TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. A Guide to Burning Your Woodstove Efficiently (yellow)

2. Update on Wood Smoke (gray)

3. Responsible Wood Burning Policy (blue)

4. Wood Burning Appliances .•. By-Law examples (salmon)

5. BC Waste Management Act. of 1994 (white)

Prepared by: •••..•.• Reid HarveyCertified Wood Energy Technician (WETT #4767)

A GUIDE TO 8URNING YOUR WOODSTOVE EFFICIENTLY(Taken from a newsletter prodUced by the Creston Valley I>JrQuality Committee & East KootenayEnvironmental Society).

We cannot change the tQpography of our valley or reduce weath$r-related Inversions. Thispamphlet will do litUeto reduce other forms of pollution in our valley such as baCk yard burning,road dust, auto exhaust, or field and forest bUrning. Those com:ems me being addressed. But Inthe spirit of "fNery liUJebit counts," our groups (HPBACNVETBC) hope to reduce the particulatecount which escalates in the winter due to wood burning.

Because the stove owner will gain more heat from properly burned wood, thus saving money andhard labour, everyone will benefit from following wood burning procedures which cut smokeem'Issions to acceptable levels.

WHERE THERE IS SMOKE, THERE IS A POOR FIRE.•..No wood fire should smoke, not even a campfire! Innovative research has transfonned the trustyold wood heater from a clunky black box into a modem appliance that can enjoy pride of place intoday's homes. You should see virtually no smoke coming out of your chimneyl With seasonedwood In a propeny managed modem stove, the emissions will be 90 PERCENT LESS smokethan the old "airtighr. This means you will need one-thlrd less wood for the same amount of heal

WHArs WRONG WITH A 81T OF WOOD SMOKE? ....I>Jrpollution is not just what spews out of factories and auto exhaust pipes. Smoke curling out ofchimneys does not look like ponution. But, in reality, that smoke contains the following potentialpollutants: carbon monoxide, particulates, oxides of nitrogen, fonnaldehyde, and hydro carbons.We knoW these to be respiratory Irritants. Dry wood is approximately 50% cellulose and 60%lignins, oils, fats, resins, waxes, and tars. The pollUtants contaminate our air when these organicmolecules leave the stove unburned. The rnost prudent strategy Is to REDUCE exposure bylimiting emissions.Old and inefficient wood stoves pose a threat to Indoor air quality as well as polluting theatmosphere. Old stoves will leak smoke and gases, often apparent from the pleasant aroma ofwood smoke, inside the homes in which they are used. The biggest concern is with chUdren.Exposure to wood smoke indoors would rank on par with the risk associated with second·handtobacco smoke.

UPGRADE YOUR STOVE! •...Maybe it's time to retire or upgrade that old "smoker". Upgrading your stove is a great energysaver. Wood stoves that meet modern standards (EPA) are approximatety 70 to 75% efficienllncontrast, the old generation "alrtighr heaters and/or barrel type stoves were perhaps 40%efficient which means that much of your fuet is going up and out the chimney as smoke, Woodburns In a complex manner, with the incomplete combustion products coming off the woodremote from the location of the flame. In conventionai airtight stoves, a large amount of volatileincomplete combustion products (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates and creosote)escape the burning process. New designs employ advanced combustion techniques to reducethe amount of Incomplete combustion products and increase efficiency. Today's new b~ ofadvanced heaIars bum so clean that chirnney fires have become a thing of the past (an addedbenefit to using a modern EPA stove).

CLEARING THE AIR ABOUT WOOD HEATING ....Wood is not Inherentiy a dirty fuel causing serious air pollution. Old simple burners could not bumwood completety. Today's new generation of wood burning appliances produce no visible smoke(except during start up and fresh fuel reload) and use leSswood than the older stoves. Improvedtechnotogy has cut emissions (smoke) by up to 90% compared with "old" equipment.

(over)

Page 2

SUMMARy ....The benefits of using an EPA certified wood stove (and/or upgrading to one) are:

1. Up to 90% fewer emissions/particulates into the local air shed2. A third (or more) LESS wood consumed.•....... saves money and labour3. SigniflC8nUyreduced chance of chimney fires ..•... .makes insurance companies and fire

, chiefs happier4. Greenhouse gas (caIbon) NEUTRAL5. Wood is a renewab!e rasource (when properly maneged) ...•.. fossil fuels are a depleting

rasource6. Wood can be an inexpensive means of home heating in lower income rural areas, and

requires NO POWER

An interesting statistic ...•.......... The PM10 pollution from ONE old woodstove. emitting 60grams/hOulSof PM10 equals that of TEN EPA certified stoves (averaging 6 grams/hour PM10). orthat of THREE THOUSAND gas fumaces - producing the same amount of heal

Submitlecl by••••...•.••. Reid Harvey (WETBC #4767)Chairman of the BC Wood Stove Change Out CommitteePast Director (9 years) ofWETBCMember in good standing of HPBACPresenter of "Bum it Smart" consumer work shops throughout the interior of

BC and for Insurance Companies

..

~ Update onWoOaTSmolii~EI.rIiSSi~Bsf()r,Bf€.

Stove ComparisonsBefore and After EPA Legislations

EFFICIENCYConventIonal Average

Uncsrtmed Woodstove Certified WOodstove

tons in the U.s. And both.lhelair and the earth benefir,.beeausethe agency sa>:stha~~u~~t aamelive-year Petiod,7OQ,OOOfewer cords afWood will be bUrned•.

