table of content · foundation 1. foundation types raft foundation piled and beam foundation pad...
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Table of content
Foundation
1. Foundation types
raft foundation
piled and beam foundation
pad foundation
strip or trench foundation
functional analysis
2. Construction methods
in-situ cast concrete
H blocks with reo bar
functional analysis Basement
3. Capillary break
gravel
L.E.C.A. nuts
sand
functional analysis
4. Underfloor insulation
foam boards (XPS, EPS)
mineral wool
PUR -Material Rigid polyurethane foam
functional analysis
5. Floor slab
precast concrete
in situ cast concrete
functional analysis
6. Basement flooring
concrete
engineered wood
vinyl
functional analysis
7. External walls
in situ cast concrete
light clinker blocks
prefabricated sandwich elements
functional analysis
8. Partition walls
light concrete/aerated concrete
tinder stud partition wall
steel frame separating wall
functional analysis
9. Ceilings
gypsum board
fermacell
magnesiacore
Ground floor
10. Floor partitions • Hollow concrete slab • In-situ concrete cast • Fligree slab panels • Functional analysis
11. Flooring • Floor tiles • Wooden floor • Carpet • Functional analysis
12. External walls • Brick-insulation-brick • Brick-insulation-clinker concrete • Brick-insulation-cellular concrete • Functional analysis
13. Partition walls • Brick walls • Concrete walls • Stud walls • Functional analysis
14. Insulation • stone wool • Polyurethane • Polystyrene • Functional analysis
1st floor
15. Storey partition
Kerto beams
I beams
Lattice beams
functional analysis
16. Bathroom flooring material
tiles
linoleum
wood
vinyl
functional analysis
17. Exterior cladding
wooden cladding
slates cladding
concrete
functional analysis
18. Flooring material
wooden floor
tiles
vinyl
functional analysis
19. 1st floor ceiling
gypsum board Ceiling
wooden ceiling
plaster boards
fermacel
functional analysis
Roof
20. Roof construction
cold roof
warm roof
inverted roof
functional analysis
21. Roof insulation
Celotex(PIR)
polystyrene
Thermisol Titan Slimline
Windows 22. Frames
aluminum clad and wood
Wood
Vinyl
23. Glazing
Gas fills
Insulated
Low-emissivity coatings Doors
24. Grand opening material
wooden door
steel door
fiberglass-composite door
aluminum door
25. Interior doors
FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS
Foundation types
raft foundation
piled and beam foundation
pad foundation
strip or trench foundation
functional analysis
FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS
Raft foundation
Material: Portland cement and
aggregate, usually sand and fine
gravel for high-density blocks
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: high
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very durable
U-value: exceptionally low U-values
(typically 0.15)
Rafts are an expensive form of construction, probably the most expensive type of foundation, and are
used where only a very low load can be applied, for example, on soft or variable ground.
Raft foundations are used where the ground is inherently stable but where conditions deep below the
surface, such as mining, might lead to ground movement. The reinforced raft is cast on top of consolidated
hardcore and is shaped at the edge to provide a step upon which both leafs of the wall are constructed.
The raft is a rigid slab of concrete, reinforced with steel, which spreads the building load over the whole
ground floor area.
FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS
Piled foundation
Material: Portland cement and
aggregate, usually sand and fine
gravel for high-density blocks
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very durable
U-value:
A pile foundation is a civil engineering concept that is, at its most basic, a substructure that is supported
by piles.
Piled foundations are used where good bearing ground can only be found at deeper levels or where
physical restraints make other forms of foundation impossible.
A Piled foundation is usually carried out by specialist contractors. The piles can be dug, bored or driven
into the ground. They support a concrete ring beam or ground beam that spans from pile to pile, upon
which the house is built. This ring beam can be prefabricated but if it is cast on site it may be necessary to
have reinforcement cages ready made up to an engineer's specification.
In certain situations it may also be necessary to have compressible materials on hand to line the underside
or sides of the beam.
FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS
Pad foundation
Material: Reinforced concrete pad,
steel plates
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very durable
U-value:
Pad foundations are used when isolated loads need to be supported, such as columns or framed
structures. The load would be concentrated in relatively small areas of the pad with large expanses being
either non-load bearing or having lightweight loadings, meaning that small slabs to spread the load from
the skeletal structure can be cast.
FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS
Deep strip foundation
Material: Portland cement and
aggregate, usually sand and fine
gravel for high-density blocks
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very durable
U-value:
Strip foundations are the simplest and least expensive form of house foundation.
The strip foundation is basically a strip, or ribbon, of in situ concrete running under all the loadbearing
walls. This will normally include all the external walls and possibly some, or all, of the internal walls.
The depth and width of the strip depends on the building load and the nature of the ground. In many
cases these foundations do not need specialist design the foundation size can be determined by referring
to the Building Regulations.
It is often necessary to use this method in softer soils, such as sand, since they spread the load of the
building out over a greater area.
Made with reinforced steel to either top or bottom of the foundation or in some cases both.
FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
Raft
foundation Piled and beam
foundation Pad
foundation Strip or trench
foundation
P F M P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC
AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT
COST 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING
EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE
PRESSURE RESSTANCE
3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 1 3 3 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
TOTAL 94 96 99 105
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF CONSTRUCTION: STRIP FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHOD OPTIONS
Construction methods
in-situ cast concrete
H blocks with reo bar
functional analysis
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHOD OPTIONS
In-situ cast concrete
Material: Portland cement, aggregate
and water
Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: extremely durable
U-value: bad
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. Concrete buildings are more resistant to fire than
those constructed using wood or steel frames, since concrete does not burn. Structures made of concrete
can have a long service life.
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is
usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by
many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.
As concrete has a high thermal mass and very low permeability, it can make for energy efficient housing.
Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the expansion of corrosive products of the steel
reinforcement bars and freezing of trapped water.
Delivered to site in wet form and poured into place directly where required.
Requires construction of shuttering, reinforcement, pouring then being left to dry. This makes it very
labour intensive and time consuming but results in exactly what you want, where you want it.
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHOD OPTIONS
H-blocks with reo bar
Material: Portland cement, cinder
aggregate and water or aerated
concrete
Weight: 460-1400 kg/m3
Dimension: 400x200mm/450x225mm
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing material
U-value:
Hollow blocks are commonly used to create foundations and load-bearing walls for buildings. To do this,
these blocks are reinforced with tie beams as well as concrete columns. This specific type of construction
method is called concrete block structure.
H blocks are laid with reo bars on top of every course with concrete being poured into the cavity when
construction is finished.
The advantage of this system is that you can continue working much sooner than with, for example, in-
situ cast concrete.
The disadvantage is that the material costs are greater.
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHOD OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations
H-blocks with reo bar
In situ cast concrete
P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 1 3 3 1 3
AESTHETICS 2 3 6 3 3 9
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT NA NA NA NA NA NA
COST 2 3 6 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING NA NA NA NA NA NA
EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3
IMPACT PROOF 2 1 2 3 1 3
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE NA NA NA NA NA NA
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6
TOTAL 63 75
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF METHOD: IN SITU CAST CONCRETE
BASEMENT CAPILLARY BREAK OPTIONS
Capillary break
gravel
LECA nuts
sand
functional analysis
BASEMENT CAPILLARY BREAK OPTIONS
Gravel
Material: natural stones
Weight: 1500-1800 kg/m3
Dimension: 4-16mm
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very good
U-value: N/A
Gravel is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include
size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.
Gravel is categorized by the Udden-Wentworth scale into granular gravel (2 to 4 mm or 0.079 to 0.157 in)
and pebble gravel (4 to 64 mm). One cubic meter of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kilograms.
Water can work its way up through the pores of a concrete slab by capillary action. This water may cause
the failure of vulnerable building materials such as flooring adhesives, gypsum board, wood, and carpets
that touch the damp concrete. However, a gravel layer beneath a slab provides a capillary break; the large
spaces between the individual stones prevent liquid water from moving up to make contact with the slab.
Gravel can be easily installed on uneven ground and levelled off ready for insulation or concrete to be
placed on top.
BASEMENT CAPILLARY BREAK OPTIONS
LECA – nuts
Material: clay
Weight: 250-510 kg/m3
Dimension: 0,1-25mm
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very good
U-value: N/A
L.E.C.A. (Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate) is a lightweight expanded clay, formed by heating and
firing natural marine clay in rotary kiln at temperatures up to 1150 degrees. The yielding gases expand
the clay by thousands of small bubbles forming during heating producing a honeycomb structure. For
capillary breaking layer most commonly used size is 10-20mm.
Some characteristics of LECA are:
lightness
soundproofing by high acoustic resistance
moisture impermeable
incompressible under permanent pressure and gravity loads
non–decomposition against severe condition
fire resistant, freezing and melting resistance
easy movement and transportation
reduction of construction dead load
perfect material for drainage and filtration
BASEMENT CAPILLARY BREAK OPTIONS
Sand
Material: finely divided rock and
mineral particles
Weight: 1500-1800 kg/m3
Dimension: -
Fire resistance: fire retardant
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing
U-value:
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles
River sand has been most commonly used for the purpose of house construction but there are other
better options and alternatives which can be used for the sake of better quality and sustainable
construction practice.
