8/11/2019 tangun

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MYTH, MEMORY AND REINVENTION IN KOREA: THE CASE OFTANGUN

MICHAEL J. SETH

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY

Myths of o!"!# $% !&'ot$#t !# sh$'!#" $ s%#s% of %th#!( $#) #$t!o#$*h!stoy. A# %s'%(!$**y !#t%%st!#" ty'% !s th% fo+#)$t!o# &yth. Ko%$s &osts!"#!f!($#t fo+#)$t!o# &yth !s th% Myth of T$#"+#, th% 'o"%#!to of th% Ko%$#'%o'*%. So# of $ %$ $#) $ (%*%st!$* )%!ty, y t$)!t!o# h% %st$*!sh%) th% f!stKo%$# st$t% !# - /.C.E. Th!s &yth, f!st f+**y %(o)%) !# th% th!t%%#th (%#t+y,0$s +s%) y Ko%$# #$t!o#$*!st 0!t%s !# th% %$*y t0%#t!%th (%#t+y to %st$*!shth% +#!1+%#%ss of th% Ko%$# '%o'*% $#) th% $+to#o&y of Ko%$# (+*t+%. Aft%2345 oth Noth $#) So+th Ko%$#s h$6% &$)% +s% of T$#"+# to h%*' sh$'%#$t!o#$* !)%#t!ty, +t !#t%'%t$t!o#s of th% &yth h$6% 6$!%). So&% h$6% so+"ht tof!#) $ h!sto!($* $s!s fo T$#"+# $#) h$6% so+"ht to h$6% th% stoy $((%'t%) $s*!t%$**y t+%7 oth%s h$6% s!&'*y )!s&!ss%) th% &yth $s $ &%)!%6$*f$!($t!o#. Th%s% 6$!o+s !#t%'%t$t!o#s $#) th% (o#to6%s!%s th%y h$6% $o+s%)%f*%(t th% *$"% !ss+%s of )%f!#!#" Ko%$# #$t!o#$* !)%#t!ty, $# !ss+% (o&'o+#)%)y th% #%%) fo %$(h st$t%, Noth $#) So+th Ko%$, to % 6!%0%) $s th% t+%%&o)!&%#t of th% Ko%$# #$t!o# $#) !ts t$)!t!o#.

T$#"+# 0$s th% &yth!($* fo+#)% of Chos%#, th% %$*!%st 8#o0# Ko%$#st$t% 0h!(h 0$s (o#1+%%) y th% Ch!#%s% %&'%o H$# 9+)! !# 2; /.C.E. L!tt*% !s8#o0# fo (%t$!# $o+t th!s sh$)o0y %$*y st$t%. It $''%$s to h$6% %

http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000001http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000001http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000001

8/11/2019 tangun

2/13

/oth $#!&$*s $t% th% h%s $#) $6o!)%) th% s+#. Aft% t0%#tyo#% )$ys th% %$%($&% $ 0o&$#, +t th% t!"%, +#$*% to os%6% th% t$oo, %&$!#%) $t!"%. U#$*% to f!#) $ h+s$#), th% %$0o&$# '$y%) +#)% th% s$#)$*0oo) t%%fo $ (h!*). H0$#+#" &%t$&o'hos%) h!&s%*f, *$y 0!th h%, $#) %"ot $ so# ($**%)T$#"+# 9$#""o& T$#"+# 9$#"">&.

I# th% f!ft!%th y%$ of th% %!"# of E&'%o Y$o, T$#"+# &$)% y>#"y$#" th%($'!t$* of h!s (o+#ty, ($**%) Chos>#, o /!"ht Mo#!#", $#) th%# &o6%) to As$)$*o# Mo+#t $%"$8, 0h%% h% +*%) fo 2,5 y%$s. 9h%# K!#" 9+ of Cho+%#f%off%) Ch! T+ to Chos>#, T$#"+# &o6%) to Ch$#")$#""y>#", th%# $(8 toAs$)$*, 0h%% h% %($&% $ &o+#t$!# "o) $t th% $"% of 2,3;.-

S%t !# th% f!ft!%th y%$ of th% *%"%#)$y Ch!#%s% %&'%o Y$o, th% fo+#)!#" ofChos># 0o+*) th+s h$6% t$8%# '*$(% o# O(to% - /.C.E., $ )$t% th$t h$s%(o&% $ #$t!o#$* ho*!)$y !# So+th Ko%$. Ko%$#s to)$y oft%# %f% to th% Bf!6%tho+s$#) y%$s of Ko%$# h!stoyB $ 'h$s% 0h!(h !s $s%) o# th!s *%"%#)$y

