TALL WOOD BUILDINGSDESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE

MICHAEL GREEN

JIM TAGGART

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Publisher’s Note

The first edition of this book came out in January 2017 in an English edition and a German

translation (Hoch bauen mit Holz, 978-3-0356-0474-0). Tall Wood Buildings sold out so quickly

that we had to reprint it as a corrected edition in July 2017. This 2020 expanded edition

comprises five new case studies and all chapters have been carefully revised.

FOREWORD BY ANDREW WAUGH . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

PREFACE: UNLOCKING THE POWER OF WOOD . . 8

1 INTRODUCTION: WOOD, SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Forests Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Sustainable Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

The Role of Forests in the Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . 15

Carbon Storage, Wood Substitution and

Embodied Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

PRINCIPLES OF TALL WOOD BUILDINGS

2 BUILDING TALLER WITH WOOD . . . . . . . . . . 22

Why Not Wood? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Government Policies and Market Incentives . . . . . . 24

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Properties of Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Engineered Wood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Adhesives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Load Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Self-Centering Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Uplift Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Structure and Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

CONTENTS

5 BUILDING PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Fire Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Acoustic Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Thermal Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Off-Site and On-Site Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Integrated Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7 TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

CNC Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Connection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

CASE STUDIES

8 PANEL SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Bridport House

London, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Strandparken Hus B

Sundbyberg, Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Via Cenni Social Housing

Milan, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Woodcube

Hamburg, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Puukuokka Housing Block

Jyväskylä, Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

9 FRAME SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Earth Sciences Building

Vancouver, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Tamedia Head Office

Zurich, Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Bullitt Center

Seattle, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Wood Innovation and Design Centre

Prince George, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

T3 Minneapolis

Minneapolis, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

25 King Street Office Building

Brisbane, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Mjøstårnet

Brumunddal, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

10 HYBRID SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Badenerstrasse Mixed-Use Building

Zurich, Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

LCT One

Dornbirn, Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

17–21 Wenlock Road Mixed-Use Building

London, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Treet Apartment Building

Bergen, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Brock Commons Tallwood House

Vancouver, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

HoHo Wien

Vienna, Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

11 THE WAY FORWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Index of Buildings, Names and Locations . . . . . . 215

Illustration Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

| 7

We are living in an age which is increasingly dominated by our relationship with the planet. As the

changes to our climate become ever more apparent, the way we live and inhabit the earth will, by

necessity, be transformed.

A fundamental change in the way in which we build our cities is imperative, re-learning how to build

in timber and how to build tall with the new engineered timbers that the 21st century technologies

allow will be fundamental to our future. This new age of architecture takes us beyond the notions of

modernism and concrete construction to a new timber age.

Timber is the only construction material that can be grown and as it grows it consumes carbon.

Using timber not only reduces our impact on the planet but will also help to reverse some of the

effects of 20th century industrialization. Timber construction is not only healthy for our planet but

is also healthy for humans. Living and working in timber buildings is good for the soul and good

for health. The time has come again to leave behind inhospitable concrete caves and embrace the

timber age.

A new architecture emerges as we learn how to build in timber. We are at the beginning of this new

and exciting era. This book marks this new age and will help to provide the inspiration and momen-

tum for the outstanding architecture to come.

Andrew Waugh

Waugh Thistleton Architects, London

March 2020

FOREWORD

HYBRID SYSTEMS

In addition to satisfying the requirements of program,

structural design is also concerned with efficiency

and economy of means. In some cases, a pure wood

frame or panel structure may not provide the optimal

solution.

Hybrid systems, in which different materials and

structural solutions are used in combination, are com-

mon. The choice may be made for architectural, struc-

tural, environmental or economic reasons, or because

of local construction practices or code requirements.

The examples documented in this section opted for

the following solutions:

− The floor system for the Badenerstrasse Mixed-Use

Building consists of prefabricated LVL panels, whereas

the walls use closely spaced green timber posts, a

solution designed to minimize carbon footprint and

ensure recyclability.