The Manufactured sand has proper gradation as it is automated. It has particles from 150 microns to
4.75 mm in proper proportion. When fine particles are in proper proportion, the sand will have fewer
voids. The cement required will be less when there will be less void in sand. Such sand will be more
economical.
It is easily levelled out and it doesn’t need a good preparation of the terrain before placing the layer.
BASEMENT CAPILLARY BREAK OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
GRAVEL L.E.C.A. - nuts SAND
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 0 0 0 0 0
AESTHETICS 0 0 0 0 0
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0 0 0
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
IMPACT PROOF 0 0 0 0 0
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 3 0 3 0 3 0
WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 69 63 66
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: GRAVEL
BASEMENT UNDERFLOOR INSULATION
Underfloor insulation
foam boards (XPS, EPS)
mineral wool
PUR -Material Rigid polyurethane foam
functional analysis
BASEMENT UNDERFLOOR INSULATION
Foam Boards (XPS, EPS)
Material: plastic
Weight: 10-40 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: flammable
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: durable
U-value:
Basements are part of a home, within the building boundary—despite repeated attempts over the years
to disconnect them from the living space. Because of this, basements should be designed and constructed
to be dry and conditioned. This is particularly important for basements that contain mechanical
equipment—a situation that is practically guaranteed in buildings that have a basement.
Basement floor slabs are best insulated underneath with rigid insulation: either extruded or expanded
polystyrene have been widely used with success.
When slab insulation is provided, a sheet polyethylene vapor barrier should be located over the rigid
insulation and in direct contact with the concrete slab. As the slab will only be able to dry upward, the
slab should be allowed to dry before finishes are applied. Impermeable interior floor finishes such as vinyl
floor coverings should also be avoided.
this board does not absorb water
is not a food source for mold, and is not subject to moisture-related damage and deterioration.
an excellent thermal insulator that increases the energy efficiency of your structures
it retains its insulating properties over time.
it provides an extra barrier against moisture infiltration
BASEMENT UNDERFLOOR INSULATION
Mineral wool
Material: basalt or other minerals
often in combination with slag
Weight: 20-150 kg/m3
Dimension:
Fire resistance: fire proof
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: good
U-value:
Stone wool (or mineral wool) was discovered on the islands of Hawaii at the beginning of the century. It
occurs there naturally as a byproduct of volcanic activity. In its manufactured state, stone wool combines
the power of rock with the characteristics of typical insulation wool.
Mineral wool is manufactured from basalt or other minerals often in combination with slag, a byproduct
from several industrial processes. Like fiberglass, mineral wool is available in batts and rigid (and semi-
rigid) boards; unlike fiberglass, mineral wool is rarely manufactured with a facing. And, thanks to its non-
directional fiber orientation, it also exhibits some unique and valuable characteristics.
Fire Resistant, stone wool can withstand temperatures up to 2150º F (1177º C);consequently it
does not contribute either to the development and spread of fire or the release of toxic gases
Water Repellent yet vapor permeable, stone wool has a unique orientation ideal for repelling and
draining water away from exterior walls, interior walls, industrial pipe and other assemblies
R-value unaffected by moisture
Completely resistant to rot, mildew, mold and bacterial growth- contributing to a safer indoor
environment
Dimensional stability, retains its characteristics over time
Minimal changes in size and performance are evident with changes in temperature and humidity
BASEMENT UNDERFLOOR INSULATION
PUR -Material Rigid polyurethane foam
Weight: varies
Dimension: 1200mm x 600mm
Thickness (mm): 50, 100, 120, 130,
140, 150
Fire resistance: REI 45
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very good after installation
U-value: 0,022 W/Mk
Hyfloor Under Floor Insulation has superior thickness to performance ratio allowing the lower targets
required under the new Building Regulations to be achieved with minimum thicknesses. Where Hyfloor
Insulation is used below the floor slab, lay the hardcore in layers; min 150mmmax 225mm; each layer
should be well compacted, with the surface blinded with quarry dust or sand to provide suitable surface
for laying DPM. A damp proof membrane e.g. 1200 gauge polythene or radon barrier should be laid over
blinding with joints taped to prevent passage of ground moisture, it should be carried up the wall until it
meets and seals with the DPC.
Hyfloor is an engineered T&G jointed high performance Under Floor Insulation consisting of a high
performance rigid Polyisocyanurate (PIR) core with branded gas tight facings both sides, it has a thermal
conductivity of 0.022W/mK
BASEMENT UNDERFLOOR INSULATION
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
FOAM BOARDS MINERAL WOOL PUR
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 0 0 0
AESTHETICS 0 0 0
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0
COST 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
DURABILITY 0 0 0
EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 1 2 2 3 2 6 3 2 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
IMPACT PROOF 0 0 0
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 3 1 3 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 59 69 69
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: PUR
BASEMENT FLOOR SLAB OPTIONS
Floor slab
precast concrete
in situ cast concrete
functional analysis
BASEMENT FLOOR SLAB OPTIONS
Precast concrete
Material: Portland cement, aggregate
and water
Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3
Dimension: thickness 150-450mm,
width usually 1220mm
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: extremely durable
U-value: bad
Concrete slabs come in a variety of forms, which can be divided into two categories – precast or in situ,
depending on where the concrete was cast. Wherever the concrete is cast it may be reinforced or
prestressed. Reinforced concrete uses steel bars to resist the tension in the slab. Prestressed concrete has
high strength steel strand cast in it which compresses the concrete and maximises the benefit of concrete
compressive strengths.
Precast concrete options are cast in a factory environment and include the following prestressed concrete
options:
• Hollowcore units
• Double-tee units
• Solid concrete units
BASEMENT FLOOR SLAB OPTIONS
In-situ cast concrete
Material: Portland cement, aggregate
and water
Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: extremely durable
U-value: bad
In-situ concrete is the traditional form of concrete construction. Until the early part of the 20th century it
was the main method used. Systems are being developed and used in both Europe and the U.S. to allow
cast-in-place concrete to be cost and time efficient.
In developing parts of the world, in-situ concrete, which relies on higher labour input than other forms of
concrete construction, is still dominant.
Cast in-situ concrete has become a material that designers exploit for its structural qualities above all else.
BASEMENT FLOOR SLAB OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations
PRECAST
CONCRETE IN SITU
CONCRETE
P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 1 2 2 1 2 2
AESTHETICS 2 1 2 2 1 2
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0
COST 3 3 9 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 2 2 4 2 2 4
EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6
IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 3 3 9
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 1 1 1 1 1 1
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3
TOTAL 108 111
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: IN SITU CAST CONCRETE
BASEMENT FLOORING OPTIONS
Basement flooring
concrete
engineered wood
vinyl
functional analysis
BASEMENT FLOORING OPTIONS
Concrete
Material: Portland cement, aggregate
and water
Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3
Dimension: thickness: N/A
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: extremely durable
U-value: bad
One of the simplest and least expensive options for finishing a basement concrete slab is to paint or stain
the slab.
Assuming the basement concrete slab is unsealed and still porous, a colored stain will likely penetrate
fairly well and hold its color for several years before reapplication.
A concrete paint probably will show wear in a high-traffic areas, and will require a reapplication every 3-
5 years.
An epoxy coating system, which combines a solvent-based adhesive coating with decorative (and slip-
resistant) color chips, is far tougher than a concrete paint or stain. It costs about 3 times as much as the
paint or stain but leaves a tough, industrial-looking finish.
Another option is to cover the concrete slab with an additional, thin layer of concrete that has been
pigmented with color. A thin-coat can also be stamped with a pattern to resemble brick, flagstone, and
even wood planks. Because the color is throughout the coating, it will never wear away.
BASEMENT FLOORING OPTIONS
Engineered wood
Material: composed of two or more
layers of wood
Weight: 8kg/m2
Dimension: 20x190x1900mm
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: varies
Moisture sensitive: varies
Danish approval: yes
Durability: durable
U-value: varies
Until the advent of engineered hardwood flooring, few builders or remodelers would recommend or risk
installing a hardwood floor over a below-grade concrete surface. Because solid wood changes dimensions
with fluctuations in temperature and humidity, the chances of warping and cracking were too great. In
addition, there were few reliable options for installing wood flooring without traditional nails or screws.
Engineered wood floors, however, provide a more stable substrate for the planks while delivering the look
and feel of a solid wood floor. They feature a thin veneer layer of solid wood that is laminated to plywood
backing. Plywood is more dimensionally stable than solid wood, allowing the planks to withstand
temperature and moisture fluctuations without warping.
Engineered hardwood planks are installed one of two ways. Some varieties are designed to be glued to
the basement floor using an industrial adhesive. Others are “floated” over a layer of thin foam sheeting;
the planks are held in place by a system of interlocking ends and edges.
BASEMENT FLOORING OPTIONS
Vinyl
Material: ethylene and chlorine
Weight: 1000-2000kg/m3
Dimension: 300x3000x2.3mm or
400x4000x2.3mm
Fire resistance: no
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: good prformance
U-value:
Vinyl is not a natural substance but is a synthetic man-made material. It is a type of plastic that is made
from ethylene (found in crude oil) and chlorine (found in regular salt). When processed, both the
substances are combined to form Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resin, or as is commonly referred to - Vinyl.
Vinyl installs easily over a concrete slab, but it’s critical to make sure the surface is smooth, as
imperfections are sure to show through and possibly damage the flooring. A thicker (and more expensive)
grade of vinyl flooring may help hide slight bumps in the concrete.
