Company Logo

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 1

Analytic Interview a New Approach to Evaluating Truthfulness

About the Author—Susan Constantine

Instructions—Facial Recognition Training

Advanced—Facial Recognition Training

Power Point—Presentation Slides 1– 28

Part 2

Techniques of Verbal Deception 1– 2

Documenting Behavioral Cues 3

Casey Anthony L.I.W.C Word Analysis 4-6

Glossary 7-8

Research Articles and Book Recommendations

Silent Messages, Inc.

Orlando Florida • Phone 407.405.3417 susan@silentmessages.com • www.susanconstantine.com

Silent Messages, Inc.

What is the Analytical Approach to Evaluate Truthfulness?

This is an interdisciplinary course that stresses an analytical approach to

interviewing suspects, witnesses, and/or potential employees, business interactions,

and sales negotiations. It combines the observance of non-verbal communication

disciplines to the verbal behavior studies used successfully by other interviewers

and interrogators. It emphasizes rapport building skills utilizing body language

techniques and an understanding of how people process information. This course

incorporates information on detecting signs of deception based on research

conducted by Paul Ekman, PhD., and David Matsumoto, PhD.

Susan Constantine combines the objective (science) and subjective (art)

with her years of research and personal experiences in evaluating truthfulness. The

main purpose of this course is to provide techniques for attorneys, mediators,

investigators, Intelligence agencies, medical professionals, and sales professionals

to enhance their abilities and success during interviews, jury selection, and

depositions, cross examinations, interrogations, and negotiations.

Recently

has bee

She prov

debates

Anthony

Susan’s

compan

secret” p

professi

express

sales, an

y, Susan ha

n featured

vides insigh

, celebrities

y an alleged

s extraordin

ies, law enf

profiling and

onals in ho

ed so that o

nd leadersh

Ab

Susa

and

dece

Sess

truth

as been as

in the New

ht regularly

s, and most

d child killer

nary and fas

forcement,

d rapport b

w to read,

one may ob

hip.

bout the A

Freque

an Consta

Florida Sup

eption detec

sion” Court

fulness of s

ked to serv

w York Time

y on local an

t currently n

r.

scinating ta

judges, att

uilding skill

interpret, a

btain the co

Author -

ent Guest o

ntine is bod

preme Cou

ction. She i

TV evaluat

suspects an

ve on the pa

es Journal, O

nd national

nationally p

alents caug

torneys, inv

s in “readin

nd predict v

ompetitive e

Bibliogra

on CNN “In

dy languag

rt County m

s a frequen

ting the bod

nd witnesse

anel of expe

Orlando Se

l news telev

publicized c

ht the atten

vestigators,

ng people”

verbal obje

edge in trial

aphy

Session”

ge expert, ju

mediator sp

nt guest on

dy languag

es in high p

erts on Nan

entinel, and

vision profil

cases such

ntion of fort

and media

has trained

ctions befo

l, mediation

ury consulta

pecializing

CNN “In

e and

profile case

ncy Grace.

d Miami Her

ing preside

as; Casey

une 500

ators. Her “t

d thousands

ore they are

n, negotiatio

ant,

s.

She

rald.

ential

top-

s of

e

ons,

Instructions to Humintell Facial Recognition Training

1. Go to: http://training.humintell.com

2. Create a new account by clicking "register"

3. Once the account has been created, login with the email and password you just created.

4. Click "register license code" on the ride hand side bar.

5. Enter the license code EXACTLY how it is written and then click "register". Please note

if you do not enter the code exactly as how it is written, the training will not work.

"Click to access course" to begin your training.

6. License code is located in the upper left hand corner inside the front cover of your

workbook

Contact information if you have any questions

Sayaka Matsumoto

Marketing and Operations Assistant

Humintell, LLC

PO Box 1304

El Cerrito, CA 94530

1-800-783-6043

www.humintell.com

Advanced Microexpression and Subtle Expression Training

Finished the MiX Original and want more advanced microexpression training?