)$t%. A*tho+"h #o )o+t %*%&%#ts of th% *%"%#) $% 6%y $#(!%#t, th%% !s #o!#)!s'+t$*% %f%%#(% to $#y '$t of th!s *%"%#) %fo% 2-=3. Th% s%(o#) %$*!%st6%s!o#, 0h!(h )!ff%s !# o#*y &!#o )%t$!*s, !s !# th% %'!( 'o%& Chewang Un'gi,0!tt%# $ f%0 y%$s *$t% y Y! S#"hy+.S!"#!f!($#t*y th% *%"%#) of T$#"+# &$8%s!ts $''%$$#(% )+!#" th% '%!o) of Mo#"o* )o&!#$t!o# of Ko%$ !# th% *$t%th!t%%#th (%#t+y 0h%# $*!%# +*% &$y h$6% !#(%$s%) #$t!o#$* (o#s(!o+s#%ss $#)%s+*t%) !# oth $# !#t%%st !# !#)!"%#o+s t$)!t!o#s $#) $ #%%) fo $ +#!fy!#" &yth.

I# th% f!ft%%#th (%#t+y, $ t!&% of "%$t (+*t+$* $(h!%6%&%#t $#) of &!*!t$yst%#"th $#) 'o*!t!($* (o#so*!)$t!o#, th% &yth of T$#"+# '*$y%) $# !&'ot$#t,$*%!t #ot (%#t$*, o*% !# Ko%$s h!sto!($* (o#s(!o+s#%ss. Th%Sejong Sillok Chiriji

?G%o"$'h!($* A''%#)!< to th% S%o#" Cho#!(*%@, th% ngje Sijuof K0># N$&, $#)th% Tongguk Yjingnam?A+"&%#t%) S+6%y of th% G%o"$'hy of Ko%$@ $**'+*!sh%) !# th% s%(o#) h$*f of th% f!ft%%#th (%#t+y %'%$t th% *%"%#)s, $#) !# 24;5th% Tongguk t'onggam?Co&'%h%#s!6% M!o of th% E$st%# K!#")o&@ "!6%sT$#"+# $s th% st$t!#" 'o!#t of !ts (ho#o*o"!($* h!stoy of Ko%$ to th%%st$*!sh&%#t of th% Y! )y#$sty 23-. At th!s t!&% $ #$t!o#$* sh!#% ho#o!#"T$#"+# $s th% 'o"%#!to of th% Ko%$# $(% 0$s (o#st+(t%) $t y>#"y$#". 4Y!)y#$sty 8!#"s off%%) s$(!f!(% to T$#"+# $t !ts sh!#% +t $s o#*y $s o#% of $#+&% of sh!#%s )%)!($t%) to th% fo+#)%s of 6$!o+s Ko%$# )y#$st!%s.

No#%th%*%ss, th% T$#"+# &yth #%6% 0$s 6%y (%#t$* to '%&o)%# Ko%$#!)%#t!ty. I# f$(t, th% &yth of K!$ *oo&%) *$"% !# *!t%$t+%, $#) h!stoy. Th!s*%"%#) !s $*so $sso(!$t%) 0!th th% fo+#)!#" of Chos>#. A((o)!#" to th% Ch!#%s%$((o+#ts, K!$ ?Ch!#%s%: !!@ 0$s $ Sh$#" Ch!#$ #ot$*%, $#) s(ho*$ 0ho !# 22--/.C.E. %!th% f*%) to Chos># o 0$s %#f%off%) $s th% D+8% of Chos># y th% 8!#" ofth% #%0*y fo+#)%) ho+ )y#$sty. So&% Ch!#%s% so+(%s st$t% th$t h% %st$*!sh%) $*!#% of 8!#"s th$t +*%) Chos># fo foty "%#%$t!o#s to 235 /.C.5Th% K!$ fo+#)!#"&yth 'o6!)%) th% Ko%$#s 0!th $ *!#8 0!th %$*y Ch!#$ "!6!#" th%! 8!#")o& $#)(+*t+% $#) $#(!%#t $#) %s'%(t$*% '%)!"%% $s 0%** $s $t!o#$*!!#" th% $)o't!o# of

http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000002http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000003http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000003http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000004http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000005http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000002http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000003http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000004http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000005

