talent identification in the young performer

I declare that this is my own work and should this declaration be found to be untrue I

acknowledge that I may be guilty of committing an academic offence.

BSc (Hons) Sports Science and Coaching

Applied Reflective Account - Aged and Impaired

SPO030-3 Cases in Lifespan Motor Development and Impairment

Carl Page (1008889) University of Bedfordshire Mr. K Roberts


Carl Page (1008889) BSc (Hons) Sports Science and Coaching

Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2

Case 1: Identify and Selected Key Concepts and Principles ...................................... 3

Case 1: Comment on the Robustness of the Body of Knowledge (Issues

Conceptually, Methodologically Etc.) .......................................................................... 4

Case 1: Consider How the Selected Concepts and Principles Can Be Applied Clearly

Stating Any Caveats ................................................................................................... 5

Case 1: Clear Statement of the Guidance to Practitioners ......................................... 7

Case 2: Identify and Selected Key Concepts and Principles ...................................... 8


Conceptually, Methodologically Etc.) .......................................................................... 9

Case 2: Consider How the Selected Concepts and Principles Can Be Applied Clearly

Stating Any Caveats ................................................................................................... 9

Case 2: Clear Statement of the Guidance to Practitioners ....................................... 11

References ............................................................................................................... 13

Introduction

In this assignment involves focusing on the two motor development cases;

1. Sport and exercise in the aged – therapy or mortality?

2. Sporting opportunities for the movement impaired.

Plus through building reasons which encourage various theoretical points on

appropriate cases in lifespan motor development and impairment matters within

sport, physical activity and Physical Education. Also shall be commenting on the

robustness of the body of knowledge such as the concepts and methodology issues.

Likewise signify how the selected concepts and principles can be applied clearly

stating any caveats. Finally, demonstrate a comprehension of performing and

knowledge in sport with clear statement of the guidance to practitioner’s actions.



Case 1: Identify and Selected Key Concepts and Principles

There is a loss of hand strength in ageing. Ageing is known as an occurring process

over time which leads to the loss of adaptability or complete functioning and

ultimately the passing away (Haywood and Getchell 2009 cited in Spirduso (1995).

However LIVESTRONG, (2013) advises those who have poor hand grip to get

assessed by a clinical expert to examine whether there is a more serious underlying

condition. This is because it may be merely from the result of ageing or by the

numbness with the fingers due to a temporary blood supply shortage.

Specifically through the ageing process there is a loss of hand grip strength in

individuals. It has been shown there to be a sharp deterioration of hand grip strength

for both genders who are aged 45-54 and those aged 75+ having less than half of the

value when compared against young adults (Tiresias, 2009). This is supported by

University of Arkansas (2010) who discovered as people age their muscle strength

will decline. For instance between the ages of 25 and 80 years it is possible for a

human to lose up to one-half of their strength and muscle mass. Consequently

because of the biology of ageing along with an increase of decline from not taking

part in physical activity this affects the grip strength of an individual significantly over

time.

Even so Haywood and Getchell, (2009) states the only conditions for instance

arthritis or loss of strength in old age would affect hand arrangement because usually

those individuals who are older go over the set time threshold on the performance

test and their grip strength is weakened with the progressing of age. Equally Thomas

(2007) reported this comes from specifically the decrease in motor number units and

the atrophy of muscle fibers, mainly the type IIa fibers. These are then related to an

individual’s muscle mass and their strength which take place from normal ageing.

Based on this the declining of manual performance is accompanied with loss of

strength and upper joint movement subsequently from sarcopenia.

In agreement both The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (2009) and LIVESTRONG,

(2013) declared with treatment and/or medications such as pain killers or

inflammatory injections and physical therapy this will aid movement in the hand. They

additionally state surgical intervention may be made in severe cases since this would



then imply the poor influence of hand function is able to be lowered to an extent with

the use of conservative actions.

Correspondingly it has been examined how physical activity is needed to aid and to

maintain the physical function and muscle strength. ‘Muscle strength and physical

function are both very strong predictors of death. So it's a very important area’

(Hilpern, 2009). This is supported by AARP Bulletin (2011) reports older people gain

from strength exercises that will aid preventing falls, increasing brain power, reduces

risk of osteoporosis and diabetes. Therefore it would seem early strength exercises

support the link to a better quality of life rather than having to go through late

inventions.


Conceptually, Methodologically Etc.)

Goodpaster et al. (2006) believes currently there is insufficient large-scale

longitudinal investigations into analysing the links involving older adults and their loss

of mass and strength. Although Lang et al. (2010) produced longitudinal studies of

smaller groups that have presented inconsistent findings, e.g. reports of

approximately losing 3% per year for twenty-three men at baseline who were 73–86

years. Therefore the loss of muscle mass is taken into consideration of being a key

determining factor of strength loss in ageing.

