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Daily Skill Builders: General Science Grades 5–8

ii404103-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Teacher ........................................ivNSES Standards Matrix for Grades 5–8 .................... 1

Activity # SkillScientific Methods

1. Which Scientist Is Which? ................................ 22. Branches of Science ........................................ 23. Scientific Methods ............................................ 34. SI Units ............................................................ 35. Scientific Units of Measurement ...................... 4

Physical Science6. Density ............................................................. 47. Matter ............................................................... 58. Structure of Atoms ........................................... 59. States of Matter ............................................... 6

10. States of Matter/Test Practice .......................... 611. The Fourth State of Matter ............................... 712. Physical Properties of Matter ........................... 713. Chemical Properties of Matter ......................... 814. Elements .......................................................... 815. Periodic Table of Elements ............................... 916. Classification of Elements ................................ 917. Fascinating Element Facts ............................. 1018. Compounds and Mixtures .............................. 1019. Using Density to Identify Compounds ............ 1120. Physical vs. Chemical Changes ..................... 1121. Solutions ........................................................ 1222. Solubility ........................................................ 1223. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ................... 1324. pH ................................................................ 1325. Chemical Formulas ........................................ 1426. Boyle’s Law .................................................... 1427. Behavior of Liquids and Gases ...................... 1528. Sink or Float? ................................................. 1529. Energy ........................................................... 1630. Temperature ................................................... 1631. Energy Terms ................................................. 1732. Types of Energy ............................................. 1733. Conductors and Insulators ............................. 1834. Chemical Energy ........................................... 1835. Motion—Speed and Acceleration/

Test Practice .................................................. 1936. Distance, Speed, and Time ............................ 1937. Gravity and Inertia ......................................... 2038. Mass and Weight ........................................... 2039. Metric Conversion .......................................... 2140. Newton’s First, Second, and

Third Laws/Test Practice ................................ 2141. Friction ........................................................... 22

42. Forces and Motion ......................................... 22 43. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces ................. 23 44. Momentum ..................................................... 23 45. Work and Power ............................................. 24 46. Simple Machines ........................................... 24 47. Simple Machines ........................................... 25 48. Waves ............................................................ 25 49. Wave Properties ............................................ 26 50. Transverse and Compressional Waves .......... 26 51. Electromagnetic Spectrum ............................. 27 52. Types of Waves .............................................. 27 53. Wave Behavior ............................................... 28 54. Waves Review/Test Practice .......................... 28 55. Light ............................................................ 29 56. Light and Color .............................................. 29 57. The Law of Reflection .................................... 30 58. Diffuse vs. Regular Reflection ........................ 30 59. Plane, Concave, and Convex Mirrors ............. 31 60. Refraction ...................................................... 31 61. The Three Major Subatomic Particles ............ 32 62. Electric Charge .............................................. 32 63. Insulators and Conductors of Electricity ........ 33 64. Induced Charges ........................................... 33 65. Electric Current and Batteries ........................ 34 66. Amperes, Volts, and Watts ............................. 34 67. Resistance ..................................................... 35 68. Ohm’s Law ..................................................... 35 69. Circuits ........................................................... 36 70. Electric Power ................................................ 36 71. Magnetism ..................................................... 37 72. Induced Magnetism ....................................... 37 73. Electricity and Magnetism .............................. 38 74. Electricity and Magnetism Review/ Test Practice .................................................. 38

Earth and Space Sciences 75. Four Characteristics of Minerals .................... 39 76. Minerals ......................................................... 39 77. Mineral Formation .......................................... 40 78. Physical Properties of Minerals ..................... 40 79. Mohs’ Hardness Scale ................................... 41 80. Silicates ......................................................... 41 81. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks ....................................... 42 82. Detrital Rock Processes ................................ 42 83. Weathering .................................................... 43 84. Soil ................................................................. 43 85. Gravitational Erosion ...................................... 44 86. Glacial Erosion ............................................... 44 87. Wind Erosion ................................................. 45


iii404103-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Table of Contents (cont.)

