table of contents
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Table of Contents. Chapter Preview 12.1 What Is a Vertebrate? 12.2 Fishes 12.3 Amphibians 12.4 Reptiles 12.5 Birds 12.6 Mammals. 12.1 Structure and Function of Vertebrates 12.2 Fishes 12.3 Amphibians 12.4 Reptiles 12.5 Birds 12.6 Mammals. Chapter 12 Preview Questions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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12.1 Structure and Function of Vertebrates
12.2 Fishes
12.3 Amphibians
12.4 Reptiles
12.5 Birds 12.6 Mammals
Table of ContentsChapter Preview
12.1 What Is a Vertebrate?
12.2 Fishes
12.3 Amphibians
12.4 Reptiles
12.5 Birds
12.6 Mammals
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions
1. A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is called a(n)
a. organ.b. tissue.c. organ system.d. organism.
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions1. A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is called a(n)
a. organ.b. tissue.c. organ system.d. organism.
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions
2. The major cause of extinction of species isa. a change in the environment.b. new diseases.c. over-killing by predators.d. competition with other species.
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions
2. The major cause of extinction of species isa. a change in the environment.b. new diseases.c. over-killing by predators.d. competition with other species.
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Chapter Preview Questions
3. The term for the extinction of many organisms at the same time is
a. Permian extinction.b. Pangaea.c. Cambrian explosion.d. mass extinction.
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions
3. The term for the extinction of many organisms at the same time is
a. Permian extinction.b. Pangaea.c. Cambrian explosion.d. mass extinction.
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions
4. Most animals reproducea. sexually only.b. asexually only.c. with alternating sexual and
asexual stages.d. by binary fission.
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Chapter 12 Preview Questions
4. Most animals reproducea. sexually only.b. asexually only.c. with alternating sexual and asexual stages.d. by binary fission.
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Two friends are looking at fishes in an aquarium. One friend refers to the fishes as animals. The other friend argues thatfishes aren’t animals because they don’t have four legs. Which friend is correct? Explain your answer.
How does the structure of vertebrates help them to function?
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Greek Word Origins
Greek Word Meaning of Greek Word Key Term
amphibios living a double lifeamphibian An animal that spends part of its life cycle on land and part in water
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Greek Word Meaning of Greek Word Key Term
chordé string, cordchordate An animal that has a flexible rod that supports the animalís back
Greek Word Origins
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Greek Word Meaning of Greek Word Key Term
therme heatendotherm An animal that produces enough heat within its body to control its body temperature
Greek Word Origins
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Apply It!1. How does the meaning of amphibian relate to the Greek word fromwhich it comes?An animal that lives for part of its life on land and part in water is livinga double life.
2. Can you think of an English word besides chordate that mightcome from the Greek word chordé?Sample: cord
3. In the list of key terms on the next page, find another termbesides endotherm that might come from the Greek wordtherme. Then look up the meaning of the key term and checkhow its meaning relates to the meaning of endotherm.An ectotherm is an animal whose body does not produce much internalheat. An endotherm, in contrast, is an animal whose body does produce internal heat to maintain its temperature.
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Section 12.1: What Is a Vertebrate?
What are the characteristics of chordates and vertebrates?How have scientists been able to infer the relationships of major groups of vertebrates?How do vertebrates differ in the way they control body temperature?
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Ancient Jawless FishLook backward in time, into an ocean 530 million years ago. There you see a strange-looking creature—a jawless fish—that is about as long as your index finger.
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What is a Chordate?All chordates have 4 basic features that are present at some point during their life cycle
Hollow Nerve Cord – Nerve cord in which nerves branch out at regular intervalsNotochord – Long supporting rod that runs throughout bodyPharyngeal Pouches – Paired structures in throatMuscular Tail – Extends beyond anus
Only 4-5% of animals are chordatesExamples = Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
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Characteristics of ChordatesThis lancelet shows the characteristics of a chordate: a notochord, a nerve cord down its back, and gill slits.
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Evolution of VertebratesThe pattern of vertebrate evolution is branching.