6 g/hr

42g/.hrso-45-35-30-25-20-15-10-5-0-

100-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-.10-0-

When did emissions·legislation start?

Oregon and Colorado got the ball rolliDg~ the mid-80s.From Oregon's $t8tewide emissions standard, the EPAmodelledits own legislation in 1988. 10 make the transition easier onmanufacturers and retailers, they implemenlcd legislation in twophases.

. AJ.r.erluly 1, 1~ Phase nwent into dfect,and retailerScould only display and· sell eatalytic. appliances with a maxi-mum emissions level oC 4.1 and noncats that release no morethan 7.s grams per hour. In ~. C. nO legislation is in effect yetbut B.C. manufacturers .and distributors have met with the B.C..MinIstIy of Environment in Angust of Ibis year. The industrYinB.C. supports regulation like the EPA standard in the U.s. The

Why was emissions r~ulationimplemented?:·:

The goal i. to reduce the unwanted pollulants i" woodsmoke Cromwoodbuming ,a!'pUant·c.<fn"'llhn.'C pound 10half aJlIIUndeach day. Smoke <'(1nlai". polycyclic oll,'ani<'materia"(POM), polycydic amn1atic hydrncarhons (pAH) and <,.rho,fn.10noxidc.The EPA•."imate. Ihal. live years afler implementa-1111" oflho.·sland.rd.lhesc suhsla"n·.will h,' n'dut·,'tIhy 43f1./K)(J

Many peopl~ in the wood stove industl")'. a:nd.consumers. need an update ontthe wood-

. smoke issue in British Columbia, Lots of the publichave the mistaken belief that wood SIOVesor woodbomiag fire-places are goiDgto be banned in B.C. The news is Cullof ieportsabout the need to reduce the production of the S<H:alledgreen-bouse gases. When their atmospheric concentration increases,these gases, mainly carbon dioxide; cause Ihe average globalIcmperalurc to rise with porcntially disastrous resullS~Fuel bUm-jag is the main cause of the increased levels oC atmospheric car-bondw~d~ .

Wood, however, diffeis from the f0SS11fuels such as 'oiland gas because it is a renewable tUel.As a tree grows, it absorbscarbon dio~de from the air and stores it in the wood as carbon.This carbon makes up aboul balf of the weight of wood. Whenwood is humed, carbon dioxide is released 'agaillto the almos-phere. The same amount oC caIbon dio~de would be released iC

. the tree died and were 'Ieft to rot Onthe forest Door.OUrforestscan be a pelpClual source oC fuel provided they are cared for andmanaged properly•. It's Cai.rto' say that the wood stove industIy has c:banIted

"",,, more dynamically and invested, proportionaJely,more in research.' J and desiltll (in the.shortest period of time) than almost any other

i~uSIrV in North America. Today's certified wood heatiag ap-1!bancesDravide stove shoppers a superior selection oC ptoduclSthat are not onl .cleanbumi but saCerand IItOreeflicientthanever before. In Unircd Stares, !A ase -ce stoves haveto be sold and about 90% of 'the stoves sold in B.c. meet theEPA's stringent limits..

In-home testing proves that this new generation of healershavc a 101more goiag for them than' clean born. "Real world"studies show thev reduce pollution by as 1ICreCDt,at an avenge .

. , oC just six grams or less of partiClilalcemissions per hour. (Thisis especially significant when you compare those six grams wilhIbe 4O-plu$grams released by IIncertified stoves.) They also re-

, ducevour cordwood cost by 25 1033 percent comDaredto fueluse oCconventional woodbumil\l1:appllJlnces.Andcreosote,wIIlchcauses a significant number of chimney fires each year, is re-duced by 90 percent. Olher beuefits include cleaner viewiag glasswith refined airwash systems, easier overnight burtlS witbout"starving" the fire, and less maintenance and loading. EvenIhough EPAcet1ificalion has some very clear benefits, few peo-ple arc really clear on how EPA affects them in B.C. Here·are

. the answers to some of tbe mosl frcquemly asked qucslions.a"~

·r'·"... - .

:-c;anaclju Standa~ Assoclatici~bU,~~ •••dQp~!I woodsmoke . J;fQwcan .I,be ,sure an.EPAst9ve .,, aliisSion standarclWhich':emullitejf~J;!PAistandard., .' ····;.~.:.iJlbonrcl' 1''-'' ,i,'.: ,>.·.~r·,' .. A'-.' c, . , . ''';'~';'''>-;'_+¥''t, '0' <'1.~1_. J.I ,.' ' '.ean .1," . "}'{<J ': . Vfii6Do all WOOdbU-:r1

~'n.appliances Wlthdl)',scasonedwood,pro~instaDation,opciatiODand

maJnlenallCe,aUEPA-certifiCclappliuccs bumdeanly. The EPA,.hav~to be certlfl ? ..', confirms this with Random. Complianee Audits perfoDDCdat'·;;;'In:JhCU1i.A.'thc 8DsW~fs1u6;':·J.'Jie~EPAhiisdefined eer-, , '-manufaetnring facillities,which test ~to'cmiiue cacli appli-tain characteristics such as aiitj)'tu~ria1i<randui1it weight which IDeesolerlives up to ilSclean bum d8ims. 'determine what wiU and will DOtbe tested and eertifi~. Appli-IllCeSthat faDoutside of this abox"' include cookstoves, boilClS,furnaces', masonry stoves and fireplaces, and some pellet stovesand fireplaces. Some of these ~on-affccted facilities" bum asclean, or cleaners, than EPA-certifi~ products; they just faUoutside the agency's dtfinilioU; .along with Coal and gas appli-ances. Appliances purchased befOl'"1!'!!9&Ienot affecte!f.. ".' '."' ... - .. ,,-.,":".•...