We suggest the following courses to further your training:

MiX Professional: Pre-set at a speed of 1/10th of a second, MiX Professional features brand new practice images, instructional videos and additional information on each basic emotion. Additional information includes FACS codes, associated nonverbal behaviors, and universal triggers. A certificate of achievement is given upon completion of the post test at a minimum 80% proficiency.

MiX 2: Advanced microexpression training that can help you detect microexpressions from all angles: frontal, profile and ¾ side views. The user can set the speed of their training and a certificate of achievement is given upon completion of the post test at a minimum 80% proficiency.

MiX Elite: Pre-set at a speed of 1/16th of a second, MiX Elite is our most advanced microexpression training. The training features information such as the evolutionary vestige of the seven basic emotions as well as brand new practice images from all angles. Also includes additional information including FACS codes, associated nonverbal behaviors, and universal triggers. A certificate of achievement is given upon completion of the post test at a minimum 80% proficiency.

SubX Professional or SubX Elite: Pre-set at speed of 1/5th of a second and 1/10th of a second respectively, SubX Pro and Elite can teach you how to read subtle signs of emotion- facial expressions that may be expressed on only 1 part of the face. A certificate of achievement is given upon completion of the post test at a minimum 80% proficiency.

Simply go to and click to purchase your advanced training. Simply go to www.susanconstantine.com and click to purchase your advanced training.

Pages 1-28

PowerPoint Slides

Silent Messages, Inc.

�� Overview

�� Analytic Interviewing

�� Facial Recognition Training

�� Communication

�� Rapport Building

�� Mirroring

�� Deception Detection

�� Techniques of Verbal Deception

�� Truthful and Deceptive Behaviors Attitudes

�� Truthful and Deceptive Body Language

�� Conclusion

1

THE��ANALYTIC�INTERVIEWING�APPROACH�TO�EVALUATE�TRUTHFULNESS

“SEE�WHAT�YOU�HAVE�BEEN�MISSING”��

Housekeeping�activation�code�XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Dr.David�Matsumoto��

2

DISCLAIMER�WARNING…What�you�will�learn� today�will�open�your�eyes�wide

open�to�“see�what�you�have�been�missing.”�Having�this�ability�to�read�people�

accurately�is�a�powerful�tool.��Therefore,��I�caution�you�to�keep�the�skills�you�

learn�into�perspective�and�use�it�responsibly�to�make�better�assessments�of�

others�professionally�and�personally.��

Raise�your�right�hand

Open

3

Closed

Forward

Back

4

What�is�the�Analytic�Approach��to�Evaluating�Truthfulness?

ElicitationTo�gather�information�to�put�the�pieces�together

Who�are�you�Evaluating?

5

Where�can�I�use�the�skills?

How�can�I�use�this�information?

Who�else�can�benefit�from�training?

6

In�Sales�Negotiations

Interviewing�and�Human�Resources

Making�Purchases

7

Purchasing�a�Home

Purchasing�large�Items

Personal�Relationships

8

Are�there�people�you�can’t�read?

What�you�will�learn�in�the�next�5�hours

“The�7�steps�to�Finding�the�Truth”

� How�to�spot�a�liar�� How�to�elicit�the�truth� How�to�build�instant�rapport�� How�to�read�verbal�objections�� Uncover�hidden�agenda’s� How�to�detect�concealed�emotions�� How�to�base�line�and�norm�witnesses�

How�accurate�are�you?Subjects�right�when�in�front�of�you

Genuine�(R)���������False�(L)��������� Poor lie detectors

� 50% accuracy rate

� Lower without facial cues.