Resilient vinyl flooring is durable, moisture-proof, and maintenance-free. Sheet vinyl comes in 12-foot-
wide rolls that virtually eliminate seams. Self-sticking vinyl tiles are ideal for do-it-yourself installations.
There are an enormous variety of colors and styles from which to choose. In general, thicker vinyl
translates to higher quality and cost. Thicker vinyl can feature a textured surface, and some types have
the appearance of real stone and wood.
BASEMENT FLOORING OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
CONCRETE ENGINEERED
WOOD VINYL
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
AESTHETICS 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
COST 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF FITTING 3 2 6 2 2 4 3 2 6
EASE OF USE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 1 3 3 1 3 3
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
TOTAL 115 85 96
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: CONCRETE
BASEMENT EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
External walls
in situ cast concrete
light clinker blocks
prefabricated sandwich elements
functional analysis
BASEMENT EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
In-situ cast concrete
Material: Portland cement, aggregate
and water
Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: extremely durable
U-value: bad
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is
usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by
many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.
As concrete has a high thermal mass and very low permeability, it can make for energy efficient housing.
Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the expansion of corrosive products of the steel
reinforcement bars and freezing of trapped water.
Delivered to site in wet form and poured into place directly where required.
Requires construction of shuttering, reinforcement, pouring then being left to dry. This makes it very
labour intensive and time consuming but results in exactly what you want, where you want it.
BASEMENT EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Light clinker blocks
Material: Portland cement, cinder
aggregate and water or aerated
concrete
Weight: 460-1400 kg/m3
Dimension: 400x200mm/450x225mm
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing material
U-value:
Light clinker blocks are made using cast concrete with cinder aggregate; and can also be produced using
aerated concrete. Cinder blocks are called breeze blocks in Britain.
A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It is sometimes called
a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of several precast concrete products used in
construction. The term precast refers to the fact that the blocks are formed and hardened before they are
brought to the job site. Most concrete blocks have one or more hollow cavities, (to reduce weight or
improve insulation) and their sides may be cast smooth or with a design. In use, concrete blocks are
stacked one at a time and held together with fresh concrete mortar to form the desired length and height
of the wall.
Hollow blocks are commonly used to create foundations and load-bearing walls for buildings. To do this,
these blocks are reinforced with tie beams as well as concrete columns. This specific type of construction
method is called concrete block structure.
The use of blockwork allows structures to be built in the traditional masonry style with layers (or courses)
of staggered blocks. Blocks come in many sizes.
H blocks are laid with reo bars on top of every course with concrete being poured into the cavity when
construction is finished.
The advantage of this system is that you can continue working much sooner than with, for example, in-
situ cast concrete.
The disadvantage is that the material costs are greater.
BASEMENT EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Prefabricated sandwich elements
Material: concrete
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very good
U-value: depends on the insulation
Sandwich elements of concrete are an effective and reliable basement solution, which secure optimal and
unbroken cavity wall insulation from ground level to foundation.
Sandwich elements consist of two concrete leaves with an insulation layer in between. The external leaf
is generally in architectural concrete. The internal leaf is in grey concrete and may be designed as load
bearing or non-load-bearing. Load bearing means that it is supporting the floors and the structure above.
Self-bearing means that it is only supporting the self-weight of the façade.
Internal load bearing leaf is produced in variety of thickness between 100 mm and 150 mm, insulation
layer starting from 50 mm and up; the external leaf is in variety of thickness between 60 mm and 100 mm
Internal and external concrete leaves are connected via the flexible reinforcement and the load of the
self-weight external leaf is transmitted to the internal load bearing leaf.
Maximum length of facades is 12 m, height – 3,8 m. For residential buildings it is recommended to use the
façade elements of maximum 7,5 m length.
Precast concrete elements - sandwich walls – are perfectly suited to residential construction, first of all
because of perfect thermal insulations.
Houses made of precast concrete elements, will be warm and efficient.
BASEMENT EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
IN SITU CAST CONCRETE
LIGHT CLINKER BLOCKS
PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 6
AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 1 3 3 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING
EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 0 0 0 0 0
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 1 3 3 3 3 9
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
WATER RESSTANCE 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
TOTAL 100 85 113
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: PREFABRICATED
SANDWICH ELEMENTS
BASEMENT PARTITION WALL OPTIONS
Partition walls
light concrete/aerated concrete
tinder stud partition wall
steel frame separating wall
functional analysis
BASEMENT PARTITION WALL OPTIONS
Light concrete/aerated concrete
Material: fine aggregates, cement,
and an expansion agent
Weight: 520-550 kg/m3
Dimension: 599x100x300mm
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: medium
U-value: 0,14 W/m2K
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that
causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. In
the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units.
Cured blocks or panels of autoclaved aerated concrete are joined with thin bed mortar. Components can
be used for walls, floors, and roofs. The lightweight material offers excellent sound and thermal insulation,
and like all cement-based materials, is strong and fire resistant. In order to be durable, AAC requires some
type of applied finish, such as a polymer-modified stucco, natural or manufactured stone, or siding.
durability and dimensional stability, AAC resists water, rot, mold, mildew, and insects
units are precisely shaped and conform to tight tolerances
fire resistance is excellent, and because it is noncombustible, it will not burn or give off toxic fumes
the light weight means that R-values for AAC are comparable to conventional frame walls, but
they have higher thermal mass, provide air tightness, and as just noted, are not combustible
that light weight also gives a high sound reduction for privacy, both from outside noises and from
other rooms when used as interior partition walls
BASEMENT PARTITION WALL OPTIONS
Tinder stud partition wall
Material: Timber studs, plasterboard
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability: poor
U-value:
Load-bearing and non-load-bearing stud walls may be built of wood, aluminum, or cold-formed steel.
Basic framing consists of vertical structural members, or studs, seated on a bottom, horizontal, bearing
member, called a sole plate, and capped with a horizontal tie, called a top plate. In addition, diagonal and
horizontal bracing may be applied to the framing to prevent racking due to horizontal forces acting in the
plane of the wall.
Advantages of wood construction include light weight and ease of fabrication and assembly, especially in
the field.
Constructed from timber for the frame, with insulation and covered with sheets of plasterboard or similar
material.
BASEMENT PARTITION WALL OPTIONS
Steel frame separating wall
Material: Timber studs, plasterboard
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability: poor
U-value:
Aluminum and cold-formed steel construction offer the advantages over wood of incombustibility and
freedom from warping, shrinking, swelling, and attack by insects. Studs may be provided with punched
openings, which not only reduce weight but also permit passage of pipe and conduit without the necessity
of drilling holes in the field.
Metal framing is not so easy to cut and fit in the field as wood. Hence, prefabrication of metal walls in
convenient lengths is desirable. Metal members are manufactured with a variety of widths, leg
dimensions, lengths, and thicknesses. Steel studs, for example, are available as C shapes, channels and
nailable sections; that is, attachments can be nailed to the flanges.
BASEMENT PARTITION WALL OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
LIGHT
CONCRET TINDER STUD STEEL FRAME
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 3
AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
EASE OF CLEANING 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
EASE OF FITTING 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6
EASE OF USE 0 0 0 0 0
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 4
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 1 3 3 1 3 3
LOAD BEARING 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
NOISE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 4
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
SUITABILITY 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
WATER RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
TOTAL 82 62 68
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: LIGHT CONCRETE
BASEMENT CEILING OPTIONS
Ceilings
gypsum board
fermacell
magnesiacore
functional analysis
BASEMENT CEILING OPTIONS
Gypsum board
Material: gypsum
Weight: 7kg/m2
Dimension: 13x900x2400mm
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability: poor
U-value:
Gypsum is a cementious material composed of at least 70% of CaSO4 2H2O by weight. It is a main
ingredient of many building products.
This product consists of a core of set gypsum surfaced with specifically manufactured paper firmly bonded
to the core. It is designed to be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings, or partitions and
provides a surface suitable to receive either paint or paper.
Gypsum board is extensively used in ‘‘drywall’’ construction, where plaster is eliminated. It is also available
with one surface covered with aluminum or other heat-reflecting type of foil, or with imitation woodgrain
or other patterns on the exposed surface so that no additional decoration is required.
The types of gypsum board generally available include wallboard, backing board, core board, fire-resistant
gypsum board, water-resistant gypsum board, gypsum sheathing, and gypsum form board.
BASEMENT CEILING OPTIONS
Fermacell
Material: gypsum and cellulose fibers
recycled from waste paper
Weight: 1100-1200 kg/m3
Dimension: thickness 10-18mm,
Fire resistance: non-flammable
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: moderate
U-value:
Fermacell is made from gypsum and recycled paper fibres. These two natural raw materials are mixed
with water, without any other binders being added. The mixture is then pressed into stable boards under
high pressure, dried, coated with a water repellent, and cut to the required sizes. The gypsum reacts with
the water, penetrating and enveloping the fibers. This produces high stability and non-combustibility.
Because of their material composition, fermacell boards are suitable for general construction, fire
protection, and wet rooms.
Fermacell gypsum board offers installers speed and flexibility as no wet trades are needed on site as a
skim plaster type finish with Fermacell Fine Surface Treatment (FST) can be achieved without the need for
plastering.