Is it true that I have to,buy acatalytic stove to own an EPAapproved woodbuming appliance?

. No. Both catalylic and DoncatalYlicmodels meet their re-spective EPA PhaseU standards, ,and each otter low emissionsand otherumque benefits. . ~,_>'

Why are there two standardsinstead of one?'

The EPA set separate standards for catalytic andDOncatalyticstoves because, over time, a catalytic combustor'seffectiveness diminishes slightly before it's time for it to be re-)!Iaeed. The tougher catalylic standard is designed to aUowfor

, that process, while ensuring that bolll 'Catalyticand DOnC8talylicstoves bum at acceptable emissions levels.

Can I burn an EPA Phase II certifiedappliance during bUrnl;Jans?

Yes. While about 40 areas in thCVS wilb poor qualily banuncertiQed Stove U$C. wben pollution i~ ate high, you can.

. burn an EPAPhase n certifi~d bealer. This is true in almost allareas of the U.s. The only exception is during severe pollutionepisodes, when all burning is banned locally. In Cranbrook B. C.they bave a 'wOOdsmoke curtailment progrant which is a volun-teer program that monilors minislry of environn1cnl equip\Dentand tbe local wealber for indications of a temperature inversion.When an inversion looks ema,nale, Cranbrook citizens are asked10 use heat sources other than wood and the programs seems tobe walking. The town of Comox on Vancouver Island has beeneducat~ on the EPAstandard and bas implemented a volunteerbylaw reCommendingEPA The City of Prince Oeol!:e is ",quir-inlt that all wood beaters after January 1, 1995 in ncw bomeconstmction be EPAcertified.

Are woodstoves the biggest causeof the Woodsmoke emissionsproblem? ,

No. The amount of aw&ste"that·is cum:ndy eilher burnedas ~slash" or in lIIesawmill "beebive burners" is 1ID8CCCptable.The Environmental Waste Management department of SnlithezSperformc!i a survey during 1989190 examining the use ofwoodstoves and the problem of woodsmoke in the community.The resullS of the survey concluded that woodstoves were re-sponsible for a mere 4 percent of tbe wood volume bumed in thearea in qutS!ion. Beehive bumers ofwood waSlt &Iethe lugest.single smm:e of paniculatemaner in the Prince Oeorge air.Theyrepresent 38% of aUPrince George area PMI0particuiate cm1s-sioDs.(Particulate 'emissions of 10 micron sizt-or Jess). 'lbCy arealso a significant sou,ce of CO2 enlissions.lJitheWiDiams Lake

. area, woociwastepteViouslybalDed in beehive burners will DOWbe directed to a modem c:o--generationfacility. This Plant pF'\duces dectrical power with very low particulate emissions..AJcording to the proponenlS of I»-gCDCfltion,the facility wouldbe viable em.its own ifBC Hydro were to pay the avoided cost ofnew power production for this I»-gCDCfltionpower. The B.C.envifQDD1CDlministry's policy is to phase out all bcCbivebum-'CISby 1995 in those areas already affected by wood smoke, by1998 for induStries not in close proldnlity to a community andby 200S for industries in remote locations.

.What Gets Certified? .In the u.s.A., new residential wood bealers that meet the

following crileria must be lested and certifi~dlo'theE1>A'sPhasenemissions standards befote.they can be sold. The EPAdetinesa wood heater as an enclosed woodbuming applianec used forspare beating that bas: .• an air-to-fueJ ratio averaging Jess lllan3S to 1.• a firebox that measures leSs than 20 cubic feet in volume.• a minimum bum rate under S kgJ hour.• a maximum weight of Je.~sthan 800 kilograms (1,760

pounds).

.For more InConnotion on these Issues contact:Wayne Rourke, Norlhwesl Sioves lJd.

5505 - ~ STREET. lANGLEY; B.C. V4W3W1Phone (604) 857*1&. Fax ItIU4)~/-

Can I still burn myoid stove?Yes, we don't have 4cbum haris" or "'no-hurn niglus .•.. in

B.C_ but it would certainly be a gOlld idea I•• up!,!tadc In "cicanburning EPA Slove.

Responsible Wood Burning Policy

HPBAC represents members who manufacture, distribute, service and retail a diverse group ofproducts that incorporate among others, gas, wood and pellet fuels. This diverse range of prod-uct allows us to mitigate the commercial impact of governmental regulation on our industry andaffords us a unique and unbiased perspective on the role of public policy as it pertains to theregulation of wood burning products.

HPBAC activelv supports a poliey of Responsible Wood Burning. We believe there are signifi-cant environmental, social, and energy related benefits to the community at large that supportthe option of burning wood and pellet appliances - when used responsibly, We fully recognizethese benefits have to be balanced in the context of protecting public health and safety. Re-sponsible Wood Burning policies therefore maximize the public benefits of utilizing wood andpellet fuel while minimizing their harmful effects.

It is important that we delineate the substantial community benefits that are served in supportingwood as residential heating source:

~ Wood Heat is a Renewable Fuel that 6edu!;es Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Treesabsorb carbon dioXide from the air as they grow. As old trees die and decay, their carbonis released back into the air as carbon dioxide. When we heat with wood, the carbon cy-cle is simply accelerated and moved into the home. Fundamentallv there is no more car-bon dioxide released into the atmosphere than would have been released had the treedecayed in the forest - plus it should be recognized that the use of renewable wood heatavoids additional fossil fuel use for hOme heating.