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Section 30-1
Nonvertebratechordates
FishesAmphibians
ReptilesBirds
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
Chordate Cladogram
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End of Section12.1: What Is a Vertebrate?
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Section 2: Fishes
What are the characteristics of chordates and vertebrates?How have scientists been able to infer the relationships of major groups of vertebrates?How do vertebrates differ in the way they control body temperature?
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FishThey breathe with gills.They are cold blooded.Their skin is covered with scales and bony plates.They lay eggs and have live births.An example of a fish is a gold fish and sharks.
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Characteristics of FishesMost fishes obtain oxygen through gills. Water flows into the mouth of the fish and then over its gills. Oxygen moves into the blood and is delivered to the cells of the fish.
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Groups of Fish
Jawless Fish – Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth.Have no bonesOnly vertebrates with no vertebral column as adultsLampreys, Hagfish
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CARTILAGINOUS FISH
Chondrichthyes – Skeleton built entirely of cartilageSharks, sea rays
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BONY FISHOsteichthyes –
Majority of fish fall in this orderCarp, sea horse, perch, etc.
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Bony FishesA bony fish has jaws, scales, a pocket on each side of the head that holds the gills, and a skeleton made of hard bones.
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Section 3: Amphibians
What is the life cycle of an amphibian?How are adult amphibians adapted to living on land?
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AmphibiansThey breathe with lungs and gills.They are cold blooded.Their skin is smooth and moist.Their birth of young is eggs.The examples are frogs, salamanders, newt, and mud puppies.
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What Is an Amphibian?During its metamorphosis from tadpole to adult, a frog’s body changes dramatically.
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Living on LandMany adult amphibians have lungs, a heart with three chambers, and a double-loop circulatory system.
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that allow for
are
that providethat allow
are
and have special adaptations such as
larvæ they live in adults they live on
Section 30-3
means
as
Efficientmovement
Breathingair
Support andprotection
Bones Lungs Ribs
Amphibians
Water Land
“Double life”
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Groups of AmphibiansSalamanders –
Long bodies and tailsAdults are carnivorousUsually live in moist woods
Spotted Salamander
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Frogs and Toads –
Lack tailsFrogs have long legs and are usually tied to waterToads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water
Poison Dart FrogFire Bellied Toad
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Caecilians –
Legless animals that burrow in moist soilHave fishlike scales
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Section 4: Reptiles
What adaptations allow reptiles to live on land?What are the characteristics of each of the three main groups of reptiles?What environmental change may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
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Reptiles
They breath with lungs.They are cold-blooded.There bodies are covered with dry scales.They lay eggs.Black snakes, Bearded dragons, Turtles, Crocodiles, and Alligators are reptiles.
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Adaptations for Life on LandThe membranes and shell of an amniotic egg protect the developing embryo.
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Groups of ReptilesLizards and Snakes
Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable eyelidsHighly evolved specialized forms (venom)
Coral Snake
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Nile Crocodile North American Alligator
Long, typically broad snout and squat appearanceAll are carnivorousProtective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouthLive in tropics and subtropicsAlligators live in freshwaterCrocodiles live in fresh or saltwater
Crocodiles and Alligators
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Sea TurtleGalapagos Tortoise
Tuatara
Turtles and Tortoises –All are shelledTurtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial
Tuatara – Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands
Groups of Reptiles (con.)
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The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
The temperature of the developing eggs of the American alligator affects the sex ratio of the young. (Sex ratio is the number of females compared with the number of males.)
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The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
29.4ºC
Reading Graphs:
At which temperature(s) did only females hatch?
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The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
The warmer the incubation temperature, the greater the proportion of males.
Drawing Conclusions:
What effect does the temperature of developing eggs have on the sex of the baby alligators?
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The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
According to the graph, out of the 50 alligators that were incubated at 31.7ºC, about 40 (or 80%) were males. So 80% of 100 eggs (80) could be expected to hatch as males.
Calculating:
If 100 eggs developed at 31.7ºC, about how many of the young would be male?