8/11/2019 tangun

3/13

Ch!#%s% (+*t+%. Th% 22-- /.C.E. )$t% of K!$ 0$s oft%# '%s%#t%) !# Ko%$#h!sto!%s $s th% %"!##!#" of Ko%$# h!stoy fo !t 0$s th% Ch!#%s% K!$ 0ho o+"ht*!t%$(y, $"!(+*t+%, *$0s $#) "o6%#&%#t to th% $#(%stos of th% Ko%$#s $#)%"$# $ th%% ?o fo+@ tho+s$#) y%$ (+*t+$* t$)!t!o#. Th% $#t!1+!ty th!s "$6%th%! s!#!f!%) so(!%ty 0$s $ so+(% of "%$t '!)%. 9!**!$& E**!ot G!ff!s, o#% of th%

f!st 9%st%# 0!t%s o# Ko%$ !# th% #!#%t%%#th (%#t+y, 'o!#t%) o+t th$t Ko%$#stoo8 (o#s!)%$*% '!)% !# (!t!#" K!$ !# o)% to $ss%t th%! (+*t+$* $#t!1+!ty. BIt!s (%t$!# th$t th% #$t!6%s '*+&% th%&s%*6%s +'o# th%! $#t!1+!ty, $#) th$t !# th!s%s'%(t Co%$# $o"$#(% $#) (o#t%&'t fo th% 9%st%# (!6!*!$t!o# !s 8!#)%) toth$t of th% H!#)oos $#) Ch!#%s%,B h% 0ot%. BFo& th% *ofty h%!"ht of , y%$s oft$)!t!o#, 0h!(h !s to th%& +#(h$**%#"%) h!stoy, th%y *oo8 0!th '!ty!#" (o#t%&'t+'o# th% +'st$t #$t!o#s of y%st%)$y.B

E6%#ts $t th% %#) of th% #!#%t%%#th (%#t+y $#) th% %"!##!#" of th% t0%#t!%th*%) to th% !s% of th% #$t!o#$*!st h!sto!$#s ?minjok sahakka@ s+(h $s S!# Ch$%ho,$8 #s!8 $#) Cho% N$&s>#. 9!th th% )%(*!#% of Ch!#$ $#) 0!th th% "o0th of

#$t!o#$*!s&, th% K!$ *%"%#) th$t %"$# Ko%$# h!stoy 0!th th% !#to)+(t!o# ofCh!#%s% (+*t+% (o+*) #o *o#"% s%6% th% #%%)s of #$t!o#$* '!)%. Th% !#t+s!o# ofth% o+ts!)% 0o*) $#) fo%!"# !#t%6%#t!o# !#to Ko%$ y o+ts!)% 'o0%s *%) to $#$t!6!st %$(t!o# $#) th% s%$(h fo $ +#!1+%*y Ko%$# '$st. Fo so&% th% T$#"+#&yth s%6%) th!s #%%) 0%**. I#t%%st !# T$#"+# "%0 )+!#" th% f!st )%($)% !# th%t0%#t!%th (%#t+y, $#) !# 23 so&% Ko%$#s fo+#)%) $ T$%o#""yo %*!"!o# th$t(%#t%%) $o+#) 6%#%$t!o# of T$#"+#. A*tho+"h !ts $)h%%#ts %&$!#%) s&$**, !t$tt$(t%) th% !#t%%sts of so&% s(ho*$s !#(*+)!#" $8 #s!8 $#) Cho% N$&s>#. Cho%, !# '$t!(+*$, s$0 T$#"+# $s th% fo+#)% of th% Ko%$# volk. H!sto!$#ss+(h $s Cho% 0%% !#f*+%#(%) y th% J$'$#%s% $#) th%! &yths of o!"!#s, $#) 0!thE+o'%$# !)%$s of #$t!o#$*!s& $s (%#t%!#" $o+#) $ volk, 0hos% %ss%#(% *!% !# $

+#!1+% s%t of t$)!t!o#s $#) %*!%fs. Us!#" !#s!"hts fo& fo*8*o!( st+)!%s, Cho%6!%0%) T$#"+# $s $ %$* h!sto!($* f!"+%, $ t%$(h% $#) s'!!t+$* *%$)% 0hofo+#)%) $ "%$tulhan(+*t+$* s'h%% 0h!(h (%#t%%) $o+#) s+# 0osh!' $#)0hos% !#f*+%#(% %

