tamil literary works jz;zph;tpl;nlh tsh;j;njhk;> fz;zpuhy...

TAMIL LITERARY WORKS

COMPILED by R REX CHRISTOPHER 1

ghujpahh; Ch; (J}j;Jf;Fb) vl;laGuk; NtWngah; - Njrpaf;ftp> tpLjiyf;ftp>

kfhftp> kf;fs; ftp> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;>„GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij‟ >„jw;fhy jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp‟ ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh

,jo;fs; - RNjrkpj;ud;> ,e;jpah ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;- Gjpa Mj;jp#b>

fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy; ghl;L> ghg;gh ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Qhd ujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR> jpz;ba rh];jphp nrhh;z Fkhhp> Ntjhe;j ghly;fs;> tpehafh; ehd;kzpkhiy

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:- „ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J

thd;Gfh; je;j jkpo;ehL‟ ey;yNjhh; tPiz nra;Nj – mij

eyq;nflg; GOjpapy; vwptJz;Nlh‟

„ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopNghy; ,dpjhdJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;‟

khjh; jk;ik ,opT nra;Ak; klikiaf; nfhSj;JNthk;‟

„jdpnahUtDf; Fztpy;iy nadpy; [fj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;‟

„neQ;R nghWf;F jpiyNa‟ „mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy

mr;rnkd;gjpy;iyNa‟ „vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs;‟ „fhf;if rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh‟ fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; [hjp‟ „fhjy;> fhjy;> fhjy;‟ „xd;W gl;lhy; cz;L tho;T‟ „gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs;

nra;tJk;‟ „nfhl;L KuNr nfhl;L KuR‟ „vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;

ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;‟ „vd;W jzpAk; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;‟ „ngz; tpLjiy Ntz;Lk;‟ „fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo; ehL‟ „coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid

nra;Nthk;‟ „ghuj g+kp gok;ngUk; g+kp ePujd;

Gjy;th; ,e;epidT mfw;whjPh;‟ „nja;tk; gyg;gy nrhy;ypg; gifj;

jPia tsh;g;gth; %lh;‟ „ehLk; nkhopAk; ekjpU fz;fs;‟

“jz;zPh;tpl;Nlh tsh;j;Njhk;> fz;zPuhy;

fhj;Njhk;” ghujpjhrd;:- Ch; - GJr;Nrhp ,aw;ngah; - fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; NtWngah; - ghNte;jh;> Gul;rpf; ftpQh;>

,aw;iff;ftpQh;> GJikf;ftpQh; ,jo; Mrphpah; - GJit KuR> Ky;iy>

Fapy; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; :- ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> ghz;bad; ghpR> FLk;g tpsf;F> ,isQh; ,yf;fpak;> mofpd; rphpg;G> jkpo; ,af;fk;> kzpNkfiy ntz;gh> ,iraKJ> fz;zfp Gul;rp fhg;gpak;> gphpuhe;ijahh;> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> FwpQ;rp jpul;L> ,Uz;l tPL> vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;> nrskpad;> fiy $j;jpd; fhjy; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:- „GjpaNjhh; cyfk; nra;Nthk;‟ „Xlg;gh; caug;gh; vy;yhk;

xg;gg;gh; Ma;tpLthh; czug;gh eP‟ „,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;‟ „ey;yNjhh; FLk;gk; gy;fiyf; fofk;‟ „kjq;fs; kf;fspd; khw;W rl;ilfs;‟ „jkpio vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;‟ „jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngh; - me;j

jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;F Neh;‟

„nfhiy thspid vllh ntF nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt‟

„ghulh cd; khdpl rKj;jpuj;ij‟ „capiu> czh;it tsh;g;gJ jkpNo‟ „ngz;zbik jPUkl;Lk; NgRk;

jpUehl;bd; kz;zbik jPe;jy; Kaw; nfhk;Ng‟

ehkf;fy; ftpQh;:- (nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh;) Ch; - NkhfD}h; (ehkf;fy;) NtWngah; - fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;>

Njrpaf;ftpQh;> M];jhd ftpQh; jkpof murpd; Kjy; muritf; ftpQh; vOjpait – ciueilfs;> Gjpdq;fs;>

ftpijfs; „gNy ghz;bah;‟ vdg; ghujpahuhy;

miof;fg;gl;lth; gilg;Gfs;:-



1. ftpijfs;:- jkpod; ,jak;> rq;nfhyp> jkpo; kzk;> jkpo;j;Njd;> ftpjhQ;ryp> fhe;jp mQ;ryp> jkpo; Nte;jd;

2. ehty;fs;:- kiyf;fs;sd;> fw;gfty;yp> fhjy; jpUkzk;> md;G nra;j mw;Gjk;

3. fijg;ghl;L:- mtDk; mtSk; 4. ehlfk;:- khkd; kfs;> mutiz Re;juk; 5. ciueilE}y;fs;:- vd;fij> ,irj;jkpo;>

fk;gUk; thy;kPfpAk; 6. ciuE}y; - jpUf;Fws; GJ ciu 7. nkhopngah;g;G:- fhe;jpa murpay;

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:- „jkpondd;W nrhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J

epy;ylh‟ „Gul;rp Ntz;Lk; Gul;rp Ntz;Lk; Gul;rp

Ntz;Lklh‟ „jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L

jdpNa mjw;Nfhh; FzKz;L‟ „ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhs;

ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs;‟

„fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ‟

„rj;jpak; ek;kpw; Fiwe;jjhy; - gy rq;flk; te;J epiwe;jNj‟

„$l;Lwtpy; NrUq;fs; $btho goFq;fs;‟

ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is:- Ch; - Nj&h; (fd;dpahFkhp) NtWngah; - ftpkzp rpwe;j Foe;ijf;

ftpQh; E}y;fs;:- kyUk; khiyAk;>

,se;njd;wy;> gRTk; fd;Wk;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> ckhh; fa;ahk; ghly;fs;> Mrpa N[hjp

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:- „kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf – ey;y

khjtk; nra;jpl Ntz;Lkk;kh‟ „Njhl;lj;jpNy NkAJ nts;isg; gR‟ „cs;sj;jpYs;s ftpij - ,d;g

cUntLg;gJ ftpij‟

ftpijfs;

cs;sj;J czh;r;rpfisr; njspthfTk;> RUf;fkhfTk; nrhy;tJ.

ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is –“

cs;sj;Js;sJ …….. ftpij” tiffs;:- kuGf;ftpij> GJf;ftpij kuGf;ftpij:-

ahg;G ,yf;fzk; nfhz;L mike;jJ. vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jiy> mb> njhil ,yf;fz cWg;Gfshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh VNjDk; xd;wpy; ghlg;gLk;

Jis> jhopir> tpUj;jk; ghtpdq;fspYk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;

vJif Nkhid ,ay;G jiyjl;bj; jd;ikAk; mtrpakhdit

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:- gpw;fhyj;jpy; njk;khq;F> rpe;J> fz;zp Kjypa re;jq;fspy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ ghujpahh; ebg;Gr; RNjrpfs; jiyg;gpy; fpspf;fz;zpfs; re;jpj;jpy;

„neQ;rpy; cuKkpd;wp Neh;ik jpwKkpd;wp tQ;rid nrhy;thub – fpspNa

thapr;nrhy;ypy; tPuub‟

GJf;ftpij

kzpf;nfhbf; fhyf; ftpijfs;:-

ghujpapd; trdftpijj; jhf;fj;jhy; GJikg;gpj;jd;> e. gpr;r%h;j;jp MfpNahh; trd ftpij vOjpdh;

goik(kuG)> GJik Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; ,izj;Jf; ftpij vOjpath; GJikg;gpj;jd;

,e;jpa Njrpa tpLjiy gw;wpa fUj;jhf;fj;ij(concept) ,yf;fpaj;jpd; %yk;> ,yf;fpa tpLjiy %yk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypa fhyk; kzpf;nfhb fhyk;

kzpf;nfhbf; fhyf; ftpQh;fs;: e. gpr;r%h;j;jp> rp.R. nry;yg;gh> F.g.uh.

e. gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; „rhud; fLQ;rpdj;jpy;

g+Nkhfk; Mltpy;iy‟ vd;w ftpijapd; fl;likg;ig tpsf;fyhk;

Kbaurd;

,aw;ngah; JiuuhR> Njdp khtl;lk; nghpaFsk;> Cd;WNfhy; neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa



E}y;fs;: g+q;nfhb> fhtpag; ghit> tPufhtpak;> Kbaurd; ftpijfs;> kdpjidj; NjlfpNwd;

ftpauR vd;Dk; gl;lk; Fd;wf;Fb mbfshuhy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ

g+q;nfhb vd;Dk; fhtpaj;Jf;fhf 1966-,y; jkpof muR ghpR

thzpjhrd;:-

,aw;ngah; vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp> GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}h;

NtWngah; - ftpQNuW> ghtyh;kzp> jkpofj;jpd; Nth;l;];nth;j;

E}y;fs;: Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; Rujh:-

ghujpjhrdpd; Nky; nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; mtuJ ,aw;ngauhd Rg;Guj;jpdk; vd;gij mbnahw;wp (Rg;Guj;jpd jhrd;) Rujh vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;

E}y;fs;: Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; Rujhtpd; ftpijfs;

,aw;ngah; - ,uhrNfhghyd;> Ch; jQ;irapy; gioaD}h;

Njd;kio E}y; jkpof murpd; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj;Jiw toq;Fk; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpR

jkpof ,aypir ehlf kd;wj;jpd; fiykhkzp gl;lk;> jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJ ngw;Ws;shh;

NtW ngah;:- ctikf; ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;:-

rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpYs;s rpW$ly;gl;b

fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; gy njhFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sd> jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; E}y; tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd

Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> khq;fdp> fy;yf;Fb khfhtpak;> ,NaR fhtpak; Kjypad mth; gilj;j neLq;ftpij E}y;fs;

,uhrjz;lid vd;gJ fk;gh; - mk;gpfhgjp tuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mth; gilj;j ,dpa ehlfk;

Gjpdq;fs; - Mapuk; jPT mq;faw; fz;zp> Ntyq;Fbj; jpUtpoh> Nrukhd; fhjyp rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; GjpdkhFk;. rhfpj;a mfhjkpapd; ghpR fpilj;Js;sJ.

,jo;fs; - njd;wy;> Ky;iy fz;zjhrd;> jkpo; kyh;

ftpijapYk; ciueilapYk; nrhw;nghoptpYk; jpiug;glj; JiwapYk; jkf;nfd xU Gjpa top

cLkiy ehuhaz ftp

jkpo;j; jpiug; ghly; MrphpaUk;> ehlf vOj;jhsh;

ghku kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; rKjhag; ghly;fis vOjpr; rPh;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jfisg; gug;gpath;

NtWg;ngah; - gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;:-

NtWngah;:- kf;fs; ftpQh;> vspa jkpopy; ftpijfis ,aw;wpdhh;

jpiuapirg;ghly;fs;> nghJTilik rpe;jidfis jkJ ghly;fspy; vOjpdhh;

Ch; - gl;Lf;Nfhl;il mUNf cs;s nrq;fg;gLj;jhd;fhL

kUjfhrp:-

Ch; - mhpaY}h; jpUr;rp khtl;ljpYs;s Nkyf;Fbf;fhL

ngw;Nwhh;:- ma;ak;ngUkhs; - kpsfhap mk;khs;

NtWngah;-jpiuf;ftpj;jpyfk;



Mde;juq;fh;ehl;Fwpg;G

fy;ntl;L> nrg;NgL> ,yf;fpaq;fs; goq;fhyj;ij gw;wpa nra;jp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk;.

Mde;juq;fh; gpwe;j Ch; - nrd;id > jpthdhf gjtp cah;T ngw;whh;.

fy;tp gapd;w Mrphpah; - vk;ghh; gpwe;j Ch; - nguk;g+h; muR gzpapy; ,Ue;j ,lk; - GJit (French) ghf;F fplq;F elj;jp te;jhh; Dupleix – French Governor-lk;

(nkhopg;ngah;g;ghsh;) Jghrpahf gzpGhpe;j fhyk; 1736 to 1761 (25 years)

jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpw;F mtu; ,l;l ngah;:‘nrh];jypfpjk;’‘jpdg;gb nra;jp Fwpg;G’.

mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;w nra;jpfs; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; murpayikg;G eph;thf Kiw French gil fhiuf;fhiy gpbf;fr; nrd;W

Njhy;tp mile;jJ. nly;ypapd; kPJ ghurPf gilnaLg;G. Fw;wthspfSf;F fLikahd jz;lid

toq;fpar; nra;jpfs;. ,yg+h; njhNd fg;gy; French ehl;bypUe;J

nrd;wJ. ntspehl;L gazpfs; te;J nrd;w epfo;Tfs;. mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;G tuyhw;W fUt+ykhf

jpfo;fpwJ. mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;gpy; ngUk;gFjp thzpfr;

nra;jpfis gw;wpNa ,Uf;Fk;. gz;ghl;L epiy: je;ijf;Fk; kfDf;FkpilNa cwT Rq;F Nr\hry nrl;bahhpd; ngz;fs;

,UtUf;Fk; eilngw;w jpUkzj;jpw;F MSeh; te;jijg; gw;wpAk; jpUkz Kiw gw;wpAk; $wpapUe;jhh;.

nkhopapay; nra;jpfs;: gpwnkhopapypUe;J fld; ngw;w nrhw;fs; md;W toq;fp> ,d;W tof;fpoe;j nrhw;fs; me;j fhy Ngr;Rj;jkpo;> nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;>

,yf;fz $Wfs;. Mde;juq;fhpd; rpwg;G:-

gpnuQ;R fhuh;fSf;Fk; - ,e;jpa kd;dh;fSk; - ghykhf ,Ue;jtu;.

Krgh; rq;f; vd;gth; 3000 Fjpiufs; toq;fp

„kd;RNgjhh;‟ gl;lk; toq;fpdhu;.

nrq;fy;gl;L Nfhl;il jsgjp

khtl;l [hfph;jhh;.

jkpo; kf;fspd; jiyth;.

MSeh; khspiff;Fs; gy;yf;fpy; nry;Yk; chpik> nrg;gy;> jq;fgpb Nghl;l ifj;jb

itj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik> kq;fs xsp Xir Koq;Fk;> jPh;G toq;Fk; chpik.

jkpopNyNa ifnaOj;J ,Lthh;.

,e;jpahtpd; ngg;gpR> ehl;Fwpg;G Nte;jh;.

Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;G - ,yf;fpak;> tuyhw;W Mtzk;> gz;ghl;L gjpNtL

mUzhr;ry ftpuhah; jdJ ,uhk ehlfj;ij jpUtuq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpa gpd;dh;> Mde;juq;fh; Kd;dpiyapy; muq;Nfw;wpdhh;.

K.K. gps;is Gfo;e;jJ – mtUila ehs;Fwpg;gpy; ahUk; mwpe;jpuhj mwpaNjhh; ,yf;fpa gzp.

jhd; Nehpy; fz;Lk;> Nfl;Fk; mwpe;Js;s nra;jpfis rpj;jpuFg;jidg; Nghy; xd;W tplhky; Fwpj;J itj;Js;shh;. - t.Nt.R.

Mde;juq;fu; Fwpj;J ntspte;Js;s ,yf;fpaq;fs;

1. jdpg;ghly;fs; 2. fs;td; nehz;b rpe;J 3. Mde; Gjpdq;fs; 4. Mde; Nfhit - jpahfuh[Njrpfh; 5. Mde; gps;isj; jkpo; - mwpkjp njd;dfd; 6. Mde; tp[a rk;G - rPdpthrftp (tlnkhop) 7. Mde; uhl;re;jK - f];J}hpuq;fftp

(njYq;F)

1. K.tujuhrdhh;fbjk;

„jk;gpf;F‟ vd vOJgth;

jkpoh;fs; xw;Wik - jkpo; xd;W jhd; ,izf;f ty;yJ

jkpo; Ml;rpnkhopahfTk; fy;tp nkhopahfTk; Mdhy; jtpu jkpOf;F vjph;fhyk; ,y;iy vd ek;G.

fbjk;> gztpil> tpsk;gu gyif – tpw;gidr; rPl;L midj;Jk; jkpopy; gad;gl Ntz;Lk;.

rhjp> rka> NtWghLfs; Ntz;lhk;

fl;rp nfhs;ifia tpl ehl;L kf;fspd; eyNd nghpaJ.

„Vio vd;Wk;> mbik vd;Wk; ,y;iy‟ vd;W $wpath; - ghujpahh; mij edthf;f nrhd;dth; K.t

cd; cah;it tpl ehl;bd; cah;T cah;e;jJ. cd; khdj;ij tpl ehl;bd; khdk; cah;e;jJ.

njhz;Lf;F Ke;J> jiyikf;F gpe;J –tpNtfhde;jh;

,e;j ehl;by; nrhd;dgb nra;a Ms; ,y;iy. fz;lgb nrhy;y Ms; Vuhsk;. Xt;nthUtUk; MizapLtjw;Nf



tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;. mlf;fp xOFtjw;F ahUk; ,y;iy. mjdhy; jhd; tPo;r;rp Neh;e;jJ.

Kbf;Fk; Kiw “cd; mz;zd; tstd;.”