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Extinct Reptiles–The DinosaursClimate change may have caused the extinction of dinosaurs and other organisms.
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Section 5: Birds
What are the main characteristics of birds?
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BirdsBirds breathe with lungs.They are warm-blooded.They are covered with feathers.They give birth to eggs.Examples of birds would be a red bird, hawk, and chicken.Some unusual birds are the ostrich, flamingo, and penguin.
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Characteristics of BirdsThe bodies of most birds have adaptations for flight.
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Section 31-2
which are that also that power that provide that ensure
have the followingadaptations to flight
Birds
Homologous tofront limbs in other
vertebrates
Providewarmth
Upward anddownward wing
strokes
One-way flowof O2-rich air
O2 distributionto body tissues
Wings Feathers Strong chestmuscles
Efficientrespiratory
system
Efficientcirculatory
system
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Characteristics of BirdsAir sacs and a four-chambered heart help birds obtain oxygen and move it to their cells.
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Characteristics of BirdsBirds have four-chambered hearts and double-loop circulatory systems that efficiently move oxygen to their cells.
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Characteristics of BirdsSome birds like this hawk have a crop and a gizzard. The crop stores food, and the gizzard crushes food.
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Groups of BirdsMore than thirty orders of birdsSome of the most common
Perching Birds – largest order; many are songbirds (sparrows, crows, cardinals, etc.)
Purple Finch
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Birds of Prey– fierce predators with hooked bills; large talons (condors, hawks, owls, eagles, etc.)
Red-Tailed Hawk
Eagle
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Herons & Relatives– Wade in aquatic habitats (storks, herons, cranes)
Stork Heron
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Ostriches & Relatives– flightless birds move by running or swimming (ostriches, emus, etc.)
Emu
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End of Section: Birds
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Section 6: Mammals
What characteristics do all mammals share?What are the main groups of mammals and how do they differ in their reproduction?
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MammalsMammals breathe with lungs.They are warm blooded.They have hair/fur.Most give birth to live young.Some examples are bears, lions, tigers, and people.Some unusual examples bats, whales, and dolphins
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Diversity of MammalsThe three main groups of mammals are monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
kangaroo spiny anteater giraffe
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Orders of Placental Mammals
OrderInsectivores
SireniansCetaceans
Chiropterans Rodents
Section 32-2
Characteristics Examples
Long, narrow snouts, sharp claws
Water-dwelling, slow-moving
Live and breed in ocean, come to surface to breathe
Winged, capable of true flight
Single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws
Shrews, hedgehogs, moles
Manatees, dugongs
Whales, dolphins
Bats
Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, chinchillas
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Orders of Placental Mammals
OrderPerissodactyls
Carnivores
Artiodactyls
Proboscideans
Characteristics Examples
Section 32-2
Hoofed, with an odd number of toes on each foot
Sharp teeth and claws
Hoofed, with an even number of toes on each foot
Trunks
Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, zebras
Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels
Asian and African elephants, mastodons and mammoths
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Orders of Placental Mammals
OrderLagomorphs
Xenarthrans
Primates
Characteristics Examples
Section 32-2
Two pairs of incisors in upper jaw, hind legs allow leaping
No teeth (or very small teeth in the back of the jaw)
Highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors
Snowshoe hares, rabbits
Sloths, anteaters, armadillos
Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans
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Mammal Diversity
This circle graph shows the percentage of species of some types of mammals.
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Mammal Diversity
21.8 %
Reading Graphs:
What percentage of species are bats?
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Mammal Diversity
78.2 %
Calculating:
What percentage of species are not bats?
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Mammal Diversity
The group with the greatest number of species, rodents, would be the tallest.
Graphing:
Suppose you used the data shown in the circle graph to make a bar graph. Which bar would be tallest?
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Mammal Diversity
100; no, you do not have to add them because it is a circle chart—the entire chart stands for 100 percent of the items counted— in this case, mammal species.
Predicting:
What total should all the percentages in the pie chart add up to? Do you have to add the percentages to obtain your answer? Explain
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End of Section: Mammals