulimuitint-rniSonim twivailiii,hilditelvitillmmirinnoii4 witau

31.1111111111DMIIM.11,191111151111 ,011Tial (Strong -mayor or excretive form)

lquil

wintutwintothlfititirralikminnstittlwr,nimiltrlitrtriquntAluiTivn Iflor18J15t16t61361sj4 Innerly

W1J5H1591t)566CIaa9111'd041if

diaa (Township)

1'1015191%mi' lialiThltlathl

1. 1 dia .; 1-01- ....unisiirdlunifnztilourini4 -, (Survey township)

2. 01041121li (Civil township)

ITIf134UPYM 8U041.11.191ftelitTgotilini County (United States)

11111enn (county)1111611911111f11041UffViiipanini 0154 41111111011ADT0AnIlliainualy twilitttjtril

triO4 a1f0J11191"0 (County) 6 91111111101.1flflID41114111 48 if 41111 50 Ty 1flOTI 1gtaft.1111100111111311

(parishes) 66nvii5iat66armi14sh-ii Iuisi (borough) Olnnilt1i r

rotipmfin] 1N91718J County 11181,11ntlionailllIM 3,141 691111111191a I61OIS1An 11-11441111 62111f1 S

11111 ,11fl (County) tiolivelffinItnt#M161.1flf150461 ,1frittUclith (County) tionii iiinitIllirffIltlicnn (County

seat) IfionAnuoinztriranunnattiotrifirg 111.15tivinlvifinothiniantu 100,000 t111 iotwumammucriniiti

1.15t9sinnitinnitriiro111'0tlip10ii alfrilutmanorrtalttaarr (Los Angeles County) 01400(ii1a5i

utlavivioinio 910iif711IJIVIIM511101J 9,880,000 096 u1/214191016y1ffmunna (county)114M1c0311JSZT1117

014000001(ifif1110111011ThlUtailn Loving County aPni -ollicrinirr ctiligranuilnisinromItiq I e,

1;11 0 M 4 67 A3911111

ni11445 -nnvutalulanynnuenntlfriantonoilthlutwintil tint'iientivittiubnivormil4

ig1i nevi ntuoluvintamig61401111401fllInnilitIt511419titt

iluintroutuenn unzlynammula

"A county seat tap Parish seat" nuintil istiiiittioniwinmilifittniewoornff

1.10111fl 01414111-11111ifit5111110i4mitonitamil Aril A county seat ctanilannfiumnfilitittatmitliumt

Artaii Li itt u ritnitmnnfait141111181101flliii finitilin-m111.1161104 County seat othitttrnitniril

shire town upoitmnisrptiltmlionii County seat rIttkit

t; Y Y rhulnwnothrintrintuctinunr,i1ourrwnnisuivrisamharnanioneqltrnituourvinutuctin

(County seat) f141411 ninntuonarimititOlfruilnomffutuenn (County seat) nlohterilaitr) ati1411tiorm

rnottnynnumtviviittii Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi,

-5-

New Hampshire, New York and Vermont nirrniarniimnirinutuana (County seat) atliZati 2

661941JU 61i

Ofi 1111i10113J619iITIfl15f111144f11581Y116iit1lla1rf7Jf16°VIa 211941130111 7111110111,11141101 411a

(County seat) 61791filiunifirjfilvvolt1Jo4o114 q

fiamrprouninirTh (Connecticut) I6azilI5q1o566au4 (Rhode Island) laiii - wo

.4 4 numf1111.1f1151Xlinglath (A county commission) tit) f141111041,911111

91111 YluivinnilLaam

aoi

naizimunistrintummlIznowl-mipmacimoi 3 itoilwirivuomimituena 69fU luainig

tooMo ilfitlaffil5111111LittilltlifflatiNfltaitnill itailivnlifi

11111151151115611ff9ltIAM

nsumrsnaitra (Sole commissioner)

ilf15511f11569101.1t101fl

1540 ,11 intinthrviial, IAinlii3innuniltmtgencliiii-ulormutiutpia ia nn - incim nn istifiIkria

tinzfrwiliiiifimrdworvrifeffiflioniulthIninisunilmoriaimi

q

C4Er) otii115tIvriu IAriialdrilf121041 ,thiiiifl5111f1111.1(IffM1441flflUI1101A1-)1,A146111111t1,11Mili fiviiiiiiirinfi

lAntifintiltimminiumillTha

nummumlutiuntituartmuusena (County Board of Supervisors) frniAirtwilitirmilti

(Arizona) 12

tifiivitlogalti (California) (Iowa) (Mississippi) ignolittiffiti (Virginia)

itazifintmeuiiu (Wisconsin) iluolcu 'Nigh piontitm flinommilfricutpitmarninituenfl