2. mz;zhtpd; fbjk;

1. jk;gp vd;W njhlq;fpapUg;ghh;. 2. mz;zhtpd; ,jo; - fhQ;rp ,jo; 3. 1967 y; gjtpNaw;whh;. CM 1968y; vOjpdhh; Jan 14

„cioj;J ngW> chpa Neuj;jpy; ngW> Kaw;rp nra;J

ngW‟ vd;W epykle;ij $Wtjhf mz;zh $Wfpwhh;. Eg. ghY}l;Lk; jhAk; tpisahl;L

“jkpoh; jpUehs; ij Kjy; ehshk; mkpo;njd ,dpf;Fk; nghq;fy; jpUehs; ciog;gpd; cah;it czh;j;Jk; ngWehs; risg;gpyh Kaw;rp-jUgad; ngw;W

GJik ,d;gk; g+zk; ed;dhs;.”

vd;W Kbaurh; $Wfpwhh;. mij jkpo; ehNl Mk;‟ Mk; vd;fpNwhk;.

3. NeU

1. 1922 to 1964 k; Mz;L tiu 42 Mz;Lfs; jd; kfSf;F fbjk; vOjpdhh;.

2. ,utPe;juehj; jh$hpd; tp];tghuj fy;Y}hp (West

Bengal) rhe;jp epNfjd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. 1935k; tUlk; vOjpdhh;. fbjk; Muk;gpf;Fk; tpjk;> nry;y kfs; ,e;J.

,z;bfh – Mrphpah; - fpUghyzp

Gj;jfk; thrpg;gJ flik> fl;lhakhf ,Uf;f $lhJ.

gpshl;Nlh – fpNuf;f rpe;jidahsh;> Ritahd fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs;-

fhspjhru; - tlnkhop ehlf Mrphpah;> rhFe;jyk; (ehlf E}y;)

N\f;];gpah; - Eng ehlf Mrphpah;

kpy;ld; - Eng ftpQh;

lhy;];lha; - u\;a vOj;jhsh;> NghUk; mikj;jpaha; vy;yh md;GlDk; cd; mg;gh

ngh;dhl;\h – ehlf Mrphpah;

ngl;ud;l; u];]y; - Mq;fpy rpe;jidahsh;> Mq;fpy fy;tpahsh;.

(Nfk;gphpl;Q; gy;fiyfofk;),q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ.

my;Nkhuh rpiwr;rhiy – cj;ufz;l;

5. fhe;jpabfs; fbjk;

1917 Mk; Mz;L GNuhr; (F[uhj;) efhpy; eilngw;w ,uz;lhtJ fy;tp khehl;by; fhe;jpabfs; epfo;j;jpa jiyik ciu. gapw;Wnkhopiaf; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;fhky; fy;tp fw;gpg;gJ> mbj;jsk; ,y;yhky; fl;llj;ij vOg;Gtijg; Nghd;wJ. ftp ,utPe;jpuehj jh$hpd; <h;g;ghd ,yf;fpa eilapd; cah;Tf;Ff; fhuzk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; mtUf;F cs;s mwpT kl;Lkd;W> jk;Kila jha;nkhopapy; mtUf;f ,Ue;j gw;WjYk;jhd;. Kd;rpuhk; NgRk;NghJ Foe;ijfs;> Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; midtUk; kpFe;j <Lghl;Lld; Nfl;fpwhh;fs;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mth;jk; jha;nkhop mwpNt. cah;e;j kdk;gilj;j kjd;Nkhfd; khstpahtpd; Mq;fpyg;Ngr;R nts;spiag;Nghy xsptpl;lhYk;> mtuJ jha;nkhopg; Ngr;R> jq;fj;ijg; Nghd;W xsp tPRfpd;wJ. nkhopapd; jd;ik> kf;fspd; jd;ikiar; rhh;e;jpUg;gJ ,aw;ifNa. kf;fs; mwpTs;sth;fshf ,Ue;jhy;> mth;jk; nkhopAk; mt;thNw mikAk;.

“Ntiy njhpahj njhopyhsp jd;

fUtpapd;kPJ rPw;wk; nfhz;lhdhk;‟ vd Xh; Mq;fpyg; gonkhop cz;L. nkhop epiwT ngw;wjhf ,y;iy vdf; Fiw nrhy;gth;fs; ,e;jj; njhopyhspiag; Nghd;wth;fNs.

FiwghL> nkhopiag; gad;glj;Jgth;fpslk;jhk; ,Uf;fpwNj md;wp> nkhopapy; ,y;iy.

jha;nkhop%yk; ekf;Ff; fy;tp mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; ek;kpilNa gy n[fjP\; re;jpuNgh];> gp.rp. ,uha;fSk; Njhd;wpapUg;ghh;fs;. ePq;fs; cq;fs; jha;nkhopapy; mwpTngw tho;j;Jk; MrpAk;. Nkhfd; jh]; fhe;jp



ehlff; fiy

Ma fiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;fDs; ehlff;fiyf;Fj; jdpaplKz;L.

ek; Kd;Ndhh; Kj;jkpOs; xd;whfg; Nghw;wp kfpo;e;jdh;.

czh;r;rpiaj; J}z;bj;> cs;sj;jpy; Gije;J fplf;Fk; md;igAk; mwpitAk; ntspg;gLj;jp kf;fisg; gz;gLj;Jk; rpwe;j fiy ehlfk;.

rq;f fhyj; jkpo; thdpy;> ehlfk; xsp tPrpj; jpfo;e;jjhf mwpQh; $Wth;. Mdhy;> mjidr; rhd;Wld; epWt xU ehlf E}Yk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

rae;jk;> KWty;> kjpthzd; ehlfj;jkpo;> nrapw;wpak; Kjypa ehlf ,yf;fz E}y;fspd; ngah;fs; kl;LNk fpilf;fpd;wd.

kw;wit fhy nts;sj;jpy; %o;fptpl;ld. fy;ntl;Lfs; thapyhf ,ilf;fhyr; Nrhog; Nguurh;fs; Mjutpy; Myaq;fspy; ehlfq;fs; elj;jg; ngw;Ws;sd vd mwpfpNwhk;.

gpd;dh;g; gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nez;b ehlfq;fs;> fPh;j;jid ehlfq;fs; vd;gd kf;fspilNa ele;Njwpd.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfj;jkpOf;Fg; Gj;Japh; Cl;l Xh; vOr;rp Njhd;wpaJ. me;j vOr;rpia> Gul;rpia> kWkyh;r;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; %th;: ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;.

ghpjpkhw; fiyQiuj; ‘jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah;’ vd;Wk;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfisj; ‘jkpo; ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpah;’ vd;Wk;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhiuj; ‘jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij’ vd;Wk; ehlf cyfk; ,d;wsTk; Nghw;wp tzq;FfpwJ. ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; (1870-1903) jkpofk; chpik ,oe;J Mq;fpy

Nkhfj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy; mUe;jkpiog; Nghw;wp tsh;j;j mwpQUs; xUth; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;.

„cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhopj; jFjp jkpOf;Nf cz;L‟ vd mf;fhyj;jpNyNa Koq;fpath;.

#hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; J}a jkpopy; ghpjpkhw;fiyQd; vd ehlfj; njhz;lhw;wpath;.

ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;> nrk;khe;j rPhpa nre;jkpo; eilapy; ehlfq;fis ,aw;wp muq;Nfw;wpdhh;.

Nkiyehl;L ehlf Mrphpah;fshd Nrf;];gpah;> vg;rd;> Nkhypah; MfpNahiug; Nghd;W jkpofj;jpy; ehlfhrphpah;fs;

Njhd;w Ntz;Lk; vdg; nghpJk; tpioe;jth;.

&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; vd;Dk; ,tuJ ehlfq;fs;.

jkpopy; ehlf ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,y;iyNa vd;W Vq;fpdhh;. mjw;fhfj; jhNk xU E}iy vOjpdhh;.

tlnkhop> Nkdhl;L kuGfisj; jkpo; ehlf kuNghL ,izj;J ehlftpay; vd;Dk; E}iyg; gilj;jhh;.

,tuJ khdtp[ak; ehlfk;> fstop ehw;gJ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwAld; Gyth; ngha;ifahUk; ,we;JgLfpd;whh;. ,t;tpUth; ,wg;gpw;Fk; jhNd fhuzk; vd;W vz;zpa Nrhod; nrq;fzhd;> khdg; ngUikia kdf;nfhz;L me;Njh <dg; ghhpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntl;biy cd;Dk; Ngho;jpdpy; cd;idf; nfhd;wtd; nrq;fzhd; vDk;,r; rpWkjp Ailahd;

vd;W Gyk;gpj; jd;id kha;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhl;rp> nre;jkpo; eilgapy mtyr;Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,lkhFk;. rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; (1867 - 1920) ehlfj;jkpo; cyfpd; ,kakiy vdg;

ghuhl;lg;gLgth; ehlfk; kf;fis kfpo;tpf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNj Rthkpfspd; Kjy; Nehf;fkhFk;. vdNt> ghku kf;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j goq;fijfis ehlfkhf;fpdhh;.

ehlfj;ijr; rKjhar; rPh;jpUj;jf; fUtpahfTk; ifapnyLj;j Rthkpfs;> jk; ehlfq;fs; thapyhfg; gj;jp> xOf;fk; Mfpadtw;iw typAWj;jp> kf;fSf;F ey;ywpT Gfl;bdhh;.

ehlfj;jkpo; eype;JNghfhky; jLj;Jf; fhg;gjw;F xOq;Fk;> fl;Lg;ghLNk mbj;jsk; vd;gij mwpe;J> rpWth;fisf;nfhz;L ehlff; FOf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.

ts;sp jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhrdh> ,ytFrh> gf;jg; gpufyhjh> ey;yjq;fhs;> rjp mDRah> tPumgpkd;A> gtsf;nfhb Kjypa ehw;gJ ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

Jbg;gpUf;Fk; rq;fujhR vOj;jpy; vy;yhk; Ritnrhl;Lk; re;jeak; Njha;e;jpUf;Fk;.

vd;W „Gj;jNdhp Rg;ukzpak;‟ vd;ghh; Rthkpfisg; Gfo;fpd;whh;. rjp RNyhrdh ehlfj;jpy; ,e;jpurpj;J> jd; ez;gdplk; g+f;fs; gw;wpf; Nfl;f:

g+tpd; tptuk; gyNfhb mjid vth; Nghjpg;gth; Njb mg;G fyg;G gijg;G nfhjpg;G nrg;G mUg;G ,Ug;G neUg;G



cg;G cug;G frg;G Gspg;G ,j;jid g+tpw;FNky; ,utpy; fz;tpopg;G ,ak;gpa nkhopnay;yhk; jkpo;g; Gj;jff; Fwpg;G

vd mLf;Fnkhop gfh;tJ ,tuJ re;j eilf;Fr; rhd;whFk;. ,th; ,aw;wpa Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;

kJiuapy; muq;NfwpanghOJ xU epfo;r;rp eilngw;wjhk;. fhw;rpyk;G tpw;W tu efUf;Fg; Nghtjhff; Nfhtyd; $wf; fz;zfpNah>

khghtpNahh; $b thOk; khefUf;F kd;dh NghfhjPh;

vd;W ghLtJ Nghd;w fhl;rp. me;efuj;jhh; Kd;dpiyapNyNa ,g;gbnahU ghl;L! mit eLNt $r;rYk; Fog;gKk; vOe;jd. „vq;Nf me;j ehlfg; Gytd;. nfhz;L th Nkilf;F‟ vd;w Muthuk; Nfl;Lr; Rthkpfs; mikjpahf> Mdhy;> kpLf;fhf te;J epd;whh;. mitapdh; Kd;G>„kh vd;gJ

miykfisAk; gh vd;gJ fiykfisAk; tp vd;gJ kiykfisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ‟ vd;W jpUtpisahlw; Guhzr; rhd;W fhl;b tpsf;fp>„,g;gb %d;W Njtpahpd; mUisAk; KOikaha;g; ngw;w efhpy; rpyk;ig ahh; thq;ff; $Lk;? vd;W ,e;efiug; ngUikg;gLj;jpNdd;@ mg;gbay;yhky; rpWikgLj;jtpy;iy‟ vd;whh;.

vkd;> ,uhtzd;> ,uzpad; Kjypa Ntlq;fs; Gide;J vOj;Jj; jpwikNahL ebg;Gj; jpwikAk; ngw;wpUe;jhh;.

gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; (1875-1964) 1891 Mk; Mz;L jdJ gjpndl;lhk;

tajpy; RFztpyhr rigiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

,th; Njitaw;w Mly; ghly;fisf; Fiwj;jhh;@ tpbAk; tiu mYg;Gwr; nra;j epiyia khw;wpdhh;@ tpWtpWg;NghL> gy;RitfisAk; epug;gpf; fiyr;Nritapy; <Lgl;lhh;

gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;> fl;Lf;Fiyahj ehlff; FOit ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpf; fhl;bdhh;@ mjdhy;> ebfh;fshy; fiyQh; vd kjpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa ,th;> khw;Wg; gzpahf ehlff;fiyapDs; GFe;jhh;.

94 ehlfq;fisj; jkpod;idf;Fg; gilj;jspj;jhh;. kNdhfuh> aahjp> rpWj;njhz;ld;> fh;zd;> rghgjp> nghd;tpyq;F vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpy.

Nrf;];gpahpd; ehlfq;fisj; jOtp „thzpGuj;J tzpfd;’>‘tpUk;gpa

tpjNk>’‘mkyhjpj;jpad;’ Kjypa jkpo; ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jhh;.

ehlf ,af;FeuhfTk; jpwikahd ebfuhfTk; mwpTkpf;f MrphpauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;.

ehlff; fhl;rpf;Nfw;gj; jpiur;rPiyfisAk; nghUj;jkhd Xtpaq;fisAk; njhq;ftpLkhW tw;GWj;jpdhh;.

Nfspf;if ehlfk; vd;w tifapidAk; ehlf ieahz;bapidAk; jkpo; ehlf cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. „nghl;Lk; Gide;jofha;f; fl;Lk;

gPjhk;gukhk; gl;Lk; Nrhjp nra; gfl;Lk; nraiyf; fz;L fpl;Lk; tUzpf;Fk; nghOJ vdf;F kl;Lk;‟

vd;w ,tuJ mLf;Fnkhopfs;> gpd;te;j jpiug;glq;fSf;F trdq;fshf khwpd. ,tuJ gilg;ghd rghgjp ehlfg;ghj;jpuk ; eifr;Ritg; ghj;jpukhFk;. Fws; tbtj;ijj; jd; Nghf;fpw;Nfw;g khw;wp vOjpaJ>

‘#jpDk; #jhdJ ahnjdpy; #jpDk; #Nj #jh dJ’

,d;W Xuq;f ehlfq;fs;> ehl;ba ehlfq;fs;> thndhyp ehlfq;fs;> Nkil ehlfq;fs; vd ehlff;fiy tsh;e;J te;jhYk; rpd;dj;jpiuj; njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlh;fs; ehlf ,lj;jpidg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ld. ehlfk; - ehL + mfk;. ehl;il mfj;jpy; nfhz;lJ ehlfk;.

ehl;bd; fle;j fhyj;ijAk; epfo;fhyj;ijAk;> tUq;fhyj;ijAk; jd; mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy;> ehlfk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ vd;gh;.

ehlfk; - cyf epfo;r;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb.

fijia> epfo;r;rpia> czh;it ebj;Jf; fhl;LtJk;> $j;jhf Mbf;fhl;LtJk; ehlfk;.

,jw;Ff; $j;Jf;fiy vd;Dk; ngah; cz;L. ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; gpwh; nra;tijg; Nghyj; jhKk; nra;J

ghh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;w kdpj czh;r;rpjhd; ehlfk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdJ.

gz;ila kug;ghitf; $j;J> nghk;kyhl;lkhf tsh;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh;>Njhy;ghitf; $j;J> epow;ghitf; $j;J Mfpad ghitf;$j;jpd; tsh;r;rp epiyfshf tof;fpypUe;jd.

capuw;w nghUs;fis itj;J tpisahba tpisahl;L> gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rp mile;J> capUs;s kdpjh;fisNa Ntlk; Gidar; nra;J Mbg;ghb> ebf;f itj;jJ.

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;



njhy;fhg;gpa nka;g;ghl;bay; ehlfg;ghq;fpyhd czh;TfSf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jpUf;fpwJ.

‘$j;jhl; litf;Fohj; jw;Nw’ vd;Dk; Fws; topahf ehlf muq;fk; ,Ue;j nra;jp njhpa tUfpwJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;>ehlfNkj;Jk; ehlff; fzpif vd;W ehl;bakhLk; khjtpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. jdpg;ghly;fSf;F nka;g;ghL Njhd;w MLtij ehl;bak; vd;Wk;> VNjDk; xU fijiaj;jOtp Ntlk;Gide;J MLtij ehlfk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;L te;Js;sdh;.

‘ehl;bak;’>‘ehlfk;’ ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthff; $j;J vd;w nrhy;Ny tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpa mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; $j;Jtiffisg; gw;wpAk;> ehlfE}y;fs; gw;wpAk; jkJ ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,yf;fzk; tFj;j ehlf E}y;fs; <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lnjdf;

fUjg;gLk; jkpo; E}y;fspy;>KWty;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;> kjpthzh; ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;> tpsf;fj;jhh; $j;J> FzE}y;> $j;J E}y; Kjypa gy ehlf E}y;fs; ehl;baj;jpw;Fk;> ehlfj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd.

rpyg;gjpfhuk;> ehlff;fiyiag; gw;wpAk; fhl;rpj;jpiufisg; gw;wpAk; ehlf muq;fpd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpAk; tphpthff; $wpAs;sJ.

ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;> nra;As; tbtpy; ,aw;wpa jk; ehlftpay; vDk; E}ypy; ehlfk; mjd; tpsf;fk;> tiffs;> vOjg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfs;> ebg;Gf;Fhpa ,yf;fzk;> ebg;gth;fSf;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

Rthkp tpGyhde;jh; vOjpa kjq;f #shkzpAk; kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa rhFe;jyKk; ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E}y;fshFk;.

ehlfg; Nguhrphpah; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;>ehlfj;jkpo; vd;w jk;E}ypy; njhopy;Kiw ehlf muq;Ffisg;gw;wpa nra;jpfis vOjpAs;shh;.

fhyk;NjhWk; ehlff;fiy 7-k; E}w;whz;by; kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytd;

kj;jtpyhrk; vd;w ehlf E}iy vOjpAs;shd;.

11-k; E}w;whz;by; ,uhruhrNrhod; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhNrr;Rtu ehlfk; eilngw;wjhff; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jQ;rht+iu Mz;lNghJ Nfhtpypy;

ehlfq;fs; kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fshy; elj;jg;ngw;wd.

ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; FwtQ;rp ehlfq;fs; Njhd;wpd. gs;S ehlftif> coth;fspd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jphpj;Js;sd.

17-k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;>nehz;b ehlfq;fs; Njhd;wpd. nry;tf;Fbapy; gpwe;j xUtd;> xOf;fq;nfl;L> NehAk; tWikAk; cw;W ,Wjpapy; jpUe;jp tho;tjhf ,t;tif ehlfq;fs; mike;jd.

18-k; E}w;whz;by; mUzhryf; ftpuhahpd; ,uhk ehlfk;> Nfhghy fpUl;bd ghujpahhpd; ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk; Mfpad fl;baq;fhud; ciuahly;fNshL KOtJk; ghly;fshf mike;jd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ngUk;ghyhd ehlfq;fs;> kfhghujk;> ,uhkhazk; Nghd;w fhtpaq;fspd; fijf;$WfspypUe;J gilf;fg;gl;ld.

Ch;fspy;>njUf;$j;J vd;Dk; ehlftif> Guhzf;fijfisNa ikakhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;ld.

19-k; E}w;whz;by; rKjhar; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhlh;ghd ehlfq;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wd. fhrp tpRtehjhpd; lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Nguhrphpah; Re;judhh; kNdhd;kzpak; vd;Dk; ftpij ehlff; fhg;gpaj;ijf; fp.gp. 1891 Mk; Mz;by; ntspapl;lhh;. ,e;E}y; yhh;l; ypl;ld; vOjpa kiwtop vDk; Mq;fpyf; fijiaj; jOtpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; tbtj;jhYk;> ghj;jpu mikg;ghYk;> #oyhYk; jkpo;g;gz;G Xq;fpapUe;jJ.

ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> gy;NtW fhyj;jpa Njrpa ehlfq;fs; muq;Nfwpd.

fjhpd; ntw;wp ehlfk;jhd; jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd;Kjyhf elj;jg;gl;l Njrpa rKjha ehlfkhFk;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrgf;jp Kjypa ehlfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld.

20-k; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ehlfj;Jiwf;Fg; ngUe;njhz;L Ghpe;jth; rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;. ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy vd;Wk;> jkpo;ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;vd;Wk; Rthkpfs; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. gpufyhjd;> rpWj;njhz;lh;> ,ytFrh> gtsf;nfhb> mgpkd;A> Re;jhp Kjyhd ehw;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;.

jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij vd;W gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhiuAk;> jkpo; ehlf kWkyh;r;rpj; je;ij vd;W fe;jrhkpiaAk; ehlf cyfpy; mioj;jdh;.

gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; njhz;Z}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;. Nrf;Rgpahpd; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fis



nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. ,tuJ kNdhfud; ehlfk; vOgJ Mz;Lfshfj; jkpo; ehlfNkilapy; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. jkJ ehlf mDgtq;fisnay;yhk;>ehlfNkil epidTfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpYk;>ebg;Gf;fiyapy; Njh;r;rp ngWtJ vg;gb? vd;Dk; jiyg;gpYk; vOjpAs;shh;.

kJiuapy; 1942 Mk; Mz;by; Gyikf;flyhd jkpo; %jhl;b xsitahh; ehlfk; muq;NfwpaJ. ehlfk; KOtJk; xsitahuhf ebf;Fk; tha;g;igg;ngw;Wr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ebj;jhh; jp.f. rz;Kfdhh;(xsit rz;Kfdhh;).

Xtpaf;fiy jkpoh; tsh;j;j Ez;fiyfspd; thpirapy; Xtpaf;fiy Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwJ. goq;fhy kf;fs; jk; cs;sf; fUj;Jfisg; Gyg;gLj;j ghiwfspYk; FiffspYk; fPwp vOjpdh;. jk; vz;zj;ijr; rpj;jpuk; tiue;J ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. ,tw;iwj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;TfshYk; ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfshYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. fp.K. 2000 Mz;Lfl;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,df;FOf;fshf kf;fs; tho;e;jdh;. jhk; jq;fpa kiyf;FifspYk; ghiwfspYk; Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs ; tiue;jdh;. jkpofj;jpy; 25-Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; khd;> Nghh; nra;jy;> tpyq;F Ntl;il Mfpadtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; Fif Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;ehl;by; rq;f fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;ld. jhk; tiue;j Xtpaq;fis Kjypy; fz;nzOj;J vd;Nw toq;fpAs;sdh;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vOj;J vd;gjw;F Xtpak; vdg; nghUs; ,Ue;jjidg; ghpghly;> FWe;njhif nra;As; mbfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. Xtpak; tiujw;F Neh;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL Kjypad mbg;gilahFk;. ,t;thW tiuag;gLgit Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs ; vdg;gLk;. mt;tiuNfhLfs;Nky; rptg;G> fUg;G> kQ;rs;> ePyk; Kjypa tz;zq;fs; g+r> mofpa Xtpaq;fshf cUntLf;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; eLfy; tzf;fk; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. eLfy;ypy; Nghhpy; tPukuzk; va;jpa tPudJ cUtk;> ngah;> ngUikf;Fhpa nray; Kjypadtw;iwg; nghwpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

Xtpaf;fiy XT> xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;> glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp vdg; gy ngah;fshy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ.

Xtpaf; fiyQh; Xtpah;> Xtpag;Gytd;> fz;Zs; tpidQd;> rpj;jpufhuh;> tpj;jf tpidQd;> tpj;jfh> fpstp ty;Nyhd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

Xtpah; vz;zq;fspd; vOr;rpiag; gy tz;zq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L vOJNthuhjypd; fz;Zs; tpidQh; vdg; Gfog;ngw;whh;.

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; jk; ciuapy;

XtpaUf;F>‘Nehf;fpdhh; fz;zplj;Nj jk; njhopy;

epWj;JNthh;’ vd ,yf;fzk; tFj;jpUg;ghu;. Xtpa E}ypd; EZf;fj;ij ed;F fw;Wg;

Gyik ngw;w Mrphpah; Xtpag; Gytd; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.

Xtpaf; fiyQh; FOit Xtpa khf;fs; vd;wioj;jdh;. Mz; Xtpah; rpj;jpuhq;fjd; vdTk;> ngz; Xtpah; rpj;jpuNrdh vdTk; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

Mly; kfs; khjtp>‘Xtpar; nre;E}y; ciu E}w;fplf;ifAk; fw;Wj;Jiw Nghfg; nghw;nwhb

kle;ijahf ,Ue;jds;’ vdr; rpyk;g gfh;fpwJ. tiufUtpfs; tz;ze;jPl;Lk; Nfhy;> J}hpif> Jfpypif> tl;bif vdg;gl;lJ. tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F tl;bifg; gyif vdg; ngahpl;bUe;jdh;. tiutplq;fs; Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l ,lq;fs; rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> vOJepiy kz;lgk;> vOnjopy; mk;gyk; vd toq;fg;gl;ld.

,iw eldk; Ghptjw;Nf rpj;jpu rig xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;;. murh; thOk; muz;kid me;jg;Guq;fs;> nry;th; thOk; tskidfs; khspiffs;> Mlyuq;ffs;> Nfhtpy; kz;lgq;fs;> nghJkd;wq;fs; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fl;llr; Rth;fs;> Nkw;$iufs;> J}z;fspy; Xtpaq;fis tiue;jdh;. Xtpaj;;jhy; kf;fs; tPLfis myq;fhpj;jdh;. GwehD}w;wpy;>Xtj;jida ,lDil tdg;G vd tPl;bd; moif Xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g itj;Jf; ftpQh; Nghw;Wfpwhh;.

RLkz; Rth; kPJ ntz;Rij (Rz;zhk;G) g+rpr; nrQ;rhe;Jnfhz;l Xtpaq;fs; jPl;bdh;. kug;gyif> Jzpr;rPiy> jpiur;rPiyfspy; Xtpak; vOjpdh;. ehlfNkilfspy; gy tz;zq;fspy; ftpd;kpF fhl;rpfs; jPl;lg;gl;l jpiur;rPiyfs;

njhq;fpdtw;iw ‘Xtpa vopdp’ nfhz;L mwpfpNwhk;. tz;zq;fy;yhky; fhpj;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutijg; Gidah Xtpak; vd;wioj;jdh;. ,d;Wk;> ,J nkd;Nfhl;L Xtpakhf eilKiwapy; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Xtpaj;jpw;Fhpa fUg;nghUs;fs;

,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> fw;gidf; fhl;rpfs;> rKjha tho;f;if Kiwik> ,jpfhr Guhzf;fijfs;.

Xtpah;fs; Nrhjplf;fiy> thdE}y;> fijfs; Kjypatw;iwf; fw;Wzh;e;J nrt;tNd rpj;jpuk; jPl;bdh;.



ML Kjyhd gd;dpuz;L ,uhrpfisAk;> tpz;kPd;fisAk; tiue;j nra;jp>neLey;thil vd;Dk; rq;f E}y; jUk; mhpa nra;jpahFk;.

Xtpaq;fspy; epw;wy;> ,Uj;jy;> fplj;jy; Mfpa kdpj ,ay;GfisAk; tPuk;> rhe;jk;> rpdk;> tpag;G> ctif Kjypa nka;g;ghLfisAk; cj;jkk;> kj;jpkk;> mjkk; kw;Wk; jrjhsk;> etjhsk;> gQ;rjhsk; Kjypa msTfisAk; typAWj;JtJ jkpoUf;Nf chpa Xtpa kuGfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;jpy; nropj;jpUe;j Xtpaf;fiy ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; rpije;J kiwe;J nfhz;bUe;j Xtpaf;fiyf;F kPz;Lk; Gj;Japh; Cl;bath;fs; gy;ytg; Nguurh;fs ;. fp.gp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;ij Mz;l Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;(rpj;jpufhug;Gyp) fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf;fiy vOr;rpAw;W cah; epiyia vl;baJ. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk ;-Xtpa E}Yf;F ,k;kd;dd; ciu vOjpAs;shd;. gy;yth; fhy Xtpaq;fs;>gdkiy> jpUkiy> khky;yGuf; Fiff;Nfhtpy;> khkz;^h;> fhQ;rpf; ifyhrehjh; Nfhtpy; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; Xtpaq;fs; rpije;j Njhw;wj;NjhL fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ghh;tjp cUtk;> fpd;duu;> fpd;dhp> fe;jh;th; Xtpaq;fs; fhz;Nghiu kaf;Ftd.

jpUee;jpf;fiuapy; Nruu; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. rpj;jd;dthry; (GJf;Nfhl;il)- Fiff;Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs; Xtpaf; fUt+yq;fshf Nghw;wj; jFe;jd.

fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;>kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk;nfsjkd;; vd;W fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp mwptpf;fpd;wJ. mq;Fs;s jhkiuj;jlhfk;> Mly; mzq;Ffs;> murd;> murp vd ,t;Nthtpaq;fis tiue;jhh;

Nrhoh;fhy Xtpaq;fs ; tdg;Gkpf;f Xtpaq;fisj; jQ;irg; nghpaNfhtpypy ; fhzyhk;. Nrukhd;> Re;juh; fapiynry;Yk; fhl;rp> rptngUkhd; Kg;Guk; vhpj;j fhl;rp> Re;juiuj; jLj;jhSk; Nfhyk;> ehl;ba kfsph;> khkd;dd; ,uhruhrd;> fUt+h;j;Njth; Xtpaq;fs; Kjypa tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jtd. jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy> jpUth&h;> Fle;ij> kJiu> fhQ;rp Kjypa gy ,lq;fspy; tpraefu>ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; Xtpaq;fs ; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fp.gp. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; jQ;iria Mz;l kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf;fiy ed;F tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. XiyfspYk;> fz;zhbfspYk;> je;jq;fspYk ; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;ngw;wd. tz;zq;fspd; tdg;Gf;Nfw;g ,uj;jpdq;fs; gjpf;fg;ngw;wd.

<uhapuk; Mz;Lfshf Xtpaf;fiy cs;sJ.

‘vt;tifr; nra;jpAk; ctkq;fhl;b’ vd kJiuf;fhQ;rpAk; kzpNkfiyAk; $Wfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;by; ,g;nghOJ vQ;rpAs;s Xtpaq;fspy; kpfTk; njhd;ikahdit gy;ytg; ngUkd;dh; fhyj;jitNa ahFk;. jkpo; kd;dh; ,t;thW tsh;j;j Xtpaq;fis mth;fs; fl;ba Nfhapy;fspd; Eiothapypd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; fUg;gf;fpufr; Rth;fspYk; gpufhuq;fspYk; tpjhdj;jpYk; jPl;bdh;. mt;thW jPl;lg;gl;l Xtpaq;fs; khkz;^h;f; Fiffspd; ntsp kz;lgj;jpYk; fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;> gdkiyf; Nfhapy;> jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy; Kjypa gy ,lq;fspYk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy; gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vopyhh;e;j Mly; kfspd; Xtpak; kpfr; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ.

Ngr;Rf;fiy Mafiyfs; 64 fiyfSs; Ngr;Rf;fiyAk; xd;W. Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; ey;y jkpiof; nfhz;L kf;fis <h;j;Njhh; jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f.> NguwpQh; mz;zh> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> ehtyh; NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;> Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; KjypNahh;. Ngr;Rf;fiyapy; nkhopAk; KiwAk;

Nfl;lhh;g; gpzpf;Fk; tifapy; Ngrj; njhpjy; Ntz;Lk;. kpd;rhuk; ghaf; fk;gp fUtpahf ,Ug;gJ Nghyf; fUj;ij tpsf;f nkhop fUtpahf cs;sJ. Kf;$Wfs; NgRk;nghUis xOq;FKiwf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jpj; njhlf;fk;> ,ilg;gFjp> KbT vdg; gFj;Jg; NgRtijNa Ngr;RKiw vd;fpNwhk;.

,jid vLj;jy; (njhlf;fTiu)> njhLj;jy; (nghUis tphpj;Jg; NgRk;Kiw)> Kbj;jy ; vdTk; $wyhk;. Ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; ,yf;fpaf;$Wfs; vd;git kUe;jpd; Nkypl;l ,dpg;Gg; Nghd;wit. vz;zq;fisr; nrhy;Yk; Kiwahy; moFgLj;JtNj mzp

„tpiue;J njhopy;Nfl;Fk; Qhyk; epue;jpdpJ

nrhy;Yjy; ty;yhh;g; ngwpd;‟



jpiug;glf;fiy jpiug;glj;jpd; tuyhW xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia 1830 Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbj;j gpd;dh;>vl;th;L ikgphpl;R vd;w Mq;fpNyah; Kjypy; XLk; Fjpiuia ,af;fg; glkhf vLj;J ntw;wpngw;whh;. <];l;kd; vd;ghh; glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. vbrd;> xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; glf;fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkhpf;fh; 1894 ,y; hpr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg; glj;ijg; gyUk; ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; tbtikj;jhh;. Gjpa gltPo;j;jpfs; cUthf> ,tUila fUj;JfNs mbg;gilahf mike;jd. ,t;tpaf;fg; glj;jpy; ehl;bak;> fly; miyfs; fiuapy; NkhJjy; Kjypa fhl;rpfisf; fhz Kbe;jJ. ,tw;iwg; gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,lq;fspy; glk; fhl;bf; fl;lzk; t#ypf;fj;

njhlq;fpdh;. ,it NgRk; glq;fs; my;y, Cikg; glq;fNs. jpiug;glr;RUs; jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;RUs; nry;Yyha;L vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;>vjph;r;RUs; vdg;gLk;. xyp> xspg;gjpTfisj; jdpj;jdpg; glr;RUs;fspy; mikg;gh;. Xypg;gjpT ebfh;fspd; ciuahlypy; vOk; xyp miyfs; xU Ez;nzhypngUf;fpiaj; jhf;Fk;. Ez;nzhypngUf;fp xypaiyfis kpd; mjph;Tfshf;Fk;. kpd; mjph;Tfs; ngUf;fg;gl;L xUtif tpsf;fpDs; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mk;kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW tpsf;fpd; xsp khWk;. ,t;nthsp> glr;RUspd; tpspk;gpYs;s gFjpapy; tpOe;J> mq;F m/J xypg;ghijiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. fUj;Jg;glk; fUj;Jg;glk; mikf;fj; njhlq;fpath; thy;l; b];dp. mth; Xtpah;> xNu nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd glq;fis tiuthh;.

