WESTERN PACIFIC YELLOWFIN TUNA RESEARCH GROUP WORKSHOP

AND

^T~ " \ SPC STANDING COMMITTEE ON TUNA AND Honolulu, Hawaii BILLF1SH PROGRAM MEETING : June 17-24, 1992

Doc . No.

TAIWAN'S YELLOWFIN TUNA FISHERIES IN THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN

by

Sun, Chi-Lu and Su-Zan Yeh

Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University

Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Working paper for Western Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Research Group Workshop

Honolulu, Hawaii June 17-24, 1992

NOT TO BE CITED WITHOUT AUTHOR'S PERMISSION

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TAIWAN'S YELLOWFIN TUNA FISHERIES IN THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN

Sun, Chi-Lu and Su-Zan Yeh Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

June, 1992

* Working paper prepared for 2nd Western Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Research Group Workshop, 17, 20-24 June, 1992, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

TAIWAN'S YELLOWFIN TUNA FISHERIES IN THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN*

Sun, Chi-Lu and Su-Zan Yen Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

INTRODUCTION

Tuna fisheries are the most important fisheries in Taiwan. For example, the total 1990 fisheries production of the Republic of China (Taiwan) was 1,255,495 mt (Anon, 1991), out of which 12.1 percent, i.e. 176,753 mt, came from tuna fisheries. Ninty percent of the tuna catch goes to markets in the U.S., Japan, and Thailand (Shieh, 1981; Yang and Sun, 1983). These exports earned over 230 million US dollars.

Tuna fisheries, like other Taiwan's fisheries, are classified by the type of fishing vessels and the distance of fishing area into three categories; namely, distant-water fisheries, offshore fisheries and coastal fisheries. Of which the distant-water tuna longline fishery, the distant-water purse seine fishery and the offshore longline are the three major yellowfin fisheries in the central and western Pacific ocean.

The purpose of this paper is to review these three fisheries for yellowfin in the central and western Pacific.

* Working paper prepared for 2nd Western Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Research Group Workshop, 17, 20-24 June, 1992, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

1

DISTANT-WATER TUNA LONGLINE FISHERY

Taiwan entered the distant-water tuna longline fishery in the early 1960s. It developed rapidly with Kaohsiung as base port. In the beginning, the fishing ground was limited to the South China Sea. Later, the fishing ground was grad­ually extended to the Pacific Islands in 1963. A catch composition analysis revealed that albacore was the target species of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery. Total catch (metric tons) for the Taiwan's distant-water longline fishery operating in central and western Pacific for yellowfin are available since 1970 (Figure 1, Table 1). The catch of yellowfin tuna were high in 1971-1973 with the highest of 9,042 mt in 1972. However, after 1973 the catch rapidly faded to 289 mt in 1986. The catch in 1990 was 1,098 mt which was 446 mt more than that of the previous year. The yearly mean catch for the yellowfin tuna during the period from 1980 to 1990 was approximately 1,200 mt.

The Taiwan distant-water longline fishery is usually centered in the WPYF-4, WPYF-5,. WPYF-6 and WPYF-7 areas, and occasionally in the WPYF-1, 2, 3 areas in central and western Pacific. The total number of vessels engaged in the Taiwan's distant-water Pacific longline fishery ranged from 44 to 194 during the periods from 1975 to 1990 (Table 2). In 1975, there was a total of 92 tuna vessels with gross tonnage of 15,745 operated in the Pacific Ocean. The highest number of 194 vessels was in 1976 with gross tonnage of 33,108. Since then, the number of vessels decreased gradually and reached the lowest 1n 1985, of only 44. Afterwards, the number of vessels increased again, from 60 in 1987 to 96 in 1990. Figure 2 shows the number of vessels by size class. The number of vessels in 200-500 GT size class have increased since 1985, and reached 49 in 1990. Similarly, the number of vessels in 500-1000 GT size class also have increased since 1987 and reached 8 in 1990. There appears to be a trend for the Taiwan's distant-water longline fisheries to use larger vessels.

DISTANT-WATER TUNA PURSE SEINE FISHERY

The operating of the distant-water tuna purse seine fishery in Taiwan can be traced back to 1982 when it was

2

first introduced. Initially, the Taiwanese purse seine fleet consisted of three group seiners. In 1984, the first single seiner (989 GT) was constructed. Since then, the single purse seine fleets have been constructed continuously (Fuh, 1991). Currently, all the Taiwanese purse seiners are operating in the western Pacific and are based on Guam. The catches are transferred to and collected on the high seas by the transport vessels for export to Thailand, Japan and/or USA (Doulman, 1986, 1987; Narasaki, 1990). Landings by Taiwanese purse seine fleet are shown in Figure 3 and Table 3. Total landings rose from 3,095 mt in 1984. to a peak of 86,768 mt in 1990, then declined to 74,909 mt in 1991.