8/11/2019 tangun

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$tt%&'t!#" to fo(!*y $ss!&!*$t% Ko%$#s !#to th% J$'$#%s% E&'!%. As $ %$(t!o#, $s%*f(o#s(!o+s %ffot 0$s &$)% to (%$t% $ Ko%$# h!stoy, $ Ko%$# %)+($t!o#$*syst%&, $#) $ Ko%$# (+*t+$* !)%#t!ty. Th% t$s8 0$s &$)% &o% +"%#t y th%)!6!s!o# of th% '%#!#s+*$ $#) th% %

Th!s (+*t of T$#"+# 0$s #ot +#!6%s$**y $((%'t%). So&% %)+($tos $#)'o*!t!(!$#s o%(t%) to th% !)%$ of $s!#" th% "o$*s $#) o%(t!6%s of Ko%$#%)+($t!o# o# th% t%$(h!#" of T$#"+#, $"+!#" th$t !t 0$s #oth!#" &o% th$#$)o't!#" th% I&'%!$* J$'$#%s% !)%$ of &yth!($*&yst!($* #$t!o#$*!s& $s th% $s!s of%)+($t!o#. E)+($t!o#, (!t!(s st$t%), sho+*) % $s%) o# )%&o($t!( $#) 'o"%ss!6%!)%$s #ot o# B+#s(!%#t!f!(B &yths.3Th% o6!o+s &o)%*!#" of th% #%0 ho*!)$y $ft%J$'$#s N$t!o#$* Fo+#)$t!o# D$y 0h!(h (o&&%&o$t%s th% &yth!($* %st$*!sh&%#t

of th% J$'$#%s% #$t!o# y J!&&+ T%##o !# /.C.E. 0$s $*so s+%(t to (!t!(!s&7$#) oth%s fo+#) th% %#t!% (+*t of T$#"+# !# (o#f*!(t 0!th th% $!&s of %st$*!sh!#" $&o)%#, )%&o($t!( st$t%.

As!)% fo& th% T$#"+# (+*t, 'o*!(!%s o# #$t!o#$* h!stoy )+!#" th% Rh%% %"!&%,234;23, 0%% !#(o#s!st%#t $#) +#syst%&$t!(. No 0%** )%6%*o'%) !)%o*o"y %&%"%))+!#" th!s '%!o), $th% $ so&%t!&%s !#(o#"+o+s &!

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f%** to th% Ch!#%s% !# 2; /.C.E. +t ho0 !t 0$s (o##%(t%) 0!th th% *$t% Th%%K!#")o&s '%!o) of ?5= /.C.E. to = C.E.@, to th% +#!f!%) S!**$ st$t% ?=35@, toth% Koy> st$t% ?3523-@, $#) to th% *$t% Chos># st$t% ?23-232@ 0$s #ot(*%$. H!stoy t%#"y$#" $%$. Th% &!*!t$y "o6%#&%#t h%$)%) y G%#%$* $8 Ch+#" H%% ?$8 Ch>#"h!@th$t ($&% to 'o0% !# 232, $o*!sh%) th% Tan'gi($*%#)$ $#) 'o'os%) (h$#"%s !#th% t%$(h!#" of #$t!o#$* h!stoy. I# 23, th% M!#!sty of E)+($t!o# s%t +' $(o&&!tt%% to B+#!fyB th% 6$!o+s th%o!%s $#) !#t%'%t$t!o#s of #$t!o#$*h!stoy. Th% (o&&!tt%% s%t +' "+!)%*!#%s th$t st$t%) th$t $** sto!%s of ho0 so&%Ch!#%s% h$) %&!"$t%) to Ko%$ $#) !#to)+(%) (!6!*!$t!o# o o"$#!%) st$t% B0!**% !"#o%) !# th% t%

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%!#" %6!6%).B24Th% 'o%(t 0$s )o''%), +t $ '!6$t% "o+' )!) $!s% th% f+#)sto +!*) $ &o)%st sh!#% to T$#"+# !# S%o+*s S$!8 $8.25

Ko%$# h!sto!$#s %&$!#%) )!6!)%) o# th% s!"#!f!($#(% of th% T$#"+#*%"%#). Co#6!#(%) !t h$) $ h!sto!($* $s!s, so&% $(h$%o*o"!sts s+(h $s K!& Ch>#"