In a technical paper presented at the Air and Waste Management Association entiUed,"Emission Inventory: Living in a Global Environment, "Dr. James Houck, Vice President ofOmni Environmental Services, after assessing the particulate, greenhouse, and acid pre-cipitation impacts of the various home heating fuels, concluded that, "Residential woodcombustion is often perceived as environmentally dirty due to elevated emissions of fineparticulate ... What is often oveljQgkeg is that its contribution to olobal warmino and acidprecipitation is smaller than any other home heatin,:! ener:gv opti~Q" .

From the NRCan publication "Discover the Benefits of Residential Wood Heating" comesthe following. "Bioenergy is regarded as "green" energy for several reasons. Assumingthat biomass resources such as our forests are managed properly, biomass fuels are il1.-finitelv renewable. They have already proven to be stable sources of energy over time.Bioenerav is neutral in terms of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. Burning biomass fuelsmerely releases the C02 that the plants absorbed over their life spans. In contrast, thecombustion of fossil fuels releases lar!:le Quantities of lono stored C02 - a greenhousegas that contributes to climate chanoe. Moreover, bioenergy further reduces C02 emis-sions when it displaces fossil fuels."

Hearth Patio & Barbecue Association of Canada - Western Chapter1573 Charleton Court; Port CoquiUam, BC, V3B 6MB

604-941-4172, 1-877-664-3222,

Global warming is a serious environmental problem that is linked to climate change andrising ocean levels. The impact on Canada is potentially catastrophic.

J;> Wood Heat Has Significant Social Benefits. Wood and pellet heating appliances aremore likely to be used in rural areas than urban. Rural Canada houses a disproportion-ate number of the middle, fixed and low-income families and Rrst Nations peoples.These two factors coincide in rural communities because housing costs are cheaper andwood fuel is more plentiful.

Upper income suburbanites and/or urban dwellers are not heating their homes with woodto any significant degree. Middle, fixed and low-income rural families utilize wood heat tolower their home heating costs which represents a substantial portion of their monthly liv-ing costs - a home grown solution. In addition, wood heat plays an important role in pro-yidina emeraencv back-up heat in the event of a power failure.

J;> Wood Heat Has Significant Alternative Eneray Benefits. While Canada is a signifi-cant exporter of natural gas, electricity and oil, it is increasingly important that we developalternative sources of energy. Furthermore, natural gas is simply not available in most ru-ral areas of Canada.

Many electrical utilities are currently seeking energy alternatives to help flatten spikes intheir peak load. The limitations on the infrastructure in many areas, such as VancouverIsla~.J~imply won't permit them to 'support any additional load growth.

Diversifying our energy options is an essential strategy in maintaining jobs and economicwellbeing in the regions. Elected officials are actively seekina enemy alternative fuelsthat can lessen our dependence on fossil fuels .. Utilities are investing considerable fundsinto wind, solar and geothermal alternatives. HPBAC believes that residentialwood andpellet heating should be recognized as an important component of Canada's eneraystrategy and further recommends that we investigate the policies of Scandinavian coun-tries where renewable wood fuels are highly valued.

The reality is that all home heatina enemv sources have neaative environmental conse-auences - There is no clean fuel when all factors are taken into account. The role ofgovernment is to create an intelligent mix of options that protects the public health andwelfare, while maximizing the environmental arid sociiii benefits of the available fuel op-tions.

The Role Industry Can PlayHPBAC seeks ways of maximizing the environmental, social, and energy benefits of all fuelsources, while protecting public health. That is why the industry is working with government onthe following initiatives:

RegulationIndustry has been pressing for a national regulation restricting the sale of non-EPA woodburning appliances for many years. At the municipal level we advocate that government

Hearth Patio & Barbecue Association of Canada - Western Chapter1573 Charletan Court, Port Coquitll!l11,BC, V3B 6MS

604-941-4172, 1-877-664-3222,

,

support the adoption of staged bum restrictions programs that serve to protect communitiesfrom the threat of high wintertime particulate levels (both PM 10 and 2.5).

Two-stage Bum Restriction Bylaw ModelStage One - when the air quality level deteriorates to a chosen level operation of all non-EPA, non-essential wood burning appliances would be restricted .Stage Two - if the air quality continues to deteriorate, at a secorid chosen level all non-essential wood burning would be restricted.

In communities where wood smoke may not be the primary cause of PM non-compliance werecommend only a Stage One burn restriction on wood burning. A second stage would forcethe primary contributors to shut down to achieve overall compliance.

Public EducationIndus has been instrumental in devef in ublic education cam ai ns such as Bum itSmart. This program educates the community on how to bum wood safely, cleanly an eciently. The Bum it Smart Campaign is a team effort from all levels of Government Federal,provincial, territorial and municipal as well as the hearth industry, national partners and localorganizations.

Wood Stove Changeouts It also explains why we advocate that government support theadoption of staged bum restrictions in combination with market-based "change ouf' pro-grams that serve to protect communities from the threat of high wintertime particulate levels(both PM 10 and 2.5).

New technology, tEPA) woodstoves bum 60% Co 90% cleaner than older technoloav productsand use up to one third less fuel to produce the same amount of heal The problem is thatolder technology stoves have a 30 to 40 year service life. A big part of the solution will be towork tocether to chance out the older dirty wood stove inventory and replace it with certifie(j .EPA I CSA 8415 appliances OtinsomeIrismnces;looonvert us.ersto an .~ffi~~nt natu.raJ .gas fireplace. Hence the demonstrated willingness of our industry to work with governmentson implementing "change out" pregraniS' such as a province wide program inBC.