� With facial cues is 67% +

� 58 % body language

� 38% voice

� 7% words (noise)

9

No�Pinocchio�Response

Unmasking�the�Face�

� Clues�of�deception� Face� Body� Words� Voice� Communication

Facial�Action�Coding�System�

10

The�7�Universal�Facial�Expressions

� Fear� Anger� Disgust� Happiness����������� Sadness� Surprise� Contempt

11

12

13

Easily�Confused�Expressions�

14

Surprise Fear

Disgust Anger

Happy�������������������������������������������������Contempt

15

Sadness Fear

Facial�Recognition�Training�activation�code:�xxxxxxxxxxxx

Look�in�your�book�for�directions

� Kato�case�� disgust� Neil�Entwistle�clip�– duping�delight� Casey�Anthony�clip�� nonverbal�admission

16

What�are�you�looking�for?

� Look�for�congruent�or�incongruent��clues

� Does�it�connect�?

� Does�the�facial�expression�match�the�words?

� Does�the�words�match�the�body�language?

� Does�the�words�match�the�voice?

� Facial�expressions�are�the�most�reliable

How�to�use�Reading�FacesOften�it�is�best�to�say�nothing,�except�be�aware

Inquiring�Questions:

� Is�there�anything�more�you�would�like�to�say�about�how�you�are�feeling?

� I�had�the�impression�you�were�feeling�more�than�what�you�said…

� I�sense�that�you�felt�sad,�happy,�angry,�frustrated�etc…�or�is�there�something�you�would�like�to�share?

Cont.…� Inconsistences�and�consistencies

� Are�facial�expressions�congruent�with�words�and�body�language

� Cluster�gestures

� In�Session�clip�– duping�delight

� Tiger�Woods�clip�– no�sadness�or�remorse�in�forehead�(�incongruent)

17

Reporter�Clip

� Reporter�was�having�stoke�like�symptoms

� Watch�reporter�as�she�tries�to�recover

� She�makes�an�attempt�to�conceal�emotions

� She�knows�something is�wrong

� Surprise,�fear,�and�sadness�appear

Selective�Attention�Test

� Approved�for�training�purposes�only

CommunicationReading�people�requires�good�communication�skills�

� To�see�things�from�the�others�perspective

� To�elicit�information

� Gather�evidence

� To�use�as�a�baseline

� Tie�it�all�together

� To��find�the�truth�������������������������German�Coastguard

18

Be�an�Active�Listener�and�Communicator

� Lean�forward

� 70%�eye�contact

� Body�alignment�� BBR

� Angles�

� Mirror�� subway

Rapport��Building�Techniques

� Mirror

� Pace

� Lead

� Clip�on�mirroring�body�language

Minimal�Encouragers�to�Elicit�Information

� And …so … then…

� Grunts and groans

� Nod head

� My�turn�/your�turn�

19

Echoing/Energy�Words�� Repeat�back�the�last�phrase/word� spoken

� Repeat�energy�word�

“I�was�determined to�do�what�was�right.”

� Stay�on�point�with��your�agenda.�

� Asking�a�question� is�dealing�with�your�agenda�not�theirs.

Illustrators,Emblems,and Manipulators

Nonverbal�Gestures

Illustrators� Illustrators�are�physical�acts�that�help�explain�what�is�being�said�but�

have�no�meaning�on�their�own.�

� Waving�the�arms�raising�or�lowering�the�eyebrows,�snapping�the�fingers�and�pounding�the�table�may�enhance�or�explain�the�words�that�accompany�them,�but�they�cannot�stand�alone unlike�emblems.

� People�sometimes�use�illustrators��when�they�can't�think�of�the�right�words,�or�when�it's�simply�easier�to�illustrate,�as�in�defining�"zigzag�"or�explaining�how�to�tie�a�shoe.

� An�illustrator�might�accompany�a�positive�statement�one�moment�and�a�negative�one�the�next.�This�is�not�the�case�with�emblems,�which�have�the�same�precise�meaning�on�all�occasions�for�all�members�of�a�group,�class,�culture,�or�subculture.