− LCT One uses a simple system of wood/concrete com-

posite floor panels, and prefabricated wall panels

incorporating glulam columns, a combination that

speeds up the erection process and minimizes use of

material.

− The Wenlock Mixed-Use Building has a concrete

ground floor and circulation core, with a steel frame

superstructure creating cantilevers that articulate the

façade, and CLT panels for walls and floors.

− The Treet Apartment Building has a perimeter struc-

ture of glulam trusses, CLT stair and elevator cores

and hybrid glulam and concrete ‘power’ floors that

support stacked modular apartment units.

− With the exception of its fully encapsulated glulam

post and CLT floor structure, the construction of Brock

Commons Tallwood House follows the standard prac-

tices for high-rise construction in British Columbia.

− The glulam frame and composite wood and concrete

floor construction of HoHo Wien resists lateral forces

through the use of cast-in-place concrete stair and

elevator cores and perimeter precast concrete ring

beams at every floor.

158 | CASE STUDIES: 10 HYBRID SYSTEMS

| 159

160 | CASE STUDIES: 10 HYBRID SYSTEMS

BADENERSTRASSE MIXED-USE BUILDINGZurich, Switzerland [Pool Architekten]

2010 Year

Baugenossenschaft Zurlinden Client

SJB Kempter Fitze AG Structural Engineer

Zimmereigenossenschaft Zürich Engineered Wood Fabricator

Caretta Weidmann AG Contractor

Residential/Commercial Program

The Badenerstrasse project questions current assumptions about the use of wood in contemporary buildings, and offers a low-tech vision of a sustainable future.

Badenerstrasse Mixed-Use Building | 161

to the immediate neighbourhood and animating the

public realm.

The façade is clad in fibre cement panels, which give

the building an impression of massiveness appropri-

ate to its city centre setting. As such, it sits comfort-

ably among its historic neighbours, most of which

have stucco or stone façades.

CONSTRUCTION

The six apartment storeys are constructed using a

simple cross wall structure that remains consistent

throughout the height of the building. Wood construc-

tion offered numerous advantages. In addition to the

shortened construction schedule that results from the

use of prefabricated and modular elements, wood of-

fered reduced weight and environmental attributes

consistent with the project goals.

Badenerstrasse is the first project to use the ‘Top

Wall’ system developed by the Swiss engineer and car-

penter Hermann Blumer as the main structural sup-

port system. The system is based on standardized

100mm × 200mm spruce wood vertical supports that

do not need to be kiln-dried to perform effectively. The

elements are not factory-prefabricated into wall panel

units (as is usual in contemporary massive timber

construction), but instead positioned and fixed in

Located in central Zurich, this project is the first in

Switzerland to meet the requirements of new energy

regulations based on the criteria of the 2000 Watt So-

ciety.1 The building extends the full depth of the prop-

erty between Badenerstrasse and the new Hardau city

park. The mixed-use program includes retail space oc-

cupying a single-storey concrete podium, above which

are 54 apartments spread over six storeys, and con-

structed using field-assembled massive timber panels.

CONCEPT

Above the podium, the residential accommodation is

divided into six contiguous rectangles, alternately

pushed forward toward the park, or back toward Bade-

nerstrasse. The result is that both main façades are

strongly articulated as a series of vertical volumes

separated by courtyards.

All units are arranged in linear fashion and extend the

full depth of the building. This allows for through ven-

tilation, natural light from multiple directions and the

opportunity to create a more ‘closed’ elevation toward

the busy street, and a more open one toward the park.

Balconies on the park side further articulate the verti-

cal massing and connect the building and its occu-

pants visually to the surroundings. Building entrances

are located on both sides, strengthening connections

1 Supermarket

2 Private residence

3 Parking garage

Section AA

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

1

162 | CASE STUDIES: 10 HYBRID SYSTEMS

rial are accepted and incorporated into the system.

