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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

APPROVAL

DECLARATION

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

iv

vi

ix

x

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

xv

CHAPTER

1

2

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objective

1.4 Research Scope

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Electrical and Electronic Waste or e-waste

2.1.1 Definition of Electric and Electronic Products

2.1.2 Definition of E-waste

2.1.3 Facts and Figures about E-waste

2.2 Why are Used Electronics a Concern?

2.2.1 Represent a rapidly growing waste stream

2.2.2 Industry is shifting to new technological advances

2.2.3 Contain hazardous or toxic substances

2.2.4 Waste valuable resources

2.3 E-waste related impacts, components and substances

2.3.1 Research on E-waste related impacts

2.3.2 Toxic and hazardous components and substances in

1

1

2

3

3

5

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5

5

6

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9

10

11

12

1216

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3

4

EEE

Legislation/Regulations and Guidelines related to E-waste

2.4.1 Malaysian Regulations and Guidelines – Department

of Environment

2.4.2 E-Waste Legislation Varies Among Asian Nations

2.4.2.1 Malaysia – No proper recycling

2.4.2.2 Thai RoHS – voluntary marking

2.4.2.3 China – introducing RoHS and WEEE but

slow progress

2.5 E-waste inventory project manual

2.5.1 Guidance Notes

2.5.2 Guidance Procedure

2.6 Penang Overview

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview

3.2 Study Subject

3.2.1 Target Respondents

3.2.2 Target Electrical and Electronic Equipment

3.2.2.1 Household

3.2.2.1 Offices

3.3 Geographic Distribution

3.4 Questionnaires

3.5 Data Collection Activities

3.5.1 Personal Interviews

3.5.2 Emailing and By Hand Questionnaire

3.5.3 Online Survey

3.6 Data Compilation and Analysis

3.7 Report Output

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Returned Questionnaires

4.1.1 Household Questionnaires

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22

25

27

27

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27

28

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33

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5

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

4.1.2 Business Entities and Institution Questionnaire

4.2 Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Households and

Businesses

4.2.1 Household

4.2.1.1 Socioeconomic and Ethnic for Household

4.2.1.2 EEE Amount for household

4.2.2 Business Entities and Institutions

4.2.2.1 Business scale

4.2.2.2 EEE Amount for Business Entities and

Institutions

4.3 E-waste management practices in Penang Island

4.3.1 Household

4.3.2 Business Entities and Institutions

4.4 Knowledge and awareness of Penang Island community on e-

waste

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations

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iii



Abstract of thesis presented to the Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra

Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of

Environmental Engineering

A SURVEY ON ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC WASTE AMOUNT,

AWARENESS AND MANAGEMENT IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA

By

JULIYA BINTI AYOB

December 2010

Chair: Prof. Dr. Azni bin Idris

Faculty: Faculty of Engineering

Electrical and electronic waste or e-waste is a definition used to described old, unused

and end of life electrical and electronic appliances such as computer, television set,

washing machine, etc., which is disposed by their first or original users. Electrical and

electronic equipments usage has increase every year due to technology and lifestyle

demand which result in increasing of e-waste generation. These equipments contained

toxic and hazardous substances such as Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, etc which harm to

environment and communities if not dispose in a proper way. Penang Island as one of

the largest industrial state in Malaysia is not in exception to face this issue. The areas

of the study are focused on the inventory, knowledge and awareness as well as

identify the e-waste management system used by household and business entities and

institutions in Penang Island. The results and analysis is done in graphs and tables to

clearly explain and represents the issues faced. This study is successful in disseminate

the real problems associated with e-waste within household and businesses which

iv



result in addressing the factors and solution in order to increase the knowledge and

awareness of communities and develop an integrated e-waste management system in

Penang Island which currently very lack in emphasizing the effort to protect the

environment from hazardous waste.

v



Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Putra

Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Kejuruteraan

Alam Sekitar

SOAL SELIDIK TENTANG JUMLAH, KESEDARAN DAN PENGURUSAN

BAHAN BUANGAN ELEKTRIK DAN ELEKTRONIK DI PULAU PINANG,

MALAYSIA

Oleh

JULIYA BINTI AYOB

Disember 2010

Pengerusi: Prof. Dr. Azni bin Idris

Fakulti: Fakulti Kejuruteraan

Bahan buangan elektrik and elektronik atau dikenali sebagai e-buangan adalah

definisi yang digunakan untuk menerangkan lama, tidak dipakai atau tamat riwayat

sesebuah barangan elektrik dan elektronik contohnya seperti komputer, set televisyen,

mesin basuh, dan sebagainya yang dibuang oleh pengguna pertama atau asal.