(County Board of Supervisors) 11 flf11691fillgicYM (County Council) 99so flint1511.1f1111,11f1MIRM

(County Commission) amilpuusiarli (Nebraska)1.11.1111110,1111n11141,1141thffirEldflelfitlaillnifill

niutpitimilnimiticvm (a board of supervisors) MinuaiimMituendh '11.1flfITOMItffitilitfl511.1111501ff

ammo (A county commission) cil liailaitmiti IliffIltiliThilonspliAormilliiitutfinencna (a

county legislature) cillthamou4-itlflill:Itimmiltitynti (a board of representatives) viVa

flillt1551.11115fililt1119,6M (a board of supervisors) ihriAvi9iturAld'itirivnn163184 (a city council)

eilAtititizmninisniutpiltiMiliiiityporraifirmahuiMiiiviIii (legislative)

(executive) timiiii -ruiTilmihopinil (quasi-judicial) 66dfliiiiiionoil5ilifiliqpn92146wi1ituena

-6-

(County) um; !AI (city) 40 111031tUila (County) ileu&ruiiiitintloaulainthutaitivimiliail

1.1-111=i1 0104 (city) 111,1 [115 -)111101611f1111fl 4101114611filltucnnlolitCrunifluthlffittlf1704fl11174fill

140,utwitninflunzuItniitarinivaldluckulu itoiu104 (city) V11111D9111,111,10150011flq111.11ULIMI

uTomornsnuni tlgioiltol ilinflonivuwinpuitninig

iiumollithutigi (Legislative powers) ni0146 -ntiiniiiiTtptilit115nutzt-nsun15lut1JN (city)

alooi14 filenufilvt6intpnid uatcnnueicnnnininumnnvanutintoniinn.Quultaquirlililiion-ii

nqummiltainlinitgii (ordinances) npuiould - tioilnimillithh141mwmoututnn 143014

liAthWilVITZ1,141 6U011,31KNithilhOuttotheuparnamoltalia4ifu natofitocjiintioinzarnivg 1110

mutifitudnikumlnpuitaluiititp,

flillr, f15111fllili11111ilivelpismilunismpriCiunallzuituimannituena (County) ill,1111fl

fluiniminicnatitnnilim -rillfrangmuitnithigenitufi

mardniiikoch LIM ;II 115ati4 (Detroit) n111150611-11.101415 -mifirrwl4tal um:Ira-ma% (New York) mansotirmuoiniii

nisiii14104 9J14a1flig19fU91119f11FlU 610f1,411 1,91MJWIM111111,144114flittElietlilfliWIS5111115cli ii ihstuiii is A

111fflitldellfl9f115: 1,f1011104f11119,9111a1111fl (TOWnShip)ltal irituneu (Michigan) it 0,itilutpt

NIPICLICA0 q (Town) tlfrinclifillillen tinmuyividicrituthillifictrolllii14TuiStminniluticuitTi A Gua4tintiiiiia (township) moy,iutitutuovm 4411u Aril fitur,ns au ll5flavtmun (a board of

supervisors)

702 4111110i111115P114113111111411MilIM riVollultutAn q q 01414.4 v fliunituenn It'11111fitlfWi,911111111

141iinciallYttviwzoilua (township) iii-amifititywitroil4 1 fiztanafth Illiolaitiiihniitnu

thrum 4.1 ➢ (townships) it iiimitainstins imiutioutatI gcniTtaoienil

oThiculalfl lfitlthiami -ritillaothauniguazilsnrin5 &n,iii -run (township) ilittibrAntivratcrudoonii a. a,