BASEMENT CEILING OPTIONS
Magnesiacore
Material: Magnesia cement,
aggregates and water
Weight: 1000 kg/m3
Dimension: thickness 3-20mm, size up
to 122x244
Fire resistance: high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: Certified in
Euroclass System that Denmark is a
member of
Durability: very durable
U-value:
Magnesiacore™ Technology uses proprietary processes with magnesium oxide compounds to deliver a
versatile, non-combustible, and unique board material. This hard, inert and paperless construction panel
has superior qualities over panels made from gypsum, cement, clay, wood and/or paper.
environmentally friendly
salt, fire, moisture, heat and mold resistant construction board
insects and rodents can't feed on
sound attenuating material
breathable and porous for strong coating and adhesive bond
ideal for basements, garages, washrooms, wet pool areas and laundry rooms
BASEMENT CEILING OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
GYPSUM BOARD FERMACELL MAGNESIACORE
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
AESTHETICS 3 2 6 3 2 6 2 2 4
AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 1 3 3
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 1 3 3
DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 1 2 2 3 2 6 3 2 6
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 0 0 0 0 0
FIRE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
IMPACT PROOF 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 66 80 69
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: FERMACELL
GROUND FLOOR PARTITION OPTIONS
Floor partition
Hollow core concrete floor slab
In situ cast concrete floor
Pre-cast concrete
Functional analysis
GROUND FLOOR PARTITION OPTIONS
Hollow core concrete
Material: concrete
Weight: varies
Dimension: h-max 400mm
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight:
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value:
A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast
slab of pre-stressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment
buildings. The slab has been especially popular in countries where the emphasis of home construction has
been on precast concrete, including Northern Europe and UAE socialist countries of Eastern Europe.
Precast concrete popularity is linked with low-seismic zones and more economical constructions because
of fast building assembly, lower self-weight (less material), etc.
GROUND FLOOR PARTITION OPTIONS
In-situ concrete cast
Material: Portland cement and
aggregate.
Weight: varies
Dimension:
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value:
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. Concrete buildings are more resistant to fire than
those constructed using wood or steel frames, since concrete does not burn. Structures made of concrete
can have a long service life.
Delivered to site in wet form and poured into place directly where required. Requires construction of
shuttering and reinforcement, pouring then being left to dry. This makes it very labor intensive and time
consuming but results in exactly what you want, where you want it.
GROUND FLOOR PARTITION OPTIONS
Filigree slab panels
Material: concrete
Weight: 125 kg/m2
Dimension: thickness 5 cm or more
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value:
The Filigree Wide slab method is a process for construction of concrete floor decks from two
interconnected concrete placements, one precast in a factory, and the other done in the field. The method
was developed during the late 1960s by Harry H. Wise as a more efficient and economic construction
process than conventional cast-in-place technologies.
The system is designed as a one-way continuous span slab supported on continuous span beams. An
analysis of the slab take into account the width of the beams, as the deeper beams behave as slab
haunches, proving greater stiffness to the slab near a support.
The top reinforcement design for the slabs should be done at both the beam center lines, and at the beam
faces. This is because the negative slab moments are typically much less at a beam face, allowing a
reduction in the top reinforcement required.
GROUND FLOOR PARTITION OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations
IN SITU CAST CONCRETE HOLLOW SLAB FLIGREE SLAB
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING
EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 0 0 0 0 0
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 2 2 4 3 2 6 1 2 2
WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 90 92 91
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: HOLLOW SLAB
GROUND FLOOR FLOORING OPTIONS
Flooring
Floor tiles
Wooden floor
Carpet
Functional analysis
GROUND FLOOR FLOORING OPTIONS
Floor tiles
Material: clay, concrete
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies f. ex. -
100mmx100mm , 150mmx150mm
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very
U-value: Lambda 1.0 W/mK
Natural clay floor tiles have been used for centuries as a hard, durable floor surface and finish for both
domestic and agricultural ground floors. The two types of tile may be distinguished as floor quarries and
clay floor tiles. The word quarry is derived from the French ”carr”, meaning square.
Ceramic tiles are a popular choice of flooring due to their aesthetic appeal, as well as their durability and
easy care. Glazed ceramic tiles resist stains, odors and dirt and can be cleaned with a damp mop or
common household cleaners. A properly installed ceramic tile floor will outperform and outlast nearly any
other floor covering product created for the same application.
GROUND FLOOR FLOORING OPTIONS
Wooden floor
Material: varies
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: varies
Diffusion open/tight:
Moisture sensitive: varies
Danish approval:
Durability: varies
U-value: 0.18 W/mK
Natural wood floor finishes such as boards, strips and blocks are used for the advantage of the variety of
color, grain and texture of this natural material, which is warm, resilient, and comparatively quiet
underfoot.
Floorboards may be used as a floor surface to timber and to concrete floors. Either plain edge or tongued
and grooved boards are used. The boards are nailed to wood battens set in a screed or to battens secured
in floor clips. More usually, wood strip flooring is used , which are strips of hardwood or softwood of good
quality, specially selected so as to be particularly free of knots, are prepared in widths of 90mm or less
and 19, 21 or 28mm in thickness.
Wood block floor finish- Blocks of wood are used as a floor finish where resistance to heavy wear is
required, as in halls ,corridors and schools ,to provide a surface which is moderately resilient, warm and
quiet underfoot. An advantage of the comparatively thick blocks is that after wear the top surface may be
sanded to reduce the block to a level surface. The blocks are usually 229 to 305mm long by 75mm wide
by from 21 to 40mm thick and are laid on the floor in a bonded, herringbone or basket weave pattern.
GROUND FLOOR FLOORING OPTIONS
Carpet
Material: varies
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: poor
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval:
Durability:
U-value:
Carpet is commonly made in widths of 4m and 5m in Europe and it is fixed to a floor over a cushioned
underlay (pad) using nails, tack strips, adhesives, or occasionally decorative metal stair rods. For
environmental reasons, the use of wool, natural bindings, natural padding, and formaldehyde-free glues
is becoming more common. These options are almost always at a premium cost, though with no sacrifice
to performance.
Carpet is a warm floor covering that is very easy and fast to install, comes in many colors and designs &
it is also very good at acoustic dampening.
The disadvantages include that it doesn’t wear well, stains very easily, gathers dust & molds if exposed to
moisture.
GROUND FLOOR FLOORING OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
FLOOR TILES WOODEN FLOOR CARPET
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 6
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 2 6 2 2 4 1 2 2
EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 3 3 9 2 3 6
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 4
SUITABILITY 3 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 4
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
TOTAL 107 98 86
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL:FLOOR TILES
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
1. External walls
Brick-insulation-brick
Brick-insulation-clinker concrete
Brick-insulation-cellular concrete
Functional analysis
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Brick-insulation-brick
Material: Clay based bricks- insulation
material - clay based bricks.
Weight: 4.0 KN/ m2 + insulation.
Dimension: standard-228x108x54mm
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: high
U-value: varies
Heavy external walls are usually made as combination walls, i.e. a cavity wall where vertical load is
accepted by the inner leaf while resistance to wind load is established by the inner leaf and outer leaf in
combination. The outer leaf is usually a brick wall, while the inner leaf can be a brick wall.
More time consuming because of the brick work but provide good sound and heat insulation and most
importantly resistance to rain penetration.
The inner leaf made of bricks is very resistant to the vertical loads.
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Brick-insulation-cellular concrete
Material: Aerated concrete
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value: varies
It is a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both internal and external construction.
Besides AAC's insulating capability, one of its advantages in construction is its quick and easy installation,
because the material can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using standard carbon steel power tools.
It can be both blocks and wall panels.
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Brick-insulation-clinker concrete blocks
Material:
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value: varies
Concrete blocks are made from cast concrete, e.g. Portland cement and aggregate, usually sand and
fine gravel for high-density blocks. Lower density blocks may use industrial wastes as an aggregate.
Lightweight blocks can also be produced using aerated concrete.
Clinker blocks use clinker as aggregate. In non-technical usage, the terms cinder block and breeze block are
often generalized to cover all of these varieties.
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations
BRICK CELLULAR CONCRETE
CLINKER CONCRETE
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
AESTHETICS 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
TOTAL 107 113 113
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: CLINKER CONCRETE
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Brick walls
Material: brick
Weight: 168 mm wall-2.9 KN/m2
Dimension: varies (1/2 brick wall,
1+1/2 brick wall )
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: lambda-0,6 W/mK
A partition wall is a wall for the purpose of separating rooms, or dividing a room.
A load bearing internal wall is a wall carrying a vertical load from other building components such as roof
and storey partitions end should be constructed as 168 mm brick walls.
Partition walls may be constructed with bricks.
Brick partition walls are time consuming to build but sturdier than stud walls. They are sometimes left as
finished walls but are most commonly covered with plaster and painted or wall papered.
There are no requirements for heat insulation of internal walls between heated rooms.
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Concrete walls
Material: concrete
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value:
100 mm clinker concrete wall fulfil the requirements for BS building component 60 for storey heights up
to 2.6 m.
Easier and faster construction then masonry brick wall.
Can be left as a finished wall in areas such as garages and possibly basements, but in occupied rooms
would normally be finished with some sort of surface such as plaster.