„fy;yhh;f;Fk; fw;whh;f;Fk; fspg;gUSk;

fspg;Ng‟ vDk; thpfs; jpiug;glj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.

fl;llf;fiy

,yf;fpaq;fspy; kd;dh;fs; tho;e;j muz;kidfs; gw;wpa nra;jp cs;sJ. efu mikg;Gg;gw;wpg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ahidkPJ Nghh;tPud; xUtd; mkh;e;J> jd; ifapy; kpf cah;e;j nfhbia Ve;jpr; nry;Yk; msTf;F cah;e;j thapy;fs; muz;kidfspy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ngUk; khspiffs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. Itif epyq;fSf;F Vw;gr; rpW tPLfs; fl;bf;nfhz;L kf;fs; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy;> mtw;wpd; Nehpilr; rhd;Wfs; ,d;dKk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy. rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G g+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy; Gj;j tpfhuk; xd;Wk; nghUs;fs; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; Kfj;Jthuf; fl;llKk; mfo;tha;tpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; kf;fs; tho;e;j fl;llg; gFjp VJk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. nfhw;ifapy; epfo;e;j mfo;tha;tpYk; ciwa+hpy; Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tha;tpYk; fp.gp. 11-12 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j fl;llg; gFjpfs; fpilj;jd. mz;ikapy; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj; Jiwahy; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpd; gFjpahd cs;Nfhl;ilapy; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; tho;e;j muz;kidg; gFjp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.KOg;gFjpAk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; fp.gp. 10-11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kd;dh;fsJ muz;kid vt;tbtpy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij czh;e;Jnfhs;s cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiy vd;W vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ehk; $wKbAk;. jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpahd ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gps;isahh;gl;b vd;Dk; Chpd; Filtiuf; NfhapNy jkpofj;jpy; ,d;W fhzg;ngWk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSs; goikahdjhFk;. ,J ghz;bah;fsJ gilg;ghFk;. jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. gy;yth;fs;> ghz;bah;fs;. mjpah;> Kj;jiuah; MfpNahh; mikj;jitfshFk; mit. fp.gp.9 Mk; E}w;whz;NlhL Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; Kiw gy;yth;> ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s Ie;J ujq;fSk; fOFkiyapy; cs;s ntl;Lthd; NfhapYk; KiwNa mth;fsJ gilg;GfshFk;. ,k;Kiw fp.gp. 8 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpNyNa epd;Wtpl;lJ. fw;fis xd;NwhL xd;whf mLf;fp mikf;Fk; Nfhapw;gzp gy;yth;> ghz;bah; fhye;njhl;L Vw;gl;L tUfpwJ.



gy;yth; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;jitfshf khky;yGuj;Jf; flw;fiuf;NfhapiyAk; fhQ;rpGuj;Jf; ifyhaehjh; NfhapiyAk; ghz;bah; fhyj;jjhfj; jpUg;gj;J}h; jpUj; jspehjh; NfhapiyAk; Nrhoh; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;jitfshf ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya NrhoPr;Ruk;> jQ;ir ,uhruhNrr;Ruk; vd;Dk; jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy;> fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk;> jhuhRuk; IuhtNjRtuh; Nfhapy;> jphpGtdk; jphpGtd tPNur;Ruk ; Kjyhdtw;iwf; fhl;lyhk;. Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp tpraefu kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; kpftk; cd;dj epiy va;jpaJ.

rpw;gf;fiy nfhy;ypg;ghit> fz;zfprpiy> ngUk; khspiffspy; fij cUtq;fs; mikj;jpUj;jy; Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; nfhs;syhk;. gy;yth; fhye;njhl;L> Nfhapy;fspy; gy;tifahd rpw;gq;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ. flTsh;fspd; jpUTUtq;fs;> mf;fhyj;jpa kf;fspd; cUtq;fs;> kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdq;fs;> gwitapdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cUtq;fshFk; mit. flTsh;fsJ cUtq;fshapDk;> rhjhuz kf;fspd; cUtq;fshapDk; mt;ttw;wpw;F Vw;w tifapy; cly; mikg;G> Kfg;nghypT> mtatq;fspd; msT kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ jkpoh; jk; fiyj;jpwDf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. tpyq;fpdq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf>ahidapd; cUtj;ijr; nrJf;Ftjpy; gy;yth; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; ifNjh;e;jth;fshf tpsq;fpapUf;fpd;wdh;. gy;yth;fhyr; rpw;gq;fis khky;yGuk; xd;wpNyNa fz;L fspj;Jtplyhk;. gy;yth;fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; NfhapiyNa xU rpw;gkhf tbj;njLj;Js;shh;fs;. Nrhoh;fhyk;: Nfhapy;fspd; mjpl;lhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpW rpw;gq;fs;. ,uhkhazf; fhl;rpfisAk;> rptGuhzf; fhl;rpfisAk; Njh;e;njLj;Jr; rpWrpW Gilg;Gr; rpw;gq;fshfr; nrJf;fpapUg;gJ. flTsh;fsJ cUtq;fshapDk; mur> murpah;fs; cUtq;fshapDk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;ngWk; cUt mikg;G> Kfg;nghypT> flTs; jd;ik> tpopNahl;lk;> Gut nespT> if mirT. tpraefu ehaf;fh; fhyq;fspy;> Kfk;kjpah;> ntspehl;lhh; MfpNahhpd; fyhrhuj;jhf;Fjy; Vw;glNt rpw;g mikg;GfspYk; ngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. flTs; jd;ikf;Fk; fiy mk;rj;Jf;Fk; jug;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> tpraefu ehaf;fh; fhyq;fspy; kdpjj; jd;ikf;Fk; clw;$WfSf;Fk; jug;glyhapd.

nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiy Rkhh; 2800 Mz;Lfl;F Kd;gpUe;Nj jkpo;ehl;by; nrg;Gg;gbkf;fiy tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy ; fpilj;Js;s nja;tr; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp ,jw;Fj; jf;fnjhU rhd;whFk;. mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspdhy; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,f;fiy ey;y tsh;r;rpAw;w epiyapy; tpsq;fpapUe;jJ. $uk; eluhrh;> nfhLKb jphpGuhe;jfh;> jphpGuRe;jhp Nghd;w gbkq;fisg; gy;yth; fhyj; jpUNkdpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fhl;lyhk;. rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;ngWk; mNj fiyg;ghzpiar; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspYk; fhz KbfpwJ. nrg;Gj;jpUNkdpfspd; nghw;fhyk; - Nrhoh; fhyk;. vz;zpf;ifapYk; mjpf mstpy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;jhd; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. nrk;gpad; khNjtp Nghd;w Nrhog; Nguurpfs;> nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gijj; jhk; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;jjd; flik vd;W vz;zpr; nra;jspj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. rptd; %h;j;jq;fshapDk; jpUkhy; %h;j;jq;fshapDk; mit vt;thW nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W Mfk E}y;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdNth mjw;Nfw;gr; nra;ag;ngw;wit. xt;nthU jpUNkdpapYk; mf;fhyr; rpw;gpapd; ifj;jpwd; gspr;nrdf; fhzg;gLk;. rpw;gf;fiy vt;thW gpw;fhyj;jpy; rPuope;jNjh mNj Nghd;W nrg;Gg; gbkf;fiyAk; tpraefu ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; rpwg;gpoe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. kur; rpw;gf;fiy: fp.gp 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nfhapy;fspy; jpUtpohf;fs; mjpfkhf mjpfkhf kur; rpw;gq;fs; nra;Ak; njhopy; tsh;r;rp ngw;Ws;sJ. Fwpg;ghf> Njh;j;jpUtpoh Vw;gl;l gpwNf>Njh; nra;ifapy; mj;Njhpy; rpw;gq;fisr; nrJf;FtJk; eilngw;wpUf;fpwJ. rpy Myaq;fspy; NfhGu thapy; fjTfspYk; rpwe;j kur; rpw;gq;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; nrl;b ehl;lhh; tPLfspy; thapy; epiyfspy; kur;rpw;gq;fs; nra;J moFgLj;jpapUe;jijAk; mwpayhk;. je;jr; rpw;gf;fiy: ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; fhyq;fspy;jhd; rpwg;Gg;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. flTsh; cUtq;fSk; mur> murpah; cUtq;fSk; kw;Wk; ngl;b> gy;yf;Fj; jz;L Nghd;w nghUs;fSk; je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ehaf;f kd;dh;> mtuJ gl;lj;jurp MfpNahuJ cUtq;fs; ehd;fb cauj;jpy; je;jj;jpy; fk;gPukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. mNj Nfhapypy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; jk; gl;lj;jurpNahL ,Ug;gJ> kw;Wk; flTsh; cUtq;fs; Mfpait rpwpa mstpy; epuk;g cs;sd.



kJiuf;F mUfpYs;s mofh; NfhapYk; je;jr; rpw;gq;fs; epuk;g ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,irf;fiy

kdpjd;> jd; czh;r;rpfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F fUtp. gz;fs;> ,irf; fUtpfs;> ,irf;fiyQh;fs;>

,irg;ghly;fs; vd ,ir gw;wpa Vuhskhd Fwpg;Gfs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd.

njhy;fhg;gpaKk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaKk;> rpyg;gjpfhuKk; ,ir kuGfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

„euk;gpd; kiw‟ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; ciug;gjd; %yk; ,ir ,yf;fzE}y; cz;nld czuKbfpwJ.

ghzd;> ghbdp> $j;jd;> tpwyp - ,aypir ehlff; fiyQh;fs;

jkpoh; tho;tpy; gpwg;gpypUe;J ,wg;Gtiuf;Fk; ,irNa Kjd;ik.

jhyhl;L vd;gJ Foe;ijiaj; njhl;bypl;Lg; ghLtJ. xg;ghhp vd;gJ „,tUf;F xg;ghh; xUtUkpyh;‟ vd;W ,we;jtiug;gw;wpg; ghLtJ.

,d;iwa fUehlf ,irf;Fj; jha; ek; jkpopirNa.

„gz;nzhL jkpnohg;gha;‟ vDk; Njthuk;>„gz;Zk; jkpOk; gphpf;f Kbahjnjhd;W‟ vd;W etpYk;.

jkpoh;> Itif epyj;jpw;Fk; Ie;jpizf;Fk;

Vw;w gz;zpir tFj;jdh; Njhw;fUtp> Jisf;fUtp> euk;Gf;fUtp vdg; gy;NtW ,irf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

„FoypdpJ ahopdpJ‟ vd;W ,irnghopAk; fUtpfis ts;Stk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

njhd;ikj; jkpofk;

Kjy; khe;jd; Njhd;wpa ,nyKhpahit „kdpj ehfhpfj; njhl;by;‟ vd;gh;. jkpofk; ,d;WNghy; ,y;yhJ> FkhpKidf;Fj; njw;Nf ,d;Dk; tphpe;J> Fkhpkiy> g/Wsp MW Kjypatw;iw cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. ,r;nra;jpiar; rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

g/Wsp Mw;Wld; gd;kiy mLf;fj;Jf; Fkhpf;NfhLk; nfhLq;fly; nfhs;s

vd;w ghly; thpfshy; njspthf czh;j;JfpwJ. jpq;fnshLk; nrOk;ghpjp jd;NdhLk; tpz;NzhLk; cLf;fNshLk; kq;Fy;fly; ,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;. vd;W Gul;rpf;ftpQh; ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; ghLfpwhh;. jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ik jkpoh; czT> cil> tpUe;J><if> nghiw> eLTepiyik> mUs; Mfpa gz;Gfshy;

rpwe;jpUe;jdh; coitAk;> njhopiyAk;

kjpj;jpUe;jdh; tpidia Mlth; capuhff;

fUjpdh; rhd;NwhdhjNy fy;tpapd; Kbntdg;

Nghw;wpdh; tpUe;njjph; nfhz;L tho;e;jdh;

Gfnodpy; capUk; nfhLf;f Kide;jdh;

gopnadpy; cyifg; ngwTk; kWj;jdh;<e;J cte;J ,d;gk; fz;ldh;. thzpfk; goe;jkpo; ehl;by; thzpfk; tsh;e;jpUe;jJ. jkpoh;fs;> mwj;jpd; topNa thzpfk; nra;jhh;fs;. nghUs; NjLtJ xd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;shjth;fs;. mth;fs; nfhs;tJk; kpifnfhshJ> nfhLg;gJk; FiwglhJ thzpfk;

nra;jhh;fs; cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; nghUsPl;bdhh;fs;. ney;> fk;G> Nrhsk;> Nfo;tuF> jpid> rhik> tuF Kjypa jhdpa tiffisAk;> cSe;J> fliy> mtiu> Jtiu> jl;il> gr;ir> nfhs;S> vs;S Kjypa gUg;G tiffisAk; jkpoh;fs; tpw;whh;fs;. fly; thzpfk; nghd;Dk;> kzpAk;> Kj;Jk;> JfpYk; nfhz;L

fly;fle;J thzpfk; nra;jdh;. g+k;Gfhh; Kjyhd ngUefuq;fs;> tzpfh; thOk;

,lq;fsha; ,Ue;jd. fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng fpNuf;fk;> cNuhkhGhp>

vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F mhprpAk;> kapy;NjhifAk;> re;jdKk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;ld.

fp.K. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; murd; rhykDf;F ahidj; je;jKk;> kapy;NjhifAk;> thridg; nghUs;fSk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;ld.

jkpoh;fSf;Fr; rhtf ehl;LlDk; fly; tzpfj; njhlh;G ,Ue;jJ.

nkhopj; njhd;ik



„jkpo;nfO $ly;‟ vd;W GwehD}Wk; „jkpo;Ntyp‟ vd;W ghpghlYk; kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fj;ijNa Fwpf;fpd;wd.

„$lypy; Ma;e;j xz;jPe; jkpopd;‟ vd;W kzpthrfKk; goe;jkpo;r; rq;fj;ijAk; rq;fkpUe;J jkpoha;e;jijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Vw;WkjpAk; ,wf;FkjpAk; gz;ilf; fhyj;J thzpfg; nghUs;fs;

JiwKf efuq;fspypUe;J Vw;Wkjpahapd. gl;bdg;ghiyAk;> kJiuf;fhQ;rpAk; mtw;iwf; $Wk;;.

fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj; JiwKfj;jpy; nghUs;fs; kz;bAk; kaq;fpAk; fple;jijg; gpd;tUk; gl;bdg;ghiy thpfs; tpsf;Fk;.

ePhpd; te;j epkph;ghpg; GutpAk; fhypd; te;j fUq;fwp %ilAk; tlkiyg; gpwe;j kzpAk; nghd;Dk; Flkiyg; gpwe;j MuKk; mfpYk; ..... ..... ..... ..... kaq;fpa ede;jiy kWF

coTj; njhopy; „cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thh;‟ - jpUf;Fws;. coTf;Fr; rpwg;Gg; ngw;w kUjepyk; taYk;

tay; rhh;e;j ,lkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.

kUjepyj;jpd; ngUik fUjpNa Nte;jid Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdh; jkpoh;.

goe;jkpoh; tho;T mwj;jpdbg;gilapy; njhlq;fpaJ goe;jkpoh;

tho;T mwj;jpd; topNa nghUisf; fz;lJ mt;twj;jpd; topNa ,d;gj;ijAk; vl;baJ. mf;fhyj;Nj mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;g tho;itj; jkpoh; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

mwj;ijf; iff;nfhz;ljhy; tPL vd xd;W Ntz;lhjjhapw;W.

goe;jkpoh; md;igg; Nghw;wpaJ NghyNt tPuj;ijAk; Vw;wpg; Nghw;wpdh;.

„fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd‟ vd;Dk; Gwg;ghly; tPuj;ij Kjw;flikahf;FfpwJ.

tPukw;w Mltiu mf;fhyg; ngz;bh; kze;Jnfhs;s tpioahh;.

xf;$h; khrhj;jpahh; vd;w ngz;ghw;Gyth; ngz;fspd; ngUtPuj;ijg; ghLfpwhh;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfs;:

I. ,e;jpa nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs;: ,e;Njh-Mrpa nkhopfs; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

M];jpNuh-Mrpa nkhopfs; rPd-jpngj;jpy; nkhopfs;.

ek; ehl;by; 1300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cz;L

,e;jpa ehl;il „nkhopfspd; fhl;rprhiy‟ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; nkhopapay; Nguhrphpah; r.mfj;jpa ypq;fk;. [India – Museum of Language]

,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; 12 nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; 325 nkhopfs; cs;sd.

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs; 23-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

cs;sd. tiffs; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF> JS> Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> nfhufh> ,Ush

njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah> $ap> $tp> Nfhyhkp> gh;[p> fjgh> Nfhz;lh> ehaf;fp> ngq;Nfh> [jG

F&f; khy;Nfh gpuhFa;

jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;-jpuhtplg; ngUnkhopfs;. II. jpuhtplk; ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; -fp.K. 3000

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu gue;J tphpe;jpUe;jJ. jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; -gok;ngUk; ehfhpfk;.

fhy;Lnty; - jkJ “jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;” vDk; E}ypy; jpuhtplk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

Fkhhpygl;lh; - jpuhtplk; vDk; nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; cUthf;fpdhh;. gad;ghl;bw;F nfhz;L te;jth; - fhy;Lnty;.

,ny%hpahf; fz;lk;: fly;Nfhshy; nfhs;sg;gl;l goe;jkpo; Fkhpf;fz;lk;.