Table of Contents

88. Water Erosion ................................................ 4589. Groundwater and the Water Table ................. 4690. Geysers, Caves, and Sinkholes ..................... 4691. Energy Resources ......................................... 4792. Earth’s Materials and Resources

Review/Test Practice ...................................... 4793. Composition of Oceans ................................. 4894. Ocean Waves and Tides ................................ 4895. Sea Floor ....................................................... 4996. Earthquake Forces ........................................ 4997. Earthquakes ................................................... 5098. Measuring Earthquakes ................................. 5099. Pangaea and Continental Drift ....................... 51

100. Sea Floor Spreading ...................................... 51101. Plate Tectonics ............................................... 52102. Plate Boundaries ........................................... 52103. Ring of Fire .................................................... 53104. Parts of a Volcano .......................................... 53105. Volcanoes ...................................................... 54106. Igneous Rock Features .................................. 54107. The Atmosphere ............................................ 55108. Composition of the Atmosphere .................... 55109. Air Pressure ................................................... 56110. Energy in the Atmosphere ............................. 56111. Heat Transfer .................................................. 57112. Winds ............................................................ 57113. The Coriolis Effect ......................................... 58114. Global Winds .................................................. 58115. Water in the Atmosphere ............................... 59116. Cloud Formation ............................................ 59117. Types of Clouds ............................................. 60118. Precipitation ................................................... 60119. Air Masses ..................................................... 61120. Fronts ............................................................ 61121. Storms ........................................................... 62122. Lightning ........................................................ 62123. Tornadoes ...................................................... 63124. Hurricanes ..................................................... 63125. Predicting the Weather .................................. 64126. Weather Maps ................................................ 64127. Climate ........................................................... 65128. Climate Regions and Types ........................... 65129. The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming ............................................. 66130. Climatic Change ............................................ 66131. The Earth and the Moon ................................ 67132. Phases of the Moon ....................................... 67133. Eclipses ......................................................... 68134. The Solar System/Test Practice ..................... 68135. Other Solar System Objects .......................... 69

136. Stars ............................................................ 69137. The Sun ......................................................... 70138. Galaxies ......................................................... 70

Life Sciences139. Animal and Plant Cells ................................... 71140. Cell Processes ............................................... 71141. Energy in Cells ............................................... 72142. Viruses ........................................................... 72143. Binomial Nomenclature .................................. 73144. Classification Groups ..................................... 73145. The Kingdoms ................................................ 74146. Bacteria .......................................................... 74147. Protists ........................................................... 75148. Fungi ............................................................ 75149. Seedless Plants ............................................. 76150. Seed Plants ................................................... 76151. Animal or Not? ............................................... 77152. Vertebrates and Invertebrates ....................... 77153. Flatworms, Roundworms, Sponges, and Cnidarians ............................................... 78154. Mollusks ......................................................... 78155. Annelids ......................................................... 79156. Arthropods ..................................................... 79157. Insects ........................................................... 80158. Arachnids ....................................................... 80159. Crustaceans and Echinoderms...................... 81160. Vertebrates .................................................... 81161. Animal Adaptations/Bird Beaks and Feet ...... 82162. Invertebrates and Vertebrates Review/Test Practice ...................................... 82

Periodic Table of Elements ................................... 83

Answer Key ............................................................ 84


iv404103-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Introduction to the Teacher

Introduction to the Teacher Both the No Child Left Behind Act and standardized testing require students to meet certain proficiency standards. These Daily Skill Builders are designed to provide students with the opportunity to review or gain extra practice with the skills they are learning in their regular curriculum.They were written with the National Science Education Standards in mind. A matrixcorrelating the activities with the standards they address is included on page 1.

Suggestions for Use Each activity page is divided into two reproducible sections that can be cut apart and used separately. Activities could be used in class as a warm-up, a review of a topic covered earlierin the year, as extra practice on a topic currently being studied, in a learning center for review or extra practice, or as a homework assignment.

Organization Activities are arranged by topic, with the primary focus of this book being on the physicaland earth sciences. A smaller life sciences section is also included. The table of contents iden-tifies the skills that each activity covers. Since standardized testing is an important component of education, a few activities provide practice in standardized test-taking formats. This helps students become more familiar and comfortable with the format and provides test-taking prac-tice. At the back of the book (p. 83) is a copy of the Periodic Table of Elements, for use with activities 15, 17, and 25.

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2404103-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

ACTIVITY 1 Which Scientist Is Which?

Match the scientist with what he/she studies.

1. paleontologist a. metals2. entomologist b. human behavior3. astronomer c. insects4. metallurgist d. energy and force5. agronomist e. water6. hydrologist f. plants7. archaeologist g. animals8. psychologist h. prehistoric forms of life9. chemist i. rocks

10. physicist j. structure and matter11. botanist k. soil and crop raising12. zoologist l. weather13. geneticist m. stars and planets14. geologist n. human DNA15. meteorologist o. past cultures

ACTIVITY 2 Branches of Science

Write the branch of science each of the fields below would belong to: Physical Science, Earth and Space Science, Life Science, Mathematics, Social Science.

