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9 Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vii Contents 9 I. Introduction 13 Terminology 14 Demographics 18 Game Studies 25 Research aims and questions 29 Approach 31 II. Genre and the computer game 35 Genre in literature and film 36 The origins of game genres 38 Lack of consensus 43 Game genres are not transhistorical 47 How new subgenres and new genres come about 48 Mixed genre games 50 Games can change genre 51 Alternative taxonomies 55 Should games use the same genre categories as genre fiction and film? 61 The merits of the game skills taxonomy 74 The future of genre and the computer game 77 Concluding remarks 78 III. Here Be Dragons: the (pre)history of the adventure game 81 The wherefore and the why of adventure games 83 Tolkien and the origin of the fantasy genre 85 DUNGEONS AND DRAGONS; on tin soldiers and a cultural phenomenon 88 ADVENTURE and ZORK, the birth of text adventures 92 The transition from text to graphics, Sierra On‐line and KING’S QUEST. 99 Longing for the Middle Ages 108 Concluding remarks 112

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  • 9

    Contents

    Preface v

    Acknowledgements vii

    Contents 9

    I. Introduction 13

    Terminology 14

    Demographics 18

    GameStudies 25

    Researchaimsandquestions 29

    Approach 31

    II. Genreandthecomputergame 35

    Genreinliteratureandfilm 36

    Theoriginsofgamegenres 38

    Lackofconsensus 43

    Gamegenresarenottranshistorical 47

    Hownewsubgenresandnewgenrescomeabout 48

    Mixedgenregames 50

    Gamescanchangegenre 51

    Alternativetaxonomies 55

    Shouldgamesusethesamegenrecategoriesasgenrefictionandfilm? 61

    Themeritsofthegameskillstaxonomy 74

    Thefutureofgenreandthecomputergame 77

    Concludingremarks 78

    III. HereBeDragons:the(pre)historyoftheadventuregame 81

    Thewhereforeandthewhyofadventuregames 83

    Tolkienandtheoriginofthefantasygenre 85

    DUNGEONSANDDRAGONS;ontinsoldiersandaculturalphenomenon 88

    ADVENTUREandZORK,thebirthoftextadventures 92

    Thetransitionfromtexttographics,SierraOnlineandKINGSQUEST. 99

    LongingfortheMiddleAges 108

    Concludingremarks 112

  • Contents

    10

    IV. Thinkingoutofthebox(andbackintheplane) 115

    ModalitiesofSpace 117

    LocationandSpaceinGABRIELKNIGHTSINSOFTHEFATHERS 120

    LocationandSpaceinGABRIELKNIGHTBLOODOFTHESACREDBLOODOFTHEDAMNED 126

    Visualconventions:rulesandtheirrepresentation 133

    Reasonsforchoosing2Dor3D 138

    Concludingremarks 140

    V. ComputerGamesasaComparativeMedium 143

    Adaptation,crossmediaandtransmediastorytelling 144

    SettingLocation 160

    SettingCamera 170

    SettingColour 173

    SettingProps 177

    Implicationsforcomparatists 183

    VI. RemediatingCharacter 189

    TolkiensAragorn 190

    RalphBakshisAragorn 202

    SibleyandBakewellsAragorn 206

    PeterJacksonsAragorn 208

    ComputerGameAragorn 211

    AMan,lean,dark,tall 216

    Addendum 217

    VII. ComputerGamesasaNarrativeMedium 219

    Howdogamestellstories? 219

    Gamesofprogressioninlightofestablishednarrativetheory 222

    Thediachronicaspect 226

    Towardsanewnarratologyforcomputergames 227

    Criticalnotesandsuggestionsforfutureresearch 229

    Summary 233

    Decomputergamealsnarratiefmedium 243

  • Contents

    11

    AppendixAGameGenreTaxonomies 253

    GameTheorists 253

    Popular 254

    Statistics 256

    AppendixBUbisoftsASSASSINSCREEDfranchise 257

    ASSASSIN'SCREED 257

    ASSASSINSCREED(mobilegame) 258

    AssassinsCreed:GraphicNovel 259

    ASSASSIN'SCREEDALTAR'SCHRONICLES 260

    ASSASSIN'SCREED:E3CINEMATICTRAILER 261

    ASSASSIN'SCREEDTWITTERASSASSINATIONEXPERIENCE 261

    ASSASSIN'SCREED:LINEAGE 262

    Assassin'sCreed:1Desmond 263

    ASSASSIN'SCREEDII 265

    Assassin'sCreedRenaissance 267

    ASSASSIN'SCREEDIIMOBILEGAME 267

    ASSASSIN'SCREEDIIDISCOVERY 268

    ASSASSIN'SCREEDBLOODLINES 269

    ASSASSINSCREEDII:MULTIPLAYER 270

    ASSASSINSCREEDBROTHERHOODE3TRAILER 270

    ASSASSINSCREEDPROJECTLEGACY 271

    AssassinsCreedTheFall 272

    Assassin'sCreed:2Aquilus 273

    ASSASSINSCREEDASCENDANCE 274

    ASSASSINSCREEDBROTHERHOOD 275

    AssassinsCreedBrotherhood 277

    ASSASSINSCREED:LOSTLEGACY 278

    AppendixCArticlesandtalks 281

    Bibliography 283

    ListofPrimarySourcesReferredto. 295

    ComputerGames 295

    NonComputerGames 299

    Films 299

  • Contents

    12

    Documentaries 300

    TVSeries 300

    RadioPlays 300

    Books,ComicbooksandGraphicNovels 300


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