$% $#) K!& Cho#"h$8 )%)!($t%) y%$s of %ffot to 'o6!)% %6!)%#(% fo $# $#(!%#tKo%$# st$t%. Oth% h!sto!$#s, ho0%6%, f%*t th$t th% h!stoy of Ko%$ 0$s !# #%%) of%fo&. S%o+* N$t!o#$* U#!6%s!ty 'of%sso y># T$%s>' $t $ (o#f%%#(% !# 23=2,$"+%) th$t th% %#t!% !)%$ of #$t!o#$* h!stoy ?kuksa@ 0$s !# #%%) of%(o#s!)%$t!o#. BTh% t%& Q#$t!o#$* h!stoy !#)!($t%s th$t !ts (o#t%#t !s !#f*+%#(%)y st+o# +*t$#$t!o#$*!s&, &yst!(!s&, %$+t!f!($t!o# $#) "o6%#&%#t(o#to*.B N$t!o#$* h!stoy sho+*), h% f%*t, s!&'*y % ($**%) Bh!stoy.B y># ($**%)+'o# th% "o6%#&%#t to (%$s% st$#)$)!$t!o# $#) (o#to* of h!stoy t%#"s!8 of Ky+#"h%%?Ky>#"h!@ U#!6%s!ty (!t!(!%) th% f$"&%#t$y 8#o0*%)"% of 9%st%# h!stoy th$t%s+*t%) !# $ #$o0 #$t!o#$*!st fo(+s o# Ko%$# h!stoy.2

Fo &$#y oth%s T$#"+# %'%s%#t%) $# $+th%#t!( !#)!"%#o+s t$)!t!o# th$t)!ff%%) fo& th% !&'ot%) t$)!t!o#s of /+))h!s&, Co#f+(!$#!s&, $#) &o%%(%#t*y Ch!st!$#!ty. Th%y $"+%) th$t th% %ss%#(% of T$#"+#s t%$(h!#" 0$sk#ngch$n aien?0osh!'!#" H%$6%#, *o6!#" h+&$#!ty@, $#) hongik in$gan?o$)%#%f!t fo h+&$#!ty@ %'%s%#t%) 0h$t 0$s t%&%) kn$guk in#m?th% !)%o*o"y of

th% #$t!o#$* fo+#)$t!o#@. Th!s 0$s $ s'%(!$* Ko%$# $#) of h+&$#!s& th$t 6$*+%)h+&$# %*$t!o#s, $#) 0$s (o#(%#%) 0!th th% (o**%(t!6% 0%*f$% of th% '%o'*% $th%th$# !#)6!)+$* s%*f$ss%t!6%#%ss of 9%st%# (+*t+%, o th% (o*) $t!o#$*!s& of th%Ch!#%s% Co#f+(!$#!st syst%&. Th!s 0$s (o&!#%) 0!th $ sto#" s%#s% of $(!$*%th#!(+#!ty %&!#!s(%#t of '%0$ J$'$#%s% &yst!($* $(!$* #$t!o#$*!s&. Th% Ko%$#'%o'*% 0%% so&%t!&%s %f%%) to y th%s% 0!t%s $s th%%aedal &injok, $ %f%%#(%to th%aedalt%% th$t +#)% 0h!(h T$#"+# 0$s o#2=No 0%% th%s% !)%$s'%!'h%$*, $th% th%y 0%% s+''ot%) y s(ho*$s $t th% off!(!$* "o6%#&%#t%s%$(h (%#t% to st+)y Ko%$# #$t!o#$*!s&, th% Ko%$# A($)%&y ?Chngsin&unhwa Yn$guwn@ %st$*!sh%) !# th% 23=s.2;

Th% T$#"+# R%6!6$* $#) Its Co#to6%sy

S'+%) o# y th% )%&$#)s of #$t!o#$*!st %*%&%#ts !# th% Ko%$# h!sto!($*'of%ss!o#, $#) y $ host of 'o'+*$ 0!t%s $#) of 6$!o+s '$t!ot!( o"$#!$t!o#s, $%#%0%) $tt%&'t to %!#st$** T$#"+# $s th% fo+#t$!#h%$) of Ko%$# h!stoy %"$#!# th% &!) 23;s. I# 23;5, th% S%o+* C!ty "o6%#&%#t 0h!(h 0$s #ot $# $+to#o&o+s*o($* +#!t of "o6%#&%#t +t '$t of th% 'o0%f+* Ho&% M!#!sty, $##o+#(%) th%(o#st+(t!o# of $ *$"% s($*% &%&o!$* (o&'*%< to T$#"+# th$t 0o+*) %'*$(% th%

http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#0200000Ehttp://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#0200000Fhttp://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000010http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000011http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000012http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#0200000Ehttp://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#0200000Fhttp://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000010http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000011http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000012