<uhd; ghjphpahh; - „jpuhtpl‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; „jkpo;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypypUe;J cUthdJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;. (jkpo; > jpukpyp > jputpl > jpuhtpl)

njhy;fhg;gpak; - jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; 80% mstpw;Fj; jpuhtpl nkhopf;$Wfisf;

nfhz;Ls;s xNu jpuhtpl nkhop – jkpo;. III. nrt;tpay;nkhop:

njhd;ik> jdpj;jd;ik> nkhopfspd; jha;> nrhy;tsk; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz tsk;> rpe;jidtsk;> fiytsk;> gz;ghl;Ltsk; ,tw;Wld; gd;dhl;L nkhopahf tpsq;Fk; jd;ikiag; ngw;w nkhopNa.

nkhopfs; gy Njhd;wp tsu mbg;gilahd nkhopia %ynkhop vd;gh;. mk;%ynkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wp tsUk; nkhopia fpisnkhop vd;gh;.



nkhop eil njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;

fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk; - kiwkiyabfs;

nts;sj;jhy; mopahJ nte; joyhy; NtfhJ Nte;j uhYq; nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahJ nfhLj;jhYk; epiwtd;wpf; FiwT whJ fs;sh;f;Nfh gakpy;iy fhtYf;Nfh kpfvspJ fy;tp nad;Dk; cs;sj;Nj nghUspUf;fg; Gwk;ghfg; nghUs;Njb Aoy;fpd; whNu.

tPur;Rit - e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; 3.fhsj;jpNtlDk; fq;ifNtlDk;

- uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop - ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; tp.Nfh. #hpa ehuhaz rhj;jphpahh;

ftpij - NguhrpupaH. v];. itahGupg;gps;is

c.Nt.rh.(jkpo;j;jhj;jh)

gid xiyiag; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp mjpy; vOj;jhzp nfhz;L vOJthh;fs;. mt;thW vOjg;gl;l Xiyf;F ‘Xiyr;Rtb’ vd;W ngah;.

mf;fhyj;jpy; nra;As;> ,yf;fzk; Kjypad Xiyr;Rtbfspy;jhd; vOjg;gl;ld. Mzpahy; Xiyapy; vOJk;NghJ Xiy

fpopahky; vOjNtz;Lk;. Xiyr;Rtb vOj;Jf;fspy; Gs;sp

,Uf;fhJ@ xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G NtWghL

,Uf;fhJ. ‘Ngud;’ vd;gijg; ‘ngud’ vd;Wk;

thrpf;fyhk;. Ngud vd;Wk; thrpf;fyhk;. Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; cs;s thpfis itj;Jg;

nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s

cj;jkjhdGuk;. ,aw;ngah; - Ntq;fluj;jpdk;. Mrphpahpd; ngah; -kfhtpj;Jthd;

kPdhl;rpRe;juk;gps;is mtUila Mrphpah; mtUf;F itj;j ngah;

rhkpehjd;. mjdhy; mth;> cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;flRg;igah; kfdhd rhkpehjd; vd;gjd; RUf;fkhf c.Nt.rh. vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.

19.02.1855 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j mth;> 28.04.1942 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

jk; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw Mde;j tpfld; ,jopy; njhluhf vOjpdhh;. mJ ‘vd; rhpjk;’ vd;Dk; ngahpy; E}yhf ntsp te;jJ.

rpwg;Gf; Fwpg;Gfs; c.Nt.rh.mth;fspd; ngauhy; 1942 ,y;

epWtg;gl;l lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; nrd;idapy; cs;s ngrd;l; efhpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

c.Nt.rh mth;fspd; jkpo;g; gzpfis ntspehl;L mwpQh;fshd [p.A.Nghg;> #ypay; tpd;Nrhd; MfpNahh; nghpJk; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.

eLtz; muR> c.Nt.rh. mth;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;bidg; ngUikg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 2006Mk; Mz;L mQ;ry;jiy ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;J cs;sJ.

kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; jkpo;g;ghlk; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;yp khzth;fisj; jkpopd;ghy; <h;j;jth;. gpwe;j ehs;: Vg;uy; 6,1815 Ch;: jpUr;rp khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

vz;nza;f;fpuhkk; ngw;Nwhh;: rpjk;guk;-md;dj;jhr;rpahh;; ,sikapy; jkJ je;ijahhplk; jkpo; fw;whh;. ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; ed;F Gyik

ngw;whh;. rpWtajpNyNa nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy;

ngw;whh;. jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Fyhk;fhjh; ehtyh;> rthpuhaY> jpahfuhrh;> rhkpehjh;

MfpNahh;> mth;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khzth;fs;. jpUthtLJiwapy; MjPd tpj;Jthdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W MjPdj; jiyth;> kPdhl;rpRe;judhUf;F miog;G tpLj;jhh;. kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; mg;gjtpapy; rpyfhyk; ,Ue;J mUk;gzp Mw;wpdhh;. ,th; jpUthtLJiwapy; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy;jhd; c.Nt.rhkpehjUf;F Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhh;. jkpo;j;njhz;L 80-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. jkpofj;jpYs;s gy;NtW Nfhtpy;fSf;F

eilg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L mf;Nfhtpy;fisg; gw;wpg; ghbj; jyGuhzq;fs ; gy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. mj;jy Guhzq;fspy; Nfhtpy; tuyhW> rpwg;Gfs;> ,iwtdpd; ngUikfs ; Kjypad ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

‘Neha;f;F kUe;J ,yf;fpak;’ vd;whh;.



01.02.1876 md;W ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;. Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;

- nj>ngh> kPdhl;rp Re;judhH tlnkhopapy; ,jpfhtpak; vd;W

Gfog;ngWtJ thd;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazNk> fpNuf;fHfs; goq;fhg;gpak; vdg;

ghuhl;LtJ N`hkHpd; ‘,ypal;’ vd;gNjahk;. tH[py; vd;w ghthzH ghba <dpl; vd;gNj

,yj;jPd; nkhopapd; goq;fhg;gpakhFk;. Fwk; ghbdhYk;. mJ kPdhl;rp Fwkhf

KbfpwJ> FwtQ;rp ghbdhYk; mJ ruNge;jpuH FwtQ;rpahf ePz;L xLfpwJ.

Fbkf;fs; topahfNt jkpo;ehl;bd; xUik xq;fp tsuf; fhz;fpwhH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.

fhjYk;> mOifAk;> tPuKk; fhg;gpag; ngUQ;Ritfs;> khjtpAk; NfhtyDk; xUapUk; <UlYkhf tho;fpd;w fhjy; tho;Nt rpyg;gjpfhug; GfhHf; fhz;lk;. fztid ,oe;j fz;zfpNa mtyr; Ritapd; ,oj;ijf; fhl;Lfpw fijjhd; kJiuf; fhz;lk;> fz;zfpf;fhf vLj;j fyid tlturH jiykPJ Vw;wpte;j nrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ijg; ghLtNj tQ;rpf; fhz;lk;. mfuKjyp(mfuhjp) mfuk;+Mjp =mfuhjp xU nkhopapYs;s vy;yhr; nrhw;fisAk; mfuthpirapy; mikAk;gb xU Nruj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fk; E}y; mfuhjp vd;gh;. epfz;Lfs; jkpo; mfuKjyp tuyhw;wpy;>nrhw;nghUs; Jiw E}y;fs; epfz;Lfs;. epfz;Lfspy; gioikahdJ Nre;jd; jpthfuk;. ,jd; Mrphpah; jpthfuh;. 25 epfz;Lfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. rpwg;ghd epfz;L - kz;lyGUlh; ,aw;wpa #lhkzp epfz;L. mfuKjyp jpU%yhpd; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; Kjd;Kjyhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. epfz;LfSs; xd;whd ‘mfuhjp epfz;by;’ ,r;nrhy; milnkhopahf mike;Js;sJ.

,e;E}Ny mfuKjypfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F xU jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ vdyhk;.

,e;E}ypy; nrhw;fspd; KjnyOj;Jfs; kl;LNk

mfuthpirapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.

RJufuhjp tPukhKdpthpd; rJufuhjpNa jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfuKjyp. fp.gp. 1732 Mk; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. rJh;(ehd;F vd;gJ nghUs;) ,e;E}ypy; ngah;> nghUs;> njhif> njhil vd ehd;F tiffspy; jdpj;jdpahfg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tPukhKdpthpd; mfuKjypfs;

jkpo; - ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp> ,yj;jPd; - jkpo; mfuhjp> jkpo; - gpnuQ;R mfuhjp>

gpnuQ;R – jkpo; mfuhjp> Nghh;j;JfPrpa - ,yj;jPd; - jkpo; mfuhjp

gpw mfuKjypfs; jkpo; - jkpo; mfuhjp xd;W nytp - ];ghy;b];

vd;gtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhuhy; jkpo;r; nrhy;yfhuhjp

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,J rq;f mfuhjp vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp - Fg;Grhkp njhFj;J ntspapl;lhh;.

,uhkehjd; -; glq;fSld; $ba Xh; mfuKjypia ntspapl;lhh;. ,e;E}y; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; mfuhjp vDk; ngaUld; ntspte;jJ.

tpd;RNyh - jkpo; - Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjp(1925)>kJiuj; jkpo;g; NgufuhjpAk;(1937) ntspte;jd.

K. rz;Kfk; - jkpo; - jkpo; mfuKjyp(1985) jkpo; ehl;Lg; ghlE}y; epWtdj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

20-k; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j kpfg;nghpa mfuKjyp nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp. ,t;tfuKjyp ‘jkpo; nyf;rpfd;’ vd;Dk; ngahpy; MW njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpy; mfuKjyp NjtNeag;ghthzhpd; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjypapd;(1985) Kjy; njhFjp ntspte;jJ.

xt;nthU nrhy;ypd; nrhw;gpwg;Gk;> ,dnkhopr; nrhw;fS;fhd Fwpg;Gk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. glq;fisj; je;j ,uz;lhtJ mfuKjyp ,JNtahFk;.

KOikahff; fzpdp cjtpAld; cUthf;fg;gl;L ntspte;j Kjy; jkpo; mfuKjyp fphpahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp. tpsf;fr; nrhw;nghUNshL te;j Kjy; mfuKjyp. fiyf;fsQ;rpak; mgpjhd Nfhrk;(1992) jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fspd; Kd;Ndhb.



,yf;fpag; Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaj; fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp ,yf;fpar; nra;jpfNshL mwptpay; Jiwg; nghUs;fisAk; Kjd;Kjyhfr; Nrh;j;J tpsf;fk; je;J 1934 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

,jidr; rpq;fhuNtydhh ; njhFj;J ntspapl;lhh;. jkpo; tsh;r;rpf; fofk; Kiwahd Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ijj; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fofk; Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> ehlff; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> ,Ryhkpa fiyf;fsQ;rpak; Kjypa gy fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. fiyr;nrhy; mfuKjyp fiyf;fjph; epWtd Kaw;rpahy; nghJmwpT> cstpay;> Gtpapay;> Gs;spapay;> tuyhW> thdtpay; Kjypa JiwfSf;Fk; fiyr;nrhy; mfuKjypfs ; 1960 Mk; Mz;L njhFf;fg;l;ld. kzit K];jgh mwptpay; rhh;e;j Jiwthhpahd fiyr;nrhy; mfuKjypfisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;shh;. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpak; 1991 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;;lJ. MTe; jkpoUk; - nkhopQhapW. NjtNeag;ghthzH

[p.A. Nghg;:- (George Uklay Pope)

Mq;fpNyah;. fp.gp. 1820 Mk; Mz;L> gpuhd;R ehl;bd; vl;th;L jPtpy; [hd; Nghg;Gf;Fk;> nfjhpd; AshGf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;.

gzpaplq;fs;- jpUney;Ntyp (rhah;Guk;)> nrd;id rhe;Njhk;> jQ;rht+h;> cjfkz;lyk;> ngq;fSh;

Mf;];Nghh;L gy;fiyf;fof jkpo; & njYq;F Nguhrphpah;

jk; fy;yiwapy; „jkpo; khztd ;‟ vd vOjg; gzpj;jhh;

kfhtpj;Jthd; ,uhkhDrf; ftpuhahplk; jkpo; fw;whh;

jpUthrfk;> ehybahh;> jpUf;Fws;(1886-y;)> rptQhdNghjk;> GwehD}W> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Mfpa E}y;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.

jkpo;r; nra;As;fisj; njhFj;J „jkpo;r;

nra;Al; fyk;gfk ;‟ vd mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhh;

,aw;wpa E}y;fs; -„njhlh;nkhop

,yf;fzk;‟.

„,e;jpad; rQ;rpif‟>„,e;jpahtpd;

njhy;nghUs; Ma;T‟ Mfpa ,jo;fspy; jkpo; gw;wpa Mq;fpyf; fl;Liufs; vOjpdhh;.

GwehDw;Wg; ghly;fs;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyj; epidtpsf;fk;> jkpo;g;Gyth; tuyhW Mfpaitg; gw;wp Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs; vOjpdhh;

jkpo;-Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk;-jkpo; mfuhjpia ntspapl;lhh;

Nghg;> jk;Kila gj;njhd;gjhk; mfitapy; jkpofj;jpy; rkag; gzpahw;wj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. mth; gha;kuf; fg;gypy; nrd;id te;JNru vl;Lj;jpq;fshapd. me;j vl;Lj;jpq;fisAk; tPNz fopf;fhky;> jkpo; E}y;fisAk; tlnkhop E}y;fisAk; gbj;jhh;.

rkaf;fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak; Kjypa nkhopfisAk; fw;Wj;ju Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. fzpjk;> mwptha;T (jUf;fk;)> nka;awpT (jj;Jtk;) Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; fy;Y}hp MrphpauhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T Kjyhd VLfspy;> jkpo;nkhopgw;wpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpdhh;. mf;fl;Liufspy; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fSk;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyj; jpiz tpsf;fq;fSk;> jkpo;g;Gyth; tuyhWk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.

cah;e;j gz;ghl;Lf;Fhpa nghWik> rpdkpd;ik> el;G Kjyhdtw;iw tpsf;Fk; mWE}W nra;As;fis> ePjpE}ypfspypUe;J

Ma;e;njLj;Jj; ‘jkpo;r; nra;Al; fyk;gfk;’ vd;Dk; E}yhfj; njhFj;jNjhL me;jg; ghf;fSf;F tpsf;fKk; je;Js;shh;.

gs;spapy; gbf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;, nghpath;fs; fw;Fk; tifapy; ,yf;fzj;ij ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tpdh tpil Kiwapy; mike;j ,U ,yf;fz E}y;fis mth; vOjpdhh;.

Nkiyehl;lhh; jkpio vspjpy; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; jkpo; - Mq;fpy mfuhjp xd;iwAk;> Mq;fpyk; - jkpo; mfuhjp xd;iwAk; Nghg; ntspapl;lhh;.

jkpopy; tuyhw;W E}y;fisAk; vOjpdhh;

gioa jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J rpy nra;As;fisj; njhFj;J E}yhf



ntspapl;L> mjidg; ghlE}yhf itf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. jkpopy; ciueil E}y; xd;iwAk; vOjpdhh;.

1858 Mk; Mz;by; cjfkz;lyk; nrd;w mth;> gs;sp xd;iwj; njhlq;fp mjd; MrphpauhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

jhafj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w Nghg;> 1885 Kjy; 1908 Mk; Mz;Ltiu ,Ugj;J %d;whz;Lfshf ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;> njYq;F fw;gpf;Fk; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpGhpe;jhh;.

jk; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy> GwehD}W> jpUtUl;gad; Kjypa E}y;fisAk; gjpg;gpj;jhh;.

1908 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpj; jpq;fs; gjpndhd;whk; ehs; jk; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhh;.

tPukhKdpth;

,aw;ngah; - fhd;];ld;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp

,j;jhyp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;

njhpe;j nkhopfs; - ,j;jhyp> yj;jPd;> gpnuQ;R> fpNuf;fk;> vgpNuak;

kJiuapy; jq;fp – jkpo;> tlnkhop> njYq;F fw;whh;

„ePl;ly; fopj;jy; Fwpy; nka;f; fUGs;sp‟ vd;w khw;wk; nra;J jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpy; vfu> Vfhu> xfu> Xfhu vOj;J tbthfr; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;jhh;

epWj;jg;Gs;sp> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp mwpKfk; nra;jhh;

Fwpy; neby; khw;wk; nra;jhh;

,aw;wpa E}y;fs;: jkpopy;

Ie;jpyf;fzq;fisj; njhFj;J „njhd;D}y;

tpsf;fk;‟ (Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak;) vOjp mjw;F ciuAk; je;jhh; rJufuhjp– jkpopy; Kjy; mfuhjp nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; - ,yj;jPdpy; vOjpdhh;- ntspehl;lth; vspjpy; jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhs;s gukhh;j;j FU fij– fpz;ly;> eifr;Rit> ngw;w nfhLj;jkpopy; vOjpdhh;

jpUf;Fwspd; mwk;> nghUs; Mfpa mjpfhuq;fis ,yj;jPdpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;

rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fs;:- jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fpj;Njhp mk;khs; mk;khid> milf;fykhiy> fypntz;ghkhiy

ciueilE}y;fs;:- Ntj tpsf;fk;> QhdgNjrk;> Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> gh;tj fhz;lk;> thkd; fij> jpUr;rigf; fzpjk;

rpwg;Gg;ngah;:- jkpo; mfuhjpapd; je;ij

,aw;wpa mfuhjpfs; - mfuKjypfs; jkpo; - ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp>

,yj;jPd; - jkpo; mfuhjp> jkpo; - gpnuQ;R mfuhjp> gpnuQ;R – jkpo; mfuhjp> Nghh;j;JfPrpa - ,yj;jPd; - jkpo; mfuhjp

‘nrhy;ypd; nry;th;’ uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is ,tiug;gw;wp „Njk;ghtzp> fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk; fjk;g

khiyahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ‟

„njhd;D}y; - nghd;D}y;> rJufuhjp –

Kj;jhuk;‟

„tPukhKdpth; - jkpo; Kdpth;fSs;

xUth;‟ vdg; Gfo;fpwhh;.

fhkuhrh;

jd;dykw;w jiyth;;;;; ; , fh;ktPuh; , fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;j

Kjy;th; , Viog;gq;fhsh; , ngUe;jiyth; ,

jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth; (king maker).

tpUJefhpy; Fkhurhkp> rptfhkp ,izah;f;F kfdha; 1903 Mk; Mz;L #iyj; jpq;fs; 15Mk; ehsd;W Njhd;wpdhh;.