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Stud walls
Material: Timber/steel studs,
insulation & plasterboard or similar
Weight: varies
Dimension: Wooden stud walls with
45 x 95 mm studs per 600 mm
Fire resistance: poor
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval:
Durability: poor
U-value:
A stud partition is an easy way to divide an internal room, it is really a temporary structure which can be
removed if the use of the area changes.
Steel stud walls clad with at least 12 mm plasterboard usually fulfil the requirements for non-bearing BD-
building component 3.
Very easy and quick to build but with low fire resistance.
GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
BRICK CONCRETE STUD WALL
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
AESTHETICS 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
TOTAL 110 113 95
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: CONCRETE
1ST FLOOR INSULATION OPTIONS
Insulation
Mineral wool
Polyurethane
Polystyrene
Functional analysis
1ST FLOOR INSULATION OPTIONS
Stone wool
Material: melted raw materials
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: Euroklasse A1
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: high
U-value: λD = 33 mW/mK
A unique feature of Rockwool stone wool products is their fire-resistant properties. Rockwool insulation
is made up of at least 95% stone wool and it has a melting point above 1,000 ºC. Because of its non-
combustibility, there is no contribution to the fire load within buildings. As a result, using Rockwool
insulation products in a building allows for improved fire safety.
Rockwool has developed a high alumina, low-silica stone wool to replace traditional stone wool (Guldberg
et al.; IARC Monograph). When tested on animals, this type of stone wool is found to be non-carcinogenic
(IARC Monograph; IARC Press Release; Kamstrup et al.): its chemical composition increases biosolubility
and results in a fast elimination of the fibers from the lungs. High-alumina, low-silica wool dissipates
approximately 10 times faster from the lungs than traditional stone wool (Guldberg et al.; IARC
Monograph).
Rockwool® insulation products are probably the most sustainable solution.
1ST FLOOR INSULATION OPTIONS
Polyurethane foam
Material: Polyurethane
Weight: 30kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: poor
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: high
U-value: lambda-0.026
Polyurethane foam has good thermal insulating properties, low moisture-vapor permeability, high
resistance to water absorption, relatively high mechanical strength and low density. In addition, it is
relatively easy and economical to install.
Foam can also be produced in situ by a variety of means, as follows:
It can be poured in place. This involves mixing the chemicals either manually or by mechanical means and pouring in open moulds or spaces where insulation is required. The mixture creates a foam and solidifies. If necessary, the solidified foam can be cut to the required size or shape.
It can be sprayed directly onto a solid surface using guns that mix and atomize the foam as it is being applied. For example, fish holds or tanks can be sprayed directly on the outside surface and inaccessible areas may be sprayed on and built up without the need of moulds. The foam will adhere to itself and most metals, wood and other materials. It can also be injected into a cavity (e.g. it can be used for moulded insulated boxes). Spray and injection techniques are becoming the most widely used for the installation of rigid polyurethane foam in ships and fishing vessels.
In frothing, the mixture of chemicals is dispensed partially pre-expanded, like an aerosol cream. Appropriate equipment, including an extra blowing agent, is required for immediate pre-expansion. The final phase of expansion takes place as the chemical reaction reaches completion. This technique is used when rigid foams/panels with a high strength-weight ratio are required
1ST FLOOR INSULATION OPTIONS
Polystyrene
Material: Polystyrene
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: flammable
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: Lambda 0.034-0.038W/m
Hard Polystyrene Foam Boards are insulation materials produced by molding sprayed styrene resin
polymerization under pressure (Extruded Polystyrene – XPS) or by pressing polystyrene grains into molds
expanded under steam or in hot water with the help of steam again (Expanded Polystyrene – XPS).
The most general usage area of polystyrene foam for heat insulation purposes are at Constructions; wall,
ceiling, roof and prefabricated elements
The reason Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is such a good insulating material is the millions of air pockets
which are formed when the blocks are molded. These pockets impede the flow of heat, making EPS an
excellent insulator -- keeping things cool in the summer and warm in the winter. High quality EPS wall
insulation is available in a variety of sizes. Sheets can be installed on the outside of wall framing or
between the studs as is currently being done in areas where flooding has become routine. Unlike
fiberglass insulation, EPS absorbs very little moisture and as soon as the source is removed will dry out
completely and quickly.
1ST FLOOR INSULATION OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfil the demands of the building
regulations
STONE WOOL POLYURETHANE POLYSTYRENE
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 0 0 0 0
AESTHETICS 0 0 0 0 0
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
TOTAL 95 91 94
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOISE OF MATERIAL: STONE WOOL
1ST FLOOR STOREY PARTITION OPTIONS
Storey partition options
Kerto beams
I beams
Lattice beams
functional analysis
1ST FLOOR STOREY PARTITION OPTIONS
Kerto beams
Material: Timber
Weight: 480 kg/m3
Dimension: 21-69mm
Fire resistance: 0,7-0,75 mm/min
Diffusion open/tight:
Moisture sensitive: Yes, should not
beexposed to moisture.
Danish approval: yes
Durability: Renewable and recyclable
U-value:
Kerto-beams combines excellent technical performance with ease of use. Its essential qualities include
strength, dimensional precision and stability. It is the ideal choice for beams whenever long spans are
required.
One of the notable features of Kerto-beam is that the grains run longitudinally through all the layers. The
finished panel is cross-cut and rip-sawn to order. Kerto-beam is normally supplied in the form of straight
beams but it can also be specially cut and shaped as required.
Environmentally friendly construction material Renewable and recyclable wood is a highly eco-effective
building material throughout its life cycle. Wood raw material comes from the sustainably managed and
PEFC-certified forests of Metsä Group's Finnish forest owner members, ensuring that the origin of the raw
material is traceable. The manufacture of wood products consumes small amount of energy and results
in low carbon dioxide and other emissions. In addition, wooden structures operate as carbon sinks. The
manufacturing is mainly based on renewable energy, and the energy and material efficiency of the
production processes is continuously being improved.
1ST FLOOR STOREY PARTITION OPTIONS
I-beams
Material: Timber
Weight: 4,2 - 5,4 kg/m
Dimension: Varies
Fire resistance: ?
Diffusion open/tight:
Moisture sensitive: Yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability: recyclable and renewable
Metsä Wood Finnjoists (FJI) are manufactured from high quality oriented strand board (OSB3) web, and
flanges made from our own Kerto laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Our engineered timber i-beam joists
deliver strength and rigidity, virtually eradicating floor movement and its associated problems, resulting
in greater floor performance.
Kerto is incredibly strong and dimensionally stable, and it does not distort or shrink. It derives its high
strength from the homogeneous bonded structure and is an excellent flange material. The end product is
an i-beam which is lightweight yet incredibly strong, resulting in a quick and reliable installation.
1ST FLOOR STOREY PARTITION OPTIONS
Lattice beams
Material: timber/steel
Weight:?
Dimension: various sizes
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight:
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability:
U-value:
“Metal-webs continue to win market share over the competition by simply being a better product” says
Karl. “Once converted to metal-web, many contractors and builders won’t go back to using products that
don’t have the advantages of metal web” he adds.
Metal-web joists are lightweight composite structural beams consisting of timber flanges joined by a
lattice of pressed steel connector plates. The result is a strong joist with plenty of space between the
timbers to accommodate wiring, pipework and other services.
Metal-web joists share the same nail-plate design concept as modern trussed rafters and have been seized
upon by truss manufacturers seeking a second string to their bow.
Developed a decade ago, initially as a total floor solution, the easi-joist® system offers excellent
versatility when designing floors, roofs, or walls. You can expect unrivalled performance from
minimal material usage, with fewer webs required and up to 20% less timber used.
1ST FLOOR STOREY PARTITION OPTIONS
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
Kerto beams I-beams Lattice beams
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC
AESTHETICS 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 6
AGEING RESSTANCE
AVAILABILITY 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
COMFORT 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 3
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3
EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF USE
FIRE RESSTANCE 1 3 3 2 3 6 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 1 3 3 2 3 6 2 3 6
IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
TOTAL 68 79 95
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: LATTICE BEAMS
1ST FLOOR WET ROOM MATERIAL OPTION
Wet room material options
tiles
linoleum
wood
vinyl
functional analysis
1ST FLOOR WET ROOM MATERIAL OPTION
Tiles
Material: ceramic or stone
Weight:
Dimension: 300-600 mm2
Fire resistance: Good
Diffusion open/tight: Tight
Moisture sensitive: No
Danish approval: Yes
Durability:
U-value: 1.0 W/mK
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,
generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively,
tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and
mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile
or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is
derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile
composed of fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex
mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing,
but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials,
and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than
on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.
1ST FLOOR WET ROOM MATERIAL OPTION
Linoleum
Material: rubber, polyvinyl chloride
Weight: 1200 kg/m3
Dimension: Comes in rolls
Fire resistance: not good, releases
toxic chemicals when burning.
Diffusion open/tight: T
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability:
U-value: 0,2 W/mK
Linoleum is a floor covering made from materials such as solidified linseed oil (linoxyn), pine rosin, ground
cork dust, wood flour, and mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, most commonly on a burlap or canvas
backing; pigments are often added to the materials.
The finest linoleum floors, known as 'inlaid', are extremely durable; they were made by joining and
inlaying solid pieces of linoleum. Cheaper patterned linoleum came in different grades or gauges, and
were printed with thinner layers which were more prone to wear and tear. High quality linoleum is flexible
and thus can be used in buildings where a more rigid material (such as ceramic tile) would crack.
