taks review: dna. obj. 2 tek 6 (a) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna), and...

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TAKS review: DNA TAKS review: DNA

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Page 1: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

TAKS review: DNATAKS review: DNA

Page 2: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Obj. 2 TEK 6Obj. 2 TEK 6(A)  describe components of deoxyribonucleic (A)  describe components of deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA; in the DNA;

(B)  explain replication, transcription, and (B)  explain replication, transcription, and translation using models of DNA and translation using models of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA); ribonucleic acid (RNA);

(C)  identify and illustrate how changes in DNA (C)  identify and illustrate how changes in DNA cause mutations and evaluate the significance cause mutations and evaluate the significance of these changes; of these changes;

(D)  compare genetic variations observed in (D)  compare genetic variations observed in plants and animals; plants and animals;

TAKS ReviewTAKS Review

Page 3: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

1. DNA is made up of 1. DNA is made up of thousands of units thousands of units called nucleotides. called nucleotides. What are the three What are the three parts of the nucleotide? parts of the nucleotide?

Sugar, phosphate Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen group, and nitrogen basebase

2. Which of these parts of 2. Which of these parts of the DNA stores genetic the DNA stores genetic information? information?

The sequence (order) of The sequence (order) of nitrogen bases.nitrogen bases.

TEK TEK 6(A)6(A)

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

There are 4 kinds of nitrogen bases in

DNA:

A, G, C, & T

Phosphate group

Deoxyribose

Page 4: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

A G T T C G G A might give you blue eyes, A G T T C G G A might give you blue eyes,

T G T C T A A G might give you brown eyes.T G T C T A A G might give you brown eyes.

The The orderorder of the nitrogen bases dictates the of the nitrogen bases dictates the characteristics you have.characteristics you have.

The order dictates which proteins are made in The order dictates which proteins are made in your cells, and those proteins give you your your cells, and those proteins give you your traits.traits.

Page 5: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

TEK 6(B)TEK 6(B)

3. Nitrogen bases in DNA come in 3. Nitrogen bases in DNA come in pairs. pairs.

GG bonds to ______ bonds to ______ andand AA bonds to bonds to ____________

4. If one side of the DNA is 4. If one side of the DNA is CAT TACCAT TAC, , then what would the then what would the complementary side of the DNA complementary side of the DNA be?be?

C T

CAT TACGTAAGT

Page 6: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

An old TAKS question:An old TAKS question:

Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from a mutation that leads to the production of an a mutation that leads to the production of an abnormal protein. Which component of the abnormal protein. Which component of the DNA molecule provides instructions for the DNA molecule provides instructions for the production of the protein?production of the protein?

A A The phosphate groups The phosphate groups B B The sugar molecules The sugar molecules C C The sequence of nitrogen bases The sequence of nitrogen bases D D The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases

   

Page 7: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

And another…And another…

In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains long molecules of DNA. Which of the contains long molecules of DNA. Which of the following best describes the function of DNA?following best describes the function of DNA?

F F DNA provides the shape and structure of the DNA provides the shape and structure of the nucleus. nucleus.

G G DNA packages materials for transport DNA packages materials for transport through the nucleus. through the nucleus.

H H DNA carries materials into and out of the DNA carries materials into and out of the nucleus. nucleus.

J J DNA contains the blueprint for producing the DNA contains the blueprint for producing the whole organism. whole organism.

   

Page 8: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

And another…And another…

If the template of a strand of DNA is 5' If the template of a strand of DNA is 5' AGATGCATC 3', the complementary AGATGCATC 3', the complementary strand will be —  strand will be — 

F F 3' TCTACGTAG 5‘3' TCTACGTAG 5‘

G G 5' CTACGTAGA 3‘5' CTACGTAGA 3‘

H H 3' AGATGCATC 5‘3' AGATGCATC 5‘

J J 5' AGACGTCTA 3'5' AGACGTCTA 3'

Page 9: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

And even one more:And even one more:

Erwin Chargaff studied the DNA of Erwin Chargaff studied the DNA of organisms within a single species. Chargaff organisms within a single species. Chargaff discovered that the amount of adenine is discovered that the amount of adenine is about equal to the amount of thymine. about equal to the amount of thymine. Which of these explains why the ratio of Which of these explains why the ratio of adenine to thymine is nearly 1:1?adenine to thymine is nearly 1:1?

A A Adenine and thymine pair with each other. Adenine and thymine pair with each other. B B Adenine binds with phosphates, while Adenine binds with phosphates, while

thymine binds with nitrates. thymine binds with nitrates. C C Adenine and thymine are identical in Adenine and thymine are identical in

chemical composition. chemical composition. D D Adenine bases contain a form of thymine.Adenine bases contain a form of thymine.

Page 10: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

One more…One more…

The sequence of amino acids coded by The sequence of amino acids coded by a strand of DNA directs the cell to a strand of DNA directs the cell to make specificmake specific

A.A. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

B.B. LipidsLipids

C.C. ProteinsProteins

D.D. VitaminsVitamins

Page 11: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

DNA replicationDNA replication

Page 12: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

5. What happens just before a cell divides? 5. What happens just before a cell divides?

DNA replication occurs so that each new DNA replication occurs so that each new cell can have an exact copy of DNA.cell can have an exact copy of DNA.

((NoteNote: : Body cellsBody cells divide in divide in mitosismitosis to to create two identical cells that have create two identical cells that have identical DNA and the identical DNA and the same number of same number of chromosomeschromosomes.).)

TEK 6(B)TEK 6(B)

Page 13: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Think of the replicator on Think of the replicator on Star Trek: Star Trek:

replication means copying.replication means copying.