8/11/2019 tangun

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&o)%st sh!#% +!*t 0!th '!6$t% f+#)s !# 23;. Ch!st!$#s $"$!# os% +' !# $*$&$#) '%ss+%) th% (!ty to $(8 )o0# th% fo**o0!#" y%$ +t $ '!6$t% o"$#!$t!o#th%(#njong!hoe?R%6%% A#(%sto So(!%ty@ $"%%) to $!s% th% &o#%y fo $ fo++!*)!#" (o&'*%< to % (o#st+(t%) !# S$!8 $8 !# )o0#to0# S%o+*.23

M%$#0h!*%, +*t$#$t!o#$*!sts '+sh%) fo $ %6!s!o# of th% t%

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Bs(!%#t!f!(B 6!%0s !# (o#fo&!ty 0!th '%6$!*!#" #o#Ko%$# s(ho*$*y o'!#!o# 0%%'%s%#t%) !# th% s$&% t%

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st$t%) to h$6% %

It th%%fo% ($&% $s $ s+'!s% 0h%# Noth Ko%$, $##o+#(%) o# th% %6% ofN$t!o#$* Fo+#)$t!o# D$y 233 th$t !ts $(h$%o*o"!sts h$) %

0%% $*so *!#8%) to th% (*$!& th$t %$*y h+&$# %&$!#s s+""%st%) th$t T$#"+# $#)th% Ko%$# #$t!o# h$) )%s(%#)%) fo& $ )!st!#(t *!#% of h+&$#s. S(!%#t!f!(%6!)%#(% th%%fo% s+''ots th% (*$!& th$t th%% !s $ )!st!#(t!6% Ko%$# $(% $#)th$t th% fo+#)$t!o# of th% f!st st$t% of th% Ko%$# #$t!o# y T$#"+# 0$s $ h!sto!(%6%#t, 0h!(h *$!) th% "o+#)0o8 fo th% fo&$t!o# of th% Ko%$# #$t!o#.P/y233;, th% y>#"y$#" %"!&% %($&% &o% %&'h$t!( !# th!s (*$!&. T$#"+# !s #o0$ h!sto!($* f!"+% 0ho fo+#)%) th% f!st Ko%$# st$t% $o+t /.C.E. 0h!(h(%#t%%) $o+#) y>#"y$#.P Th% $s!# of th% !6% T$%)o#", th%y )%(*$%) 0$s th%($)*% of &$#8!#)P s!#(% th% %&$!#s of !th%($#tho'+s 0%% fo+#) $o+t o#%&!**!o# y%$s $"o.4

Noth Ko%$ h$s *o#" (*$!&%) th$t th% so# $#) s+((%sso to *o#" t%& *%$)%K!& I* S+#" ?K!& I*s>#"@, K!& Cho#"!* ?K!& Ch>#"!*@, 0$s o# !# $%8t+s$#$o+t o# th% Ch!#$ Noth Ko%$ o)%, *o#" h%*) $s $ s$(%) s'ot $#) oft%# *!#8%)to T$#"+# $s h!s !th '*$(%. Th+s, !# $ 6%y !#)!%(t 0$y th% %"!&% $#) th% +*!#")y#$sty 0$s *!#8%) 0!th th% $#(!%#t 'o"%#!to of th% Ko%$# '%o'*%. No0 th!s(o##%(t!o# 0$s &$)% &o% %

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Noth Ko%$s %)!s(o6%y of T$#"+# %#(o+$"%) h!s s+''ot%s !# th%So+th. I# th% *$t% 233s, $ "o+' of t0%#ty (!6!(, %*!"!o+s $#) $($)%&!( f!"+%sh%$)%) y th% #ot%) 'o%t K!& Ch!h$ fo&%) th% F%)%$t!o# of th% C!6!( Mo6%&%#tof th% N$t!o#$* S'!!t. Th!s "o+' so+"ht to 'o&ot% 0$s th%y ($**%) Ko%$t+)%P)%!6%) fo& th% (o#(%'t of N%"!t+)%.P Th!s 0$s $ $(!$*(+*t+$* s'!!t th$t 0$s