Two aspects are of particular interest.

Firstly, the vertical elements are configured with a

10mm gap between them, which allows the wood to

shrink, swell or warp perpendicular to grain. While the

elements are precise in the vertical dimension, this

configuration allows for a 5% change in the size of the

cross section. It is not necessary to process the mate-

rial to avoid knots and splits, as these do not affect

the overall performance of the system.

Secondly, because the wood used is not processed,

glued or nailed, it can be easily dismantled and re-

claimed at full structural value, when it reaches the

end of its initial service life. Thus the material can be

incorporated into other high-quality wooden products,

as was common practice with reclaimed timbers well

into the first half of the 20th century.

place on sleepers, using 20mm diameter beech wood

dowels or plug anchors inserted into pre-drilled holes.

The floors are a prefabricated panelized construction,

consisting of 40mm upper and lower skins of laminat-

ed veneer lumber with 160mm deep joists, the voids

being filled with a 50mm layer of gravel. Above the

panel is a 30mm layer of sound insulation, covered

with 70mm of concrete screed (including in-floor radi-

ant heating), and a finish floor. Below the panel resil-

ient channels are mounted, with a gypsum fibreboard

finish.

With the introduction of digital fabrication, building

with massive timber has become a high-tech, high-pre-

cision method of construction. In contrast, the ap-

proach taken in this project (particularly with respect

to the walls) is intentionally low-tech. Here, the natural

properties and variability of wood as an organic mate-

Ground floor plan

1 Supermarket

2 Stairwell

3 Balcony

4 Elevator shaft

Typical floor plan

A A

2

3 4

A A

1

Badenerstrasse Mixed-Use Building | 163

Detail section1 Breathable cement cladding

2 Solid spruce ‘Top Wall’ system

3 Insulation cavity on both

sides of the solid wood posts

4 Ventilated cavity

5 Double layer of gypsum fibreboard

6 Acoustic spacer

7 Utility cavity

8 LVL panel

9 Beech wood plug

10 Acoustic insulation

11 Acoustic ceiling hanger

12 Gypsum ceiling

A worker installs the horizontal pegs that connect the posts into a continous wall.The breathable cement cladding is the

outermost layer of a highly insulated vapour-

permeable wall construction.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

116

12

9

164 | CASE STUDIES: 10 HYBRID SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

1 The 2000 Watt Society is a model, first developed by ETH Zurich,

that aims to reduce energy consumption to a continuous 2000

Watts per capita, the level it believes is necessary to achieve

long-term stabilization of the Earth’s climate.

2 Merkblatt SIA Effizienzpfad Energi’ (SIA 2040), 2011. Retrieved

from: http://www.sia.ch/de/themen/energie/effizienzpfad-energie/

With the wood posts at its core, the exterior wall con-

struction includes 80mm of mineral fibre insulation,

30mm strapping, felt and gypsum fibreboard to the

inside; and house wrap, 160mm mineral fibre insula-

tion, 30mm battens and 70mm fibre cement rain-

screen cladding to the outside.

With respect to Zurich’s new energy performance re-

quirements, the norms stipulated by SIA Effizienzpfad

Energie (Path toward Energy Efficiency) 2 were the ba-

sis for the calculation of the operational and embod-

ied energy to optimize both the construction methods

and the performance of the building. The choice of a

construction system based on solid sawn lumber sig-

nificantly reduced the embodied energy of the build-

ing. Energy for building operation is supplied by a heat

pump, solar panels and the recycling of heat produced

by the supermarket on the ground floor.

Wall prior to application of gypsum board. Notice the metal brackets used to stabil-

ize and connect sections of the wall to the floor beneath.

Non-load-bearing walls within the building consist of wood

and metal elements depending on the service systems

running through them.