Linoleum as a floor covering has been largely replaced with polyvinyl chloride (which is often colloquially
but incorrectly also called "linoleum"), which has similar properties of flexibility and durability, but which
has greater brightness and translucency and which is relatively less flammable. The fire-retardant
properties of PVC are due to chlorine-containing combustion products, some of which are highly toxic.
Dioxins are released by burning PVC.[3] While the polymer itself is generally considered safe, additives
such as plasticizers and unintentional impurities such as free monomers are considered a hazard by some:
see the health and safety section of the main PVC article for more information and references.
Because it is made of organic materials and is purportedly non-allergenic in nature, high quality linoleum
is still in use in many places (especially in non-allergenic homes, hospitals and health care facilities).
Linoleum tiles can be made to various designs and inlaid with various colors to form patterns reflecting
the shape and use of a room.
Linoleum is used in break dancing as an alternative to cardboard as it provides a large, slick and durable
surface.
1ST FLOOR WET ROOM MATERIAL OPTION
Vinyl
Material: polyvinyl chloride
Weight: 1390 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: Easy to set up, easy to
clean, non-toxic
U-value: 0,17 W/mK
Are you looking for an affordable way to bring new life to your floors? Then vinyl flooring might be the
solution you have been waiting for. Tough, durable, easy to clean and even easier to fit, vinyl flooring has
many advantages. Check out the Homebase range of colours and styles and see how versatile it can be.
With vinyl flooring bathroom spaces can have a waterproof base. Likewise, with vinyl kitchen surfaces are
easy to clean in the event any spillages occur - simply wipe down and it looks good as new. Vinyl flooring
tiles are easy to lay and stick down, allowing you to cover large spaces for little expenditure. Alternatively,
sheet vinyl flooring is simply cut to the required size with little fuss.
However you want your floors to look, whether you fancy a traditional or contemporary style, there is a
vinyl type to suit. As well as vinyl, Homebase also stocks a selection of carpet tiles and laminate flooring,
in addition to all the hand tools to help you lay your new floor. When it's this easy, there's no excuse not
to get the job done!
1ST FLOOR WET ROOM MATERIAL OPTION
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
Tiles Linoleum Vinyl
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
AGEING RESISTANCE 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
AVAILABILITY 3 2 6 2 2 4 3 2 6
COMFORT 2 3 6 1 3 3 3 3 9
COST 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF FITTING 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6
EASE OF USE 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 1 2 2 2 2 4
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 2 6 1 2 2 2 2 4
IMPACT PROOF 1 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 6
LOAD BEARING
NOISE RESISTANCE
PRESSURE RESISTANCE
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
TOTAL 103 75 104
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL:VINYL
1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR CLADDING
Exterior cladding
Wooden cladding
Slates cladding
Concrete
functional analysis
1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR CLADDING
WOODEN CLADDING
Material: timber
Weight:
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: low, but can be
impregnated with chemicals to
prevent burning
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: depends on
impregnation
Danish approval: yes
Durability: depends from the type of
the timber
U-value: 0,12-0,18 W/mK
Timber cladding provides a highly attractive and durable external finish which is renewable, reusable,
biodegradable and contains minimal embodied energy.
Russ wood have extensive experience in advising clients on material selection and careful detailing, which
are key to ensuring that every project looks fantastic, and meets its performance objectives.
From our sawmill in the Scottish Highlands we manufacture cladding to each client’s specification, with a
wide range of customization options including; species, profile, fire retardant treatment, size and grade.
We also have an in-house state-of-the-art coating facility, where we can vacuum coat cladding in the color
of your choice, in order to produce a consistent finish which will last.
1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR CLADDING
Slates cladding
Material: fine-grained, foliated,
homogeneous metamorphic rock
Weight: 2000-2800 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: renewable, recyclable,
very long lifetime
U-value: 2,2 W/mK
The principles of vertical slating are similar to those of roof slating generally, although substantially fewer
slates are required per square metre, as headlaps can be reduced to 50mm and sidelaps can also be
reduced.Installation is made quick and easy by using stainless steel nail hooks rather than nails to fix the
slates. By using shaped slates or slates having different colours or textures, striking decorative finishes can
be created on the façade of any development.
TEGRAL SLATES QUALITY & DURABILITY
All of our products have been tested using accelerated age testing techniques and provide a life
expectancy of over 60 years. They come with a 10 year colour stability guarantee, are frost resistant and
impermeable and therefore provide excellent weather resistance. They are resistant to insects, mould
damage, impact damage and are non-combustible (EN 13501-1) and UV stable. They are approved for use
by the BBA under Agreement Certificate No6/4346.
1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR CLADDING
Concrete finish
Material: concrete
Weight:
Dimension: comes in fluid form
Fire resistance: good, does not
release toxic chemicals and cannot be
set on fire
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability: can be recycled, long
lifetime
Concrete has been recorded in existence as long ago as 7,000BC. It was used by the ancient Egyptians and
the Romans used it to build the Colosseum and Hadrian's Wall. Throughout history, concrete has proven
itself to be a most flexible and durable construction material.
Today, modern technology has led to high performance concrete with super-tensile load qualities. Also,
by the substitution of Portland cement with fly ash (fa) or ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) in
the mix, the resulting concrete is stronger still and often used in bridges or in structures exposed to
corrosive sea salts.
Concrete's long life means that is more likely that a concrete building will come to the end of its life
because no further use can be found for it, rather than a case of the concrete having failed due to age. In
these cases, demolition is not always the automatic course. Structures can often be stripped back to their
concrete core, then rebuilt to new, contemporary specifications.
1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR CLADDING
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
Wooden cladding Slates cladding Concrete
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
COMFORT 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
COST 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
EASE OF CLEANING 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 4
EASE OF FITTING 2 2 4 3 2 6 1 2 2
EASE OF USE
FIRE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
IMPACT PROOF 3 2 6 1 2 2 1 2 2
LOAD BEARING
NOISE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 4
PRESSURE RESSTANCE
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 1 3 3 1 3 3
WATER RESSTANCE 2 2 4 3 2 6 2 2 4
TOTAL 93 83 81
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: WOODEN CLADDING
1ST FLOOR FLOORING MATERIAL OPTIONS
Flooring material
Wooden floor
Tiles
Vinyl
functional analysis
1ST FLOOR FLOORING MATERIAL OPTIONS
Wooden floor
Material: timber
Weight: 700 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: depends on the
impregnation
Diffusion open/tight: open/tight
Moisture sensitive: yes/no depends
Danish approval: yes
Durability: recyclable
U-value: 0,18 W/mK
Boral 19mm solid strip flooring is available in a wide variety of Australian hardwood species with a range
of Janka (hardness) ratings. Some species are subject to state availability.
The profile consistency across the entire 19mm solid strip flooring range provides mixed board width
design options and multi-directional board laying
The tongue and groove design includes a structural secret nail pocket designed to seat boards better
Blackbutt and Spotted Gum have a natural fire resistance. Their fire retarding properties, make them
suitable for use in many bushfire prone areas under Australian Standard AS3959.
Boral 19mm solid strip flooring can handle foot traffic as soon as it is laid, allowing for other trades on the
job before a final sanding and application of the finish
Solid hardwood floors are excellent for asthmatics as they do not harbour dust mites or other allergens
A timber sub-floor gives easy access to the underfloor for plumbing or ducted heating, or to repair wiring
Timber is one of the world’s few truly renewable resources
Building a sustainable future - Boral Timber hardwoods have full Chain of Custody certification aligned
with the Australian Forestry Standard (AFS)
1ST FLOOR FLOORING MATERIAL OPTIONS
Tiles
Material: ceramic or stone
Weight:
Dimension: 300-600 mm2
Fire resistance: Good
Diffusion open/tight: Tight
Moisture sensitive: No
Danish approval: Yes
Durability:
U-value: 1.0 W/mK
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,
generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively,
tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and
mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile
or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is
derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile
composed of fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex
mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing,
but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials,
and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than
on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.
1ST FLOOR FLOORING MATERIAL OPTIONS
Vinyl
Material: polyvinyl chloride
Weight: 1390 kg/m3
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: Easy to set up, easy to
clean, non-toxic
U-value: 0,17 W/mK
Are you looking for an affordable way to bring new life to your floors? Then vinyl flooring might be the
solution you have been waiting for. Tough, durable, easy to clean and even easier to fit, vinyl flooring has
many advantages. Check out the Homebase range of colours and styles and see how versatile it can be.
With vinyl flooring bathroom spaces can have a waterproof base. Likewise, with vinyl kitchen surfaces are
easy to clean in the event any spillages occur - simply wipe down and it looks good as new. Vinyl flooring
tiles are easy to lay and stick down, allowing you to cover large spaces for little expenditure. Alternatively,
sheet vinyl flooring is simply cut to the required size with little fuss.
However you want your floors to look, whether you fancy a traditional or contemporary style, there is a
vinyl type to suit. As well as vinyl, Homebase also stocks a selection of carpet tiles and laminate flooring,
in addition to all the hand tools to help you lay your new floor. When it's this easy, there's no excuse not
to get the job done!
