József Herczeg (Room D403/B) Dept. of Mechatronics, Optics and Mechanical

Engineering Informatics (D407)

Short introduction

Data Structures

Algorithms, programming technologies

The basics of computer science

Structure and operating modes of computers

Hardware Components of Computers

Operating systems, UNIX

Computer networks, Internet

Databases

Computer Graphics I

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Computer Graphics II

Computer Graphics III

Closing Test Exam (:max 40 points, min 16 points)

Introduction to IT

Basic principles of computer operation Simplified wording:- Information is a reflection of reality (or part of it). [John von Neumann] The measure of the amount of information is the bit (not just the unit of measure of data). If you have the same probability to answer a questionable answer, then any answer to this

question will give exactly 1 bit of information.

Von Neumann's PrincipleThe computer is:1. Electronically operated, 2. Binary representation of information, 3. It can be programmed with a stored program4. The program's instructions are stored in the central memory with the data,

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5. Can be used universally, different programs to solve tasks6. Serial (sequential) instruction execution7. The machine must consist of five basic functional units:

a) input unit,

b) memory,

c) arithmetic and logical units,

d) d) control unit,

e) output unit

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Other computer architectures

The two main types of architecture in computing are->the CISC (Von Neumann) and RISC (Harvard) type. CISC laid more emphasis on hardware whereas RISC on software.

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RISC followed simple instructions and a single clock cycle per second, however, CISC had complex instructions and a multicycle clocking rate

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Some other computing principles:

Artifical Neural Network - Application areas include system identification and control (vehicle control, trajectory prediction, process control, natural resources management, quantum chemistry, game-playing and decision making (backgammon, chess, poker), pattern recognition (radar systems, face identification, signal classification, object recognition and more), sequence recognition (gesture, speech, handwritten text recognition), medical diagnosis, finance (e.g. automated trading systems), data mining, visualization, machine translation, social network filtering, and e-mail spam filtering

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VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) computing: more complex for parallel processing, mainly embedded systems. Outside embedded processing markets, Intel's Itanium IA-64 explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) and Elbrus 2000 appear as the only examples of a widely used VLIW CPU architectures. VLIWs also gained significant consumer penetration in the graphics processing unit (GPU) market, though both Nvidia and AMD have since moved to RISC architectures to improve performance on non-graphics workloads.ATI Technologies' (ATI) and Advanced Micro Devices' (AMD) TeraScale microarchitecture for graphics processing units (GPUs) is a VLIW microarchitecture.

NISC (No Instruction Set Computing) – everything is microwired, successor of VLIWs.

ZISC (Zero Instruction Set Computing) - adaptive pattern matching self-learning systems (e.g. number plate recognition system) combining with neural network computing. Currently used for image recognition by many large tech companies, such as Facebook and Google.

Memory Addressing Methods:

Direct vs virtual addressing

Segment–szegmens+ offsetPaging: page table dir + pagetable+ offset

I/O –port addresses

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Information storage = data, units of data:1 byte = 8 bit1 kbyte = 1024 byte1 Mbyte = 1024 kbyte1 Gbyte = 1024

Mbyte

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1 Tbyte = 1024 GbyteElemental data types:

Numbers:Data storage in two-digit systems (Neumann)

• Integers (fix point) – binary (hexadecimal)• Signed and unsigned (1st bit is signbit), long• One’s complement , Two’s complement• Examples

•Real numbers – floating point format• X = SM*AE

Characters:• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange character set and character

encoding standard, Latin abc (English, and many Western European languages)• UCS - Universal Character Set – ISO, Unicode Consortium. Unicode

Standard

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• M – Mantissa – the fraction of the number• S – Sign – the sign of mantissa• E – Exponent – signed exponent of A

String – sequence of chars

Compound data

Record – logically related (not the same type) elementary data set: simple field + simple field + … etc.

File – a set of logically related records

Database (eg. relational) – set of files

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length

End

657776654

065777665

Pascal•

-ALMA C •

Texts•

Graphical data:

Vector – graphics

CDR

BMPRaster – graphics

DIB

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JPG

E.g. True Type fonts Meta

WYSWYGWMF, EMF

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

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Computer Aided DesignComputer Aided ManufacturingComputer Aided Engineering Computer Aided ProcessingComputer Aided Process PlanningComputer Aided Quality Control

CIM=ΣCAxx16

CAQ

CAPP CAP

CAE

CAM

CAD

Data

(Computers in Manufacturing)

Industry 4.0 - current trend of automation

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