CONCLUSION

The Badenerstrasse project not only expands our un-

derstanding of contemporary approaches to sustain-

able building, questioning some current assumptions

and preconceptions, but also anticipates a future in

which resource shortages will make the recycling and

reuse of buildings and building materials an industry

imperative.

Badenerstrasse Mixed-Use Building | 165

The ‘Top Wall’ system before and during

construction. The pegs are already inserted

and the posts are about to be installed.

Drawing of ‘Top Wall’ system

1 100mm solid green spruce posts 2 200mm width 3 Wall posts are

separated by 10mm to allow for shifting and swelling within the

wall. 4 Wood supports with regular holes provide the base for the

wall system. 5 Wooden dowels are inserted into the holes and

secure each post in the wall. 6 Each post is placed onto its own peg

and horizontal pegs connect the posts. 7 Dowels are inserted into

the top of the posts and hold the next wooden support layer.

8 The support layer holds the next wall layer and frames the floor.

9 Wooden floor panels are placed on the wooden posts. 10 The pro-

cess starts again to build the next floor.

1 2 3

4 5

6 7

9 108

About the Authors | 213

MICHAEL GREEN

Michael founded his architecture firm MGA | Michael

Green Architecture, not for profit school DBR | Design

Build Research and research platform TOE | Timber

Online Education, to focus on progressive architecture,

research, education and innovation. From Vancouver,

British Columbia, he and his team work on interna-

tional projects that are diverse in their scale, building

type and location.

A Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada,

Michael is vested in helping build healthier communi-

ties through innovative architecture, interiors, land-

scape and urban design. He is particularly known for

his research, leadership and advocacy in promoting

the use of wood in the built environment with exten-

sive international talks on the subject, including his

2013 TED talk which has been translated into 31 dif-

ferent languages and viewed over 1.3 million times.

JIM TAGGART

Since leaving architectural practice in 1992, Jim has

written and lectured extensively on the use of wood in

contemporary architecture to audiences throughout

North America and across the world. He is also the

author of the award-winning books Toward a Culture of

Wood Architecture (2011) and The Architecture of

Engagement (2019).

Jim has taught architecture at the British Columbia

Institute of Technology in Vancouver since 2004, and

has been editor of Sustainable Architecture and Building

Magazine (SABMag) since its inception in 2006. He is

a Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada,

Executive Director of the Royal Architectural Institute

of Canada Foundation and was the recipient of the

2012 Premier of British Columbia’s ‘Wood Champion’

award.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ANDREW WAUGH

Andrew is a founding director of Waugh Thistleton

Architects, London. Andrew has led the practice on

award-winning schemes from cinemas to synagogues;

social housing to offices and was responsible for the

design and delivery of Murray Grove, 2009, the project

which spearheaded the international movement in tall

timber construction, and Bushey Cemetery which was

shortlisted for the prestigious Stirling Prize in 2018.

Index of Buildings, Names and Locations | 215

17–21 Wenlock Road Mixed-Use Building 25, 40, 156, 176–181

25 King Street Office Building 38, 102, 144–149

2000 Watt Society 161AB Invest A/S 150 Acton Ostry Architects 188 Atalay Franck, Oya 205, 207AIR-INS 53Ammerwald Hotel 55, 56Ammerwald, Austria 55, 56 Architekturagentur Stuttgart 84Arkitektbolaget 25, 26Artec Arkitekter 182Athena Sustainable Materials Insti-

tute 20, 21, 134, 210Athfield Architects 36Aurecon 144B&K Structures 176Badenerstrasse Mixed-Use Building

24, 158, 160–175Bates Smart 144Baugenossenschaft Zurlinden 160Bergen og Omegn Boligbyggelag

(BOB) 182, 183Bergen, Norway 26, 47, 151,

182–184Berlin, Germany 40Binderholz 176Bird Construction 104Blumer-Lehmann 110, 116Blumer, Hermann 161Bordeaux, France 48Borlini & Zanini 78Bridport House 24, 35, 38, 49, 53,