Lang et al. (2010) reports cross-sectional studies presented in hand-grip strength and

elbow extension torque concerning healthy young participants and elderly

participant’s degenerates 20–40%. Whist Samuel et al. (2012) states it is still unclear

there is greater relative amount of decline in quadriceps strength seen in healthy

older people. Therefore being further magnified in participants who are frail, this will

have associations for assessing the grip strength for a physical indicator of the lower

limb strength and working with those run the risk of falls and immobility.



Espinoza and Walston (2005) gave evidence for the assessment and managing of

the aged with an interdisciplinary team. Hence proposals were made to the

participant’s care which needs to follow widespread measurement methodologies.

Although Westcott (2008) recognised the American College of Sports Medicine

strength training guidelines offer a practical method to reverse the deteriorating

developments causing the physical and mental developments which can influence a

better quality of life. As a result it is multifactorial as needing to take into account

whenever having to examine and include interventions for the aged participants to

improve their quality of life.

Furthermore it has been observed whenever the older generation take part in

exercise the changes which are related to ageing are reduced. Thus are compared to

those who are aged in the young and middle adult bracket (Wilmore et al. 2008).

Therefore numerous investigations recommend that strength training is an effective

method to restore muscles, renew metabolism and decrease fat of those who were

formerly either inactive adults and/or older adults.

Case 1: Consider How the Selected Concepts and Principles Can Be Applied

Clearly Stating Any Caveats

Kolt, and Snyder-Mackler, (2003) gave evidence for epidemiological investigations

being used to determine the levels of how physical the populations is. Although it can

be problematic to attain direct assessments since these studies will make use of

diverse mechanisms and criteria. For instance LIVESTRONG (2011) states an

individual’s hand grip results will differ as it is determined by their weight and age.

Hand grip peaks between the ages of 25 and 39 for both genders. Whereas

researchers and practitioners believe through physical therapy after an injury the grip

strength test allows for good measurement of how much development has been

made.

Nevertheless Espinoza and Walston (2005) is cautious since medical care plan will

need to be formed to follow the unique requirements of the older adults since they

will start becoming frailer and this results in more serious illnesses and disabilities.

Kolt and Snyder-Mackler (2003) direct older adults to seek doctors’ advice before



beginning an exercise programme. Yet they may have to go through widespread pre-

exercise testing which is further debated. This would apply to aid in maintaining the

quality of life for these participants who are set specific goals which and stick to their

personal beliefs.

Thomas (2007) believes developing a directed therapeutic method to skeletal muscle

loss and muscle strength in older people. Additionally the failure to observe the

causes of skeletal muscle loss normally causes barriers between the clinical

reactions to therapeutic interventions. Consequently it is better to have a preventive

approach than an intervention. This allows for wellbeing perspective. However there

is heavy investment needed early on to help the quality of life decades later.

Taaffe (2006) learnt especially with weight training it has been shown to be an

effective countermeasure, stopping the decline and substantially improving physical

function. Whereas Kolt and Snyder-Mackler (2003) suggests more guidance is

needed when older people participate in high intensity exercise as they are more

likely to suffer from chronic medical conditions. Collectively this would suggest there

is a link to the lower physical activity and the participant’s biological and lifestyle

factors which can be easily adaptable to increase movement.

Nonetheless Diet Health, Inc (2013) exposed that nearly 90% of Americans who are

65+ have one or more degenerative disorders e.g. heart disease, arthritis,

osteoporosis, diabetes and macular degeneration. Previously the conditions were

thought to be expected diseases from old age however recently these are now

known as life-style diseases. Consequently to either prevent or lower the possibilities

of developing the diseases a participant can, alter their habits such as diet and more

exercise.

Taaffe (2006) warns older adults are exposed to the loss of muscle mass and

strength. Nevertheless it has been discovered those who are 60+ years who regularly

participate in continual and controlled training will significantly strengthen their

organs. Ageing lessens the muscularity and decline in the cardiovascular system.



Furthermore generally the training principles used for exercise are the same for

younger participants to those of who are older (Kolt and Snyder-Mackler 2003 cited

in Evans (1999), Mazzeo et al. (1998), and Whaley (2006). Consequently it would

seem that by encouraging older adults to maintain their reserve capacity it will lower

the likelihood of deteriorating below specific disability or thresholds.