+#!1+%*y Ko%$# $#) 0$s sy&o*!%) y T$#"+#.=

So&% So+th Ko%$#s so+"ht tos%%8 !# T$#"+# th%! (o&&o# Ko%$#%ss 0!th th% Noth. A(h$%o*"!st K!& J+#"$% h%$) of th% T$#"+# A($)%&y &$)% $ t!' to Noth Ko%$ !# No6%&% 2333$#) $##o+#(%) th$t h!s o"$#!$t!o# 0o+*) '$t!(!'$t% 0!th th% Noth Ko%$#A($)%&y of So(!$* S(!%#(%s !# $# $($)%&!( s%&!#$ o# T$#"+# o# O(to% -. ;

Th% +s% of T$#"+# $s $ #$t!o#$* sy&o*, $#) $** th% (o#to6%s!%s $#)(o#t$)!(t!o#s th$t th!s h$s %s+*t%) !# ($&% to th% fo% !# 2333 0h%# s%6%$* st$t+%sof T$#"+# 0%% s&$sh%), %h%$)%) $#) s'*$sh%) 0!th %) '$!#t $t so&% s(hoo*s !#$ (!ty o+ts!)% S%o+*. Th%(anmunhwa?Ko%$# C+*t+%@ Mo6%&%#t F%)%$t!o# ofKo%$, $ (o#s%6$t!6% (+*t+$* "o+' th$t so+"ht to %6!6% th% fo+#)!#" 6$*+%s of

Ko%$# so(!%ty $#) 0h!(h 0$s (!t!($* of th% 'h!*oso'h!($* (h$osP of &o)%#so(!%ty, %"$# to )!st!+t% h+#)%)s of '*$st!( st$t+%s of T$#"+# !# s(hoo*s $#)'$8s. Th% $sso(!$t!o# $"+%) th$t th% so($**%) s(!%#t!f!( !)%$s )!s'o6!#"T$#"+#s h!sto!($* $s!s 0%% (%$t%) y th% J$'$#%s% !&'%!$*!sts !# $# %ffot to)%stoy Ko%$# s'!!t+$*!ty.P Th% $sso(!$t!o#s 'o%(t, &%t 0!th sto#" o''os!t!o#fo& Ch!st!$# "o+'s $#) &$#y Ko%$# h!sto!$#s $s h$) s!&!*$ %ffots !# th%'$st. Ch!st!$# "o+'s h$6% $s8%) fo th% %&o6$* of th%s% st$t+%s fo& '+*!( $%$s$#)!#" th%& !)o*$ty.P S%o+* N$t!o#$* U#!6%s!ty h!sto!$# No T$%)o# h$s(!t!(!%) th% "*o!f!($t!o# of T$#"+#0h!(h h% st$t%) 0$s $ &yth (%$t%) )+!#"th% Mo#"o* !#6$s!o#s to $ss%t $ (o&&o# !)%#t!ty $#) th%# %s+%(t%) !# th% %$*yt0%#t!%th (%#t+y !# f$(% of J$'$#%s% $""%ss!o#. It 0$s +s%) to (%$t% $ (o&&o#

*!#8 $&o#" th% Ko%$# '%o'*% !# t!&%s of o''%ss!o#.P /+t to)$y, h% $"+%), th%&yth s%6%s o#*y to )!stot h!stoy $#) 0!** )o #oth!#" to $)6$#(% so(!%ty.P Oth%So+th Ko%$# $"+%) th$t s+(h &yst!($* #$t!o#$*!s& !s (o+#t% 'o)+(t!6% toKo%$# #$t!o#$* !#t%%sts !# $# $"% of "*o$*!$t!o#.3Noth Ko%$ +&'%) !# to(o#)% th% )%s%($t!o#P *$&!#" !t o# %*%&%#ts +#)% th% '$to#$"% of th%So+th Ko%$# $+tho!t!%s,P $#) $s $ )$st$)*y t%$(h%o+s $(t sh!%*)!#" th% '$st(!&% of th% J$'$#%s% !&'%!$*!sts 0ho )%s(!% h!& $s $ f$+*o+s +#h!sto!($*'%so#.P4y>#"y$#" h$) $ss%t%) !ts%*f !# th% )%($)%s *o#" (o#to6%sy !# So+thKo%$ o6% th% o*% of T$#"+# !# Ko%$# h!stoy $#) #$t!o#$* !)%#t!ty. M%$#0h!*%,0h!*% Noth Ko%$ (o#t!#+%) to (o&&%&o$t% T$#"+#s !th )+!#" o# h!sO(to% )!th)$y 0!th (%%&o#!%s $t h!s to& o+ts!)% th% ($'!t$*.42