Legislated staged burn restrictions and market-based incentives are effective and proven waysto bring about change. Government and Industry have worked together to clean up air sheds inseveral locations in the United States.

» In the late 1980's, the industry funded a complete change out of all woodstoves inCrested Butte, Colorado. Residents in the community who had old technology productshad them switched out, at industry expense, for a newer EPA or pellet stove. The resultwas a sianificant drop in particulate emissions which broucht Crested Butte into compli-ance with EPA ambient air Quality standards for particulates.

» In 1987, the industry actively promoted staged bum restrictions in the Puget Sound andSpokane regions to reduce the amount of wood smoke. At the time winter ambient airconcentrations exceeded 150 microns of particulates per cubic meter on 16 separate oc-casions with the highest concentrations recorded at 273 and 396 respectfully. By imple-menting a two stage bum restriction only EPA products could be burnt as the ambient airstarted to reach unhealthy levels. This created a legislative incentive for homeowners toswitch to cleaner burning products. Government and industry jointly funded educational

Hearth Patio & Barbecue Association of Canada - Western Chapter1573 Charleton Court, Port Coquitlam, BC, V3B 6M8

604-941-4172, 1-877-664-3222,

and financial incentive programs that allowed market based stove change outs to takeplace, and also developed supplementary programs to address open wood burning fire-places. )

Todav, the Puget Sound and Spokane regions are in complete compliance with the EPAambient air standards and the highest wintertime levels in both leQions is less than two-thirds of the federal PM 10 level. This amazing result has led Jim Nolan, Director of En-forcement at PSCAA to describe these efforts as, "The greatest air quality clean up inthe history ofthe Puget Sound region."

Regulating wood stoves is only part of the problem. In areas with high particulate levels (areasof non-attainment) the industry SUpports limitations on open burning of factory built and masonrywood fireplaces. unless they meet EPA fireplace standards. This policy was legislatively eo- .acted in greater Phoenix, Arizona and the industry was heralded by the Arizona Lung Associa-tion as significantly cleaning up the greater Phoenix air shed.

The environmental, social, and energy benefits of wood heat must coexist within the context ofprotecting public health. Public health can be protected by instituting a program of two-stageburn restrictions* creating the necessary incentives to adopt cleaner burning technology. Theprincipal government mandate should be to manage the air shed in ways that will maximize thepublic benefit

A major concern to industry is the short si~hted response to the problem of wood smoke bvbanning wood burning, essentially disregarding the environmental, social, and energy benefits

.of wood and pellet heat

HPBAC is dedicated to work with all levels of government to continue to promote. educate andinvestigate workable solutions and strategies on how we can all work on reducing wood smokeIn our communities. proven strategies that have been implernented and proven to achieve thedesired outcQtife have been the "Bum it Smart' Education Initiatives. Legislated staged BumRestrictions; and Chanaeout Proarams.

For further information or if you have anY questions please contact\

Hearth, Patio &B,arbecue Association of Canada1-800-792-5284

HPBAC12005

Hearth Patio & Barbecue Association of Canada ~ Western Chapter1573 Charleton Court, Port Coquitlam, BC, V3B 6M8

604-941-4172, 1-877-664-3222.

4.4.1

4.2

.,,:.~~:: .. :'~:":_-}'; < . '_ :.' .:,::.,';.~~:ii,,;·~".~'f1=::":;.,}if;':-;.~·~-:,wooqil'DRNING APPLIANCEs,

Only.pcfmittcd wood burning appliance fuels shall be used in a wood burning appliance or1irep~..

No ownFr or occupier of land shaDcause or permit smoke ftom the burning of prohibitedburning!materiaIs. except seasoned untreated lumber. in a wood burning appliance orfirepl

Iiance after the date of adoption of this Bylaw UII!oes n establi&hed by the Canadian Standai'dsssoCla 'on and the United States EnvironmentaI Protection Agency as outlined in the Solid

Fuel Bu ing Domestic Applia.nceRegulation enacted pursuant to the WasteManagementAce as ended fi'om time to time.

.,

4.4 The onal Board is herebyauthorizedto establish a removal program for uncertifiedwoodburning plianees that may inCOIpOrateincentives for energy conservation and air qualityimprov ent including, but not limited to, household insulation. insulating products,

unCerti¥ wood stove replacement and substitution of heating methods and devices

RegIoIl41 Distrkt"J;CMtnd 0Ium1l8""Sill",", C"IIIJ'(J/ ~"'" NtJ. 773 (c.lU"IJiI"fed) Pll8e"

Page 7 • Vernon Fire Prevention Bylaw #4476

SECTION 3 - FIRE PREVENTION AND LIFE SAFETY. Confd.

3.1.10 Any fire started under the above regulations shall be extingui~hed by the propertyowner upon request of the Fire Chief..

3.2 Wood Bumina APoliances

3.2.1 No owner or occupier of land shall cause or permit smoke rom the burning ofprohibited material as outlined in Schedule "A" in a wood burn! appliance.

3.2.2 No person shall install a wood burning appliance after the ad ption of this bylawthat does not comalY with the emission standard, establish by the CanadianStandards Association and the United States Environmental P tection Agency, asoutlined in the Province of British Columbia's Solid Fuel Burning DomesticAppliance Regulation enacted pursuant to the W ste a t ct, asamended from time to time.