,sikapy; Njrpa ,af;fkhd fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;e;J> mjd; njhz;luhfj; jk; murpay; tho;tpidj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

irkd; FO vjph;g;G> cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW Mfpa

Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;Fnfhz;lhh;, rpiw nrd;whh;. gjpNdhuhz;Lfs; rpiwapy; fopj;jhh;.

mtuJ jd;dykw;w ciog;igf;fz;l jiyth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp> fhkuhriuf; fl;rpapd; nrayhsuhf epakpj;jhh;. rj;jpa%h;j;jp - murpay; FU

1937,y; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

1939 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; mg;gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhh;.

1945,y; gpufhrk; jiyikapy; mikr;ruitAk;> 1947,y; Xke;J}h; ,uhkrhkp mikr;ruitAk;> 1949,y; Fkhurhkp mikr;ruitAk; gjtpNaw;f ,th; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.

mjdhy;> jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth;(king

maker) vd ,th; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Kjyikr;rh; fhkuhrh;



1954,y; ,uh[h[p Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJk; fhkuhrh; mg;gjtpf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. 1963,y; jhkhfg; gjtp tpyFk;tiu mg;gjtpapy; jpwk;glr; nray;gl;lhh;. fhkuhrh; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd; njhopyikr;ruhfTk;> rp.Rg;gpukzpak; fy;tpaikr;ruhfTk; ,Ue;J mtUf;F cWJizahfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk;

Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.

fpz;b> mk;gj;J}h;> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il njhopw;Ngl;ilfSk; khtl;le;NjhWk; rpwpa njhopw;Ngl;ilfSk; mikf;fg; ngw;wd.

Ntshz;ikf;nfdg; ghrdtrjpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.

mizfs; fl;lg;gl;ld.

$l;LwT ,af;fk; Nt&d;wpaJ. mjdhy;> jkpofj;jpy; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; ,y;yhj rpw;W}h;fNs ,y;iy vd;Dk; epiy cUthdJ.

nerTj;njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;fhfg; gy jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;bdhh;.

nea;Ntyp> epyf;fhpr; Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy> ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy> fpz;b mWitrpfpr;irf; fUtpj; njhopw;rhiy> rh;f;fiu Miy> Nrhlh cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy> rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> Mtb ,uapy;Nt thfdj; njhopw;rhiy> Nkl;̂ h;f; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy Kjypad ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; njhlq;fg;ngw;wd.

fy;tpg; Gul;rp

fl;lhaf; fy;tp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

njUNjhWk; njhlf;fg;gs;sp> Ch; NjhWk; cah;epiyg;gs;sp vd;gNj mtuJ Nehf;fkhf mike;jJ.

gs;sp Ntiyehs;fis E}w;nwz;gjpypUe;J ,UE}whf cah;j;jpdhh; fhkuhrh;.

njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; ,tuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

gs;spr; rPuikg;G khehLfs; elj;jg;gl;Lg; gs;spfSf;fhd mbg;gilg; nghUs;fSk; fUtpfSk; ngwg;gl;ld.

cah;epiyg; gs;sptiu ,ytrf; fy;tp nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; njhopy; El;gf; fy;Y}hp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

clw;gapw;rpf; fy;Y}hpfSk; Mrphpah; gapw;rpg;gs;spfSk; Mrphpah; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}hpfSk; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.

kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp Kjyhd njhopw;fy;Y}hpfspy; gapYk; Vio khzth;fSf;F tl;bapy;yhf; fldspf;f Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

r%f Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lq;fs;

jQ;rht+h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ijj;

jpUj;jp> rhFgb nra;Ak; njhopyhspf;F 60% gq;F fpilf;f toptif nra;jhh;.

epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk; ,tuhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. epy cr;rtuk;G 30 Vf;fh; vdf;

Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. epy KjyhspfsplkpUe;J cghpepyq;fs;

ngwg;gl;L epykpy;yhNjhUf;F mit gphpj;jspf;fg;gl;ld.

kPdth;> fUg;Gf;fl;b fha;r;Rgth;> ifj;jwpahsh;> Fath; Kjypa rpWnjhopyhsh; eyj;jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

kf;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fspy; Xa;t+jpak; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. efh;g;Gw tPLfl;Lk; jpl;lk;

,ytr kUj;Jttrjp

fhkuhrh; jpl;lk;(K plan)

“fl;rpia tYg;gLj;j %j;j jiyth;fs; mikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpf; fl;rpg;gzpapy;

<LglNtz;Lk;”

gpujkh; NeU> ,j;jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.

Kjypy; fhkuhrh; jhNk Kjyikr;rh; gjtpiatpl;L tpyfpf; fl;rpg;gzpf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhh;.

nkhuhh;[p Njrha;> yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphp KjypNahUk; mikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpf; fl;rpg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;ldh;.

mfpy ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpuRj; jiyth;

GtNdRth; efhpy; 1963 Mk; Mz;by; $ba fhq;fpuR khehl;by; fhkuhrh; mfpy ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpuRj; jiytuhfg; gjtpNaw;whh;.

,u\;ahtpw;Fk; fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; nrd;W me;ehl;Lj; njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fis Nehpy; fz;lhh;. mtw;iw ek; ehl;bYk; nray;gLj;j Kide;jhh;.

jk; jiyikiaAk; nry;thf;ifAk; gad;gLj;jp> ,UKiw gpujkh;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.

fhkuhrUf;Fr; nra;j rpwg;Gfs;

eLtzuR ghuj uj;dh tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,tUf;F MSau ntz;fyr;rpiy

kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fd;dpahFkhpapy; fhkuhrh; kzpkz;lgk ; fl;baJ

nrd;id nkhPdh flq;fiur; rhiyapy; rpiy

nrd;id ,y;yk; - epidT ,y;yk;

Njdhk;Ngl;ilapy; fhkuhrh; muq;fk;

gpwe;j ehshd [{iy 15 Mk; ehs; - fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehs;

kiwT



1972 Mk; Mz;L fhe;jpabfspd; gpwe;jehshd mf;Nlhgh; ,uz;lhk; ehs; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;.

Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;- gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;

,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; gRk;nghd ; vd;Dk; Chpy; 1908 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs; gpwe;jth;.

,tUila je;ijahh; jpU. cf;fpughz;bj; Njth;> jhahh; jpUkjp ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh;.

fw;gpj;j Mrphpah; - Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is.

jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ,UnkhopfspYk; ty;yik ngw;whh;.

rpyk;gk;> Fjpiu Vw;wk;> Jg;ghf;fpr; RLjy;> Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk; Mfpadtw;iwf; fw;wwpe;jhh;.

,sikapNyNa murpaypy; Mh;tq;nfhz;lhh;.

nghJj; njhz;L -

32 rpw;W}h;fspy; jkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;j epyq;fis cOgth;fSf;F jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhh;.

epyf;fpohh; xopg;gpYk;> Mya EioTg; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; Kd;dpd;w tPuh; Mthh;.

rkge;jp Kiwf;Fk; Cf;fkspj;j ngUkfd;;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpy muR> kf;fSs; rpyiuf; Fw;wg;guk;giu vd xJf;fp itj;jpUe;jJ. Fw;wg; guk;giur; rl;lj;jpypUe;J mth;fis tpLjiy ngwr; nra;jhh;.

“rhjpiaAk; epwj;ijAk; ghh;j;J kdpjid

kdpjd; jho;TgLj;JtJ ngUq;nfhLik, Mz;ltd; kdpj Fyj;ijj;jhd; gilj;jhNd jtpur; rhjpiaAk; epwj;ijAk;

my;y, rhjpAk; epwKk; murpaYf;Fkpy;iy,

Md;kpfj;jpw;Fk; ,y;iy” vdr; rhjpiag; gw;wpf; $wpAs;shh;.

ehl;Lg; gw;W

Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; - murpay; topfhl;b

tpLjiyg;Nghh; fLikahf ,Ue;j ehs;fspy; Mq;fpy muR> tl ,e;jpahtpy; jpyfUf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtUf;Fk; tha;g;g+l;Lr; rl;lk; Nghl;lJ.

kf;fspilNa tpLjiy Ntl;ifapd; Cl;bath;;

„Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;‟ vd;W jpU.tp.f. ghuhl;bAs;shh;.

murpay; tho;f;if

Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl;;l Ie;J KiwfspYk; ntw;wpthifapidNa #bdhh;. (1937> 1946> 1952> 1957> 1962) gyUk; Nghw;Wk; gz;ghsh;

nja;tPfk;> Njrpak; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; ,U fz;fshfg; Nghw;wpath;.

“tPukpy;yhj tho;Tk; tpNtfkpy;yhj tPuKk;

tPzhFk;” vd vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.

,th; rkar; rhd;NwhuhfTk; fUjg;gl;lhh;.

Ntjhe;j gh];fh;> gpuzt Nfrhp> rd;khh;f;f rz;lkhUjk;> ,e;J Gj;j rka Nkij vdg; gythwhfg; ghuhl;lg;ngw;wth;.

midj;J kjj;jpdhplj;jpYk; md;Gk; ghpTk; fhl;bdhh;.

tpNtfhde;jhpd; J}juhf> Nejh[papd; jsgjpahf> rj;jpa rPyuhf> KUf gf;juhf> Md;kpfg; Gj;jpuuhf> jkpo;ghLk; rpj;juhf> njd;ghz;br; rPikapd; Kb#lh kd;duhf> ePjp tOth Neh;ikahsuhf> Gyikapy; fgpyuhf> typikapy; fhpfhydhf> nfhilapy; fh;zdhf> gf;jpapy; guk`k;ruhf> ,e;jpaj; jhapd; ed;kfdhf tho;e;jth;.

“gid kuj;jpypUe;J tpOe;J gpioj;jtDk; cz;L.

tay; tug;gpy; tOf;fp tpOe;J ,we;jtDk; cz;L‟ vd;W $wpAs;shh;.

“kdpjdpd; kdepiyia ,Us;> kUs;> njUs;>

mUs;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. kiwT: 1963 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 30 epidTr;rpd;dk; nrd;id khefhpy; cUtr; rpiy mr;rpiy epWtg;gl;Ls;s rhiyf;F ,th; ngah;. rpwg;Gf; Fwpg;Gfs; Njthpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;fpzq;f 06.09.1939,y; kJiuf;F Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; tUif je;jhh;. eLtz; muR 1995,y; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtUila mQ;ry;jiyia ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. jk; nrhj;Jf;fs; KOtijAk; 17 ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J> xU ghfj;ij kl;Lk; jdf;F itj;Jf;nfhz;L kPjp 16 ghfq;fisAk; 16 Ngh;fSf;F ,dhk; rhrdkhf vOjp itj;jhh;.

nghpahh; nghpahiug; gw;wpa ghNte;jhpd; thpfs;:

njhz;L nra;J gOj;j gok; J}ajhb khh;gpy; tpOk;

kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF njhOk; kdf;Fifapy; rpWj;ij vOk;



nghpahhpd; ngz;tpLjiyr; rpe;jidfs; ,uz;L tif. 1. mbg;gilj; Njitfs;. 2. mfw;wg;glNtz;bait. ngz;fy;tp> ngz;Zhpik> nrhj;Jhpik> muRg;gzp Mfpad mbg;gilj; Njitfs;. Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> kzf;nfhil> ifk;ik tho;T Mfpad mfw;wg;glNtz;bait. ngz;fy;tp

„ekJ rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; rhh;e;j jiyfPohd xU Gul;rp Vw;gl;lhnyhopa nghpa khWjy;fisf; nfhz;L tutpayhJ. mg;gb khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;lhYk; mjdhy; gandhd;Wk; tpisahJ. ngz;fs; kdpjg; gpwtpfshf elkhl Ntz;Lkhdhy;> Kjypy; mLg;gq;fiuia tpl;L ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; fy;tp ngWtJ mth;fs; chpik kl;Lkd;W. r%f khw;wj;jpw;F kpf ,d;wpaikahjJk; MFk;. ngz;fs;

fy;tp fw;whnyhopa r%f khw;wq;fs; Vw;glhJ‟ vd;W vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.

“Mz;fs; ngz;fisg; gbf;f itf;fNtz;Lk;. mth;fSf;F cyfg; gbg;Gk;> Muha;r;rpg; gbg;Gk; jhuhskha;f; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bYs;s NfLfspy; vy;yhk; ngUq;NfL ngz;fisg; gFj;jwptw;w rPtd;fsha; itj;jpUf;Fk; nfhLik. ,t;tpopepiy xopf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;” vd;whh;;. ngz;Zhpik ngz;fs; chpik ngw;Wg; GJ cyifg; gilf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpath;. MZf;Fg; ngz; ,isg;gpy;iy vd;W rpe;jpj;jth;;. ngz;fs; jk; fztDf;F kl;LNk ciof;Fk; mbikahf ,uhky;> kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Fj; njhz;lhw;Wk; Gfo; ngw;w ngz;kzpfshf Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhh;. nrhj;Jhpik ngz;fSf;F toptoptUk; nrhj;Jhpik kWf;fg;gl;likNa mth;fspd; mbik tho;Tf;F mbNfhypaJ vd;W czh;e;jhh;. mjw;fhf> mth;fs; NghuhlTk; fpsh;r;rp nra;aTk; Ntz;Lnkdf; $wpdhh;.

“ngz;fSf;Fr; nrhj;Jhpik nfhLj;J tpl;lhy;> mth;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; vy;yhtifahd mbikj;jdq;fSk; xope;JNghFk;. ngz;zbik vd;gjw;Fs;s fhuzq;fs; gytw;wpy; nrhj;Jhpik ,y;yhjJ vd;gNj Kjd;ikahd fhuzk;. Mjyhy;> ngz;fs; jhuhskhfTk; JzpTlDk; Kd;te;J nrhj;Jhpikf;Ff; fpsh;r;rp nra;aNtz;baJ kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahj cldbr; nrayhFk ;” vd;W jk; fl;Liufspy; vOjpAk; NgrpAk; te;jhh;. muRg;gzp

„ngz;fSf;F vt;tifahd cj;jpNahfKk;>

fpilf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W tw;GWj;jpf; $WfpNwhk;‟

vd;W nghpahh; rpe;jpj;jij jkpof muR ,d;W eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. mfw;wg;gl Ntz;bait

1. rlq;FfisAk; %lek;gpf;iffisAk; 2. ngz;Zhpikf;F CWtpistpf;Fk; gioa

ek;gpf;iffis

3. Foe;ij kzk; - “MSk; mwpTk; tsh;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;ifg; gazkh? ,J rpw;wpy; rpijj;J tpisahLk; gUtj;jpy;

ngw;Nwhh; nra;j Ntjid tpisahl;L” vdf;$wp mjid ePf;fg;ghLgl;lhh;.

kzf;nfhil kWg;Gk; ifk;ik xopg;Gk; kzf;nfhil - ngw;Nwhh; gyh;> jk; kfdpd; fy;tpf;fhfr; nrytopj;j gzk; jq;fs; flikiar; Nrh;e;jJ vdf; fUjhJ> mij VNjh xU njhopypy; Nghl;l KjyPlhff; fUjpf;nfhz;L> me;j KjyPl;il tl;bAld; Nrh;j;Nj> mtDf;F tug;Nghfpd;w kidtp %yk; kzf;nfhilaha;g; ngw;Wtpl Ntz;Lnkd;W Jbf;fpd;wdh;.