Case 1: Clear Statement of the Guidance to Practitioners

The guidance to a fitness and/or health practitioner(s) should follow the statements

as seen below:

The Hygenic Corporation (2008) presents that to start and maintain the activity

programmes it needs to deliver specific and regular information by identifying

the difficulties individuals face. The next stage involves making suggestions

which are positive and relevant to the participants needs.

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (2009) advises moderate range of motion

movements, when done frequently is needed to maintain an individual’s

motion and hand function in those who suffer from arthritic joints.

Correspondingly recommendations from Advameg, Inc. (2013) the age group

(60+) participate in low intensity sports/activities such as swimming, aqua

aerobics and walking; as with an exercise routine it will support avoiding a

sedentary lifestyle and various associated illnesses due to poor habits.

Hilpern, (2009) suggests the need to adapt the workouts and the equipment.

Whereby using particular exercises and appropriate intensities will help each

participant enormously.

Taaffe (2006) testifies resistance training exercises are efficient

countermeasures and are cheap and easily available. Furthermore should be

carried out once or twice a week at a moderate intensity and include the major

muscle groups needed for appropriate development e.g. including resistance

exercises with elastic bands into the participant’s weekly schedule.

However it is not all about the elliptical trainers and static bikes in a gym. It has

been suggested the most successful exercises are chair based (Hilpern,

2009). Likewise advises a brisk walk is simple to be incorporated into their

daily lives to increase physical activity and aid movement.



Case 2: Identify and Selected Key Concepts and Principles

Cox, et al. (2005), cited in Mutch et al. (1992), p. 1), describes Cerebral Palsy (cp) as

the umbrella term which covers a collection of non-progressive conditions. However

cp frequently alters as motor impairment syndromes are secondary to the injuries or

differences within the brain which occurred during the early stages of the individual’s

development such as premature birth. Similarly Macnair and Hicks (2013) reviewed

the term that involves numerous conditions in which his/her brain does not function

correctly thus issues arise with their movement, posture and coordination.

Collectively this would suggest each person who has cerebral palsy is affected

differently from the neurological conditions which have an effect on their co-

ordination and movement when playing sport.

Yet Scope (2013) clarifies the three major types of cerebral palsy exist;

1. Spastic cerebral palsy which has two varieties:

1a. Spastic hemiplegia is known as where there is only muscle stiffness on one side

of the body in addition to occasionally the spine curving.

1b. Spastic diplegia this is identified as purely where there is muscle stiffness in the

individual’s legs.

2. Athetoid (dyskinetic) cerebral palsy is understood to be when there is enlarged

and reduced muscle tone and speaking difficulties.

3. Ataxic cerebral palsy is where the individuals own balance and depth

perception is unnatural (NHS Choices, 2013).

CP Sport England & Wales (2013) discovered individuals who have cerebral palsy

can find themselves ignored in the world. Specifically, this charity organisation

presents opportunities of sport engagement with cerebral palsy children and adults

as this increases their self-confidence, friendships and support networks. In addition

Delft University of Technology (2002) emphasises this is also the same

functional/centered structured process used in therapeutic management. Whereby

through lessening the difficulties and to improve or recover the achievement of

learning new skills for a better quality of life through offering opportunities of taking

part in sport. Consequently they will not be made to feel 'different' when taking part in

an inclusive sporting setting.




Conceptually, Methodologically Etc.)

Farlex (2013) reports a practitioner is part of a health care team which is made up of

numerous professionals who are involved in the caring and supporting of the

multifaceted process involved to create sporting opportunities with those who have

impaired physical mobility. Hence in agreement Miller-Keane and O'Toole (2006)

suggested the practitioner should aid to achieve the goals with the specific

positioning of the participant. Plus developing active and passive exercises also

included should be a range of motion exercises since these will help the participant in

activities. Consequently these interventions have the outcome of lowering the risks

for the participant being immobile. Moreover helping the participant to sustain,

safeguard, or re-establish mobility this also allows for increased independence and

functioning as possible.

Cox, et al. (2005) suggests currently there is limited evidence in the influence of

ageing on adults with cerebral palsy. Also suggested it is important to examine the

primary and secondary effects of ageing with cerebral palsy with the use of large

longitudinal group investigations. Whereas Scope (2013) demonstrated that those

with cerebral palsy will have physical impairment for their lifespan; the result of

ageing is able to become clear at an earlier time. In particular this being a

developmental disorder the basic performing has been shown to worsen with ageing

as a consequence of reduced automatic proficiency. Therefore further investigations

need to be carried out to be able to consider the effects of living with Cerebral Palsy

has on the individual’s quality of life with responses to the movement as well as their

mental and emotional wellbeing.