In terms of species harvested, the skipjack tuna predominates (Figure 3 and Table 3). The landings of skipjack increased from 2,603 mt in 1985 to a high of 72,875 mt in 1990 and declined to 57,574 mt in 1991. The proportion of skipjack catches ranges from 72 percent (in 1985, 1986) to 92 percent (in 1984).

The landings of yellowfin tuna increased from 252 mt in 1984 to a peak of 16,640 mt in 1991. The proportion of yellowfin tuna in purse seine fleet landing averaged 20 percent, ranging from 8 percent in 1984 to 27.7 percent in 1985. The yearly mean catch of yellowfin tuna during the period from 1984 to 1990 was 5,606 mt.

The Taiwan distant-water purse seine fleet is centered at the WPYF-4 area in the western Pacific. The total number of vessels ranges from 3 to 31 during the period from 1983 to 1990 (Figure 4). Currently, Taiwan's distant-water purse seine fleet consists of 40 single seiners and an additional four single seiners are under construction (Fuh, 1991).

The size distribution of the 40 single seiners showed that 67.5 percent of the single seiners had carrying capacities below 1000 GT and 32.5 percent of the 40 single seiners were larger than 1000 GT. Because of the limitted fishing ground and the rapid expansion of the fishing fleets, the Council of Agriculture of the Republic of China has imposed limits on fleet expansion by stopping the construction of new purse seiner since the end of last year.

3

OFFSHORE TUNA LONGLINE FISHERY

There were three types of gear for catching yellowfin in the offshore waters, namely, tuna longline, troll line and miscellaneous fish longline. It is evident from Figure 5 that over the past two decades the catch of yellowfin by troll line and miscellaneous fish longline were minor compared with the big catches of yellowfin by tuna longline. Most of the offshore tuna longline vessels based on Tungkang, Pingtung county operated in the waters south of 23°N, north of equator and west of 145°E to include the South China Sea (Yang et al., 1982; Sun and Yang, 1983). Most yellowfin caught by Tungkang based vessels were transshipped to the sashimi markets in Japan. Figure 6 and Table 4 show the annual landings of yellowfin caught by Taiwanese offshore tuna longline fleets. Landings of yellowfin declined from 6,132 mt in 1970 to the lowest of 3,323 mt in 1972 and then increased remarkably to 10,373 mt in 1973. There was an increasing trend in landing from 1976 to 1978, reached maximum of 22,629 mt in 1979 and had decreased since then. The landing in 1991 was 5838 mt which was 2,010 less than the previous year.

The average catch of yellowfin tuna by offshore tuna longline from 1970 to 1990 was 13,069 mt per year. The proportion of yellowfin in the total offshore tuna longline catch averaged 74.2 percent; ranging from 40.8 percent in 1972 to 96 percent in 1980. The fishing ground is centered around the WPYF-3 area.

The total effort in number of vessels ranged from 800 to 2,207 during the period from 1970 to 1991 (Figure 7 and Table 5). The size distribution of offshore tuna longline fleet from 1988 to 1991 showed that about 90 percent were between 10 and 50 GT, less than 10 percent of the fleets were less than 10 GT.

Taiwan's offshore tuna longline catches are measured for fork length of yellowfin from landings in Tungkang fish market during the period from July 1981 to June 1982 (Figure 8)(Sun and Yang, 1983). Fish measured in this period ranged from 72 to 168 cm FL and the majority of fish were in the 120 to 150 cm range.

TOTAL YELLOWFIN CATCH

Figure 9 and Table 6 show the annual yield of yeiiowfin tuna caught by all Taiwanese fisheries. The total annual catch of yeiiowfin rose from 16,392 mt in 1975 to a peak of 27,195 mt in 1979, then declined gradually to a low of 14,890 mt in 1986. Since then, it remained fairly constant, fluctuated between 22,022 mt and 25,358 mt. The average catch during the period from 1980 to 1990 was 20,328 mt annually.

CONCLUSION

Before 1981, the distant-water and offshore tuna longline fisheries are the two major Taiwan fisheries for yeiiowfin tuna in central and western Pacific. At the present, the distant-water purse seine fishery become the dominant fishery for yeiiowfin tuna in the western Pacific. This trend is not likely to change in the near future. Due to the increased importance of this fishery, the Taiwan's distant-water western Pacific purse seine fishing logbook project has begun since last summer. This project is funded by the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuen of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The purse seine catch/effort data and the relevant information are collected to provide baseline knowledge for stock assessment purposes. Such information will be of great value in the conservation and management of highly migratory species and in the promotion of the distant-water purse seine fishing industry in Taiwan.

