tabloski ch01 lecture
TRANSCRIPT
Gerontological NursingGerontological Nursing
CHAPTER
THIRD EDITION
Copyright © 2014, © 2010, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Foundations of Nursing Practice
1
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Learning Objectives
1. Interpret demographic data according to race, gender, and age.
2. Relate leading causes of morbidity and mortality among older adults.
3. Identify common myths of aging and their contribution to ageism.
4. Describe the effects of chronic disease.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Learning Objectives
5. Contrast several major theories of aging.
6. Evaluate the natural history of disease using principles of epidemiology.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Box 1-2 Benefits of Healthy Aging
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Demographics and Aging
• The proportion of persons over the age of 60 is projected to double worldwide over the next 50 years.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Aging trends will affect older people in different ways.
• Over the next 20 years 74 million baby boomers will retire. Medicare and Social Security will add 10,000 new retirees per day.
• The old-old are the fastest growing segment of the population, growing at twice the rate of those 65 and over and 4 times faster than the total U.S. population. This group will triple by 2050.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Figure 1-2 Population by age and sex: 2000 and 2010.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Longevity and the Sex Differential
• Women now comprise the majority of the older population.
• In the United States the ratio of men to women over the age of 65 is 49 men to every 100 women.
• Older women face different socio-economic circumstances.
• The differences between countries have narrowed over time.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Life After 65
• Health care has improved.• There has been an increase in the use
of preventive services.• People are choosing healthier lifestyles.• Medicare has expanded coverage of
preventive services.• The older adult should be urged to
assume more responsibility for healthy aging.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Living Longer or Living Better
• The death rate for 7 of the 10 leading causes of death has decreased.
• The death rate increased for Alzheimer’s disease, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis.
• Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes account for two-thirds of all deaths each year.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Figure 1-5 Leading causes of death for men and women 65 years and older.Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011); National Center for Health Statistics, data from the National Vital Statistics System (2006).
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Box 1-4 Most Common Causes of Disability in the United States
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011).
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Healthy People 2020
• “Healthy People 2020” is the prevention agenda for the United States:– Establish quality measures; identifying
levels of training for people who care for older adults.
– Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Theories of Aging
• The study of aging continues to grow and evolve.
• Normal aging includes:– Changes in the heart, arteries, lungs,
brain, kidneys, bladder, body fat, muscles, bones, sight, hearing, and personality.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Figure 1-8 Normal changes of aging.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Theories of Aging
• The study of aging continues to grow and evolve.
• Each body system is affected by aging. • Modifiable changes can be slowed by
healthy lifestyle.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Major Theories of Aging
• Biological• Psychological• Sociological
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Biological Aging Theories
• Programmed Theories– Aging follows a biological timetable
• Error Theories– Emphasizes environmental assaults to
the human system
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Psychological Aging Theories
• Jung’s Theory of Individualism– As a person ages, the shift of focus goes
from extroversion to introversion.
• Erikson’s Developmental Theory– Eight stages of life – the older adult,
integrity versus despair.
Gerontological Nursing, Third EditionPatricia A. Tabloski
Sociological Aging Theories
• Disengagement Theory– The older person and society engage in
a mutual and reciprocal withdrawal.
• Activity Theory– Older adults stay active and engaged to
enjoy old age.
• Continuity Theory– Aging involves maintaining previous
values and habits.