3.3 Firewo~slPvrotechnlg§

3.3.1 No person shall sell or offer to sell, either by way of retail or wh~Je$aJe,fireworks inthe City of Vernon.. ,

3.3.2 No person shall give or hand over fireworks to another peljson in the City of"am"n

,

EPA Certified .Woodstoves Heat More and Pollute Less

Since 1988, the manufacture and sale of neWwoodstoves and fireplace inserts in the UShave been regulated by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Tighter standards(Phase II certification) became effective on July 1, 1990. The certified stoves heat betterwith less wood because they burn more of the combustible gases that become smokein fireplaces and old stoves. There are three basic certified stove designs to choose from:

Catalytic Stoves· similar to the smog deviceon new cars, the catalytic combustor in thesestoves allows the volatile gases to burn at lower·temperatures. Smoke passes through a ceramichoneycomb coated.~th a rare-metal catalyst,which allows complete smoke combustion andheat release at 500-700o·F. TheIr efficiency doesdrop over time and the catalyst device requiresreplacement after three to seven years of use.

Noncatalyt.lc Stoves - these stoves aredesigned with bafflesandlor secondary.combustion chambers which route thebl,lmablegases through the hottest partof the firebox and mix them with sufficient·airto burn them more completely.

Pellet Stoves Burn Cleaner Than Cordwood .Stoves

The most efficient and least polluting of the newstove designs, most are exempt from certification

· because they provide excess combustion air. Mosthave some moving parts and require electricity. The

· pelleted fuel (compressed wood waste) automatically· feeds into the firebox. A fan blows in combustion air'

and the fire burns hot and clean. Another fan blowsroom air through a heat exchanger and into the room.

Look for the Perm~nentEPA Label on the St~veBetor~You Buy!For maximum safety and efficiency have a professional installer calculate the correctstove size for the area you want to heat, install the stove, anc;ldesign and install the·chimney..

. 8·

HEATING EFFICIENCYHow Much .Heat You Get

The heating efficiency of any wood heaterdepends on combining two factors:1. How completely It burns the firewood(combustion efficiency); plus2. How much of the fire's heat gets Intothe room, rather than going up the flue .(transfer efficienoy).

How efficiently your heater operatesdepends on 2 more factors:1. Its Installation-located on an outsidewall? Too big for I}ouse?' Flue draws well?2. Its operation - Wood green? stovestuffed with wood? Rre'starved for air?Your operatinq techniques account forthe largest variations In your stove'sheating efficiency •

Masonry Fireplace

ManufacturedFireplace

FreestandingFireplace

Antique Stove

Fireplace Insert

Airtight Stove

Masonry Heater

Certified Stoves,Inserts, Fireplaces

Gas HeaterElectric Heater

-10% to 10%

·10% to 10% .

·10% to 30%

20% io 40%

. 35% to 50 %

40% to 50%

50% to 70%. "

60% to 80%

60% to 90%1'00%

.",. )

!.

. Can't Heat With Gas? Get a New EPA Certified Stove -

Old.stoves waste 30% to 60%ofyourwood.ffyourwood~oveIs more than a few years old andis not EPA certified, you shouldshould seriously consider buyinga new certified woodstove.

It will burn iill of your wood,Increasing combustion efficiency,.producing far less smokeand creosote buildup, andreducing air pollution.

It incorporates the latest and.best technology available ontransfer efficiency, and will .prOVide more heat for yourhouse and less for your flue!

~Burn two cords instead of threeand get the sa~e amount of heat!

It Will Help Pay For Itself in Fuel and Cleaning Savings!

7

Most Fireplaces and Old Woodst9ves----Are ,Expensive Heaters Because -

They TUrn a Large Part of YourFirewood Into Smoke, Not Heatl

Why Does This- Happen?Because of the Way Wood Burns -

~ -

~:=::~~~~:~~-

Wood burns completely orily at very high temperatures with enough -oXygen presentThe fuel, heat, and oxygen have to mix together in the same place at the same time.Although all stages of burning actually occur at the same time on a burning log, let's placea "demonstration" log on a hot fire. As temperature rises, it will "burn" in three stages:

1. Boil Off Water":;- moisture In the log evaporates as itheats up, and hisses aritt bubbles out through the log'ssurface as water vapor. This takes longer and uses uplots more heat energy if the log isn't really dry. Thatheat energy could be warming your house instead ofdrying your wood before it will burn.

2. VaporizeWood--Gases - before burning,-firewood -- -"cooks" and forms hundreds of new volatile organic

- gases and-tars plus charcoal (carbon). The gases andtars, a large'partof your fuel, vaporize in the heat andstream out of the log in a _"wInd"of organic gases. Theyescape- up the flue because the log temperature at thisstage is too low to bum them. As they cool, some of thegases will combine with water vapor to form highly flam-mable creosote that sticks to the flue walls; other gases -condense.into smoke particles.

3. Burn Log Charcoal - above 60Q<>F the log ~catchesfire" and the escaping gases start burning, ignited by nearbyflames, but the log charcoal does!1't start to burn-and emit - -, - Iheat until the log reaches 10000 F. Burning the charcoal \ \ \ - \"remainder of the log produces most of the fire's usable \ \-heat. Most of the log's gases and tars will escape unburned; " "-there's stllf not enough heat"or oxygen this clos€!to the log .:....to bum them. They don't Ignite before reaching 11O(J'F, and "--then only with enough oxygen. prese.nt. _

The PM10 pollution ,from one old woodstove, emitting 60 gramslhour of PM10,equals that-of ten EPA certified stoves (averaging 6 grams/hour PM10), or that of~ thousand gas furnaces· producing the same amo!.!nt of heat. -

- -5

Most Fireplaces Are Not Good Heaters

Most fireplaces rob your house of heat because they drawin lots of the air you've paid to heat and send it up the chimneylYes, you'l/ be warmed if you sit within six feet of the fir~, butthe rfilst of your house is getting colder as outdoor air leaksin to replace the hot air going up the chimney.