62, 66–71, 177Brisbane, Australia 23, 102,

144–149Brisbane Showgrounds 145 Brock Commons Tallwood House 35,

44, 188–195 Brumunddal, Norway 150, 151Brunelleschi, Filippo 207Buchardt, Arthur 150 Bullitt Center 24, 26, 35, 37, 38, 62,

102, 120–125Bullitt Foundation 120, 121, 125Bullitt, Dorothy 121Butler Brothers Warehouse 143 Canadian Construction Association

209 Calvert 120Caretta Weidmann 160Carron 78Center for Integrated Design and

Construction, University of Utah 54cetus baudevelopment 196 Chicago, USA 8Construction Scotland Innovation

Centre 207 Creation Holz 110Creative Resource and Energy Effi-

ciency (Cree) 63, 166, 167, 175DCI Engineers 120DeepGreen Development 84Design Make 144DLR Group 136Dornbirn, Austria 26, 166 E3 mixed-use building 40 Earth Sciences Building 44, 46, 62,

63, 102, 104–109 EFFEKT 208

Engenuity 176Equilibrium Consulting 104, 126Eugene Kruger Building 17, 19Eurban 66European Association for Architec-

tural Education 205 Fast + Epp 188 Folkhem 72, 73 FondAction CSN Building 30, 35, 36Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 15,

16, 123Forte Building 17, 20, 44FP Innovations 36, 48, 53, 107Frampton, Kenneth 207 Gauthier Gallienne Moisan Archi-

tectes 17Gensler 205GHA – Gilles Huot Architecte 30, 36Gropius, Walter 207 Hackney, London, England 66, 67, 177 Hamburg, Germany 49, 51, 84, 85Handler Bau GmbH 196 Hasslacher Norica Timber 196 Hawkins\Brown 40, 176HENT 150Hines 136, 137HoHo Wien 35, 40, 44, 158,

196–203HRS Real Estate 110Innovation Norway 183Institute of Technology for For-

est-Based and Furniture Sectors (FCBA) 48

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 17, 20, 21

International Building Exhibition (IBA) 85, 95

International Living Future Institute (ILFI) 26

International Space Station 140 Irving Smith Jack Architects 36Isenmann Ingenieure 84Jyväskylä, Finland 96, 97Jefferson, Thomas 207 Kaden Klingbeil Architekten 40Karakusevic Carson Architects 66Katerra 56 Kaufmann, Hermann 166Kaufmann, Oskar Leo 55, 56Keski-Suomen Rakennuslinja 96Khufu, Pharaoh 8 Kirkenes, Norway 183Kodumaja 182Kraus-Anderson 136Lake Mälaren 73Lake Mjøsa 150Lake Päijänne 97Lakea 96, 97Laval University 17LCT One 24, 26, 35, 38, 40, 59, 62,

63, 158, 166–175, 197, 201Leadership in Energy and Environ-

mental Design (LEED) 16 Legal & General 56Lend Lease Corporation 17, 20, 44,

144Limnologen housing project 25, 26,

37, 48, 50, 52, 73Living Building Challenge (LBC) 26,

121, 122London, England 23, 25, 26, 40, 49,

66, 67, 176, 177

LSI Architects 55, 58MacMillan Bloedel 32MAK Holz 78Malm, Ola 25Manitoba, Canada 140 Martinsons 72, 73, 75 May, Ernst 54, 2017McKinzey & Co. 209 Melbourne, Australia 17, 20, 44Merz Kley Partner 166Metsä Wood 150MGA | Michael Green Architecture

31, 36, 126, 136, 205 Milan, Italy 35, 78 Minneapolis, USA 136, 137Mjøstårnet 29, 38, 44, 150–157MJTST 126MKA – Magnusson Klemencic Asso-

ciates 136MMK Mayr-Melnhof/Kirchdorfer 196 Moelven Limtre 150, 151, 154, 182Murray Grove apartment building 25,