Co#(*+s!o#

Th% T$#"+# (o#to6%sy, fo $** th% '+*%&%#t o %&+s%&%#t !t &$y !#" to#o#Ko%$#s, 'o6!)%s $# !#st+(t!6% ($s% st+)y !# th% 'o(%ss y 0h!(h #$t!o#$*&yths $% +s%) to (o#st+(t #$t!o#$* h!sto!%s $#) #$t!o#$* !)%#t!t!%s. T$#"+#%&$!#%) $ 'o0%f+* %&ot!o#$* sy&o* fo so&% Ko%$#s, +t &$!#st%$&$($)%&!(s 0o+*) #ot $((%'t th% h!sto!(!ty of T$#"+# $#) &$#y %%(t%) th%

http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000025http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000026http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000027http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000028http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000029http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000025http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000026http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000027http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000028http://us.f320.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowLetter?box=Inbox&MsgId=3337_7604418_1072680_1837_54985_0_141645_152009_1934296776&bodyPart=2&tnef=&YY=69532&y5beta=yes&y5beta=yes&order=down&sort=date&pos=0&view=a&head=b&ViewAttach=1&Idx=0#02000029

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&yst!($*, $(!$* #$t!o#$*!s& th$t h% %'%s%#t%). T$#"+# th+s 'o6!)%s $# %

8/11/2019 tangun

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(istoriograh#" and Racial th in )orean State!-ormation Theories" ?C$&!)"%,MA: H$6$) U#!6%s!ty %ss, -@.

;)ukki sokkirok?o(%%)!#"s of th% N$t!o#$* Ass%&*y@, 3 No6%&% 2343, =44=5=.

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H$h# K!o#, BSt+)y o# th% D%&o($t!$t!o# of E)+($t!o# !# Ko%$ /$s%) o# th%H!stoy of E)+($t!o#$* Tho+"ht,B)orea O+server2. ?A'!*J+*y 233@, 2227 Y+Ch!#o, BS!# 8yoy+8 s$s$#" 80$ 8+88$ ! hy>#)$%h0$B ?N%0 E)+($t!o#$* I)%$s$#) th% Mo)%#!$t!o# of th% N$t!o#@,Sae k#o#uk?N%0 E)+($t!o#@ 2 ?F%+$y23@:--=7)ukka sokkirok, 3 No6%&% 2343, =44=5=.

2Fo $# %#"+so, 235@.

22)orea Times" 3 A+"+st 23.

2-)orea Times, 4 O(to% 23.

2Taehan il+o, -5 F%+$y 23.

24)orea Times, - F%+$y 23.

25)orea 6ewsreview, 2 M$(h 23;, --.

2)orea Times, 2; J+*y 23=2.

2=

E*$!#% K!& $#) Ch+#"&oo Cho% %)!tos,;angerous #"s!# M+#h0$ Y>#"+0>#,(an$guk kukkai gi+on sngg#k kwa kwaje?Th% /$s!( N$t+% of th% St$t% $#) Its o*%&s@, ?So#"#$&, Ko%$: Chngsin&unhwa Yn$guwn"23;;@7 Ch>#"s!# M+#h0$ Y>#"+0>#, Chngt$ongjkgach$ikwan kwa sae kach$ikkwan i chongni?Th% Est$*!sh&%#t of T$)!t!o#$*V$*+%s $#) N%0 V$*+%s@, ?So#"#$&, Ko%$: Ch>#"s!# M+#h0$ Y>#"+0>#, 23;@.

23)orea 6ewsreview, 2 M$(h 23;, --.

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)orea 6ewsreview, 22 O(to% 23;.-2A!)$# Fost%C$t%, BL!st%# (*$ss, to th% *$t%st 6%s!o# of h!stoy,B -ar .astern.conomic Review, ?-4 D%(%&% 23;=@:5=5;.

--)orea (erald, 3 J+#% 23;=.

-)orea (erald, 2 J+#% 23;=.

8/11/2019 tangun

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-4)orea (erald, 2 J+#% 23=.

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