SCIENCE DETECTIVE® Beginning Table of Contents

© 2004 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 iii

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................v

Skills Chart, National Science Education Standards ....................................................vii

Scoring & Assessment Criteria ........................................................................................... x

To the Student: Why You Should Become a Science Detective ................................ xi

Science Detective® Certificate ......................................................................................... xii

I. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 1—Observable Physical Properties of Objects & Materials...............................................2 2—Measuring Physical Properties ............................................................................................4 3—Classification of Matter ........................................................................................................6 4—States of Matter ....................................................................................................................8 5—Change of Phase .................................................................................................................... 10 6—Position, Distance, and Motion ........................................................................................... 12 7—Pushing and Pulling Forces .................................................................................................. 14 8—Sound, Hearing, and Force .................................................................................................. 16 9—Characteristics of Sound .................................................................................................... 18 10—Characteristics of Light: Reflection and Refraction..................................................20 11—Heat, Sources of Heat, and Heat Conduction ..............................................................22 12—Electricity, Electrical Circuits, and Energy ..................................................................24 13—Symbols and Electric Circuits ..........................................................................................26 14—Magnets, Magnetism, and Electromagnetism ...............................................................28

II. LIFE SCIENCE 15—Animal and Plant Needs and the Environment ..............................................................32 16—Environments, Ecosystems, and Organisms ..................................................................34 17—Instincts, Behavior, and Survival ....................................................................................36 18—Plant and Animal Cells ........................................................................................................38 19—Plant Structure, Function, and Survival ........................................................................40 20—Animals, Plants, and Energy .............................................................................................42 21—Animal Needs and Animal Behavior .................................................................................44 22—The Five Senses and Survival ..........................................................................................46 23—The Life Cycle of Plants ...................................................................................................48

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Free

reso

urce

from

ww

w.c

ritic

alth

inki

ng.c

om. C

omm

erci

al re

dist

ribut

ion

proh

ibite

d

SCIENCE DETECTIVE® Beginning Table of Contents

iv © 2004 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849

24—The Life Cycle of Animals ................................................................................................50 25—Heredity ...............................................................................................................................52 26—Food Chains and Food Webs ............................................................................................54 27—Organisms Change Environments ....................................................................................56 28—People Change Environments ............................................................................................58

III. EARTH SCIENCE 29—Earth Science and Earth Materials ...............................................................................62 30—Earth Materials and Their Uses .....................................................................................64 31—Minerals .................................................................................................................................66 32—Rocks and the Rock Cycle .................................................................................................68 33—Soils .......................................................................................................................................70 34—Fossils ....................................................................................................................................72 35—Slow Changes to the Earth’s Surface ...........................................................................74 36—Fast Changes to the Earth’s Surface ............................................................................76 37—The Atmosphere and Weather .......................................................................................78 38—Measuring Temperature, Air Pressure, and Humidity ...............................................80 39—Objects in the Sky .............................................................................................................82 40—The Sun .................................................................................................................................84 41—The Motion of Objects in the Universe ........................................................................86

ANSWERS .............................................................................................................................. 88

Free

reso

urce

from

ww

w.c

ritic

alth

inki

ng.c

om. C

omm

erci

al re

dist

ribut

ion

proh

ibite

d

SCIENCE DETECTIVE® Beginning Life Science

54 © 2004 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849

26. Food Chains and Food Webs

A 1Everyorganismneedsfood.2Foodprovidesenergy,andanorganismwilldieifitdoesnotgetenoughenergy.3Plantsgetenergyfromsunlightanduseittomaketheirfood.4Animalsgettheirenergybyeatingplantsorbyeatinganimalsthateatplants.

B 5Becauseplantsmaketheirownfood,theyarecalledfoodproducers.6Animalscannotproducefood—theymustconsumeplantsorotheranimalstogetfood.7Animalsarecalledconsumers.

C 8Withoutproducers,consumerswouldnotlivelong.9That’sbecauseanimalseatplantsorotheranimalsthateatplants.10Ifplantsdisappeared,animalswouldrunoutoffoodanddie.

D 11Aspecialtypeofdiagramisusedtoshowwhat-eats-whatinanecosystem.12Thisdiagramiscalledafood chain.13Afoodchainisakindofflowchart.

E 14Inafoodchain,eachorganismiscalledalink.15Arrowsshowthedirectionenergyflowsbetweenlinks.16Eacharrowmeans“iseatenby.”17Forexample, means“grassiseatenbyazebra.”

F 18Differentanimalsmayeatthesamekindofconsumer.

G 19Ontheotherhand,onekindofanimalmayeatmorethanonekindofconsumer.20Alioneatsbothzebraandantelope.21Wherewouldyoudrawtwoarrowstoshowtheflowofenergyintheflowchartbelow?

H 22Itiseasiertousenamesinsteadofdrawingpicturesinaflowchart.23Howwouldyoureadthisflowchart?

Grass Zebra LionI 24Asinglefoodchaindoesnottellhowalltheorganismsinanecosystemrelatetooneanother.25Wecanlearnalotaboutanecosystembyputtingseveralfoodchainsinonediagram.26Adiagramthatcombinesmorethanonefoodchainiscalledafood web.27Thinkaboutthefoodwebbelow.

