tammy klemens & darla topp, kent state university stark campus, north canton, ohio, usa what’s...
TRANSCRIPT
Tammy Klemens & Darla Topp, Kent State University Stark Campus, North Canton, Ohio, USA
What’s the Stink About Sewage?
What is sewage?Sewage is liquid and solid waste carried
off in sewers or drains (American Heritage Dictionary 2006).
Often referred to as wastewater, blackwater (Sustainable Build), water reclaimed water, sewer sludge or effluent (WordNet 2006).
Background Information
Background Information
Sewage Treatment Options
City or county sewage treatments plants.
Individual septic systems.
Wastewater or sewage drainage into lakes, rivers or streams.
Background Information
Government Controlled Sewage Treatment Systems
(Brain 2000)
Wastewater is collected and carried to sewage treatment plants via the sewer main .
Gravity carries the wastewater most of the way. Lift stations can be used to move waste up a hill.
Sewage can be treated in three separate stages. Primary treatment removes up to 50% of solid wastes. Secondary treatment removes up to 90% of solid and
organic wastes using bacteria and aeration. Tertiary treatment uses chemicals and filter beds to kill
remaining bacteria.
Background Information
Septic Systems(T.E. Griffith)
Effluent is discharged to the main holding tank. The solid waste sinks to the bottom as sludge and
grease and partially decomposed matter floats on top. The middle layer is composed of mostly water that is
discharged into the leach beds for filtration. Bacteria decomposes the sludge. Septic tanks need to be professionally cleaned out every
one to two years or the system will fail. New systems cost between $4500 to $20,000
Background Information
Global Issues 2.6 billion people, or 40% of our population, do not live with
adequate sanitation (CDC 2008). Approximately 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged
directly into rivers and streams (Revenga and Mock, 2000). The UN estimates that 5.2 million people, 4 million being children,
die from diseases carried by untreated wastewater each year (UTS 2002).
Diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever and hepatitis A are some of the diseases that can be contracted from contaminated wastewater (CDC 2008).
Certain combinations of chemicals discharged in sewage can produce an estrogen effect in fish, causing the males to develop eggs in their testes (Rachel’s Environment & Health Weekly).
(Cosmos 2006)
National Issues
The US pipes 50 trillion gallons of raw sewage to be processed by 20,000 different plants (Pegg 2004).
Some of these pipes are 200 years old and are failing. It could cost up to $1 trillion dollars to fix the sewage infrastructure (Pegg 2004).
In 2001, the EPA found 40,000 sewer backups and 400,000 backups of raw sewage into basements (Pegg 2004).
1.8 to 3.5 million people get rashes, respiratory infections and diarrhea from swimming in sewer contaminated waters (Pegg 2004).
Blended flow allows excess sewage to bypass treatment, mix with treated water and flow into rivers and streams carrying contaminates (Pegg 2004).
In 1996, researchers found that male fish living downstream of up-to-date U.S. sewage plants also had the estrogen effect (Rachel’s Environment & Health Weekly).
1 in 4 American households use septic systems, many of which are failing (EPA 2009).
(MSNBC 2009)
Regional Issues
Lake Erie provides drinking water to 11 million people (Gamberg 2007).
10.9 billion gallons of raw sewage was dumped into Lake Erie in 2005 (Gamberg 2007).
Lake Erie swimmers who completely immerse themselves in the water are 40% more likely to become ill (Gamberg 2007).
2000-2005, Lake Erie’s water samples had unsafe E. coli levels in 1 out of 6 tests (DutZik and Gomberg 2006).
The Ohio EPA does not regulate septic systems, local health departments do (Ohio EPA).
Questions
Main question In Stark County, Ohio, are septic systems or wastewater treatment
plants more harmful to our environment?
Sub-questions What are the conditions of our local sewage infrastructure? Are repairs being made if the infrastructure is failing? Are there any diseases or illnesses attributed to our wastewater
treatment systems? If there are problems, what actions have the local government
institutions made to correct the problem? Are the septic systems in Stark County in compliance with state
health regulations?
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References
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sewage, accessed March 1, 2009
Brain, Marshall. "How Sewer and Septic Systems Work." 01 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://home.howstuffworks.com/sewer.htm> 01 March 2009
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_diseases.html, accessed March 1, 2009
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/sanitation/index.html, accessed March 1, 2009
Cosmos, (2006, October 10), http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/750, accessed March 3, 2009
Dutzik, T. & Gomberg, A., (2006), Ohio Student Public Interest Research Group (Ohio PIRG), “Public Health at Risk: The Dangers Posed by Sewage Pollution in Ohio’s Lake Erie Basin”, http://www.ohiopirgstudents.org/reports/air-and-water/clean-air-and-water-reports/public-health-at-risk-the-dangers-posed-by-sewage-pollution-in-ohios-lake-erie-basin, accessed February 23, 2009
Gomberg, A., (2007, May), “Sewage Overflow: Billions of Gallons of Sewage Contaminate Lake Erie”, http://environmentohio.org/reports/clean-water/clean-water-program-reports/sewage-overflow-billions-of-gallons-of-sewage-contaminate-lake-erie2, accessed March 2, 2009
InspectAPedia, (2009), http://www.inspect-ny.com/septic/tankpump.htm, accessed March 3, 2009
MSNBC, (2009, February 26), http://msnbc.msn.com/id/29412651/, accessed March 3, 2009 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA), http://www.epa.state.oh.us/pic/water.html,
accessed March 2, 2009
References Pegg, J. R., (2004, Feb. 20), “Crumbling U.S. Sewage System Undermines Public Health”,
Environment News Service, http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2004/2004-02-20-10.asp, accessed February 23, 2009
Photos.innersource.com, (2009), http://photos.innersource.com/media/8633/1/Sludge-drying-bed-(closeup).jpg, accessed March 4, 2009
Rachel’s Environment & Health Weekly, http://garynull.com/Documents/erf/fish_sex_hormones.htm, accessed March 1, 2009
Ravenga, C. & Mock, G., (2000, October), World Resources Institute, “Dirty Water: Pollution Problems Persist”, http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/feature-16.html, accessed February 23, 2009
Sustainable Build, “Sustainable Sewage Design”, http://sustainablebuild.co.uk/SustainableDesignSewage.html, accessed March 2, 2009
T.E. Griffith Septic Cleaning Services, http://www.tegriffithseptic.com/index.htm, accessed March 1, 2009
University of Technology Sydney (UTS), “Simple Sewage Solution Could Save Millions Living in Third World”, http://www.uts.edu.au/new/releases/2002/November/11.html, accessed March 2, 2009
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), http://cfpub.epa.gov/owm/septic/index.cfm, accessed March 1, 2009
WordNet 3.0, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/effluent, accessed March 1, 2009