1. Zoology 11. Statistics

2. Astronomy 12. Biology

3. Physics 13. Geology

4. Anatomy 14. Psychology

5. Anthropology 15. Seismology

6. Geometry 16. Entomology

7. Botany 17. Archaeology

8. Mineralogy 18. Logic

9. Meteorology 19. Genetics

10. Chemistry 20. Ornithology

Scientific Methods

Scientific Methods

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ACTIVITY 3 Scientific Methods

Write “T” for true or “F” for false for each statement.

1. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested.

2. Theories attempt to explain why a particular thing happens.

3. Scientific laws explain why something happens.

4. An independent variable is the factor that is changed in an experiment.

5. A dependent variable is a factor that stays the same in an experiment.

6. A constant is the factor being measured in an experiment.

7. A control is a standard used to make comparisons.

8. An inference is a conclusion that is based on observations.

ACTIVITY 4 SI Units

The International System of Units (SI Units) was devel-oped to provide a uniform standard for physical measure-ments that could be used worldwide. Next to each quantity, list the unit with which it is measured and its symbol. (The choices are in the box).

Scientific Methods

K second cubic meter

m meter kilogram

s Kelvin kg m3

Quantity Unit Symbol

Mass

Volume

Time

Temperature

Length

Scientific Methods

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ACTIVITY 5 Scientific Units of Measurement

Use the words from the box to fill in the blanks and make the information correct.

1. The amount of matter in an object

is called the of the object.

2. The mass of an object will be the on Earth or

the moon.

3. A measurement of , on the other hand,

depends on the force of on it.

4. is the measurement used to determine how hot or

cold something is. Such measurements are made on the scale.

This scale starts at zero. At 373 K, water .

5. An interval between two events is measured with the SI Unit of .

ACTIVITY 6 Density

The measurement of density refers to how the mass of an object (how many atoms are in it) compares to the amount of space that it occupies (the volume). Answer these questions about these squares of equal mass.

1. Which of the squares has the highest density?

2. Which of the squares has the lowest density?

3. How does the mass compare in all three squares?

4. How does the volume compare between the squares?

5. Which do you think has a higher density, a block of wood or a block of iron?

Scientific Methods/Physical Science

gravity boils weight absolute time mass temperature same Kelvin

Scientific Methods/Physical Science

ACTIVITY 7 Matter

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Circle each item below that is matter and cross out each one that is not.

paper milk steel dreams peach

skin light glue rock book

thoughts rose planet mud hair

water leaf spit pencil emotions

blood diamond ideas tape sand

germs tree nest love heat

ACTIVITY 8 Structure of Atoms

Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks.

1. A tiny particle of a particular type of matter

2. The core or central part of an atom

3. A particle within an atom’s nucleus that has a positive charge

4. A particle in an atom that is negatively charged

5. A particle in an atom that is neither positively nor negatively charged

6. The number of protons in the nucleus of a given atom

7. Atoms of the same element, but with differing numbers of neutrons

8. Area around an atom’s nucleus, where electrons are found

Physical Science

atomic number neutron proton electron cloud isotopes atom nucleus electron

Physical Science

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Daily Skill Builders: Science Grades 5-8

5CD-404103 © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

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ACTIVITY 9 States of Matter

Circle one of each pair of words within the parentheses to make each statement true.

1. The state matter is in depends primarily upon how its ( atoms / protons ) are arranged and

the way in which they move.

2. The Kinetic Theory of Matter explains that the particles of all matter are in

(repetitive / constant ), ( random / systematic ) motion.

3. Particles in matter move more quickly at ( lower / higher ) temperatures.

4. Particles in a cube of ice have ( more / less) kinetic energy than in liquid water.

5. A substance’s (melting point / freezing point ) is the temperature at

which it will change from a solid to a ( gas / liquid ).

6. ( Cyrstalline / Noncrystalline ) solids have particles that are arranged

in repetitive, geometric patterns.

ACTIVITY 10 States of Matter/Test Practice

Shade in the circle of the correct answer.

1. Particles that have enough kinetic energy to break away from each other completely are

found in:

a. solids b. liquids c. gases

2. Which state of matter has a definite volume, but no fixed shaped?

a. solid b. liquid c. gas

3. In which state is matter able to expand and fill any volume?


4. In which state of matter are particles the most tightly packed?


5. What causes matter to change from one state to another?

a. heat/cooling b. pressure c. gravity

Physical Science

Physical Science

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ACTIVITY 11 The Fourth State of Matter

Change the underlined words in the paragraph below to make the information correct.