Free

reso

urce

from

ww

w.c

ritic

alth

inki

ng.c

om. C

omm

erci

al re

dist

ribut

ion

proh

ibite

d

SCIENCE DETECTIVE® Beginning Life Science

© 2004 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 55

1. Foreachstatement,circleTorFfortrueorfalse.Intheblanks,writethenumber(s)oftheSENTENCE(s)thatgivesthebestevidencefortheanswer.

a.Ananimalcanbeaproducer. TF___

b.Amouseisaconsumer. TF___

c. Producersgetenergyfromthe sun. TF___,___

d.Consumerscansurvivewithout producers. TF___

2. Whatisthemostlikelymeaningofconsumeasitisusedinsentence6?

a. changeinto c. feed b.takein d. become

3. Whyisthesunpartofafoodchain?Usecompletesentencestoexplaintheanswer.

Writethenumberofthesentencethatgivesthebestevidencefortheanswer.___

4. Ifplantsdisappeared,couldanimalscontinuetosurvive?___

Usecompletesentencestoexplainwhyorwhynot.

5. Usingthefoodwebinthelesson,completethefollowingfoodchainsoftheowlandthecougar.

6. Writethenamesofthefollowingorganismsinthecorrectorderintheflowchartbelow:fish,seagrass,shark,andshrimp.

7. Lookagainatthefoodwebinthelesson.Thencompletethediagrambelowbyaddingnamesandconnectingthemwitharrows.

ant

mouse cougar

ants

mountainlion

deer

Free

reso

urce

from

ww

w.c

ritic

alth

inki

ng.c

om. C

omm

erci

al re

dist

ribut

ion

proh

ibite

d

SCIENCE DETECTIVE® Beginning Earth Science

64 © 2004 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849

30. Earth Materials and Their Uses

A 1Theearthismadeupofavarietyofmaterials,suchasrocks,minerals,andmetals.2Peoplecanusetheseresourcesinmanyways—butfirst,theyhavetogetthem.

B 3Wegetmanyearthmaterialsbydiggingintotheearth’scrust.4Theearth’s crust isathinlayerofsolidrockthatmakesuptheearth’souterlayer.5Itisabout20miles(32km)thick.

C 6Rock ismadeofoneormoremineralsstucktogether.7Minerals aresolid,nonlivingsubstancesfoundintheearth’scrust.8Amineralismadeofelementsandcompounds.9Forexample,limestoneisamineralmadeupofcalcium,carbon,andoxygen.10Anelement isabasicsubstancemadeofonlyonekindofmatter.

D 11Peopleuserockstobuildthings,suchasstonewalls.12Rocksarealsousedtomakeotherbuildingmaterials,suchasconcrete.

E 13Mineralshavemanyuses.14Forexample,tablesaltisusedtomakefoodtastebetter.15Mineralssuchasdiamondsandgemstonesareusedtomakejewelry.16Becausetheyaresohard,diamondsarealsousedindrillsorcuttingmachines.17Coinsusedtobemadefrompurematerialssuchasgoldandsilver.18Eachofthesemetalsis

madeofasingleelement.19Canyougivetwoexamplesofmetalsusedtobuildthingslikebridgesandautomobiles?

F 20Peoplealsousetheearthasasourceofenergy.21Forexample,theinsideoftheearthissohotthatitsheatcanbeusedtoboilwater.22Boilingwatermakessteam.23Steamisaforcethatcanbeusedtoproduceelectricity.24Theenergyinhotwatercanalsobeusedtoheathomes.25Someoftheearth’smineralsarealsousedasasourceofenergy.26Forexample,radioactiveelementslikeuraniumareusedtoproducenuclearenergy.27Fossilfuelslikefueloilandcoalalsocomefromtheearth.

G 28Thewaterthatcoversmostofthesurfaceoftheearthisanothernaturalresource.29Weusetheoceansintransportinggoodsandpeoplebyboat.30Ifnecessary,wecanremovethesalttomakedrinkingwater.31Wecanevenusethemotionofoceanwavestoproduceelectricity.

H 32Thecirclegraphbelowshowsthemajorelementsthatmakeuptheearth’scrust.33Abouthowmuchoftheearth’scrustismadeupofoxygen?

rock

mineral

element

Formationof Rocks

IronAluminum

OxygenSilicon

Allothers

Elements That Make UpThe Earth‛s Crust

SCIENCE DETECTIVE® Beginning Earth Science

© 2004 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 65

1. Foreachstatement,circleTorFfortrueorfalse.Ineachblank,writethenumberoftheSENTENCEthatgivesthebestevidencefortheanswer.

a. Diamondsareusedindrillsto makethemmoreattractive.

TF___ b. Anelementcanbebrokendown

intocompounds. TF___ c. Themotionofoceanwaves

producesaforce. TF___

2. Whatisthemostlikelymeaningofpureasitisusedinsentence17?

a. unmixed c. dirty b. mixed d. valuable

3. Sodiumchlorideisamineralmadeupoftwoelements,sodiumandchlorine.Therefore,sodiumchlorideis

a. anelement. b. anatom. c.acompound. d. arock.

4. Themetalcopperismadeupofonlyonekindofmatter.Therefore,copperis

a. anelement. b. anatom. c. acompound. d. arock.

5. UsetheElementsthatMakeUptheEarth’sCrustpiechartinthelessontoanswerthefollowingquestions.

a. Whichelementistheremostof intheearth’scrust?

Howcanyoutellfromthepie

chart? b. Whichelementistherelessof,

ironoraluminum? Whyisthisdifficulttoanswer? c. Theearth’scrusthasover90

elements.Whydoyouthinkthe piechartinthelessonshows onlyafewofthese?Usea completesentencetoexplain theanswer.

6. Completetheflowchartbelowtoshowwhatmakesuparock,startingwithitsmostcomplexparttoitssimplest.Usetheseterms:

mineral compound rock element