1ST FLOOR FLOORING MATERIAL OPTIONS
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
Wooden floor Tiles Vinyl
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
COMFORT 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 2 6 3 2 6 2 2 4
EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 3 2 6 2 2 4
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 1 2 2
IMPACT PROOF 3 2 6 1 2 2 3 2 6
LOAD BEARING
NOISE RESSTANCE
PRESSURE RESSTANCE
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3
WATER RESSTANCE 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 3
TOTAL 105 87 76
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL:WOODEN FLOOR
1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS
Ceiling options
gypsum board
wooden ceiling
plastered ceiling
Fermacel
functional analysis
1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS
Gypsum board
Material: gypsum
Weight: 7kg/m2
Dimension: 13x900x2400mm
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: yes
Danish approval: yes
Durability: poor
U-value:
Gypsum is a cementious material composed of at least 70% of CaSO4 2H2O by weight. It is a main
ingredient of many building products.
This product consists of a core of set gypsum surfaced with specifically manufactured paper firmly bonded
to the core. It is designed to be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings, or partitions and
provides a surface suitable to receive either paint or paper.
Gypsum board is extensively used in ‘‘drywall’’ construction, where plaster is eliminated. It is also available
with one surface covered with aluminum or other heat-reflecting type of foil, or with imitation woodgrain
or other patterns on the exposed surface so that no additional decoration is required.
The types of gypsum board generally available include wallboard, backing board, core board, fire-resistant
gypsum board, water-resistant gypsum board, gypsum sheathing, and gypsum form board.
1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS
Wooden ceiling
Material: made of pine, larch or oak
Weight: 500 kg/m3
Dimension: standard size 85-100 x 18-
20 mm, length up to 6m
Fire resistance: class 2 cladding
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing
U-value:
Wood is the best choice of a material, when it comes to indoor and outdoor habitable climate.
High-technological manufacturing.
Quality controlled production.
Controlled moisture content 8-12% .
Constant fire class product quality.
Can be coloured.
Internal cladding is generally manufactured out of pine. Cladding made of larch and oak – only by the
customer request.
Benefits
Ceilings of wood molding and profile boards are cheap.
Wooden ceilings are quick and easy to set up.
Wooden ceilings are light and therefore does not put special demands on loft constructions
strength.
1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS
Plastered ceiling
Material: made of pine, larch or oak
Weight: 500 kg/m3
Dimension: standard size 85-100 x 18-
20 mm, length up to 6m
Fire resistance: good
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: Easy to set up, easy to
clean, non-toxic
U-value: 0,17 W/mK
Appropriate for older homes, which are kept in the original style. It is easy to clean as it can be washed
over with a damp cloth.
Drawbacks
A plastered ceiling is more difficult and time consuming to set up than a plaster ceiling.
A plastered ceiling is substantially more expensive than a plaster ceiling.
A plastered ceiling is plastered with mortar the same way you can polish the facade of a house.
Plastered ceilings are gradually mostly in older homes and apartments. The plastered ceilings
are becoming rarer and rarer, because it is quite difficult and time consuming to establish it.
Older plastered ceilings are often cracks.
It is not cheap to establish a plastered ceiling. You'll count on about 1,000 kr. Incl.VAT per. square meter
(May 2008). It takes about three times as long to set up a plastered ceiling as it takes to put a plaster
ceiling up.
1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS
Fermacell
Material: gypsum and cellulose fibers
recycled from waste paper
Weight: 1100-1200 kg/m3
Dimension: thickness 10-18mm,
Fire resistance: non-flammable
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: moderate
U-value:
Fermacell is made from gypsum and recycled paper fibres. These two natural raw materials are mixed
with water, without any other binders being added. The mixture is then pressed into stable boards under
high pressure, dried, coated with a water repellent, and cut to the required sizes. The gypsum reacts with
the water, penetrating and enveloping the fibers. This produces high stability and non-combustibility.
Because of their material composition, fermacell boards are suitable for general construction, fire
protection, and wet rooms.
Fermacell gypsum board offers installers speed and flexibility as no wet trades are needed on site as a
skim plaster type finish with Fermacell Fine Surface Treatment (FST) can be achieved without the need for
plastering.
1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations
Gypsum board
ceiling Wooden ceiling
Plastered ceiling Fermacell
P F M P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
COMFORT
COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6 3 0
HEAT RESISTANCE
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
LOAD BEARING
NOISE RESSTANCE
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
TOTAL 106 97 97 94
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL:GYPSUM BOARD
1ST ROOF CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
Roof construction
cold roof
warm roof
inverted roof
functional analysis
1ST ROOF CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
Cold roof
Material: Mineral wool, roof finish,
timber, roofing tiles
Weight: varies
Dimension:
Fire resistance: R60 (REI)
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing
U-value: 0,15 W/mK
A cold roof or a ventilated roof is often constructed of timber or timber based materials, where over the
insulation materials is a ventilated cavity. The temperature inside will be lower than the temperature
inside the building.
Advantages: by ventilating the construction the water can vapor if a crack in the construction occurred.
1ST ROOF CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
Warm roof
Material: Mineral wool, roof finish,
timber, roofing tiles
Weight: varies
Dimension:
Fire resistance: R60 (REI)
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing
U-value: 0,15 W/mK
The warm roof is characterized by, that the insulation is laid direct on top of the load bearing structure, and is without ventilation openings. The roof construction will then have the same temperature as room below. The construction is characterized by having a very little – and therefore harmless – supply of moisture from the room underneath. The moisture does not need to be removed by ventilation. With this construction you are expanding the living space in the house by providing insulated area in the
attic.
1ST ROOF CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
Inverted roof
Material: Mineral wool, roof finish,
timber, roofing tiles
Weight: varies
Dimension:
Fire resistance: R60 (REI)
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: long standing
U-value: 0,15 W/mK
Inverted roof is characterized by that the roof covering is laid under the insulation layer, most of the
surface water will be from above the insulation, but a small part will run down between the insulation
joints. The advantage with this construction is that the roof covering lies protected from high temperature
differences and ultraviolet rays, underneath the insulation.
Insulation capability will be reduced with 10 – 15% because of water penetration/evaporation into the
insulation. The layer of insulation is protected by placing protective fiber sheet, opened for water
penetration.
The insulation must be fixed to prevent wind suction by placing layer of gravel or stones on top of the
insulation.
1ST ROOF CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations
Cold roof Inverted roof Warm roof
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC
AESTHETICS 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 6
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
DURABILITY 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
EASE OF CLEANING 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
LOAD BEARING 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
NOISE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
TOTAL 93 96 101
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF CONSTRUCTION: WARM ROOF
1ST ROOF INSULATION OPTIONS
Roof insulation
Celotex(PIR)
polystyrene
Thermisol Titan Slimline
functional analysis
1ST ROOF INSULATION OPTIONS
Celotex(PIR)
Material Rigid polyurethane foam
Weight: varies
Dimension: 1200mm x 600mm
Thickness (mm): 50, 100, 120, 130,
140, 150
Fire resistance: REI 45
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very good after installation
U-value: 0,025-0,027 W/mK
PIR insulation is a new type of wall insulation made of rigid boards covered with multi-layer aluminum foil
on both sides, increasing the insulating ability.
PIR insulation has a lower U-value and helps to slim down exterior walls, increasing the habitable floor
space: “Insulation the slim way”.
With their optimal insulating performance, insulation materials made of rigid polyurethane foam
(PUR/PIR) are very versatile.
The products range from insulation boards for roofing, walls, floors and ceilings, to window frame
insulation and foam sealants, through to metal-faced sandwich panels for industrial buildings.
Danish Building Industry Energy Award winner.
In addition the products can cope with light foot traffic or loading which is an important consideration in
flooring and flat roofing applications.
1ST ROOF INSULATION OPTIONS
Polystyrene
Material: Polystyrene
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: flammable
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: Lambda 0.034-0.038W/m
Polystyrene insulation for flat roofs comes in two forms – expanded and extruded.
Expanded polystyrene is made up of polystyrene mixed with a foaming agent. When exposed to heat the
material expands and traps warmth. It has a thermal resistance value of 3.80.
Extruded polystyrene is made of polystyrene that is heated, exposed to atmospheric conditions and then
expanded. Its thermal resistance value is 5, making it a good choice for your
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) stands the test of time, and EPS roof insulation is a proven performer in
roofing applications. Field studies of EPS roof installations that are 20 to 25 years old and older show that
EPS roofing insulation performs well in roof applications.
EPS roof insulation U-values remain stable over its entire life
1ST ROOF INSULATION OPTIONS
Thermisol Titan Slimline
Material: Rigid polyurethane foam
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: REI45
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval: yes
Durability: very good
U-value: Lambda 0.023W/m
Thermisol Titan Slimline is a new type of wall insulation made of rigid PIR insulation boards covered with
multi-layer aluminum foil on both sides, increasing the insulating ability.
20 mm of mineral wool can been glued on one side to render the board even more airtight.
Titan Slimline has a lower U-value and helps to slim down exterior walls, increasing the habitable floor
space: “Insulation the slim way”.
With their optimal insulating performance, insulation materials made of rigid polyurethane foam
(PUR/PIR) are very versatile.
The products range from insulation boards for roofing, walls, floors and ceilings, to window frame
insulation and foam sealants, through to metal-faced sandwich panels for industrial buildings.