There is a fourth state of matter called plasma. It is common. It forms when a solid becomes

so hot that protons break away from atoms. Plasma is

found in lightning bolts and neon signs. Up in the top

layers of the trees it is what causes the aurora borealis,

otherwise known as the Western Lights. You can also

find plasma in the moon.

ACTIVITY 12 Physical Properties of Matter

Physical properties of matter are those characteristics that you can observe without changing the makeup of the thing you are observing. They are observed by using your senses.

List four physical properties of each of these items:

1. Your science book:

2. Your shoes:

3. An article of clothing you are wearing:

Physical Science

Physical Science

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ACTIVITY 13 Chemical Properties of Matter

A chemical property of something is a characteristic that allows it to change the chemical nature of matter. Match each example of a chemical property with its definition.

1. oxidation a. ability to be poisonous

2. toxicity b. ability to break down naturally

3. radioactivity c. ability to react with oxygen causing rust

4. biodegradability d. ability to catch fire

5. flammability e. ability to spontaneously emit energetic particles by the disintegration of their atomic nuclei

ACTIVITY 14 Elements

Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom. They cannot be broken down into simpler parts by any ordinary means. Fill in the missing vowels in these elements.

1. L M N M 2. H Y D R G N

3. C B L T 4. X Y G N

5. T T N M 6. H L M

7. C R B N 8. R D N

9. L T H M 10. S D M

11. R N 12. P T S S M

13. P L T N M 14. C P P R

15. S L F R 16. N T R G N

17. D N E 18. S L C N

19. N C K L 20. M R C R Y

21. M G N S M 22. C L C M

23. N N 24. P L T N M

Physical Science

Physical Science Physical Science

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ACTIVITY 15 Periodic Table of ElementsUse the Periodic Table of Elements (p. 83) and other resources to fill in the chart below.

ACTIVITY 16 Classification of Elements

Write “T” for true or “F” for false for each statement.

1. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

2. Mercury is the only metal not solid at room temperature.

3. Most of the known elements are nonmetals.

4. Metals are malleable.

5. Solid nonmetals are usually brittle

6. Most nonmetals are liquid.

7. Most nonmetals are shiny.

8. Metalloids have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.

9. Some metalloids are gases at room temperature.

10. Metalloids are the best conductors of heat and electricity.

Physical Science

Element Symbol AtomicNum. AtomicMass

Lithium

Iron

Arsenic

Helium

Titanium

Silicon

Radon

Metal,MetalloidorNonmetal


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ACTIVITY 17 Fascinating Element Facts

Unscramble the letters to make the name of each metal or element described.

1. The element in 80% of known compounds. A R C B N O

2. The metal that is most widely used.N R I O

3. The metal that is most abundant in the Earth’s crust.N L A U M U M I

4. The lightest element.N Y D O G E R H

5. This element was isolated in 1250 A.D. for use as a poison. E N I S A R C 6. The only metal that is not solid at room temperature.

R C Y R M U E 7. The element that is the second most abundant in the Earth’s crust.

L I C S O N I

ACTIVITY 18 Compounds and Mixtures

Write each statement under the correct head-ing.

1. written as formulas

2. produced when

elements combine.

3. proportions can be

changed

4. when uniform,

individual parts

cannot be seen

5. combinations do not make a new, pure substance

6. properties vary from those of elements from which it is formed

Physical Science

Compounds Mixtures




Activity 1 (p. 2) 1. h 2. c 3. m 4. a 5. k6. e 7. o 8. b 9. j 10. d

11. f 12. g 13. n 14. i 15. l

Activity 2 (p. 2) 1. Life 2. Earth and Space3. Physical 4. Life5. Social 6. Mathematics7. Life 8. Earth and Space9. Earth and Space/Physical 10. Physical

11. Mathematics 12. Life13. Earth and Space 14. Social15. Earth and Space 16. Life17. Social 18. Mathematics19. Life 20. Life

Activity 3 (p. 3)1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T

Activity 4 (p. 3)Mass: kilogram kgVolume: cubic meter m3 Time: second sTemperature: kelvin KLength: meter m

Activity 5 (p. 4)1. mass 2. same 3. weight, gravity4. Temperature, Kelvin, absolute, boils 5. time