1,000 fit! IlfelfratiltInfillaltrdfil,a10 ,1 (city) itainsslnI011;7080.11flfril 1,000,000 f114 1114 91 v mict a cs, ipliitinutinynilii -moi'ulmtlnuu -rfinistuunpunummunmammuenu loitilkiflitthivirtaitucnn

aanituteuou5anoi.ririrmaiiiiniknthityrillliliTuoinnitmilmole4iiilUTLJ110,1111Z151fIltlnkiithlei'W

illigl9flan1141441J111111111f115188f1111521f1151,11111111114111a 1968 1f181411.1thltd489111f1=11151Jfl15

tflutplun (a board of Supervisors) milt! f1=1151111i1111 10411Malfifit101a (a county commission)

lull 1970

fitIltfl551.10 -midantitinii fffl11311111181 ,111D (County legislatures) unzilon

milinvniamuurnu (county legislators) oth415timinntuirthil.fillfid1641114i1

-7-

ilinsArniluiumumniutiviAtimilltiviinitizollunisnimpituinumitch uoicioulnitni51

1960 14frutuvililuminiipinr,ouilimillalliffalnatiflU111.161d114(111,111,11JSZ951f1ScrifiDd

(Executive powers) muiv16 -rinou5vii5Ifltnicilil 41151115111fi8ltIPflfl (county

executive) miltivicAnTutitvratililiouiviis (a chief administrative officer) iluterl4M -ruiviirlunis yv

61.15015Mitn11 00allff11.11501fentill9f1151.131111140tilliiii ffIri11110104%110t1:61.1

f1711.16111-Iiialvomitutmlluni5 tiluaio-oluillau -nulol (city manager) yij-nithiftineatiit:hou'imil

(Chief administrative officer) 115f1 4:1113111101f0lillfflecit3 -m - ornIiiiluninlaanniiruoivniimitoi -ki

910169/1150J01110 uarzolluoilviula q ThurcurnottoiNli4i-milivilithriulurnumumul9iothAgroz

ildZili fitlIn15511fl151J14villa1101011611119114111111014411)111111111161.1* -311111141111171ileilt11151111

nlviTimilk,Iu51111 (chief executive) vilfravuotni -int -mimmtiao niu uitithino (sheriff) titt o

iffunirdwAirum (district attorney) oituienonistRuoLillmo Iou4illynioonifithufioniii

f1011/1001:', 11111.01156104111611.1191.1140d14clilluniniomisanwinhzantultniti -miitichl

crnii - muoith'ikuumth'ititruollfilln-56114 q Latvia:AIM uluninliinnitarnmyronouthipiidivi

111141111.1111.1104111 0101u011104910

Tuumuriutuena Cniitilltiumunin (county) 1101Unsonwthiuiran

luopintrii ipriailurnmiiumn-tiloi (a consolidated city-county) tuutollunilumtpiqun

aloincinlifi 2 61111 61411 40 1. 1111 -rillug - ua,41Aufautin”uoimurpuirunraienum4411-11115

uTutplua 660.11 2. 11li11luirAilur17116ilo4 666icinufltilff3114915 440611,1111A52.111111104010411-13J011

61.Walueluivmamanuendlcuna -aerifu lquidiuuriitmlumilraptiu 9111a1111,1ella1ln

luutiativinlotiluiutn55unisnicuuquurvinutuoun WWW01111.3104 LL02.11111,A04691n101 011011101

filluitinumnipilirmiCklimisamaitucuu

iimuluicmiainn (Quasi — judicial powers)

w niulo1iiiiiiamil1tilutih610iniruNnuannuoi5 flint nminivorAlutlyinautivifi 0154

ifltniiithluitoliiiFitraticutintiluninitutunisiGh5rAtrinhinitint (Land use planning)

aeffi1e4leah (Los Angeles)

unluovitomnanCiuminnomluriluinlionmueuunniii - onirrithi

012:51441f111041,63.11.1100216604190ifl (Los angeles River) Itilnithrriitalicanoirmfiaiimkilltwigh) ,