Page 14: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

TAKS question…TAKS question…

If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?    daughter cell after mitosis?   

F F 1111

G G 1919

H H 3838

J J 7676

Page 15: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Making ProteinsMaking Proteins

Review:Review:In what part of the cell are proteins In what part of the cell are proteins

made?made?

Where are the instructions for making Where are the instructions for making those proteins?those proteins?

There are two steps in making proteins:There are two steps in making proteins:transcription and translationtranscription and translation

Page 16: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

DNA transcription DNA transcription

Page 17: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

DNA transcriptionDNA transcription

DNA contains the instructions to make DNA contains the instructions to make proteins. Unfortunately, the proteins. Unfortunately, the instructions are in another language, instructions are in another language, and the workers that will actually and the workers that will actually make the proteins don’t understand it.make the proteins don’t understand it.

That’s where mRNA comes in – it will That’s where mRNA comes in – it will provide the directions in a language provide the directions in a language the workers can understand.the workers can understand.

Page 18: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

DNA transcriptionDNA transcription

In In transcriptiontranscription, the , the DNA is unzipped, and DNA is unzipped, and mRNA is transcribed. mRNA is transcribed. The instructions for The instructions for making proteins are making proteins are written into the written into the mRNA.mRNA.

Think of a Think of a prescriptionprescription: : the doctor’s orders the doctor’s orders are written down.are written down.

““script” means script” means something written something written down.down.

Page 19: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

6. Which nitrogen bases in found in 6. Which nitrogen bases in found in RNA but not in DNA? RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil –U Uracil –U

(A bonds to U in RNA)(A bonds to U in RNA)7. What would the mRNA codon be 7. What would the mRNA codon be

that would be created from the that would be created from the DNA sequence: DNA sequence: CAT TACCAT TAC??

TEK 6(B)TEK 6(B)

CAT TACGUAAGU

DNA-mRNA

-

Page 20: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

nucleus

RNA Polymerase

8. What is the process of copying the 8. What is the process of copying the genetic information in DNA to mRNA genetic information in DNA to mRNA called?called?

TranscriptionTranscription

TEK 6(B)TEK 6(B)

What: Copies DNA to make mRNA

Where: In the nucleus

Why: to carry instructions out of nucleus

DNA

mRNA

Nucleus

Page 21: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

DNA translationDNA translation

After the mRNA brings the instructions After the mRNA brings the instructions from the nucleus to the site of protein from the nucleus to the site of protein production, the protein is assembled production, the protein is assembled during during translation.translation.

Page 22: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

9. mRNA contains information on what 9. mRNA contains information on what order to put amino acids together to order to put amino acids together to form a ______________ chain during form a ______________ chain during the process of the process of translationtranslation..

10. The 10. The codoncodon AUGAUG codes for which codes for which amino acid?amino acid?

TEK 6(B)TEK 6(B)

Protein

AUG=methioni

ne

Page 23: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Let’s practice making a Let’s practice making a protein…protein…

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/content/begin/dna/transcribe/

Page 24: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Practice question:Practice question:

A cell with numerous ribosomes is A cell with numerous ribosomes is probably specialized for—probably specialized for—

A. enzyme storageA. enzyme storage

B. energy productionB. energy production

C. protein synthesisC. protein synthesis

D. cell divisionD. cell division

Page 25: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

11. What is a mutation?11. What is a mutation?is a change in genetic materialis a change in genetic material (Change in (Change in DNA leads to changes in protein chain.)DNA leads to changes in protein chain.)

TEK 6(C)TEK 6(C)

DNA-

mRNA-Amino

Acid chain

(Protein)-

Mutation in one DNA base

Causes changes in one mRNA base

New codon codes for a different amino acid

Page 26: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Sample TAKS question:Sample TAKS question:

A mutation is defined as:A mutation is defined as:

A.  a change in an organism's DNAA.  a change in an organism's DNA

B.  the growth of an abnormal cell B.  the growth of an abnormal cell structurestructure

C.  the changing of a cell from one type C.  the changing of a cell from one type to anotherto another

D.  a way of changing mRNA to proteinsD.  a way of changing mRNA to proteins

Page 27: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Question:Question:

The molecule which acts as an The molecule which acts as an intermediary between the DNA and intermediary between the DNA and the ribosomes is the ribosomes is

A.  messenger RNAA.  messenger RNA

B.  transfer RNAB.  transfer RNA

C.  ribosomal RNAC.  ribosomal RNA

D.  intermediate RNAD.  intermediate RNA

Page 28: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

TAKS question:TAKS question:

Mutations in DNA molecules can occur when —

F. replication of DNA is exactG. a DNA enzyme attaches to an RNA codonH. RNA codons are replaced by DNA

nucleotidesJ. a change occurs in DNA nucleotide

bases

Page 29: TAKS review: DNA. Obj. 2 TEK 6 (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an

Genotype:Genotype: genetic make-up of an organism genetic make-up of an organism ex. ex. BbBb

PhenotypePhenotype:: expression of the genes of an expression of the genes of an organism (ex. organism (ex. BLACKBLACK hair.) hair.)

DominantDominant:: trait that is always expressed trait that is always expressed

Recessive:Recessive: trait that can be hidden in the trait that can be hidden in the presence of a dominant gene.presence of a dominant gene.

Gene:Gene: segment of DNA that codes for a segment of DNA that codes for a protein that controls a trait.protein that controls a trait.

Trait:Trait: inheritable characteristic inheritable characteristic

TEK 6(D)TEK 6(D)Genetics Vocabulary Review