Penggunaan peralatan elektrik dan elektronik telah meningkat setiap tahun kesan

daripada permintaan teknologi dan gaya hidup seterusnya menyebabkan peningkatan

generasi e-buangan. Peralatan-peralatan ini mengandungi bahan berbahaya dan

beracun seperti plumbum, cadmium dan merkuri yang sangat berbahaya kepada alam

sekitar dan penduduk. Pulau Pinang sebagai salah satu dari negeri industri yang

terbesar di Malaysia tidak terkecuali menghadapi masalah ini. Kajian ini memfokus

kepada inventori, pengetahuan dan kesedaran dan juga mengenalpasti sistem

pengurusan e-buangan yang digunakan oleh isi rumah dan bisnes-bisnes serta

institusi-institusi in Pulau Pinang. Keputusan dan analisis diterjemah dalam bentuk

graf dan jadual untuk menjelaskan isu yang dihadapi. Kajian ini telah berjaya

vi



mengenalpasti faktor-faktor dan jalan penyelesaian untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan

dan kesedaran masyarakat dan merangka satu sistem integrasi pengurusan e-buangan

di Pulau Pinang yang sedang ketinggalan dalam usaha memelihara alam sekitar dari

bahan buang berbahaya.

vii



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly i would like to express highly appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Dr.

Azni Idris who gives me support and guidance during the study. I also would like to

thanks to all lecturers who are helping me a lot during this though time. To my

husband, i really thank you for everything, every support and always there for me. To

my kids, thanks for your understanding every time ummi have to attend classes. Last

but not least to my entire classmate, I really appreciate all your help.

viii



This project report attached here to, entitled

A SURVEY ON ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC WASTE AMOUNT,

AWARENESS AND MANAGEMENT IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA

Prepared and submitted by Juliya Binti Ayob to the Faculty if Engineering,

Universiti Putra Malaysia as a partial fulfillment in attaining Degree of Master

of Engineering is hereby accepted.

…………………………………..

Professor Dr. Azni B. Idris

(Project Supervisor)

Date:

…………………………………..

Professor Dr. Fakhru’l-Razi Bin Ahmadun

(Programme Coordinator)

Date:

ix



DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and not

concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any

other institution.

………………..………..

JULIYA BINTI AYOB

Date:

x



LIST OF TABLES

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

TITLE

E-waste in 2007

National Generation, Recovery and Discards of Consumer

Electronics in the Municipal Waste Stream 2000

Material Constituents of Consumer Electronics in the

Municipal Waste Stream

Mostly Found Toxic and Hazardous Substances in E-Waste

E-waste codes according to Environmental Quality

(Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005

Methodology for estimation of WEEE quantity

Penang: Estimated Population by District

Number of questionnaires in each district targeted for the

survey

Total Number of returned questionnaire – householdcategory

Total Number of returned questionnaire – business entities

category

PAGES

9

10

11

16

17

24

26

29

34

35

xi



LIST OF FIGURES

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

TITLE

Toxic substances contained in a central processing unit and

CRT Monitor

Future projection for WEEE in Malaysia for Year 1981 to

2020

Future Guidance Procedure for Carrying out WEEE/E-

Waste Inventory

Estimated Population for Penang by Ethnic Group

The geographical location of the selected districts in Penang

Island

Online survey homepage

Online survey database

Total Number of returned questionnaires – household

category

Total Number of returned questionnaires – business entities

and institutions category

Percentage of Ethnic – Household

Category of household income

Total amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment –

PAGES

4

7

23

26

29

31

32

35

36

38

38

39

xii



13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Household

Percentage of Scale/Size of Business Entities and Institutions

Scale of Businesses and total amount of EEE

Amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment – Business

Entities and Institutions

E-waste disposal practices for household

Amounts of e-waste disposed of by the household

E-waste disposal practices for Business Entities and

Institutions

Amount of e-waste disposal of by Business Entities and

Institutions

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

xiii



LIST OF SYMBOLS

DOE

VCR

DVD

EEE

IT

EPA

WEEE/ E-

waste

CRT

US / USA

PC

HDTV

TV

RCRA

TCLP

PWB

TC

CPU

PBDE

PBB

NRE

SWR

UPM

Department of Environmental Malaysia

Video Cassette Recording

Digital Video Disc

Electronic and Electrical Equipment

Information Technology

Environmental Protection Agency

Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment

Cathode Ray Tube

United States of America

Personal Computer

High Definition Television

Television

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Printed Wiring Board

Toxicity characteristic

Central Processing Unit

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Polybrominated biphenyls

Natural Resources and the Environment

Scheduled Waste Regulations

Universiti Putra Malaysia

xiv

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LIST OF APPENDIXES

NO.

A

B

C

TITLE

Criteria for determination of E-Waste

Questionnaires for Business Entities and Institutions

Questionnaires for Household

PAGES

54

58

65

xv

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