“rKjhaj;jpy; Kiwahd xOf;fKk; md;Gk; jpahf czh;r;rpAk; Vw;gl;lhy;jhd;> ,k;khjphpahd jPikfis xopf;f ,aYk;. jkpo;ehl;L ,isQh;fs;> khzth;fs;> gl;ljhhpfs; MfpNahh; nrf;FkhLfshf ,y;yhky;> ge;jaf;Fjpiufshf khwNtz;Lk;. jhNk ghLgl;L cioj;J Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; cah;e;j vz;zk;

ek; ,isQh;fspilNa tsuNtz;Lk;‟

“fztid ,oe;Njhh; kWkzk; nra;J

nfhs;tjpy; jPq;fpy;iy” vd;Wk; njhptpj;jhh;. xOf;fk;

“xU ehL tsj;Jld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lkhdhy;> me;ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; xj;j xOf;fKilath;fshf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. xOf;fnkd;gJk; fw;ngd;gJk; ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk;

vd;wpy;yhky; Mz;> ngz; ,Ughyh;f;Fk; nghJthFk;” vd;gJ mth;; fUj;J.

r%f Kuz;fis vjph;j;jth;

%lf;fUj;Jfis Kl;lWj;jth;

njhiyNehf;Fg; ghh;itAilath;

gFj;jwpTf;Fg; nghUe;jhjtw;iw mWj;J vwpe;jth;

r%fkhw;wj;ij tpUk;gpath;

“ngz;fNs r%fj;jpd; fz;fs;” vdf; fUjpath;

ngz;fis mbikj;jisapypUe;J kPl;lth;.

nghpahh; topfhl;Ljyhy; jkpofk; jiyepkph;e;J epw;fpwJ.



mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; tpLjiyf;Fk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ghujpapd; thpfs;:

epfnud;W nfhl;L KuNr - ,e;j ePzpyk; tho;gt nuy;yhk;

jfnud;W nfhl;L KuNr – ngha;k;ikr; rhjp tFg;gpid nay;yhk;

,e;jpahNt mthpd; tUiff;fhf ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; $bepd;W vjph;ghh;j;jJ. mth; iffspy;> ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhyj;ijNa cUthf;Fk; ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdr; rl;l tiuT ,Ue;jJ.

rKjha kWkyh;r;rpapd; Kd;Ndhb

rkj;Jtf; fhtyh;

cyfr; rhjidahsh; thpirapy; Kd;dpw;gth;

murpay; rl;lNkij

Njrpaj; jiytuhfTk; jpfo;e;jth;

gy;NtW kj ,d nkhop r%fg; gof;ftof;fq;fs; nfhz;l ,e;ehl;il ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jhy; xUq;fpizj;jth;.

gpwg;G: kuhl;ba khepyj;jpy; nfhq;fz; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s mk;gthNl vd;Dk; rpw;W}u; (Vg;uy; 14 1891)

mtuJ je;ijahh; ,uhk;[p rf;ghy;> jhahh; gPkhgha;.

nry;tk; epiwe;j FLk;gj;jpy; 14-tJ gps;iisahfg; gpwe;jth;.

,aw;ngah; - gPkhuht; uhk;[P.

“Mrphpah; vd;gth; mwpTf;flyhf kl;Lkd;wp mwj;jpd;

MopahfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk ;”

rhjp kjq;fisg; ghNuhk; - cah; nrd;kk; ,j;Njrj;jpy; va;jpdh; Mapd;

Ntjpah; MapDk; xd;Nw – md;wp NtW Fyj;jpdh; MapDk; xd;Nw.

vDk; cahpa Nehf;Fld; nray;gl;lth;. fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j ,t;Tjtpia Qhyj;jpDk; nghpnjdf; fUjpdhh;.

1908,y; vy;gpd;];ld; gs;spapy; jd;Dila

cah;epiyg; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;jhh;;

gNuhlh kd;dh; nghUsjtpAld; 1912,y; gk;gha; vy;gpd;];ld; fy;Y}hpapy; ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk;

ngw;whh;;

mnkhpf;fhtpy; nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; 1915,y; KJfiyg;gl;lKk;

1916,y; ,yz;ldpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy;

Ma;Tg;gl;lKk; ngw;whh;;

Kk;igapy; rpwpJfhyk; nghUspay; Nguhrphpauhfg;

gzpahw;wpdhh;;

kPz;Lk; ,yz;ld; nrd;W mwptpay; KJfiyg;gl;lKk; ghhp];lh;gl;lKk; ngw;whh;.

mk;Ngj;fh; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpagpd; tof;fwpQh;

njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;lhh;;

fl;lzkpd;wp ViofSf;F tof;fhb ePjpiag; ngw;Wj; je;jhh;.

murpay;> rl;lk;> r%fk;> nghUshjhuk;> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW> tzpfk;> fy;tp> rkak; vd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; epfuw;w mwpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. Kjy; chpikg;Nghh; je;ij nghpahh; 1924 Mk; Mz;L Nfushtpy; itf;fj;jpy; elj;jpa xLf;fg;gl;Nlhh; MyaEioT Kaw;rpAk;> 1927 Mk; Mz;L khh;r;Rj; jpq;fs; 20Mk; ehs; mk;Ngj;fh; kuhl;baj;jpy; kfhj;Jf; Fsj;jpy; elj;jpa jz;zPh; vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lKk; kdpj chpikf;fhf Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; vdyhk;. tpLjiy czh;Tk; tl;lNkir khehLk;

„,q;fpyhe;J nrhy;tjw;nfy;yhk; ,e;jpah jiyairf;Fk; vd;gJ jtW. ,e;j epiy vg;NghNjh khwptpl;lJ. ,e;jpa kf;fspd;

vz;zq;fis ePq;fs; <Nlw;w Ntz;Lk;‟ vd Mq;fpNyahplk; mr;rkpd;wp Mzpj;jukhff; $wpdhh;. KOikahd tpLjiyiaf; fz;bg;ghf toq;fNtz;Lk;. mjw;F Kd;dh;j; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpia ,e;jpahtpw;F toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mk;Ngj;fh; Kd;nkhope;jhh;. tl;lNkir khehL 1930Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. mk;khehl;by; mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh;

fye;Jnfhz;lhh; mk;khehl;by; „miutapw;Wf; fQ;rpf;F my;yw;gLk; Cikfspd; cWg;gpddhf

ehd; NgRfpNwd;‟ vd;W jd; fUj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;. khw;whh; Mjpf;fj;ij ePf;fp kf;fshy; Msg;gLk; kf;fshl;rpiaNa ehq;fs; tpUk;GfpNwhk;. ntWk; v[khd khw;wj;ij ehq;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. vq;fs; iffspy; murpay; mjpfhuk; te;jhnyhopa vq;fs; Fiwfs; ePq;fh vd nkhope;jhh;. xLf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; ,t;Thpikf;Fuy; tl;lNkir khehl;bd; topNa cyf muq;fpy; vjpnuhypj;jJ. rl;l khNkij tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF Rje;ju ,e;jpa mikr;ruitapy; mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fiuAk; ,lk;ngwr; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W NeU nghpJk; tpUk;gpdhh;. mk;Ngj;fUk; mjw;F cld;gl;lhh;. rl;l mikr;ruhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk tFf;f vOth; nfhz;l FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gyUk; nray;glhky; tpyfpdhh;. ,Wjpapy; mk;Ngj;fh; xUtNu me;j xg;gw;w gzpiar; nra;J Kbj;jhh;. 1950Mk; Mz;L rdthpj; jpq;fs; 26 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah KOikahd FbauR ehlhfj; jd;id mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; mk;Ngj;fh;



mwpahikjhd; midj;jpw;Fk; %yfhuzk; vd;gij mk;Ngj;fh; ed;Fzh;e;jhh;.

vdNt>“xt;nthUtUk; KOkdpj epiyia mila fy;tp> nry;tk;> ciog;G Mfpa %d;Wk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. nry;tKk; ciog;Gk; ,y;yhj fy;tp fsh;epyk;. ciog;Gk; fy;tpAk; mw;w nry;tk;

kpUfj;jdk;‟ vd;whh;. NkYk;>„fw;gpj;jy; mwptpay; Kiwf;Ff; cfe;jjhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. tpUg;GntWg;gw;w Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; epfo;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khztDf;Fs; jfty;fisj; jpzpg;gjhff; fy;tp ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. mJ mtdJ Cf;fj;ij J}z;LtJld; jdpj;jd;ikia ntspf;nfhzh;tjhf

,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;Wk; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypd; cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;gw;wp mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; Fwpg;gpLthh;.

mth;> 1946 Mk; Mz;L> kf;fs; fy;tpf;fofj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. Kk;igapy;> ,thpd; mhpa Kaw;rpahy; cUthd rpj;jhh;j;jh cah;fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; ,d;iwa mwpTtsh;r;rpf;F Ntz;ba midj;Jg; ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghUshjhu ty;Yeh; mk;Ngj;fh; NkiyehLfspy; fy;tp gapd;wNghJ Gfo;tha;e;j Nguhrphpah; gyUld; el;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,th; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gq;FtPjk; vd;Dk; E}y; nghUshjhuj;jpy; rpwe;j E}yhff; fUjpg; nghUspay; ty;Yeh;fSk; Nguhrphpah;fSk; nghpJk; kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpdhh;fs;. nghUspaypy; ngUk;Gyik ngw;W tpsq;fpajhy; gy;NtW nghUshjhur; rpf;fy;fis mZfpAk; EZfpAk; Muha;e;J ghh;f;f ,tuhy; ,ad;wJ. njhopy;Jiwapy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp miltjw;Fg; GjpaGjpa fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Gjpa gf;fq;fs; Gjpad rpe;jpg;gJk; gilg;gJNk Gj;Jyfk; rikf;Fk; rpw;gpfspd; Nehf;fk;. ,e;jpa ehl;bd; rhjp vd;Dk; ,Uis mfw;w te;j mwpTf;fjph; mk;Ngj;fh;. rhjp vd;gJ vy;yhk; ty;y xUtd; fl;lisahy; Njhd;wpajd;W. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyf;F Ml;gl;l kdpj r%ftho;tpy; jhdhfNt Nt&d;wptpl;l tsh;r;rpahFk;. rhjp fisag;gl Ntz;ba fis vd;W mth; fUjpdhh;. r%fj;jpd; khw;wj;jpw;Fr; rpe;jid tpijfisj; J}Tfpd;w Gul;rpahsh;fshNyNa ,e;j

itafk; tho;fpwJ vd;whh; mk;Ngj;fh;. „,e;jpag; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;Fr; rhjp vd;gJ ed;ik juhJ. ,e;jpah;fspd; eyj;jpw;Fk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; rhjp vd;Dk; Neha; jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;wJ. mJ kf;fspilNa xUikg;ghl;ilr; rPh;Fiyj;Jtpl;lJ. ,ij mth;fs; czUk;gbr; nra;Jtpl;lhy; NghJk;. mJNt vdf;F epiwT

jUk;‟ vd;whh; mk;Ngj;fh;.

mz;zyhhpd; ,yl;rpar; r%fk; mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; rpwe;j ,yl;rpathjp.

mth;>„Xh ,yl;rpa r%fk; Rje;juk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ‟ vd;whh;.

“rdehafj;jpd; kWngah;fs; rNfhjuj;Jtk;. Rje;juk; vd;gJ RNar;irahf elkhLk; chpik. capiuAk;> cilikiaAk; ghJfhf;Fk; chpik mJ. vy;yhUf;Fk; vy;yhk; fpilf;Fk;tifapy; vy;yh kdpjh;fisAk; xNu

khjphpahf elj;JtNj rkj;JtkhFk;” vd;W rdehaj;jpw;F mhpanjhU tpsf;fk; je;jhh; mk;Ngj;fh;. rkj;Jtj;jpd; kWngaNu kdpjNeak;. vq;Nf rkj;Jtk; kWf;fg;gLfpd;wNjh mq;Nf kdpjg; gz;G kiwe;JtpLtij mth; midtUf;Fk; czh;j;jpdhh;. nghpNahh; Nghw;wpa ngUe;jif mk;Ngj;fh; Xh; mwpTr; Ruq;fk;. ,th; mwpahikf;F vjpuhf Mw;wpa kfj;jhd gzp

rhd;Nwhh; neQ;rpy; epiyf;fr; nra;jJ. “mk;Ngj;fh; cyfj; jiyth;fSs; xUth;. gFj;jwpTr; nrk;ky;> Muha;r;rpapd; rpfuk;> kf;fspd; khngUk; topfhl;b> ,g;ngUe;jiytiug;Nghy NtW

ahiuAk; ehk; fhzKbahJ” vd;W nghpahh; Gfohuk; #l;bdhh;.

„gFj;jwpTj; Jiwapy; mtUf;F ,iz mtNu. Mrpaf; fz;lj;jpNyNa kpfg;nghpa jdpahs;

E}yfj;ij mikj;j ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;‟ vd;W mk;Ngj;fiu NeU Gfo;e;Jiuj;jhh;.

“mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; jd;dykw;wth;. kpfTk; Mh;tj;JlDk; Ntfj;JlDk; jd;de; jdpadhfr; nray;gl;lth;. jkf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gzpapy;

fUkNk fz;zhf ,Ue;jth;‟ vd;W ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ehl;bw;fhf mauhJ cioj;j mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; 1956 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gh;j; jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs; GfOlk;G va;jpdhh;. ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh vDk; cahpa tpUij mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fUf;F 1981Mk; Mz;L toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ. Xa;T

- NguwpQH mz;zh

jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik

Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiwf; nfhLikf;F vjpuhf chpikf; Fuy; vOg;gpg; Nghuhbathpd; ngz;

ngw;Nwhh; - GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;e;j KDrhkp vd;w nerthsp. jhahh; - jpy;iyahb vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;j kq;fsk;



KDrhkp nerTj; njhopy; ghjpg;ghy; tWikapy; thb NtiyNjb njd; Mg;ghpf;fhtpy; FbNawpdhh;.

tPu kq;if ts;spak;ik 1898 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;.

ts;spak;ik njd;dhg; gphpf;fhtpy; gpwe;jhh;.

jhahh; jpy;iyahbapy; gpwe;jjhy;

„jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1913 Mk; Mz;L njd;dhg;gphpf;f ehl;bd; jpUkzg; gjpTr; rl;lg; gbAk;> fpwpj;J kjr; rl;lg;gbAk; jpUkzq;fs; nry;yhJ vd cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ.

fhe;jpabfs; mwg; Nghuhl;lj;jpidf; jiyik Vw;W top elj;jpdhh;.

mwg;Nghh; Nghuhl;lk; 1913 Mk; mz;L jprk;gh;j; jpq;fs; 23 Mk; ehs; thy;f;];u];l; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

rpiwr; #oyhy; cly; eyk; Fd;wpa ts;spak;ik 1914 gpg;uthp ,Ugj;jpuz;lhk; ehsd;W jkJ gjpdhwhk; mfitapy; kuzk; mile;jhh;.

„ek;gpf;ifjhd; mtuJ Majk;‟ vd;w

jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J „,e;jpad;

xg;gPdpad;‟ ,jopy; fhe;jpabfs; vOjpAs;shh;.

„njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; ngah; vd;Wk; epiyj;J

epw;Fk;‟ vd;W fhe;jpabfs; njd;dhg;gphpf;fr; rj;jpahf;fpufk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

fhe;jpabfs;> jkpoh; kPJk; jkpo; nkhopapd; kPJk; kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;ljw;F ts;spak;ik fhuzk; vd;W $wyhk;.

ts;spak;ikapd; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; jpy;iyahbapy; jkpo; ehL muR mtuJ rpiyia epWtpAs;sJ.

Nfh–Mg; -nlf;]; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; jkpo;ehL nerthsh; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; nrd;idapYs;s jdJ mWE}whtJ

tpw;gid ikaj;jpw;Fj; „jpy;iyahb

ts;spak;ik khspif‟ vdg;ngah; #l;bg; ngUikg;gLj;jp cs;sJ.

,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;.

kJiu Mz;L te;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp.

nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh;> ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; ,th;fSf;F gpwe;j kfd; fpUl;bd Kj;J tPug;gd;

Kj;J tPug;gd; Vohz;Lf;fhyk; Ml;rp nra;J mk;ik Nehahy; cyf tho;it ePj;jhh;.

,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kUkfspd; ngah; rpd;d Kj;jk;khs;.

murpay; gl;lwpTk;> Ml;rpg; nghWg;Gk; ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kdj;ijf; fy;yhf;fpapUe;jd.

,uhzp kq;fk;khs; ngaud; tprauq;fr; nrhf;f ehjd; ngaustpy; 1688 Mk; Mz;L mhpaizapy; Vw;wg;gl;lhd;.

jpUtpjhq;$hpd; kd;dh; ,utpth;kh

,uhzp kq;fk;khs; fhyj;jpy; ik#h; kd;dd; rpf;fNjtuhad;

„xt;nthUtUk; jhk; rpwe;jjhff; fUJk; rkaj;ijf; iff; nfhz;L

thotpLtNj jUkk;‟ vd;w nfhs;ifNa gpd;gw;wpath; kq;fk;khs;.

kq;fk;khs; kJiuapy; nghpanjhU md;dr;rj;jpuj;ijf; fl;bdhh;.

fd;dpahFkhpf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ,ilNa mike;j neLQ;rhiy> kq;fk;khs; rhiy vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

kq;fk;khs; fl;bait kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> cah; epiyg;gs;spf; fl;llk;> ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpd; gioa mYtyfk;.

kq;fk;khspd; ngah; kq;fhj GfNohL tpsq;Fk;.

jw;fhyj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;

jpUtz;zhkiyapy; fp.gp. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;ngw;w fy;ntl;L.

mf;fy;ntl;Lthpfs;> rq;ffhy kd;dd; ed;didAk;> ngUq;Fd;W}h;g; ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; ghba kiygLflhk; E}iyAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

ey;ypirf; flhk;Gid ed;dd; ntw;gpy; nty;Gf oidj;Jk; Nkk;glj; jq;Nfhd; thifAk; Fuq;Fk; tpira Ke;jPl;ba mly;Gid neLNty; Ml;nfhz;l Njtd;

njhy;ypay; my;yJ njhy;nghUspay;(Archaeology):

njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg;gw;wp Ma;T nra;jy;.

njhd;ikahd fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw> njhopy;fs;> tzpfk;> Ntshz;ik> murpay;> Ez;fiyfs; Kjypaitgw;wp mth;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w vr;rq;fshd fy;ntl;Lfs;> fl;llq;fs;> fhRfs;> nrg;NgLfs; Kjypatw;wpd;



mbg;gilapy; Ma;e;jwpjNy njhy;ypaypd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;.

kzpNkfiy> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjypa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk; xU JiwKf efuk;. mJ Nrhoh;fspd; flw;fiu efuk;. ,e;efuk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; 1963 Mk; Mz;L g+k;Gfhh; mUfpy; cs;s fPohh;ntsp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; mfoha;tpd;NghJ fp.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j fl;ll ,bghLfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. ,e;j Ma;tpy; nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l glFj; Jiw> miutl;ltbt ePh;j;Njf;fk;> Gj;jtp`huk; (Gj;j gpf;Ffs; jq;Fkplk;) ntz;fyj;jhyhd Gj;jh; ghjk; Kjypa vr;rq;fs; fpilj;jd.

mfoha;tpidg; g+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpdpy; kl;Lkd;wpf; FiffspDs;Sk; ePUf;fbapYk; nra;ayhk;. ePUf;fbapy; mfoha;T nra;tjd; %yk; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fspdhy; Kw;fhyj;jpy; ePhpDs; kiwe;j efuq;fisAk; JiwKfq;fisAk; gw;wpa mhpa gy nra;jpfis ntspf;nfhzu ,aYk;.

flw;gazk; „jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL‟ – xsitahh;.

„ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;‟ – fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh;. Jkpoh; gpwehLfSf;Ff; flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l nra;jp „Ke;ePh; tof;fk;‟ vdj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ.

jkpoh; thzpfk; - (Nkw;Nfh) fphPR> cNuhk;> vfpg;J (fpof;Nfh) rPdk;.

vfpg;J> ghy];jPdk;> nkrgNlhkpah ghgpNyhdpah> Mfpa Nkw;fhrpa ehLfspy; Vyk;> ,ytq;fk;> ,Q;rp> kpsF tpw;fg;gl;ld.

jkpo;ehl;by;> Kj;J> gtsk;> Muk;> mfpy;> ntz;Jfpy;> rq;F Nghd;wit kpFjpahff; fpilj;jd.

atdh;fs;- fpNuf;fiuAk;> cNuhkhdpaiuAk; jkpo; kf;fs; ,t;thW mioj;jdh;.

fly; - jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; - Mop> Mf;fyp> Ke;ePh;> thuzk;> ngstk;> guit> Gzhp. kuf;fyk; - jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; - fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;> ehtha;> glF> ghprpy;> Giz> Njhzp> njg;gk;> jpkpy;> mk;gp> tq;fk;> kpjit> g/wp> Xlk;. ehtha; - nghpa fg;gy; (gl;bdg;ghiy) fhpfhydpd; Kd;Ndhh; fhw;wpd; Nghf;fpid mwpe;J fyk; nrYj;jpdh; - GwehD}W. JiwKfq;fs;: Krpwp – Nru ehl;bd; JiwKfk; Rs;sp vDk; nghpa Mw;wpy; atdh;fspd;

kuf;fyq;fs;. atdh;fs; nghd;idr; Rke;J te;J>

mjw;F <lhf kpsF Vw;wpr; nrd;wdh; - mfehD}W.

nfhw;if

ghz;ba ehl;bd; JiwKfk; Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy; ele;jnjd – ntdpR

ehl;lwpQh; khh;f;NfhNghNyh Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Kj;J – Vw;Wkjpg; nghUs; kJiuf;fhQ;rp>

rpWghzhw;Wg;bil. kJiuf;fhQ;rp – „tpise;J Kjph;e;j

tpOKj;J‟. fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bzk; (g+k;Gfhh;) Nrhoehl;bd; JiwKfk; Rq;fr; rhiy fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;

,Ue;jd. fg;gypypUe;J ,jw;F Vw;wg;gl mstps;shj

gz;lq;fs; Kd;wpypy; kiyNghyf; Ftpe;J fple;jd.

fly; topNa – Fjpiufs; jiu topNa – kpsFg; nghjpfs; ,kaj;jpypUe;J – kzpfs;> nghd; FlF kiyapypUe;J – re;jdk;> nghd; nfhw;ifj; JiwapypUe;J – Kj;J fPo;f;flypypUe;J – gtsk; fq;ifapypUe;J – nghUs;fs; fhtphpapypUe;J – tsq;fs; <oehl;bypUe;J – czTg;nghUs;fs;

,it midj;Jk; kpFe;J gue;j ,lj;ijAila njUf;fshf tpsf;fpd. Vw;Wkjpg; nghUs;fs;: ,uj;jpdk;> Kj;J> ituk;> kpsF> Vyf;fha;>

,ytq;fk;> ,Q;rp> mhprp> re;jdk;> fUq;fhyp> fUkUJ> Njf;F> ntz;Jfpy;.

,wf;Fkjpg; nghUs;fs;: rPdj;Jg;gl;L> rh;f;fiu> fUk;G

(mjpakhdpd; Kd;Ndhh; fhyj;jpy; rPdhtpypUe;J nfhz;Lte;J gaphplg;gl;lJ)

ghujp – „Nkiyf;fly; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;.‟



cztpd; ,d;wpaikahik

cz;b Kjw;Nw cyF

czT cliyAk; capiuAk; tsh;f;Fk; mKjkhFk;.

grpapd; nfhLikiag; „grpg;gpzp vd;Dk;

ghtp‟ vd;wJ kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak;.

cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu vdg; GwehD}Wk; kzpNkfiyAk; $Wfpd;wd.

jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; jpUts;Sth; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.

cz;l czT> nrhpj;j gpd;dNu kPz;Lk; cz;zNtz;Lnkdj; jkpo; kUj;Jtk; $WfpwJ.

kUe;njd Ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ Nghw;wp czpd; - Fws;

cly; eyj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jpa czT vJ? nghUe;jh czT vJ? Vd Muha;e;J> njspe;J czT Kiwia tFj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;> clYf;F cWnra;Ak; Neha;fs; ek;ik mZfh.

jkpofj;J czT> kUj;JtKiwapy; ntg;g ehlhd ekJ ehl;Lr; rikaYf;Fg; GOq;fyhprpNa Vw;wJ.

kQ;rs;> neQ;rpYs;s rspia ePf;Fk;.

nfhj;Jky;yp> gpj;jj;ijg; Nghf;Fk;.

rPufk;> tapw;Wr; #l;ilj;jzpf;Fk;.

kpsF> njhz;ilf; fl;ilj; njhiyf;Fk;.

g+z;L> tspafw;wp tapw;Wg;nghUkiy ePf;fpg; grpia kpFf;Fk;.

ntq;fhak; Fsph;r;rp cz;lhf;fpf; FUjpia J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk;.

ngUq;fhak;> tspia ntspNaw;Wk;.

,Q;rp> gpj;jj;ij xLf;fpf; fha;r;riyf; fz;bf;Fk;.

Njq;fha;> ePh;f;Nfhitia ePf;Fk;.

fwpNtg;gpiy> kz%l;b czT tpUg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;.

ey;nyz;nza; fz; Fsph;r;rpAk; mwpTj;njspTk; cz;lhf;Fk;.

rPufk; g+z;L fye;j kpsF ePh;> #l;ilj; jzpj;Jr; nrhpkhd Mw;wiy mjpfhpf;Fk;.

clYf;F typt+l;lTk; fopT mfyTk; fPiu ey;yJ.

jtph;f;f Ntz;bad

Neha;f;F Kjy; fhuzk; cg;G. ,jidf; Fiwthfr; Nrh;j;jy; ed;W.

cg;G epiwe;j nghUs;fshd CWfha;> mg;gsk;> tlhk;> fUthl> Ke;jphpg;gUg;G> tWj;j cUisr;rPty;> thiof;fha;r; rPty;> Gspj;jNkhh; Kjypadtw;iw KOtJkhfj; jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nfhOg;G epiwe;j ,iwr;rpfs;> Kl;ilapd; kQ;rs; fU> japh;> nea;> ntz;nza;> ghyhil> gdpf;$o;> ,dpg;Gf;fl;b Mfpatw;iw ePf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fhuKk; Gspg;Gk; nfhz;l czTfs; $lh.

vz;nzapy; tWj;j> nghhpj;j czTfis xJf;Fjy; ed;W.

nehWf;Fj; jPdp tapw;Wf;Ff; NfL vd;gJ gonkhop.

cz;Zk; Kiw

vspjpy; nrhpf;ff; $ba gok;> fha;> gUg;G> mhprp> NfhJik> ghy; ,tw;iwNa Fly; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.

czit tpiuthf tpOq;ff;$lhJ. ed;whf nkd;W tpOq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; thapYs;s ckpo;ePh; Ntz;ba msT Rue;J czTld; fyf;Fk;

cztpd; rj;Jfs; tPzhfhky; ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. fha;fwpfis Kf;fhy; Ntf;fhl;by; Ntfitj;J cz;zy; Ntz;Lk;. Ntfitj;j fha;fwp ePhpy; kpFjpahd rj;Jfs; ,Ug;gjdhy; mjid cztpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

nehWq;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ. – gonkhop jz;zPUk; kUe;Nj

„ePhpd;wikahJ cyF‟ vd;gJ ts;Stk;.

cz;l czT FUjpAld; fyg;gjw;Fk; FUjp J}a;ik miltjw;Fk; clypYs;s fopTg;nghUs;fs; ntspNaWtjw;Fk; ePh; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

ePiuj; Njitahd (ehnshd;Wf;Ff; Fiwe;jJ 3 ypl;lh;) msTf;Ff; Fbj;jy; clYf;F ey;yJ. czT cz;Zk;NghJ ,ilapy; ePh; Fbj;jy; $lhJ.

rkr;rPh; czT

xUth; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpy; Gujk;> nfhOg;G> khr;rj;J> fdpkq;fs;> Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;Jfs; Nrh;e;jNj rkr;rPh; czT.

NrhWk; fha;fwpAk; -miutapW. ghy;> Nkhh;> ePh; - fhy;tapW

fhy;tapW ntw;wplkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

tapW Gilf;f cz;Zjy; Neha;f;F ,lkspf;Fk;.

xsitahh; kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; vd;whh;.



„msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R‟ vd;gJ gonkhop

taJ VWk;NghJ nfhOg;Gr;rj;Js;s cztpd; msitr; rpwpJ rpwpjhff; Fiwj;Jf;nfhz;Nl tUjy;Ntz;Lk;.

czitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL vspa clw;gapw;rpfisAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

eilg;gapw;rpNa vspa clw;gapw;rp fhiy khiy cyhtp epjk; fhw;W thq;fp tUNthhpd; fhiyj; njhl;Lf; Fk;gpl;Lf; fhyd; Xbg; NghthNd. - ftpkzp

jpU%yUk; cliyf; fhj;jypd; Njitia typAWj;jpAs;shh;.

clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth; jplk;gl nka;Q;Qhdk; NruTk; khl;lhh; clk;ig tsh;f;Fk; cghak; mwpe;Nj

clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;NjNd. – jpU%yh;

mWRitapd; gad;fs;

,dpg;G – tsk; fhh;g;G – czh;T

Jth;g;G – Mw;wy; cth;g;G - njspT

ifg;G – nkd;ik Gspg;G - ,dpik

Neha; ePf;Fk; %ypiffs;

%ypif - vspjpy; ekf;F kpf mUfpNyNa fpilg;gd.

kUj;Jtg; gad; kpf;fd.

,k;%ypiffs; vy;yhtpj Neha;fisAk; ePf;Fk; jd;ikAilad.

gpd;tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. Jsrp

Jsprpr;nrbapd; ,iyfis ePhpypl;Lf; nfhjpf;fr; nra;J Mtpgpbj;jhy; khh;Gr;rsp> ePh;f;Nfhit> jiytyp ePq;Fk;.

,jd; ,iyfis vYkpr;rk;gok; rhw;Wld; miuj;Jg;Nghlg; gil ePq;Fk;.

tpijfisg; nghb nra;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L fpuhk; msT cz;lhy; clw;#L> ePnuhpr;ry; Mfpad mlq;Fk;.

fPo;f;fha;ney;yp

kQ;rs; fhkhiyf;F vspa kUe;J.

fha;fSld; $ba KOf; fPohney;ypr; nrbiaj; J}aePhpy; fOtp miuj;J tpOjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ik;gJ fpuhk; msTs;s tpOij ,UE}W kpy;yp ypl;lh; vUikj;japUld; fye;J fhiy MW kzpastpy; ntWk; tapw;wpy; cl;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW %d;W

ehs; jtpuhky; cl;nfhz;lhy; kQ;rl;fhkhiy Neha; jPUk;.

J}Jtis

rpq;fty;yp – NtWngah;.

ey;nyz;nzapy; rikj;j ,jd; ,iyfis czNthL Nrh;j;J ,Ugj;njhU ehs; cz;l te;jhy; Rthrfhrk; mfYk;.

,isg;G ,Uky; Nghf;Fk;.

„Qhdg;gr;rpiy‟ vd ts;syhh; Nghw;Wk; ,t;tpiy Fuy;tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;. tho;ehis ePl;bf;Fk;.

Fg;igNkdp

er;Rf;fbfSf;F kUe;jhf tpsq;Fk;. ,iyfisf; fhaitj;Jg; nghbahf;fpg; g+rpdhy;>gLf;ifg; Gz;FzkhFk;.

Foe;ijfspd; taJf;Nfw;w mstpy; cz;zf; nfhLj;jhy; kyg;GOf;fy; ntspNaWk;. tapW J}a;ikahFk;.

grpiaj; J}z;Lk;.

,iyfSld; kQ;rs;> cg;Gr; Nrh;j;J miuj;Jg; g+rpdhy; nrhwp> rpuq;F ePq;Fk;.

„Nkdp Jyq;f Fg;igNkdp‟ vd;gJ gonkhop.

fw;whio

E}W fpuhk; msT fw;whioapd; Nrhw;Wg; gFjpia vLj;J E}W kpy;yp ey;nyz;nzapy; ,l;Lf; fha;r;rpj; jiyf;Fj; Nja;j;Jtu Kb tsUk;.

,utpy; ey;y cwf;fk; tUk;.

kQ;rs; Nrh;j;Jf; fhak;gl;l ,lj;jpy; g+rpdhy; fhak; FzkhFk;.

gRtpd; ghYld; Nrh;j;Jr; rhg;gpl;lhy; %yr;#L FiwAk;.

Fkhp vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; ngz;fspd; fUg;ig rhh;e;j Neha;fis ePf;Ftjhy; Fkhp fz;lNeha;f;Ff; Fkhp nfhL vd;Dk; tof;F Vw;gl;lJ.

KUq;if

czTg;nghUs; kl;Lkd;W. ey;y kUe;Jg; nghUSk;$l.

KUq;ifg;gl;ilia miuj;Jj; jltpdhy; Kwpe;j vYk;G tpiutpy; $Lk;. tPf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.

KUq;iff;fPiu fz;ghh;itia xOq;FgLj;Jk;.

cliy tYthf;Fk;> ,Uk;Gr;rj;J epiwe;Js;sjhy; $e;jiy tsur; nra;tjpy; ,jw;Fg; ngUk;gq;F cz;L.



fwpNtg;gpiy

kzj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk; cztpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk;.

xU kz;rl;bapy; Ke;E}W kpy;yp msT gRtpd;ghiy Cw;wp NtL fl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; kPJ fwpNtg;gpiyapd; fhk;G ePf;fpa nfhOe;J ,iyfisg; Nghl;Lr; rpWjPapy; mtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjid tplf;fb Vw;gl;l ,lj;jpy; itj;Jf; fl;bdhy; %d;W ehspy; FzkhFk;.

,UNtisAk; Ie;J fpuhk; fwpNtg;gpiyiaf; fOtpr; rpwpJrpwpjhf thapy;Nghl;L nkd;W tpOq;fpdhy; rPjNgjp ,uz;L ehspy; FzkhFk;.

cztpy; NrUk; rpWer;Rj;jd;ikia Kwpf;Fk;.

fhpryhq;fz;zp

,uj;jNrhif nrhpkhdf;NfhshW> kQ;rs; fhkhiy Kjypa Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

fz;ghh;itiaj; njspthf;Fk;.

eiuiag; Nghf;Fk;.

NtW ngah;fs;: fhprhiy> ifahe;jfiu> gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk;.

Others: 1. kzpj;jf;fhspf; fPiu–

tha;g;Gz;>Flw;Gz;izf; Fzkhf;Fk; 2. KRKRf;iff; nfhb - KRKRf;iff;

nfhbapd; Nthpidg; gRtpd;ghypy; Cwitj;J> cyh;j;jpg; nghbahf;fpg; gRtpd; ghy; kpsFg;nghb> rUf;fiuAld; cz;Lte;jhy; ,Uky; ePq;Fk;.

3. mfj;jpf;fPiu –gy; rhh;e;j Neha;fisf; Fzkhf;Fk;.

4. ty;yhiu –epidthw;wy; ngUf cjTk; 5. Ntg;gq; nfhOe;J –fhiyapy; cz;L

te;jhy; khh;Gr;rsp ePq;Fk;. Ntg;gpiyia miuj;Jj; jltpdhy; mk;ikahy; te;j ntg;GNeha; mfYk;.

tamil literary works jz;zph;tpl;nlh tsh;j;njhk;> fz;zpuhy...

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