Table 1. Table 1. Full-Time Faculty in Higher Education, by Full-Time Faculty in Higher Education, by Race/Ethnicity 1995 to 2007Race/Ethnicity 1995 to 2007

1995 2005 2007 1995-07

TotalTotal %% TotalTotal %% TotalTotal %% %Chan%Changege

Total Total FacultyFaculty 550,8550,8

2222

100100

%%

675,6675,6

2424

100100

%%

703,4703,4

6363

100100

%%

28%28%

WhiteWhite 468,51468,51

88

85.185.1

%%

527,90527,90

00

78.178.1

%%

540,46540,46

00

76.876.8

%%

15%15%

BlackBlack 26,83526,835 4.9%4.9% 35,45835,458 5.2%5.2% 37,93037,930 5.4%5.4% 42%42%

HispanicHispanic 12,94212,942 2.3%2.3% 22,81822,818 3.4%3.4% 24,97524,975 3.6%3.6% 93%93%

Asian Asian

AmericanAmerican

27,57227,572 5.0%5.0% 48,45748,457 7.2%7.2% 53,66153,661 7.6%7.6% 95%95%

Native Native

AmericanAmerican

2,1562,156 0.4%0.4% 3,2313,231 0.5%0.5% 3,3403,340 0.5%0.5% 55%55%

InternationalInternational 10,85310,853 2.0%2.0% 28,05728,057 4.2%4.2% 31,22231,222 4.4%4.4% 188%188%

11

Note. African American (5.4%), Hispanic (3.6%), Asian American (7.6%), and Native American (0.5%) faculty made up about 17% of full-time faculty in fall 2007 (Snyder et al., 2009).

Table 2a. Table 2a. Full-Time Faculty Tenure Status , by Full-Time Faculty Tenure Status , by Race/Ethnicity: Fall 2007.Race/Ethnicity: Fall 2007.

TotalTotal TotalTotal

Full-Time Faculty Faculty with Tenure

NumberNumber %% NumberNumber %%

Full-Time FacultyFull-Time Faculty703,463703,463 100%100% 290,581290,581 100%100%

Race/ethnicityRace/ethnicity

White, non-HispanicWhite, non-Hispanic 540,460540,460 76.8%76.8% 240,911240,911 83%83%

African African

American/BlackAmerican/Black

37,93037,930 5.4%5.4% 13,38813,388 4.6%4.6%

HispanicHispanic 24,97524,975 3.6%3.6% 9,5689,568 3%3%

Asian/Pacific Asian/Pacific

IslandersIslanders

53,66153,661 7.6%7.6% 20,44020,440 7%7%

Native AmericanNative American 3,3403,340 0.5%0.5% 1,2681,268 0.4%0.4%

InternationalInternational 31,22231,222 4.4%4.4% 2,8482,848 1%1%

22Note. Most full-time faculty with tenure are White (83%) and less so are faculty of color.

Table 3. Full- and Part-Time Faculty and Instructional Staff in US Table 3. Full- and Part-Time Faculty and Instructional Staff in US Colleges and Universities, by Race/Ethnicity: Fall 1992 and 2007.Colleges and Universities, by Race/Ethnicity: Fall 1992 and 2007.

1992 2007 %Chang%Change Fulle Full

%Chang%Change Parte Part

TotalsTotals(in thousands)(in thousands)

FullFull PartPart FullFull PartPart FullFull PartPart

528.3528.3 376.7376.7 703.5703.5 667.9667.9 33%33% 77%77%Race/ethnicityRace/ethnicity

WhiteWhite 456.7456.7 332.8332.8 540.5540.5 498.5498.5 18%18% 5050%%

African AmericanAfrican American 27.427.4 18.318.3 37.937.9 49.249.2 38%38% 169169%%

HispanicHispanic 13.913.9 11.211.2 24.924.9 26.726.7 79%79% 138138%%

Asian/Pacific Asian/Pacific

IslandersIslanders

27.727.7 12.212.2 53.653.6 24.924.9 94%94% 104104%%

Native AmericanNative American 2.62.6 2.32.3 3.33.3 3.63.6 27%27% 5757%%33

Note. From 1992 to 2007, there was a 50% increase in White part-time faculty; but there were larger proportional increases of 169% for Black, 138% for Hispanic, and 104% for Asian American part-time faculty and instructional staff.

Figure 1. Base Salary of Full-Time Instructional Figure 1. Base Salary of Full-Time Instructional Faculty at US Colleges and Universities, by Gender Faculty at US Colleges and Universities, by Gender

and Race/Ethnicity {NCES Data, 2002}and Race/Ethnicity {NCES Data, 2002}

44

Note. US dollar amounts in thousands. In 1998, Asian American faculty base salaries ($62,800) were higher on average than White ($57,000) and Hispanic ($54,400) faculty base salaries, which were higher than Black faculty ($50,400) base salaries.

Resource: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (Bradburn & Sikora, 2002).

Challenges associated with recruiting, hiring, Challenges associated with recruiting, hiring, retaining, securing tenure, and promoting retaining, securing tenure, and promoting faculty diversity:faculty diversity:

1.1. Few students of color in KPE programs and academic pipeline to Few students of color in KPE programs and academic pipeline to create a sufficient pool of qualified candidates from which to expand create a sufficient pool of qualified candidates from which to expand faculty diversity.faculty diversity.

2.2. Faculty of color are often not connected to the primary networks of Faculty of color are often not connected to the primary networks of senior faculty/administrators at doctoral-degree granting senior faculty/administrators at doctoral-degree granting universities.universities.

3.3. Hesitancy to hire faculty of color.Hesitancy to hire faculty of color.

4.4. Credibility of degrees earned at Hispanic-serving institutions and Credibility of degrees earned at Hispanic-serving institutions and HBCUs questioned.HBCUs questioned.

5.5. Lack of specific programs designed to recruit and retain faculty of Lack of specific programs designed to recruit and retain faculty of color.color.

6.6. Recent trend of hiring faculty of one particular ethnic minority Recent trend of hiring faculty of one particular ethnic minority group while neglecting other underrepresented groups.group while neglecting other underrepresented groups.

7.7. Reports of racism, isolation, and marginalization within KPE Reports of racism, isolation, and marginalization within KPE programs.programs. 55

Table 4. Degrees conferred in Parks, Recreation, & KPE, by Table 4. Degrees conferred in Parks, Recreation, & KPE, by Race/Ethnicity: 2006-07.Race/Ethnicity: 2006-07.

Bachelor‘s Master‘s Doctoral

Total % Total % Total %

Total Degrees PR and Total Degrees PR and

KPEKPE

27,427,4

3030

100%100% 4,114,11

00

10001000

%%

218218 100%100%

WhiteWhite 21,4621,46

77

78.378.3

%%

3,2333,233 78.778.7

%%

134134 62%62%

BlackBlack 2,5572,557 9.3%9.3% 374374 9.1%9.1% 1212 5.5%5.5%

HispanicHispanic 1,8301,830 6.7%6.7% 134134 3.3%3.3% 77 3%3%

AsianAsian 852852 3.1%3.1% 113113 2.7%2.7% 1313 6%6%

Native AmericanNative American 242242 0.9%0.9% 2727 0.7%0.7% 00 0%0%

InternationalInternational 482482 1.8%1.8% 229229 5.6%5.6% 5252 24%24%

66Note. In 2006-07, most degrees conferred in our disciplines (e.g., exercise science, kinesiology, PE) were awarded to Whites and African Americans were awarded less than 6% of the doctoral degrees.