Most fireplaces waste wood because with unrestricted air flow,the vaporized wood gases and tars cooked out of your logs goright LIP tbe chimney as smoke. And all that air helps the firebum fast, so a load of wood lasts only one or two hours.

Most fireplaces can pollute more If you install glass doors ora fireplace insert that-is not a new, certified clean-burning model.Restricting the air supply reduces the available oxygen andcauses the fire to smolder and smoke.

You Can Clean Up Your Air Guzzling Fireplace!

Switch to Gas. Gas fireplaces are gaining in'popularity. The new models look like a real wood -

_ firel They are self-contained uhits which can·befitted into your existing' masonrYfireplace. Theysend less of your heated air up the chimney.This equipment burns cleaner, Is easy to start,convenient, safe and InexpensIve to operate,and Is Ii good source of heat.

Certified Woodburnlng Fireplace Insertshave been developed which meet federalemission standardS and provide high fuelefficiency. They are available in many sizes

, and styles to fit into your masonryfireplace.They provide excellent fire vieWing andheat output with very little smoke. J

Burn Manufactured Fireplace Logs. Reduce heat lossand air pol/ution from your fireplace by burning flrelogs.Made of dry, fine-particle sawdust ;lnd wax, these "logs·burn slowly at high temperatures, producing less smokeaDd sending less air up the chimney. Underwriters Lab-oratories (UL) rec~ntly classified,firelog~ as s~fe to,bUrnin UL listed factory biJiltfireplaces. FlrelO~s are not .recommended for use In woodstoves, owever.

6

B.C. Reg. 302194O.C.I066'94

Deposited August 26, 1994

Waste Management Act

SOLID FUEL BURNING DOMESTICAPPLIANCE REGULATION

ContentsI. Definitions2. Emission limits and labeling requirements3. Testing4. Records - keeping, cenification and inspections. Pelletized fueJ spcc:ification6. Offence and penalty

Schedule

Definitions

1. In this regulation:''air·fuel ratio" means the ratio of the mass of dry combustion air intro-

duced into a firebox to the mass of dry fuel consumed in the firebox.determined in accordance with the Canadian standard or the USstandard;

''appliance'' means a solid fuel burning device. such as a stove. pelletstove, fireplace insert or factory built fireplace. that

(a) has an air-fuel ratio of less than 35 to I,(b) has a minimum bum rate of less than 5 kglh. and(c) is used to convert the energy in fuel to useful heat

but does not include a cookstove. a central heating system, amasonry heater or a site-built fireplace;

"bum rate" means the weight of the dry fuel charge, exclusive of theweight of any moisture. divided by the burn cycle time;

"Canadian standard" meanS the Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-Burning Stoves. Inserts. and Low-Bum-~ate Factory-Built fire-places CAN/CSA-B415.1 standard published by the CanadianStandards Association as amended from time to timo;

"cookstovc" means an appliance that is(a) designed primarily to cook food, rather than to dissipate heat

directly to a room. and(b) equipped with an integral enclosed oven with a volume greater

than 0.028 m3;

"cordwood" means conventional firewood;

Sept. 23/94

B.C. Reg. 302194WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT

SaUD FUEL BURNING DOMESTIC APPUANCE

*' Emission limits BUd labeling requirements

~ 2~ (I)

2

"fireplace insert" means .a device that is intended for insertion into afireplace cavity;

''pelletized ruel" mean's processed fuel consisting of unifonn. discrelepellets of compressed, dried biomass material;

"solid flleI" includes biomass fuels such as cordwood., chips. sawdust.peal logs, pelletized fuel, and kernel com but does not include coal;

"US standard" means the New Source Performance Standards. TIlle 40,Part 60, Sub-part AAA of the Code of Federal Regulations (USA) (7.1-92 Edition), published by the United Stales Environmental Protec-tion Al!Imcy,

A person who carries on business in British Columbia as anappliance manufacturer, wholesaler or retailer must not sell for useor for resale an appliance manufactured on or after November I,1994 unless the person

(a) ascertains, on the basis oflesting carried out in accordance withsection 3, that the appliance conforms to either

(i) the particulale emission rcauirements of the Canadianstandard. as determined by the test methods and proce-dures in that standard, or-(Ii) the particulate matler emission limits set out in the USStandard. as determined by the test methods and proce-dures in that standard, and

(b) ensures that, aI the time of the sale, the appliance bears apermanently affixed label that

(i) is readily visible or accessible.

(Ii) conforms to the labeling requirements under theCanadian standard or the US standard, as the case maybe,

(Hi) indicates that the appliance conforms to the particulateemission requirements of the Canadian standard or to theparticulate matter emission limits of the US standard, asthe case may be, and .

(iv) is accurate in all material respects.

(2) Subsection (I) does not apply to a sale of an appliance by a persOIlwho has reasonable grounds to believe thai the person acquiring theappliance does so solely for the purpose of use outside BritishColumbia or of resale outside British Columbia.

Sept 23/94

Good questionsAnswers inside

• Does ~eatingwith woodcause global warming?

• Does wood heating harmthe forest?