5

LITERATURE CITED

Anonymous, 1991. Fisheries yearbook Taiwan area, 1990. Taiwan Fisheries Bureau.

Doulman, D.J., 1986. Fishing for tuna: The operation of distant-water fleets in the Pacific Island region. PIDP Research Report Series 3, 38pp. East-West Center, Honolulu.

Doulman, D.J., 1987. Development and expansion of the tuna purse seine fishery. In D.J. Doulman, ed.f Tuna issue and perspectives in the Pacific Islands region, p.133-160. East-West Center, Honolulu.

Fuh, S.F., 1991. Status and prospect of Taiwan distant-water purse seine fishery. (in Chinese)

Narasaki, Osamu, 1990. Structure of DWFN's purse seine fleets and their production volumes. In Herr R., ed., The Forum Fisheries Agency: Achievement, challenge and prospects, p. 314-329. Institute of Pacific studies of the University of the South Pacific.

Shieh, D. W., 1981. Expansion of Taiwan distant-water fishing industry. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 8(1):12-22.

Sun, C.L. and R.T. Yang, 1983. The inshore tuna longline fishery of Taiwan — fishing grounds, fishing seasons, fishing conditions and a biological study of the major species, yellowfin tuna, 1981-82. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 10(2): 11-41.

Yang, R.T., R.F. Chung, C.L. Chang, 1982. The inshore tuna longline fishery. Institute of oceanography, National Taiwan University, Special publication, No. 36, 35pp.

Yang, R.T. and C.L. Sun, 1984. Distribution, yield and overall fishing intensity of Atlantic albacore caught by longline fishery. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanlca 14:100-118.

6

1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990

YEAR

Area 4

HArea7 I Area 5 I Area 6

Z Area 3 {22Areal&2

Figure 1. Taiwan's distant-water longline catch of yellowfin in the central and western Pacific by WPYF area, 1971-1990.

200

2 150 -

S ioo s D 2

50 -

1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990

YEAR . 50-100 GT 100-200 GT 200-500 GT 500-1000 GT

F i g u r e 2 . Number of T a i w a n ' s d i s t a n t - w a t e r t u n a l o n g l i n e r s in t h e c e n t r a l and w e s t e r n P a c i f i c by s i z e , 1975-1990.

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 YEAR

Yellowfin MM Skipjack Bigeye

Figure 3. Taiwan's distant-water purse seine landings of tropical tunas in the western Pacific, 1984-1991.

35

30 -

25 -

20 -

S 15 CQ

D 10 -

5 -

0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

YEAR 1990 1991

Figure 4 . T o t a l number of Ta iwan ' s d i s t a n t - w a t e r p u r s e s e i n e r s f i s h i n g fo r t r o p i c a l t u n a s i n t h e w e s t e r n P a c i f i c , 1984-1991 .

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991

Year

. Tuna longline

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Other

Figure 5. Taiwan's offshore fishery catch of yellowfin in the western Pacific by gear type, 1970-1991.

a I 1

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15

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1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991

YEAR

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Figure 6. Taiwan's offshore tuna longline catch of tropical tunas in the western Pacific, 1970-1991.

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Figure 9. Taiwan's distant-water and offshore fishery catches of yellowfin in the western Pacific, 1970-1991.

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Table 2. Number of Taiwan's distant-water tuna longline vessels by size in the central and western Pacific, 1975-1990.

Gross Tonnage (GT) Year Total

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

50-100

6 11 11 11 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

100-200

68 148 141 133 121 140 .114 92 55 51 36 39 37 39 42 37

200-500

18 35 24 23 28 36 24 22 10 10 8 12 22 29 37 49

500-1000

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 8

92 194 176 168 157 182 140 115 65 61 44 51 60 70 85 96

Table 3. Taiwan's distant-water purse seine landings* of tropical tunas (in metric tons) in the western Pacific, 1984-1991.

Year

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Yellowfin

252 1007 2869 4579 6238 10604 13694 16640

Skipjack

2843 2603 8051 15928 26450 39431 72875 57574

Bigeye

0 25 355 64 123 82 199 695

Total

3095 3635 11275 20571 32811 50116 86768 74909

* landings in each calendar year may contain some catches from the previous year.

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Gross Tonnage (GT) Year Total

1070 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

0-5

0 0 0

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20-50

265 274 271 274 270 267 253 300 557 770 809 799 768 744 782

1103 1208 1345 1251 1288 852 451

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