Activity 6 (p. 4)1. A 2. C3. The mass is the same in all three.4. The volume is largest in C, the biggest square.5. iron

Activity 7 (p. 5)These words should be circled: paper, milk, steel, peach, skin, glue, rock, book, rose, planet, mud, hair, water, leaf, spit, pencil, blood, diamond, tape, sand, germs, tree, nest

Activity 8 (p. 5)1. atom 2. nucleus 3. proton4. electron 5. neutron 6. atomic number7. isotopes 8. electron cloud

Activity 9 (p. 6)1. atoms 2. constant, random 3. higher4. less 5. melting point, liquid 6. Crystalline

Activity 10 (p. 6) 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a

Activity 11 (p. 7)Make these changes:common to rare or uncommonsolid to gas protons to electronstrees to atmosphereWestern to Northernmoon to stars or sun

Activity 12 (p. 7)Answers will vary. Should describe shape, color, size, texture, etc.

Activity 13 (p. 8) 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. d

Activity 14 (p. 8) 1. aluminum 2. hydrogen 3. cobalt 4. oxygen 5. titanium 6. helium 7. carbon 8. radon 9. lithium 10. sodium11. iron 12. potassium13. platinum 14. copper15. sulfur 16. nitrogen17. iodine 18. silicon19. nickel 20. mercury21. magnesium 22. calcium23. neon 24. plutonium

Activity 15 (p. 9)Lithium: Li 3 6.941 metalIron: Fe 26 55.845 metalArsenic: As 33 74.922 metalloidHelium: He 2 4.003 nonmetalTitanium: Ti 22 47.867 metalSilicon: Si 14 28.086 metalloidRadon: Rn 86 (222) nonmetal

Activity 16 (p. 9) 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F

Activity 17 (p. 10) 1. carbon 2. iron 3. aluminum 4. hydrogen 5. arsenic 6. mercury 7. silicon

Answer KeysAnswer Keys



Activity 18 (p. 10)Statements 1, 2, and 6 go under “compounds”Statements 3, 4, and 5 go under “mixtures”

Activity 19 (p. 11)1. silver 2. nickel 3. 2 mL 4. 3.24

Activity 20 (p. 11)1. P 2. C 3. C 4. C5. P 6. P 7. P 8. P9. C 10. P 11. C 12. P

Activity 21 (p. 12)solution, dissolves, solute, solvent, Gaseous, Liquid, water, soda pop, Solid, alloys

Activity 22 (p. 12)1. Because so many solutes can dissolve in it.2. A saturated solution is one where no more solute

can dissolve in it in the condition it is in. An unsaturated solution has room for more solute.

3. A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute. A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute.

4. Temperature (heat it up)

Activity 23 (p. 13)1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T

Activity 24 (p. 13)1. neutral2. somewhat acidic3. somewhat basic4. extremely acidic5. somewhat basic6. extremely acidic7. extremely basic8. somewhat acidic9. somewhat basic

Activity 25 (p. 14)1. 1 atom of carbon

2 atoms of oxygen2. 1 atom of nitrogen

3 atoms of hydrogen3. 1 atom of lead

1 atom of sulfur 3 atoms of oxygen

Activity 26 (p. 14)constant, inverse, pressure, increase, volume, decrease

Activity 27 (p. 15) 1. d 2. g 3. f 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. e

Activity 28 (p. 15) 1. If an object’s density is less than that of the fluid,

it will float in the fluid. If its density is greater than that of the fluid, it will sink in the fluid.

2. displaced, weight

Activity 29 (p. 16)

Activity 30 (p. 16) 1. kinetic 2. all motion stopsFahrenheit: 32° 212° -459°Celsius: 0° 100° -273°Kelvin: 273° 373° 0°

Activity 31 (p. 17)

Activity 32 (p. 17) 1. transfer 2. kinetic 3. thermal energy 4. Heat 5. conduction 6. convection 7. radiation

Activity 33 (p. 18) 1. C 2. I 3. I 4. I 5. C 6. C 7. I 8. C

Answer Keys

B O X T T V X G E U L E P T D

M H C H E M I C A L A N D H G

V E C G W S G B K M C E H E H

O U R I T N O I T A I D A R I

R A E L C U N D B B R I M M E

N O I T C E V N O C T L L A E

A N O I T C U D N O C X T L Q

T L M I I D R R H V E Q A E O

U S C M H O P B O S L E E E W

N X A H M B T T R D E V H A D

F A TR C

F A HP O T E N T I A L

R S NM F G

E H E A TN E V E R

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