20

Emblems

� An�emblem�is�a�physical�act�that�fully�takes��place�of�words.�

� Nodding�the�head�up�and�down�in�many�cultures�is�a�substitute�for�saying�"Yes."�

� Raising�the�shoulders�and�turning�the�palms�upward�clearly�means�"I�don't�know,"�or�"I'm�not�sure

Michelle�Obama

� Can�appear�rude�or�cause�embarrassment�

� Can�be�misunderstood��

Emblem�Examples� The�thumb�and�forefinger�in�a�circle�gesture

is�friendly�in�the�U.S

� France�and�Belgium:�"You're�worth�zero”

� Greece�and�Turkey�it�is�an�insulting�or�vulgar�sexual�invitation

� Nodding�the�head�up�and�down�in�many�cultures�is�a�substitute�for�saying�"Yes.“

� Raising�the�shoulders�and�turning�the�palms�upward�clearly�means�"I�don't�know,"�or�"I'm�not�sure."

21

Manipulators

� Are�in�one�part�of�the�body�– grooming�gestures

� The�hands,�rubs,�picks,�squeezes,�cleans�or�some�other�part of�the�body

� Casey�Anthony�clip�“In�Session”� Senate�debates

Communicating�with�Illustrators�and�Voice

10�minute�video�

Eye�Movement�Cues�Exercise

22

Insert�Disk�2

DECEPTION�DETECTION

� WHY�PEOPLE�LIE� DIFFERENT�TYPES�OF�LIES� MOTIVES� NORMING�AND�BASE�LINING� HOW�TO�SPOT�A�LIAR� INTERVIEWING�AND�INVESTIGATE

Truth�and�Lies

� Truth�� is�what�one�believes�to�be�"their”�truth

� Lies�� knows�the�truth�and�chooses�to�mislead�

� Half�� truths�– telling�the�truth�falsely�or�partially��

� If�one�believes�something�to�be�true�then�it�is�not�a�lie

23

Lies

Tactics�

Tactics Physiological�changes

� Persuade� Manipulate� Dodge� Misdirect�� Fear�of�Punishment

� Smiles�inappropriately�� Changes�in�body��

language� Anxiousness� Excessive�blinking� Verbal��hesitations

Why�People�Lie

� Loss�of�Freedom� Avoid�embarrassment� Protecting�someone�else�from�harm� Protecting�yourself�from�harm� To�win�admiration�from�others�through�boasting� Maintain�privacy� The�thrill�of�getting�away�with�something� To�get�away�from�an�awkward�situation

24

Serious�Lies� Fear�of�punishment�or�consequences�

� Job� Relationships� Wealth� Life

Clinton�clip

� Serious�lies�create�a�higher�level�of�threat�that�cause�leakages�to�increase�

� Facial�expressions� Voice�and/or�words� Gestures� Gaze

Everyday�Life�Lies

� Are��lies� where�there�is�no�fear�of�being�caught

� No�punishment�or�reward

� Lies�told�more�easily�and�flawlessly.

� Less�detectable�in�demeanor��

The�7�Rules�to�Interviewing�to�obtain�the�Truth

1.�You�must�know�what�you�what�to�obtain

2.�Understand�WHAT�a�person�believes�to�be�the�truth�and�WHY�they�believe�it.

3.�Video�Clip�� obtaining�a�confession

4.�Establish�a�baseline

4.�Be�flexible

5.�Read�behavioral�clues

6.�Save�face�– story�telling�or�themes

7.�Must�establish�and�maintain�rapport

25

7�Steps�to�Norming�and�Base�lining

1.�Ask��questions�to�build�rapport�(kids,�family,�work,�and�hobbies)

2.�Observe��normal�behavior�(voice,�words,�and�BL)

3.�Use�this�as�your�baseline

4.�Look�for�inconsistencies�from�the�norm�when�questioning

5.�Note�“Hot�Spots”

6.�Probe�“�Hot�Spots”

7.�Ask�critical�questions

Documenting�Behavioral�Cues

� Xarms�– Crossing�arms

� DB�– Deep�breath

� � No�

� +�Yes

� PptQ�– Repeating�the�question

Detecting�Deception

12�Techniques�of�Verbal�Deception

1. Argumentum�Ignore

2.�The�exaggeration�method

3.�Argumentum�attack

4.�“Petty�fogging”

5.�Poisoning�the�well

6.�Big�lie�or�repeated�assertion

26

Continued...