1.11591 ye

1 9 111101101111.111A10,1,911,11911ifil 4011144 11107U114 fi'1.10101.111 1781 0141114ii -narrivirem

tumnisitardulk/141 -likunuutno4uonivo4flitaviviiriu Mr. Don Felipe de Neve

qunitlaitalociltornrulu iiuKurrivitu Junipero Serra loifiaillingiuluominilvYticunifriiii ,7." A .1, g. suouttiln I91091•111olivi umum EI Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Rein• de los Angeles de

Porciuncula (the City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angeles of Poreiuncula)

i' l11,1,911466ciufatluill'initruilit04 the Cuidad de Los Angeles IMULvi ,nrali (City of Angels)

4 111111611 9l 1850 11f1111 -11J1 -111111461.91119111 q luflovrathumivronholisu mit]

iimmunidiiiihriantinhymnstfiatAtiiitnunii 1,600 fad 9iallii61Vt11 28 911711111S (191M11,1

1136-1tlak.111F101111(11 ,1111i, lvIrialnuu Inafff111611111119411 1111:)

1101111-11,11„Ifi5ffM10119fliff11Ei1f1111,1191111Z111tU 469 911111111S Idatr1i11,111,1thr/t11115fil 3.6

ST119114 tem ilLtlidiNi11114611,16144).111041104r111114063J5111611916691truNtalolnarrualionSnarkiguent,

in Sylmar 7111/11,1111i1Vd"011.161 San Pedro iii4nifiliii unttin Paeifie Palisades g4 EI Sereno

miitlizingile4aouileaiaa (The City seal)

plii119111=1.111A6111111M11111191119151115ti166lit61l1118101.1.11.1 Itatt114Stefl11t1111011a7

fl0ef11011,9a5V 11.1911191fl0fl1fJ191f111f11011f11011104ff61.114/.11911669111 1542 911flni14t1111 1821 11111

ctfAufituifilmiiiumnitlem

11819171116t1,16E1f1519111011flitilflifild9111,69A 1822 9141151;i116111 1846 SlVirlJt1IfliflY11.111111.t1l

illed111101V1511ildiVIVIS16181111611,111 1846 iluithilailuillelinienmoil unnlyiniug4

numniviltiUtlihnroluarruimmSn luruzillM1163104111111104ffliciffillifli altfivrillioarznon,

oju iillalfaliiklff11411011.3101flf1d118469afl 11I19119,11Uffdll Lthaiitrnu volpu rnhniinach4thinniommAilliillitiumowinumutiuynoilAimillfiaictichmaroon

stdnintilmapaiwile4Za

111.152,A11.C101411A11910111101flEIVII,D11,0aSff Y165on71 Flesta Flag ifulauniseanituutnn

19311.11014111111156t153110011„ffl5flfraLL0111afft171.11011 150 3.151111t11Z1101b4i1111-111.1tailL1111

tinmiitlinvoultiallusentoduanman at118[146M1411TniuiliffllIfYll LLMAIL911

S111101aormaltvaSrmunntiuniulAnnlivonlnamuniu

441u6iniinniftwalihnnanailituatillandluiii4iimhziTunffoivaluinflommionSv lanai

ihoonunImu Roy E Silent and E.S. Jone unr,14

1.111ffUE114119i01,110f1MI11111011`U0114filff0V16011.11flatf falDil Frank E Show by Isadore B. Dock

welter eisit&thrnurfamth La Fiesta

-9-

111f111f114134Allinef1101441111164971,1 3 6111)Iff1n1na1516fi5flonualttairf n140 11.40n

1166'%fV1~b5115d01691o5Y111611Ot1J1t 7l tnIniltilfmalnamto.uvaSalAmoldfunvniolutnniff

Lai-nfiuttainiff Challenger 141,1511111111111nifliffirlIntlinnu 7 nuclultitio - wolio

5-13 opit-thil 1984 Ifleinclicrolintufige Dr. Sally Ride othultlifli111a1/191181 Encino nitinftwArrilla

dowilfinaintIumilinivaiifiuntitonciLiwnieldoit-rwr lAniu Challenger vanal 1983 ut1

fli491011111.111 1984 ilinttaimitairviailtrAtiiiimileruallidALIfItlili ff13J 61,4414111011Vi91115f11

fill-unfickfitnaliatnu ChallengerlAiffi -maaumninouaciflieull 1986

* ********** ****

t_2

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