• What about local airquality?

'. 'Is wood heating safe?

Clearing theair aboutwood heating«( ....

,u) _ ~-(~

~L/ , \

"Forests are cOlIStalltly thinning themselves,and there Is much evidence that tells liS that wecould pl1ldently be thinning our forestsfol'mi/lwnia ifwe attended to its rhythms alldpattel'/IS.••

Paul Hawkin. Author, The Ecology ofCom'Mrce

"Wood is a rellewable resource, and, becausetl'ees recycle carhon dioxide, wood burningdoes not cOlltribute to the global warmillgproblem .•.A Guide to Residential WoodHeating, published byNatural Resources Canada & Canada Mortgage andHousing Corporation

"... it is extremely important to note thefundamental difference between biomass(wood) and fossil-fuel sources of (carbondioxide) emissions ...•. Toa large extent,bio-related emissions would occur even in theabsence of human intervention"

Canada's Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Estimates for1990, Environment Canada report,

"The supply of firewood from pril1atelymanaged wood lots to residential users of thefuel represents an Important but neglectedmodel of sllstainable development. Anincre'lse in the use of wood as afllelforresidenti'll heating can occur within theframework prescribed by currellt principles ofenvironmental sustainability. •.

Dr. O.Q. Hendrickson, Forest Ecologist

WDDJhe4tfng and YOl/l'

1~II"ny'ssalety

used according to the manufacturer's instructions.

woodbuming appliances are no more halardous to use

than any other form of home heating.

When thousands offamilies turned to wood heating in

the late 1970sand early 1980$to shelter them from

high energy costs and the threat of shortages, there was

a sudden increase in the number of house fires related

to wood heating. Wood heating acquired a bad reputa-

tion, mostly because neither the users nor industry had

reliable guidelines for installation safety. Since then,

however, the wood energy industry and all levels of

gOVCmnlenthave worked together to put in place the

sallie type of safety systems as have been in place for

other heating fuels for more than 30 years.

The product safety standards, installation codes

and professional training for installers and inspectors

have resulted in a greatly improved safety record for

woodburning. Installed according to the codes and

Woo4 he4tlng 4n4 the forest

The key to ecologically sound and ~laioable

wood energy i~ to en~ure that the fores! remains

healthy, maintains a stable level of variously aged trees

and provid~ a good habilat for a diversity of other

species, both plants and animals. You cao do YO!!rpan

by in~isting on firewood that is harvested using sustain-

able fore~try practices. Ideally, buy your (trewood from

the person who owns the woodlot because owneB are

less likely to damage their forest. If that is not possible,

question the seller about the origiM of the wood.

If the destruction of tropical rain forests cause~ glObal

wanning and if plantiog tr= in Caoada i~ a good

strategy to control greeohouse gas conceotratioM, theo

how can using wood for home heatiog be justified?

Good questioo. The answer lies io the oatural cycle of

growth, maturity, decay and re-growth of ~ and

forests. A healthy fOrest is oot a museum, but a living

community of plants aod aoimal~. Wheo tre~ are osed

for energy, a part of the forest's carbon "bank" i~

divened from the nalural decay and fore~t fire cycle into

our homes to heat them.

Wood is not an inherently dirty fuel that causes ~eriou~

air pollution. While it is true that old technology like

open fireplace~ and ~imple heater~ could not bnrn the

wood completely, the new generation of woodburning

appliance~ produce almo~t no vi~ible ~moke and deliver

efiiciencie~ in the range of 70 percent. Developed ~ince

1980, improved technology ha~ cut ~moke emi~ions by

about 90 percent compared with conventiooal equip-

ment. Wood may not be the be~t fuel choice in den~ely

populated urban arca~ where automobile exhau~t aod

other pollutioo already put~ exce~~ive ~traios on the air

~hed. But in ~uburban, ~mall toVVII,and rural area~,

wood makes good seose.

Wood contains only a negligible amount of

sulphur, an element that leads to acid raio. In thi~ age

of environmental awarene~s, a big advantage of wood

over the fossil fuel~ is that its main environmental

~LI I \

impact occurs at the point of use and is vi~ible for all to

see. In cootrast, the real environmental impacts of oil

and gas are hiddeo from view because they occur

duriog extraction, refining aod transponalioo of the

fuels to market.

Woo4 he4tlng em4 g/OD4/tC/4r",lngBy heating with wood you do not contribute to the

greenhouse effect as you would by heating with one of

the fos~il fuel~ like oil and gas. When oil and ga~ are

burned, carbon that ha~ been buried within the earth for

Ihou~and~ of year~ i~released in Ihe fonn of carbon

dioxide, a by-product of combu~tion. The re~ult is an

increa~e in the atmo~pheric concentration of carbon

dioxide, the main cause of the greenhouse effect.

Although carbon makc~ up about half thc weight

of dry firewood and i~ relea~ed as carbon dioxide when

the wood is burned, il i~ part of a natural cycle. A tree

ab~orb~ carbon dioxide from the air a~ it grow~ and u~e~

thi~ carbon to build its ~tructure. When the tree fall~

and decays in the fore~t, or i~ proce~~ed into firewood

and burned, the carbon i~ released again to the atmo~-

phere. Thi~ cycle can be repeated fOrever without

increa~ing atmo~pheric carbon. Heating with wood,

therefore, doe~ not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

And there'~ more good new~: when the u~e of wood for

energy di~place~ the u~e of fo~~il fuel~, the re~ult i~ f!

net reduction in greenhou~e gas emi~~ion~.