7.�You�don’t�understand�tactic

8.�Lying�by�referral

9.The�third�person�gimmick

10.�Loophole�� lying

11.The�non�responsive�liar

12.�Testing�the�waters

LIWC�� Linguistic�Inquiry�Word�Count

� Computerized�text�analysis�program�

� Extraction�of�deceptive�and�truthful�words

� Analyzes�people’s�personality�

� LIWC�detects�lies�over�truth�– tellers�by�67%

Linguistic�Markers�for�Deception�

� L.I.W.C��� Linguistic�Inquiry�and�Word�Count

In�your�workbook��are�the�results�on�the�Anthony�case

� Liars�use�fewer�first�person�singular�pronouns�(self)

� Liars�use�more�third�person�pronouns�(others)

� Liars�use�more�(negative�emotion�words)

27

Truthful�Behavioral�Attitudes

� Composed�and�controlled�movements� Rational��answers� Maintains�eye�contact� Strong�judgments�towards�crime� Longer�relevant�responses� Volunteers�relevant�information�� Thoughtfulness�in�responses� Strong�denials�in�strength�and�frequency

Deceptive�Behavioral�Attitudes

� Closed�posture� Overly�calm� Long�delays�before�answering� Void�of�descriptive�language� Answers�question�early� Frequent�movements� Insincere�or�phony� Offers�irrational�or�contradictory�responses

Truthful�Body�Language

� Sits�upright�and�erect� Hands�away�from�face�� Open�body�language� Leans�forward�in�listening�position� Belly�Button�Rule�� aligned�with�interviewer

� Relaxed�and�casual�body�posture�

28

Deceptive�Body�Language� Body�is�pulled�in�(turtle�like)� Angles�body�towards�door�or�away�from�

interviewer� Stiff�or�frozen� Eye�locks� No�alignment�with�interviewer� Hands�over�face� Barriers� Slumping� Action�stance��� Rapid�posture�changes� Lack�of�illustrators

Casey�Anthony�video�

Signs�of�Surrender�

� Head�goes�back,�closes�eyes�and�sighs.��Then�leans�forward�in�defeated�position�(surrendering�position)

� Arms�out�front��and�wimpy�(fig�leaf)� Hands�cupping�ones�head� Covering�ones��face�with�their�hand� Emotional� Surrender

Tying�it�all�together

� Voice

� Words

� Body�Language

� How�to�Spot�a�Liar�� video

1

TECHNIQUES OF VERBAL DECEPTION

The following are taken from Warren D. Holmes, “How the Guilty Revealed Themselves,” Vol.

6, No. 4, pp. 325-336, Polygraph--Journal of the American Polygraph Association; Linthicum

Heights, MD; December, l979.i

Argumentum ad ignoratim. This technique is based on the faulty assumption that if the

government can't prove you did it; it automatically proves that you didn't. This type of argument

is easily recognized. Instead of denying they did the crime, the subject attacks the government's

case.

The Exaggeration Method. In this technique the subject will exaggerate your position, just so

he can attack it. For example, he might say to you "You guys think everybody is a thief. Do you

think the Pope is a thief too?" This subject has just changed the allegation regarding himself to

an attack against the Catholic Church and is trying to make the Pope his co-defendant. It's

awfully hard to attack the church and the Pope, and this man banks on that.

Argumentum ad Hominum. This device is not to attack the allegation, but to attack the accuser.

For example, in a sexual assault case, instead of denying he raped her, the subject will attack the

victim as being a slut and a liar.

“Petty-Fogging” is a device by which the subject tries to tie up the interviewer by arguing about

trivial points and fine distinctions, rather than addressing the issues. For example, regarding a

theft case from a bonded container, the subject might raise issue about what the weather was that

night, something that was non-pertinent to the actual crime.