Danish Building Industry Energy Award winner
1ST ROOF INSULATION OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
Celotex (PIR) Polystyrene Termisol Titan
Slimline
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
AESTHETICS 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 6
AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 6
COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
DURABILITY 2 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
HEAT RESISTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
IMPACT PROOF 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 2 2 4 3 2 6
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 2 3 6 3 2 6 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
TOTAL 98 104 114
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: TERMISOL
WINDOW FRAME OPTIONS
Window frames
Aluminum clad and wood
Wood
Vinyl
WINDOW FRAME OPTIONS
Wood
Material: wood
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: bad
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: varies
Wood window frames insulate relatively well, but they also expand and contract in response to weather
conditions. Wood frames also require regular maintenance.
WINDOW FRAME OPTIONS
Aluminium clad and wood
Material: Wood and aluminium
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: avarege
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: good
U-value: varies
Aluminum-clad wood windows offer the extreme strength and durability of aluminum frame windows and
the warm comforting aesthetics of real wood.
With proper care and maintenance, aluminum-clad windows can last for decades
WINDOW FRAME OPTIONS
Vinyl
Material: PVC
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: good
U-value : varies
Vinyl window frames are usually made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with ultraviolet light (UV) stabilizers to
keep sunlight from breaking down the material. Vinyl window frames do not require painting and have
good moisture resistance. The hollow cavities of vinyl frames can be filled with insulation, which makes
them thermally superior to standard vinyl and wood frames.
WINDOW FRAME OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
WOOD +
ALUMINUIM WOOD VINYL
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
TOTAL 107 107 110
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: VINYL
WINDOW GLAZING OPTIONS
Glazing
Gas fills
Insulated
Low-emissivity coatings
WINDOW GLAZING OPTIONS
Gas fills
Material: gas
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value: varies
To improve the thermal performance of windows with insulated glazing, some manufacturers fill the space
between the panes with inert gas -- commonly argon or krypton -- that has a higher resistance to heat
flow than air.
WINDOW GLAZING OPTIONS
Insulated
Material: air gap
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value: varies
Insulated window glazing refers to windows with two or more panes of glass. To insulate the window, the
glass panes are spaced apart and hermetically sealed, leaving an insulating air space. Insulated window
glazing primarily lowers the U-factor, but it also lowers the SHGC ( solar heat gain coefficient ).
WINDOW GLAZING OPTIONS
Low-emissivity coatings
Material: thin metal layer
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance: very high
Diffusion open/tight: open
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: very durable
U-value: varies
Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings on glazing or glass control heat transfer through windows with insulated
glazing. Windows manufactured with low-e coatings typically cost about 10% to 15% more than regular
windows, but they reduce energy loss by as much as 30% to 50%.
A low-e coating is a microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layer deposited directly
on the surface of one or more of the panes of glass. The low-e coating lowers the U-factor of the window,
and different types of low-e coatings have been designed to allow for high solar gain, moderate solar
gain, or low solar gain. A low-e coating can also reduce a window's VT unless you use one that's
spectrally selective.
WINDOW GLAZING OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
GAS FILLS INSULATED LOW-
EM.COATING
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
AGEING RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 75 78 75
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: INSULATED
GRAND OPENING DOOR OPTIONS
Grand opening material
wooden door
steel door
fiberglass-composite door
aluminum door
GRAND OPENING DOOR OPTIONS
Wooden door
Material: wood
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: varies
Entry doors must be tough enough to withstand wind, rain, scorching sun, and would-be intruders, yet
handsome enough to make a good first impression. Unfortunately, meeting those needs is a tall order for
many front doors.
Wood doors are the most common. Versatility and beauty are their strong suit. Natural-finish stock and
custom wood doors come in oak, cherry, walnut, mahogany, maple, fir, and pine. You'll also find paint-
grade doors in several softwood varieties, such as pine and western hemlock.
Many stock wood doors are a sandwich of wood-veneer skins over an engineered-wood core. This
configuration minimizes the expansion and contraction that cause warping.
GRAND OPENING DOOR OPTIONS
Steel door
Material: steel, wood and foam
insulation
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: varies
A steel door is your best bet if security and durability are top priorities. Steel units are stronger than wood
or fiberglass doors, and they won't crack or warp. Any dents or dings on these doors can be pulled and
puttied with an auto-body repair kit.
Steel doors also cost the least.
All steel doors have an inner frame made of wood or, for greater strength, steel. The cavities within the
frame are filled with high-density foam insulation. Premium doors typically have a 24-gauge skin and a
steel frame, though some offer heavier-gauge steel (represented by a lower number). The surface usually
is smooth or has an embossed wood-grain pattern.
Most steel doors are coated with a baked-on polyester finish that requires periodic repainting. Premium
versions get a vinyl coating similar to the one on vinyl-clad windows for greater weather resistance. Some
even have a stainable wood-fiber coating or, on really high-end versions, a laminated-wood veneer.
GRAND OPENING DOOR OPTIONS
Fiberglass-composite door
Material: fiberglass, wood and foam
insulation
Weight: varies
Dimension: varies
Fire resistance:
Diffusion open/tight: tight
Moisture sensitive: no
Danish approval:
Durability: durable
U-value: varies
Fiberglass-composite doors are tough and maintenance-free, and are a smart choice for harsh or humid
climates. They mimic the look of wood with wood-grain texturing and can be stained to match oak, cherry,
walnut, and a variety of other woods. Beneath their molded surface is a framework of wooden stiles and
rails, including wood edges for the lockset. Voids in the framework are filled with polyurethane-foam
insulation.
Fiberglass-composite doors carry long warranties. For example, Pease Industries backs its models for as
long as you own the house. But because installation affects longevity, these lengthy warranties usually
come only on complete entry systems that include the frame.
GRAND OPENING DOOR OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
WOODEN
DOOR STEEL DOOR FIBERGLASS COMPOSITE
DOOR
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC 0 0 0 0 0
AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0
COST 1 3 3 2 3 6 3 3 9
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
FIRE RESSTANCE 1 3 3 2 3 6 2 3 6
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0
NOISE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6
SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
TOTAL 108 120 120
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: FIBERGLASS COMPOSITE DOOR
INTERIOR DOOR OPTIONS
INTERIOR DOOR OPTIONS
STAIRCASE OPTIONS
Stairs
Steel Stairs
Wooden stairs
Glass stairs
Functional analysis
STAIRCASE OPTIONS
Steel Stairs
Material: Steel
Weight: Varies
Dimensions: Varies
Fire resistance: BD 60
Diffusion tight/open: Tight
Moisture sensitive: No
Danish approval: Yes
Durability: Long standing
U-value: -
Steel Stairs can be manufactured to any width, rise and going in accordance with the Technical Building Regulations. Steel stairs are without any doubt the strongest stairs with their greatest asset being that they take a while to burn or melt in a fire. Steel stairs also have great benefits for structural strength in different forms of fabrication. Steel stairs
can be made longer and stronger than wood stairs therefore the distance between the two floors can be
further apart.
STAIRCASE OPTIONS
Wooden stairs
Material made of: usually oak,
mahogany and sometimes pine
Weight: Varies
Dimensions: Varies
Fire resistance: Low
Diffusion tight/open: -
Moisture sensitive: Yes
Danish approval: Yes
Durability: Good
U-value: -
Timber wooden staircases are generally commonly used as a result of distinct reasons.
Timber stairs are constructed with hardwood; consequently, they’re sturdy as well as tough.
They are a decorative feature of any home.
Timber wooden staircases include the cheapest set of staircases to locate, this also relies within the sort
of wood used.
Wood might be carved or maybe cut straight into distinct shapes as well as designs; as a result, they can
be flexible enough when installing.
STAIRCASE OPTIONS
Glass stairs
Material : Glass +steel/ aluminium
Weight: Varies
Dimensions: Varies
Fire resistance: Good
Diffusion tight/open: Tight
Moisture sensitive: No
Danish approval: Yes
Durability: Long standing
U-value: -
Glass stairs create an exclusive look in any setting and the glass treads combine brilliantly with other materials. In fact, glass stairs offer you a wealth of possibilities. By combining different materials, a glass staircase will fit into both a residential or a business space, as well as into a modern or classic interior.
Glass stairs make good use of a number of the overall properties and characteristics of glass. For example,
you can see through glass and it also lets the light in. It keeps its shape in a whole range of temperatures,
enjoys unlimited availability, resists scratches, is good for the environment and comes in various
dimensions and thicknesses. Glass also has a high level of tensile flexing strength, which makes it very
attractive for making stairs out of glass. Glass stairs can be produced in a variety of models, just like other.
STAIRCASE OPTIONS
Functional analysis
Functional analysis
All materials fulfill the demands of the building
regulations
STEEL STAIR WOODEN STAIR GLASS STAIR
P F M P F M P F M
ACOUSTIC
AESTHETICS 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9
AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COMFORT 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6
DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF CLEANING
EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
EASE OF USE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9
HEAT RESISTANCE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9
IMPACT PROOF 3 2 6 3 2 6 2 2 4
LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
NOISE RESSTANCE
PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9
SUITABILITY 2 3 6 3 2 6 3 3 9
WATER RESSTANCE
TOTAL 108 105 115
P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK
1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF
2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important
3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important
CHOICE OF MATERIAL: GLASS STAIR