Case 2: Consider How the Selected Concepts and Principles Can Be Applied

Clearly Stating Any Caveats

It has been shown that to relieve the muscle stiffness and spasms physiotherapy,

occupational therapy and medication aids those people with cerebral palsy (NHS

Choices, 2013). Specifically children with cerebral palsy will discover swimming to be



valuable as the water is able to support their body weight effortlessly. Scope (2013)

clarifies the use of hydrotherapy involves a sequence of moderate movements which

are carried out in a heated swimming pool. This would give a sense of freedom and

enjoyment to be realised in their level of movement which normally they may find

difficult to achieve elsewhere. Plus this allows for increased recreational sporting

opportunities for those with movement impairment.

However Macnair and Hicks (2013) indicate for a child to reduce the impact of

cerebral palsy is to lessen their symptoms. As with the numerous treatments and

therapies these help develop ideas for doing tasks differently which before were

challenging. In contrast Scope (2013) reports for adults with cerebral palsy it has not

been proven if the benefits from alternative therapies cited in the scientific literature.

As a result those individuals who receive therapies such as aromatherapy,

reflexology or acupuncture and massage; hence this may not aid in the long run

allowing them to overcome the difficulties like carrying out routine household tasks

and inspiring them to become more self-supporting.

Furthermore Cox, et al. (2005) discovered those older adults with cerebral palsy who

participate in exercise intervention programmes supports in encouraging their

functional competences. This is in agreement with Scope (2013) who found those

suffering from cerebral palsy will develop to be more independent through

physiotherapy and other therapy interventions since currently there is no cure for

cerebral palsy. Based on this the provision of interventions for cerebral palsy is linked

to the individuals mechanical accomplishments.

Scope (2013) mentions specifically surgeons require certain knowledge when dealing

with people with cerebral palsy such as suggesting unsuitable processes and

subsequent to the surgery need suitable therapy. This plays a part in hindering the

person’s recuperation and may even result in worsening the physical functioning of

the individual. Moreover Cox, et al. (2005) cited by Buzio et al (2002) Kroll and Neri

(2003) there is a lack of impairment-specific understanding amongst the practitioners



who look after adults that have cerebral palsy. Collectively this would suggest more

education is needed otherwise people’s health will be put in danger and because

these individuals place immense trust in those who are part of the health care team

to be fully qualified experts in this field.

Carter, (2001) suggest medical specialists are very careful during diagnoses of

children being born prematurely having developed cerebral palsy at a mild to

moderate level. Although for a professional to confirm evidence of existing

neurodevelopmental problems in the developing babies is known to be challenging.

Contrasted with Bax et al. (2005) proposed there is a need to reconsider the

classification and definition of cerebral palsy (CP) because it hopefully meets the

interdisciplinary team needs by offering universal wording for enhanced consultation.

Collectively this would suggest the specialists need to discuss with the children’s

parents/guardians those who will be placed at an increased risk if postponed. Thus

early identification is important whereby it brings about early intervention. Also in

order to sufficiently provide care for the child’s development and support for optimal

ability for success they need to be knowledgeable of the progressive nature when

diagnosing the initial difficulties.

Kent Sport and Physical Activity Service (2008) specify the athletes who have

cerebral palsy are classified into groups which are determined by the amount of

impairment along with to which muscle groups are concerned. Further evidence from

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) (2012) publishes cerebral palsy athletes

come under three categories of the eight separate categories of physical impairments

in the Paralympic Movement: Hypertonia, Ataxia and Athetosis. Therefore the

Paralympic Classification is used to present a structure for competition and allows for

fair sporting opportunities for the movement impaired right up to the elite level.

Case 2: Clear Statement of the Guidance to Practitioners

The guidance to a fitness and/or health practitioner(s) should follow the statements

as seen below:



NHS Choices (2013) presents lifestyle choices / habits of either eating a high

calorific diet or drinking large quantities of alcohol it is possible to increase the

effects of cerebral palsy as well as damaging non impaired individual’s organs

further.

Moreover it is important that when practitioners plan a session it has to include

aspects of strength, balance and co-ordination (Kolt, and Snyder-Mackler,

2003)

In agreement Taaffe (2006) proposes the inclusion of one piece of an activity

programme to comprise of cardiovascular exercise, flexibility and balance

training.

Scope (2013) revealed that no two individuals will be affected by cerebral

palsy in an identical way. Therefore importantly caring for the individual needs

are met with appropriate therapies and treatments.

Similarly Cox et al. (2005) recognises that the planning of the practitioners

who deliver health care needs are not to just be centred on children and young

people’s early development but should also cover their entire life span.

Scope (2013) mentions with frequent participation of activities such as

swimming will aid movement for people with cerebral palsy.



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