Poisoning the Well is a well-known debating tactic which in effect tries to discount your

opponent’s argument in advance. For example, if you make a statement regarding some point of

evidence, the subject might say, "You really don't expect anyone to believe that do you?" Or in

the initial interview when you confront the subject with the allegation against him, he states, "Me

do that. Don't be silly." This subject may also try to "poison the well" about the use of a

polygraph by saying that he doesn't believe it works or the courts don't accept the results of

polygraph tests.

Big Lie or Repeated Assertion. This is based on the assumption that if you say something often

enough and loud enough, some people will begin to believe it. The repeated denial of the crime

reinforces the subject's ability to lie. Interviewers should not give the subject an opportunity to

repeatedly deny the crime during questioning.

You Don’t Understand Tactic is a device used by many clever liars to block in-depth

interrogation. They will sometimes say, "You wouldn't understand" or "You don't know how

these things work." This tactic is most often used by informants.

Lying by Referral is the attempt by the subject to block the in depth interview by referring to

previous statements they had made. For instance, he might say, "I have already told the other

agents about that," or "Why don't you check the court records about that." These individuals are

2

afraid to repeat their stories because they can't always remember what they already said and don't

want to develop inconsistencies in their "stories."

The Third Person Gimmick is a very interesting device where the subject becomes a witness in

his own behalf by stating things like, "Ask anyone, Joe Blow (himself) is not a thief," or "I want

you to know that Joe Blow (himself) is no liar." The person using this tactic is often loud and

boisterous.

Loophole Lying. Loophole liars are the individuals not sure about what you already know or can

prove. They will make statements like "not that I remember" or "to the best of my recollection."

This individual is in effect qualifying his answers in case he is later confronted by contrary

evidence. He is a dodger, dodging the facts.

The Non-responsive Liar. These individuals love time-delaying tactics such as saying "Who

me?" or "Would you mind repeating the question?" The non-responsive liar will try to put the

interrogator on the defensive by making statements such as "Are you calling me a thief?" or

"Why would I do something like that?"

Testing the Water. This individual is the one who after the interview calls you up and asks you a

non-related question or comes back into the office to ask directions. This man just wants to get as

much feedback as possible regarding your feelings about his position.

In addition, when a suspect makes statements like, "To tell you the truth," "I wouldn't lie to you,"

to the best of my knowledge," or "I swear to God," they are probably going to follow these

statements with a lie.

The following was written for this manual by Mark Frank, Ph.D. Rutgers University.

i. Holmes, Warren D. “How the Guilty Revealed Themselves” ; Polygraph--Journal of the

American Polygraph Assocation, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 325-336; December, 1979.

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Documenting Behavior Cues

3�

� There is no Pinocchio response � Build rapport then norm and baseline prospect � Leakage and “Hot Spots” � Look for deviations � What is a Lie? � Half – truths � Telling the truth falsely � Concealment � What is truth? � Inattentive blindness

Behavior Provoking Questions _- Save –face /never accuse/ minimize

1. Why do you think someone would take money from the cash drawer?2. Is there anything you would like to get off your chest?3. What do you think the punishment would be if someone was dishonest in our company?4. Have you ever borrowed something and forgot to return it?5. Was there any one else that could have taken the money?

Documenting Behavior Clues

1. Breaking gaze to right_____________________________________________________ 2. Xarms- Crossing arms____________________________________________________ 3. Xlgs – Crossing legs______________________________________________________ 4. CT – Clearing throat______________________________________________________ 5. DB – Deep breath________________________________________________________ 6. D I – I – Direct eye to eye_________________________________________________ 7. e – early response_______________________________________________________ 8. … Delayed response_____________________________________________________ 9. Grm – Grooming behavior_________________________________________________ 10. ILL – Illustrators_________________________________________________________ 11. Lgh – Laugh____________________________________________________________ 12. MIC – Move in chair______________________________________________________ 13. – NO, + YES ___________________________________________________________14. PptQ – Repeating the question_____________________________________________ 15. Scr – Scratch___________________________________________________________ 16. SIC – Shift in chair_______________________________________________________ 17. // - Stop and start verbal behavior____________________________________________ 18. ! – Strong denial___________________________________________________