26, 38, 44, 177 Natural Resources Canada 188 Nelson Marlborough Institute of

Technology 36Nelson, New Zealand 36New York, USA 8 Nieland, Andrew 17, 44Nordic Structures 30Norwegian University of Science and

Technology 183Norwich, England 55, 58 OOPEAA 96, 97, 98Oslo, Norway 150OSU Forest Science Complex 31, 36Paxton, Joseph 207 PCL Constructors 126Peavy Hall, Oregon State University

31, 36Perkins + Will 104Perry House 23, 149Peter Brett Associates 66PMX – ProtoModel X 205 Point 32 Developer 120Polaris Real Estate 78Pool Architekten 160Prince George, Canada 20, 45, 63,

126, 127Pringuer-James Consulting Engineers

176Program for the Endorsement of

Forest Certification (PEFC) 15, 16Puukuokka Housing Block 24, 38,

49, 52, 55, 59, 64, 96–101Quebec (Province of) 30Quebec City, Canada 17, 9, 30, 35, 36Regal Homes 176Reutte, Austria 55, 56Rhomberg Group 166, 167RLP Rüdiger Lainer + Partner 196,

203Rossiprodi Associati 78Royal Albert Hotel 23Rüf, Albert 53, 55Schluder Architektur 38, 39Schluder, Michael 167Schuchart 120Seagate 188 Seattle, USA 26, 37, 62, 120, 121,

122, 123 Seestadt Aspern, Austria 196

Service Legno 78Shigeru Ban Architects 110SIA 164Sidewalk Labs 205, 206 SJB Kempter Fitze 160Smith, Ryan E. 54Sohm HolzBautechnik GmbH 166SPACE10 208 Stockholm, Sweden 72, 73Stora Enso 78, 96, 98, 144, 150 Strandparken Hus B 24, 37, 38, 49,

52, 53, 63, 64, 72–77StructureCraft Builders 13, 136Structurlam 104, 126, 188Sundbyberg, Sweden 72, 73Sweco 150, 151, 183T3 Minneapolis 25, 38, 102,

136–143 Target Field Station, Minneapolis 137 Tamedia AG 110, 111Tamedia Head Office 24, 38, 62, 63,

102, 110–119Te Ara Hihiko/College of Creative Arts

36The Landing 23The Miller Hull Partnership 120Thoma Holz100 GmbH 84Treet Apartment Building 25, 26, 29,

37, 47, 49, 55, 62, 151, 153, 157, 158, 182–187

Trondheim, Norway 183Turin, Italy 80United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization (UNFAO) 13University of British Columbia (UBC)

104, 105, 106, 188, 189University of East Anglia student

residence 55, 58University of Northern British

Columbia (UNBC) 127 Urban One 188 Urban Village Project 208, 209 US Green Building Council 15Vancouver, Canada 23, 44, 46, 62,

104, 139, 188, 189Växjö, Sweden 25, 26, 73 Via Cenni Social Housing 24, 35, 38,

44, 62, 64, 78–83Vienna, Austria 38, 39, 196, 197Voll Arkitekter 150 Wagramerstrasse apartment complex

38, 39 Watts Grove 207 Waugh Thistleton Architects 25, 26,

207Wellington, New Zealand 36Weyerhaeuser Company Ltd. 32WIEHAG 144Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg, Germany

85, 86Willmott Dixon 66Wingårdh Arkitektkontor 72Wood Innovation and Design Centre

(WIDC) 20, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 53, 59, 62, 63, 102, 126–135

Woodcube 24, 40, 44, 51, 53, 59, 64, 84–95

World Economic Forum 205, 209 Woschitz Group 196 Zimmereigenossenschaft Zürich 160Zurich, Switzerland 38, 63, 110,

111, 112, 160, 161, 164

INDEX OF BUILDINGS, NAMES AND LOCATIONS