TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

Chapter 1 SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY 1

1.1 Contouring 1

1.2 Explain Terms Used In Contouring 3

1.3 Difference Between Contour Interval And Horizontal Equivalent 4

1.4 Factors Governing Selection Of Contour Intervals 5

1.5 Characteristics Of Contours 6

1.6 What Are The Uses Of Contours? 7

1.7 Methods Of Contouring 7

1.8 Compare Direct And Indirect Contouring Methods 9

1.9 Determine Area Of Field Using Cross Staff Survey 10

1.10 Building Block By The Use Of Cross Staff 12

1.11 Ranging And Fixing Of Survey Station 14

1.12 Photogrammetry 17

1.13 Measurement Of Distance With Tapes 18

1.14 Units Of Measurement 18

1.15 Corrections Applied In Surveying 19

1.16 Orthometric Correction 22

Chapter 2 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY 23

2.1 Concrete In Practice 23

2.2 History Of Reinforced Concrete 24

2.3 Engineered Cementitious Composite (Ecc) 26

2.4 Concrete Building Construction 26

Chapter 3 SOIL TESTING 33

3.1 Soil Inspection 33

3.2 Calcium Carbide Method 34

3.3 Oven Drying Method 36

3.4 Free Swell Index Of Soil 38

3.5 The Plastic Limit Of Soil 40

3.6 The Liquid Limit Of Soil 41

3.7 Particle Size Distribution Of Soil 44

3.8 The Specific Gravity Of Soil 47

3.9 The In-Situ Dry Density Of Soil By Sand Replacement Method 49

Chapter 4 BUILDING MATERIAL TESTING SERVICES & SOLUTIONS 55

4.1 Building Material Testing 55

4.2 Rebound Hammer Test 55

4.3 Core Cutting Test On Concrete 56

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION 57

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Name Page No.

Figure 1.1 Cone on a 0m level plane 1

Figure 1.2 Contour map of cone (1m Interval Top) & (Convenient scale Bottom) 2

Figure 1.3 Horizontal Equivalent 3

Figure 3.1 Calcium carbide method 35

Figure 3.2 sample-prepration-oven-dry-method 37

Figure 3.3 water-content-oven-method 38

Figure 3.4 Casagrandee28099s-Liquid-Limit-Device 42

Figure 3.5 liquid-limit-test 44

Figure 3.6 Sample test sieve analysis 47

Figure 3.7 specific-gravity-of-soil 49

Figure 3.8 sand-replacement 50

Figure 3.9 calculations-sand-replacement-method 52

Figure 3.10 in-situ-sand-replacement-1 53

Figure 3.11 in-situ-sand-replacement 54

LIST OF TABLESTable Name Page No.

Table 1.1Contour interval and Horizontal equivalent 4

Table 1.2 Factors governing selection of contour intervals 5

Table 1.3 Direct vs Indirect contouring methods 9

Table 3.1 Swell Index Reporting 39

Table 3.2 Determine-Particle-Size-Distribution-Of-Soil 45