Anthony Case Language Analysis

James W. Pennebaker

Department of Psychology

University of Texas at Austin

www.psy.utexas.edu/Pennebaker

Pennebaker@mail.utexas.edu

For the last several years, my research team has been involved in the analysis of natural language

as a way of understanding personality, emotional state, motivations, leadership, group processes,

and deception. Most of this work focuses on a class of words called function words – basically

the “junk words” that most of us never notice. Examples include pronouns (I, she, you),

prepositions (to, with, that), articles (a, the), conjunctions (but, and), auxiliary verbs (is, have),

etc. Function words are processed in the brain differently from nouns and regular verbs and are

generally very difficult to control or even hear in daily conversation.

Most relevant are studies on the detection of deception. Across five different laboratory studies

with college students, we have been able to analyze the words people use when telling the truth

versus when lying at rates well above chance. In general, we reliably catch lying at about 65%

where 50% is chance. Note that humans who read the transcripts only hit 53% and professionals

who watch videotapes average 57-63%. (You can download this study from the publications

link on my website – the paper is by Newman et al, 2002).

More recently, working with a private investigator, Denise Huddle, we have tracked down the

transcripts of about 40 trials where people were found guilty. About half were individuals who

were initially found guilty and then, on top of that, were convicted of perjury. The remaining

group were people found guilty but who were later exonerated, usually by DNA. In this project

– which has not yet been published, we have been quite successful in distinguishing guilty from

not guilty.

Using the language markers of deception and guilt, we used my text analysis computer program

(Linguistic Inquirer and Word Count, LIWC) to study transcripts of three suspects in the Caylee

Anthony murder. The transcripts included:

George Anthony interview by Yuri Melich, July 24, 2008

George Anthony surreptitious recording by Melich, September 5, 2008

Casey Anthony interview by Melich, July 21, 2008

Casey, Cindy, Lee Anthony jail call, July 16, 2008

Lee Anthony interview by Eric Edwards, July 29, 2008

All of the words used by Casey, George, and Lee were separated and analyzed. The numbers in

the table refer to percentage of total words used by each person. So, for example, 8.83% of all

the words Casey Anthony used were 1st person pronouns – most of which were 1

st person

singular pronouns (I, mine) and only 0.15% were first person plural pronouns.

In the table, the column labeled “High Number” refers to the interpretation of what a high

percentage refers to – a truthful versus deceptive response. Consequently, a high number for 1st

person singular pronouns refers to the truthful response. A high number for “me” words, on the

other hand, indicates deceptiveness. The column “Suspect” refers to who of the three suspects

comes across as most deceptive. As is apparent, Lee Anthony’s responses tend to be most

suspicious across language dimensions.

Finally, some items in the last two columns are bold and some are not. A bold entry suggests

one that is more trustworthy. Trustworthiness is based on the reliability of the language

dimension to capture deceptiveness and, in the case of the Suspect column, the magnitude of the

differences among speakers.

Examples Casey George Lee High

number

Suspect

Total Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

1st person 8.83 11.44 6.42 True Lee

1st person

singular

I, me 8.68 9.96 5.80 True Lee

I I, I’m 6.78 7.42 3.43 True Lee

me Me 0.64 0.87 1.42 Lie Lee

1st person

plural

We, us 0.15 1.48 0.62 True Casey

2nd

person You, your 1.65 2.94 5.59 Lie Lee

3rd

person He, they 4.31 4.90 3.53 Lie George

3rd

person

singular

She, he 3.12 4.42 2.99 Lie George

3rd

person

plural

They, them 1.19 0.48 0.54

Impersonal Pronouns It. Those 6.28 7.46 9.65 Lie Lee

Emotion/Affect

Positive affect Happy,

good

2.02 3.21 2.33 True Casey/Lee

Negative affect Hate, Sad 1.97 1.13 1.42 True George

Other dimensions

Exclusive words Except, but 3.31 3.37 3.10 True -

Discrepancy words Would,

should

2.03 1.70 1.35 Lie Casey

Tentative Maybe 2.80 2.66 2.32 Lie -

Certainty Absolute 1.15 1.46 2.90 True Casey

Motion verbs Go, move 1.62 1.99 3.90 Lie Lee

Time Clock, day 6.23 5.62 5.18 True Lee

Future tense verbs Will 1.00 1.14 0.80 Lie -

Social words Friend, talk 13.1 17.4 16.2 Lie George/Lee

Interpretation

Based solely on the use of language, Lee Anthony’s statements can be characterized as the most

deceptive of the three people. This could reflect a number of issues, including his withholding

basic facts or knowledge about the case. It could also indicate a profound suspicion of the

people he is talking to. Because we do not have extensive language samples where he is clearly

telling the truth, it is possible that his language may simply reflect the way he usually speaks.

Just as Lee appears most deceptive, George Anthony has a language style that is the least

deceptive. Casey is somewhere in between.

Lie detection through word analysis is in its infancy from a scientific perspective. As with other

forms of lie detection such as the polygraph, these results should be considered as clues to

further investigation rather than as scientific facts. A more detailed language analysis could

likely provide a slightly more trustworthy conclusion. However, if only one of the three people

is truly deceptive, these results would suggest that the odds of the guilty person being Lee

Anthony would probably be about 60% where 33% is chance.

������������������������������������ Glossary

1. Base-lining – Is the initial observation of behavioral patterns at the

beginning of face-to-face communication. This establishes a beginning

point to observe changes to compare and contrast.

2. Cluster Gestures – Are a combination of gestures that are especially

reliable indicators of a person's true feelings. These combinations are

called gesture clusters.

3. Duping Delight - Can occur with truthful person, not likely in this

context when his own future is at stake. But some people feel superior to

law enforcement officers and enjoy being suspected when they know the

police are on the wrong track. And some innocent people enjoy the risk,

the danger of being under suspicion of a crime they didn’t commit.

4. Emblems - Are the non-verbal equivalent of a common word or phrase.

5. Illustrators - Are physical acts that help explained what is being said but

has no meaning on their own.

6. Leakage - This occurs when we say one thing but our body language

gestures give a different impression.

7. Manipulators - Are movements in which one part of the body touches

another body part that is also known as a self-soothing gesture.

8. Mirroring – Is the act in which one mimics the body position, breathing

patterns, and/or vocal intonation, pace and rhythm of another person

when sitting or standing.

9. Norming – Is the observance of one’s normal behavior in a non-

threatening environment.

10. Othello Error ��The phrase “Othello Error” was coined by Paul Ekman

in his book, TELLING LIES (1985). According to Ekman, “Othello

7

11.Error” occurs when a suspicious observer discounts cues of truthfulness,

given the observer’s need to conform her observations to her suspicions,

which are usually of deception. Essentially, Othello Error occurs “when

the lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress

may appear to be lying.”

11. Rapport Building – Is the harmonious, empathetic, or sympathetic

relation or connection to another self.

8

Company Logo

Books

Emotions Revealed—Dr. Paul Ekman

Unmasking the Face—Dr. Paul Ekman

Why Kids Lie—Dr. Paul Ekman

Instant Rapport—Michael Brooks

The Magic of Rapport—Jerry Richardson

The Anatomy of Interrogation Themes—Louis C. Senese

Telling Lies—D. Paul Ekman

Memory—Enhancing Techniques For Investigative Reporting—R. Edward Geiselman, Ph.D. & Ronal P. Fisher, Ph.D.

Recommended Reading